Crest High School

Horticulture 1-M. Harris

Unit A- Leadership, Careers and SAE

1.00 Examine Leadership Opportunities related to the Horticulture Industry 1:01 Discuss the organizations available for horticulture

The FFA Mission  FFA makes a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for ______through agricultural education.

What is FFA?  …an organization of high school students in agricultural education  students from all 50 states plus ______.

FFA History 1917 – ______ Named after a senator from Georgia.  Provided federal funding for ______1920’s Future Farmer Clubs  ______was the first  ______ North Carolina  ______1928 – ______ FFA was established  The 1st convention was held in the ______ The first dues were ______ Current chapter dues are ______

1930  FFA Creed is written by ______1935

1 Horticulture 1-M. Harris

 ______formed  For black students studying agriculture New Farmers of America  Organization for African-American males in high school agriculture classes.  Colors were ______ Found mostly in ______1950  Public Law 740  Gave the FFA ______ The law said that each school teaching agriculture must have ______ Created 3 integral components to an agricultural education program  ______ ______ ______1965

 ______1969

 ______1971

 ______was founded

 Founded for supporters of FFA, not necessarily former members 1988  Future Farmers of America changes its name to the ______

1989  National Future Farmer Magazine changes its name to ______The 1990’s  National FFA Center moves to ______2006  The National FFA Convention moves to Indianapolis, Indiana

Structure of the FFA

National Officer Team  Comprised of six student officers  President  Secretary  Four Vice Presidents Zach Kinne  The current National FFA President.  He is from ______

Dr. Larry Case  Currently the ______ Employed by the Department of Education

2008 – 2009 State FFA Officers  Made up of six students from across North Carolina  President  Five Vice-Presidents

Southwest Regional FFA Officers  Composed of at least six members from the region  At lease one officer is elected from each federation

Crest FFA Officers  President  ______ Vice President  ______ Secretary  ______ Treasurer  ______ Reporter  ______ Sentinel  ______ Parliamentarian  ______

The FFA Emblem

The Ear of Corn  Provides the foundation of the emblem, just as corn has historically served as the foundation crop of American agriculture.  ______The Eagle  A national symbol which serves as a reminder of ______The Rising Sun  Signifies progress and holds a promise that ______The Plow

 ______, the backbone of agriculture and the historic foundation of our country’s strength. The Owl  Long recognized for its wisdom, it symbolizes the ______Words of FFA & Agricultural Education  “Agricultural Education” and “FFA” are emblazoned in the center to signify the combination of ______

The FFA Official Colors ______

The FFA Motto ______

FFA Code of Ethics  FFA has established guidelines for member actions and behavior  All FFA members should follow the code and should use it as a guideline to live by.  This class uses the FFA Code of Ethics as its classroom rules.

FFA Officers and Stations  President  Stationed by ______ Vice President  Stationed by ______ Secretary  Stationed by ______ Treasurer

 Stationed by ______ Reporter  Stationed by ______ Sentinel  Stationed by ______ The Advisor  Stationed by ______ This office held by the ______ Minimum of six officers  Additional officers may be established by the local chapter  Parliamentarian  Chaplin  Historian

Ceremonies  Rituals conducted at each meeting  Opening ceremony  Closing ceremony  Outlined in the FFA Student Manual

Opening Ceremony- “All in Unison”  President:  “FFA members, why are we here?”  All members say:  “To practice ______

Closing Ceremony- The FFA Salute “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”

FFA Official Dress  Males

 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Females  ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

FFA Degrees  ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

Types of FFA Membership  ______ Students in middle school, high school, and college (up to age 21)  ______ Former active members, parents of FFA members, and others interested in and supportive of FFA  ______ ______ Local, state and national levels

FFA Programs of Activities (POA)  It is a plan that directs chapter activities  Activities are determined by the student membership of the local chapter  Committees are appointed to look at different areas of the POA  Voted on by the total membership

Career Development Events

 Individual or team competitions covering several subjects in agriculture and leadership  Examples  ______ ______ ______ ______

Conventions  State FFA Convention  ______ ______ National FFA Convention  ______ ______

North Carolina FFA Center (White Lake)  ______ ______

FFA Websites  National FFA Organization  www.ffa.org  North Carolina FFA Association  www.ncffa.org

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE 1.02 Demonstrate parliamentary procedures and public speaking used in Horticulture business meetings..

What is Parliamentary Procedure? ______

Purposes of Parliamentary Procedure

• To focus on ______

• Extends ______

• Observes ______

• Ensures ______

The Gavel

• The president uses the gavel to ______

• ______determines the meaning.

Number of taps One Tap

– Tells members ______

– used after ______a main motion

– Used after the announcement that ______Two taps ______Three taps symbol to ______Series of taps ______

Presiding Officer

• ______

• Must be ______

• Must ______when the president desires to discuss business

Motions Main Motion

• ______

• Wording: ______NOT “I make a motion”

• Requires second

• Debatable

• Amendable

• Majority vote required

• Can be reconsidered

Amendments

• Used to ______

• 3 ways to amend: ______

• Wording: “I move to amend the motion”

• Requires second

• Debatable

• Amendable

Adjourn

• ______

• Wording: “I move to adjourn”

• Cannot be debated

• Cannot be amended

• Cannot be reconsidered

• Requires second

• Requires majority vote

Appeal

• ______

• Wording: “I appeal the decision of the chair”

• Requires a second

• Debatable

• Not amendable

Point of Order

• Used when one believes a ______

• Wording: “I rise to a point of order”

• Not debatable

• Not Amendable

• Does not require second

• No vote required

Division of the House

• Calls for ______

• Wording: “I call for a division of the house.”

• Not debatable

• Not Amendable

• Does not require second

• No vote required

Lay on the table

• ______

• Motion must be taken from the table at the next meeting to be discussed

• Wording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”

• Requires second

• Not debatable

• Not amendable

• Majority vote

Previous question

• ______

• Wording: “I move to previous question”

• Second required

• Not debatable

• Not amendable

• Can be reconsidered before vote

• 2/3 vote required

Refer to committee

• Used to ______

• Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next meeting.”

• Second required

• Debatable

• Amendable

• Majority vote

CAREERS RELATED TO HORTICULTURE

2.00: Examine careers related to horticulture. 2.01: Discuss careers and skills necessary in the Horticulture industry.

What is Horticulture?

• Horticulture comes from the Latin words ______which means “______” and ______which means “______”.

• Horticulture is the cultivation, processing and marketing of ______

Divisions of Horticulture

• ______

Floriculture

• Floriculture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, designing, and marketing ______

Landscape and Nursery

• Landscape and nursery industry is the science and practice of propagation, growing, planting, maintaining and using ______

Olericulture

• Olericulture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing ______

Pomology

• Pomology is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing ______

Importance of Horticulture

• Horticulture has three main areas of importance.

• ______

Economic Importance

• The horticulture industry puts over ______into the U.S. economy annually.

• Provides ______

• Produces ______

• Increases value of homes through ______

Aesthetic value (appearance)

• Improves the appearance of homes and buildings through landscaping

• Improves the appearance of land from fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops grown.

Environmental

• Includes health and comfort

• ______

What are some jobs in horticulture? Greenhouse Employee

• Grows vegetables and flowers including

• ______

• Performs both ______of plants

Nursery Employee

• Grows seedlings and plants for ______

Garden Center Employee

• ______

Grounds Maintenance Employee

• Cares for the land area and plants that surround a business, school, church, industry or other public or private places that ______

Golf Course Employee

• Responsible for maintenance of:

• golf course including ______

• ______

• trees and shrubs

• buildings and equipment

Park Employee

• Maintains plants, grounds, buildings, facilities, equipment and driveways in ______

What qualifications do I need to work in the horticulture industry? Skills vary from unskilled to highly skilled depending on the career in horticulture. A materials handler needs few skills, but an inspector needs many skills to check for ______

Personal Interests and Qualifications

• Before seeking a job one must consider:

• Work ______

• ______to do the job

Educational Qualifications

• Educational qualifications vary depending on the careers

• High school graduate or less for ______

• ______for skilled jobs

• Bachelors, masters or doctorate degree for most professional areas because of ______

Career Outlook Outlook for the horticulture industry is expected to grow because of ______

INTRODUCTION TO SAE 2:02: Implement an SAE.

What is SAE?

• Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) Programs consist of ______

How Does a SAE Help Me?

• Develop skills that can be used in getting a job

• Provides the opportunity to make money

• Develops skills that can be used in starting you own business

• Helps development management skills

• Learn record keeping skills

• Improves analytical and decision making skills

• Teaches responsibility

• Provides the opportunity to explore possible careers

• Develops knowledge and skills that could be helpful in college, as a hobby or for recreation.

• Provides the opportunity to win awards: FFA proficiency awards are based on the SAE program. In addition to winning awards, money can be won at regional, state and national levels

• FFA degrees are partially based on the SAE. You must have a SAE program to advance.

• In order to be a state or national officer, you first must have an advanced FFA degree which is partially based on SAE.

• Could help the grade in Agriculture class.

• Help with your Graduation Project!

Types of SAE

• Entrepreneurship

• Placement

• Research

– Experimental

– Non-Experimental

• Exploratory

• Improvement

• Supplemental

Entrepreneurship

• The student plans, implements, operates and assumes financial risks in a farming activity or agricultural business. In Entrepreneurship programs, the student ______Entrepreneurship examples:

• Growing an acre of corn

• Operating a Christmas tree farm

• Raising a litter of pigs

• Running a pay-to-fish operation

• Growing bedding plants in the school greenhouse

• Owning and operating a lawn care service

• A group of students growing a crop of poinsettias

Entrepreneurship Records

• ______

Placement

• Placement programs involve the placement of students on farms and ranches, in agricultural businesses, in school laboratories or in community facilities to provide a "learning by doing" environment. ______Placement Examples

• Placement in a florist shop

• Working after school at a farm supply store.

• Working on Saturdays at a riding stable

• Working in the school greenhouse after school and on weekends and holidays

• Placement on a general livestock farm

Placement Records

• ______

Research-Experimental

• An extensive activity where the student plans and conducts a ______

______. The purpose of the experiment is to provide students "hands-on" experience in: – 1. ______– 2. ______– 3. ______Research-Experimental Examples

• Comparing the effect of various planting media on plant growth

• Determining the impact of different levels of protein on fish growth

• Comparing three rooting hormones on root development

• Determining if phases of the moon have an effect on plant growth

• Analyzing the effectiveness of different display methods on plant sales in a garden center

• Demonstrating the impact of different levels of soil acidity on plant growth

• Determining the strength of welds using different welding methods

Research-Experimental Records

• ______

Analytical Research

• Students ______The students gather and evaluate data from a variety of sources and then produce some type of finished product. Analytical Examples:

• A marketing plan for an agricultural commodity

• A series of newspaper articles about the environment

• A land use plan for a farm

• A landscape design for a community facility

• An advertising campaign for an agribusiness

Analytical Records

• ______

Exploratory

• Exploratory SAE activities are ______Exploratory SAE activities are appropriate for beginning agricultural students but is not restricted to beginning students. Exploratory Examples:

• Observing and/or assisting a florist

• Growing plants in a milk jug "greenhouse"

• Assisting on a horse farm for a day

• Interviewing an agricultural loan officer in a bank

• Preparing a scrapbook on the work of a veterinarian

• Attending an agricultural career day

Exploratory Records

• ______

Improvement (minor component)

• Improvement activities include a series of learning activities that improves the value or appearance of the place of employment, home, school or community; the efficiency of an enterprise or business, or the living conditions of the family. ______Improvement Examples:

• Landscaping the home

• Building a fence

• Remodeling and painting a room

• Overhauling a piece of equipment

• Building or reorganizing a farm shop

• Renovating and restocking a pond

• Computerizing the records of an agricultural business

Improvement Records

• ______

Supplementary (Minor)

• A supplementary activity is one where the student performs one specific agricultural skill outside of normal class time. This skill is not related to the major SAE but is normally taught in an agricultural program, involves experiential learning and does contribute to the development of agricultural skills and knowledge on the part of the student. ______Supplementary Examples:

• Pruning a fruit tree

• Changing oil in a sod cutter

• Balling & burlaping a tree

• Helping a neighbor castrate pigs

• Cutting firewood with a chain saw

• Staking tomatoes

Supplementary Records

• ______

• ______Unit B- Plant Physiology

3.00 Summarize Plant Anatomy 3.01: Discuss biological terms used to describe plants

Plant Sciences

• ______-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes

– ______-the part of biology that deals with animals

– ______-the part of biology that deals with plants

• Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown

– ______

Agronomy  The science and practice of growing ______

Forestry  The science and practice of ______for building materials and other products.

Horticulture  The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing ______

Life Cycles of Plants

• ______-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year

• ______-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years

• ______-a plant that lives more than two years

Leaf Retention

• ______-loses leaves during the dormant season

• ______-keeps leaves and remains green year-round

Plant Hormones

• Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently.

– Inhibitors

– cytokinins

– gibberellias

– auxins

Inhibitors

• Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.

Cytokinins

• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.

Gibberellias

• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

Auxins

• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement

Moisture in Plants

• ______-plant is swollen or filled with moisture

• ______-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture

Plant Growth Dormant-

Season Crops

Cool Season Plants ______Example- ______Warm Season ______

Examples- ______

3.02: Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

Leaves-External

• ______-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem

• ______-the large, flat part of the leaf

• ______-the large center vein

• ______-the structural framework of the leaf

• ______-the edge of the leaf

Leaves-Internal

• ______-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture

• ______-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration

• ______-open and close stomates

• ______-small green particles that contain chlorophyll

– gives leaves their ______

– necessary for ______

Functions of the leaf

 Photosynthesis______

 Respiration______

 Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the leaves of plants. It also cools the plant.

Leaves Additional

 ______describes leaves without a petiole (example zinnia).

 ______are modified leaves (example poinsettia).

 Needles and scales are modified leaves (example ______)

 Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel (example southern  magnolia).

 ______leaves or stems have a hairy feel (example African violet).

Stems-External

• ______-breathing pores

• ______-show where terminal buds have been located

• ______-show where leaves were attached

• ______-bud on the end of a stem

• ______-bud on side of stem

Stems-Internal

• ______-tissue that transports water and nutrients ______from the roots to stems and leaves

• ______-tissue that transports food ______from leaves to roots

• ______-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells

• ______-old inactive phloem

• ______-old inactive xylem

• ______-new active xylem

• ______-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle

– examples: ______

• ______-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium

– example: ______

Roots-External

• ______-indicates growth of new cells

• ______-absorb moisture (water) and minerals

Roots-Internal

• Much like stems in that they have a ______

• Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root

• Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

Layers of Roots

• ______-many branched shallow roots

– ______

• ______-long root with few branched ones

– ______

Flowers

• ______-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens

• ______-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers

• ______-male part of the flower

• ______-female part of the flower

Parts of the Stamen

• ______-short stalk that holds up the anther

• ______-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

Parts of the Pistil

• ______-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized

• ______-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat

• ______-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary

• ______-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

Complete-vs-Incomplete

• ______flowers have both male and female parts

• ______flowers have only male or female parts

What are the functions of these plant parts? Functions of Leaves

• ______-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things

• Photosynthesis is the process by which ______

Functions of Stems

• ______-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots

• Supports ______

Functions of Roots

• ______-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem

• ______and hold it upright

• ______for plant use

• ______in some plants

Functions of Flowers

• Produce ______used for sexual reproduction

• Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is ______)

• Produce fruit to ______

3.03: Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

Taxonomy

-______-Scientific names are used because ______

Karl von Linne -______that developed the ______of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the ______. -Linne changed his name to the Latin name ______

Scientific Names -______is the language used for scientific classification. -The first word is the ______and the second word is the ______. If there are additional words, they indicate a ______.

Genus vs. Species -Plants in the same genus have ______. -Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.

Scientific Classification -The broadest category of scientific classification is the ______-The broadest category in the plant kingdom is ______Divisions -The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are: . ______. ______. ______. ______

-Spermatophytes . Contains ______. Two subdivisions are:______

Common Plant Genus -Pinus-______-Acer-______-Ilex-______-Ficus-______-Cornus-______-Rhododendron-______-Quercus-______

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

4.00: Examine Factors relating to plant growth and development. 4.01: Explain the growth process of plants.

Processes of plant growth

• ______

Photosynthesis

• The food and manufacturing process in ______that combines ______and ______in the presence of ______to make ______and ______.

– Formula:

______+______+672Kcal ______+______

Respiration

• The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume ______and give off ______.

• Plants produce much more ______through ______than they use through respiration.

Absorption

• The process by which plant ______take in ______and ______

Transpiration

• The process by which plants ______from leaves and stems through ______

Translocation

• The process by which ______are moved within a plant from one plant part to another

Reproduction

• The plant process that increases plant numbers

– ______

Stages of Plant Growth

• Juvenile-______

• Reproductive-______

• Dormant-______

Plant Cells

• ______

• A ______and a mass of ______contained within a ______

Parts of a Plant Cell

• Nucleus

– location of plant’s ______and ______make- up

• Protoplasm

– the ______of the cell

• Plasma Membrane

– surrounds ______and allows for exchange of ______into and out of cell

• Cell Wall

– ______for the cell and thus the whole plant

• Other Structures

– ______

Plant tissue

• A group of ______

• Classified according to ______

• Structure of permanent tissue

– simple-______

– complex-______

Tissue origin and function

• ______-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur

• ______-increase growth in diameter of stems Types of Tissues

• ______-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and prevents water loss

• ______-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures

• ______-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures

• ______-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients

Phases of the asexual cycle

• Vegetative-______

– ______-stage when cells enlarge

– ______-stage when cells specialize

• Reproductive or flowering-______

Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants Light

• ______-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles

• Necessary because of ______

• Not enough light causes ______

• Too much light will cause ______Moisture

• Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are ______

• Not enough water causes ______

• Too much water causes small ______Temperature

• Needs vary depending on type of plants

• ______Nutrients

• Essential for ______

• Has little effect on ______

Combining growth factors

• Ideal quantities and quality will give ______

• Each has an effect on the other factors

• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth ______

Hardiness Zones

Plants are categorized by zones based on the average ______temperature.

North Carolina is zones ______to ______

Charlotte is zone ______

PLANT PROPAGATION

4.02: Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation

Propagation

• ______

Sexual Propagation

• Propagation from ______

• ______is transferred from the ______to the ______

• ______occurs and ______are produced.

Germination Rates

• ______

– ______

• Rate is affected by ______.

• Rates vary depending on plant and ______

• Plant depth depends on the ______

– larger seeds are planted ______

– water small seeds from ______

Seedlings (small plants)

• Transplant when ______

• Reduce ______and ______and make environment more like outside to ______plants

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

• ______

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

• ______

Asexual Reproduction

• Uses growing plant parts other than seeds

• Types of asexual reproduction:

– ______

Rooting from Cuttings

• Rooting media should be about ______

• Best time of day is ______because plants have more ______

• Types of cuttings:

– ______

Stem Cuttings

• Using a small piece of ______

• ______

Stem Cuttings-Step 1 ______

Stem Cuttings-Step 7

______

Leaf cuttings

• Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants

• ______

Root Cuttings

• Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants

• should be ______in rooting area

Layering

• ______

– ______

Division or Separation

• ______

– ______

Grafting

• Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a ______Grafting Terms

• ______-the piece of plant at the top of the graft

• ______-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft

Methods of Grafting

• If the scion and rootstock are the same size

– ______

• If the scion is smaller than the rootstock

– ______

– ______Budding

• A form of grafting when a bud is used

– ______

Tissue Culture

• Using a small amount of ______to grow in a ______

• The most plants in a short time

• ______

Notes on Asexual Production

• ______

• In trench layering, a plant forms at ______

• Some plants do not ______

• ______are the same as the ______

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Some require ______

• Cuttings detach plant parts from ______

• Some plants are ______making propagation ______

What is Biotechnology?

• The use of ______to produce products or processes

Methods

• Tissue culture or ______

• ______

Tissue Culture

• Uses ______in a ______on ______or other nutrient-growing media to produce ______Cloning

• Genetically generating offspring from ______

Genetic Engineering

• Movement of genetic information in the form of______from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up

Benefits of Biotechnology

• Produce ______

• Increase ______

• Increase - ______

• Increase ______

• Improve ______

• Increase ______

• Other genetic changes

Unit C Soil, Nutrients and Fertilizers

5.00- Explain the properties of soils. 5.01- Discuss Horticulture soils.

SOIL PROPERTIES Soils and growing media

• Soils and growing media are made up of two types of materials

– ______

Organic Matter

• ______

• contains ______

• usually has ______

Types of organic matter

• ______

• ______-particles too large to use in seed germination media

• ______-used to cover soil to help hold moisture and prevent weeds

• ______

• ______-high carbon to nitrogen ratio makes nitrogen unavailable for plant use

• ______- high carbon to nitrogen ratio makes nitrogen unavailable for plant use

Inorganic compounds

• Do not contain carbon

• usually ______

Types of inorganic compounds

• ______-artificial soil

• ______-mica mineral matter used to start seeds and cuttings, helps hold moisture, has neutral pH

• ______-natural volcanic material that helps aeration and water-holding capacity

Advantages of Horticultural soils

1. ______

2. The pH is neutral.

3. ______

4. It is good for starting disease sensitive seeds (tomato).

5. ______

6. ______.

7. It is easy to create a horticulture soil for particular plant needs.

Disadvantages of horticultural soils.

1. It is ______

2. It is ______

Additional materials used in soilless media.

1. ______has a high carbon to nitrogen ratio.

2. ______have a high carbon to nitrogen ratio.

Makes ______unavailable for plant use.

5.02- Discuss the soil profile and soil sampling for surface and subsurface layers.

Soil Profile

• Layers of soil are called ______

• Typical profile

– A Horizon-______

• most ______• most ______• top or first layer

– B Horizon-______

– C Horizon-______

Soil Structure

• How particles cluster together

______

• Soil structure is more important to producers who grow plants in ______

• Producers of container grown plants ______

Soil Texture

• ______

• Types of textures

– ______

Clayey Texture

• ______

• Has a high ______

• most common texture in ______

Loamy texture

• About equal parts of ______

• Ideal texture for most ______

Sandy texture

• ______

• ______moisture-holding capacity

• Most common in ______

Soil pH

1. Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soils.

2. Soil pH ranges from 0-14.

______(low pH) is considered an acid soil

______indicate a neutral soil

______(high pH) is considered an alkaline soil.

3. Lime will ______the pH value in soils (make the soil less acidic).

4. Calcium or sulfur will ______the pH value in soils (make the soil more acidic).

5. The ideal pH value for vegetable garden soils are ______

______is the rate at which water moves through the soil.

______is the ability of a soil to hold water for plant use.

______is the amount of air space between soil particles.

50% of soil should be pore space 25% water space 25% air space.

50% of soil should be soil particles which include 45% mineral matter and 5% organic matter.

Soil Sampling

1. Create a visual grid of the area to be planted. • For gardens and landscapes, take 5-10 sub-samples • Sample before the growing season. 2. Use a stainless steel soil-sampling probe. 3. Take the surface sample to tillage depth • about 4inches for lawns • 6-8 inches for crops 4. Mix the soil samples together. 5. Remove any grass, rocks or other material besides soil. 6. Avoid unusual spots • Problem areas need to be sent in a separate box. 7. Place soil samples in a box • Obtain from the County Extension Office along with Soil Sample Information sheet 8. Send the box and information to: • Agronomic Division Soil Test Lab in Raleigh for a free soil test.

NUTRIENTS AND FERTILIZERS 6.00 Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers. 6.01 Discuss macro and micro nutrients and the role they play in plant deficiencies.

Macro vs Micro Nutrients

• Macro nutrients are ______

• Micro nutrients are required ______

– ______Macro nutrients

• Non-mineral elements

– ______– ______– ______

• Primary Nutrients

– ______– ______– ______

• Secondary Nutrients

– ______– ______– ______Micro nutrients

• ______

Nitrogen

• Promotes growth of ______

• Gives ______and improves ______

• Necessary to develop ______

• Deficiency symptoms

– ______

– short stems, small leaves, ______

– slow and dwarfed plant growth Phosphorus

• Stimulates ______

• Provides for ______

• Stimulates ______

• Necessary for the ______of many plant processes

– ______

– older leaves are ______Potassium

• Used to form ______

• Formation and transfer of ______

• Increases disease resistance, ______

– ______

– ______Calcium

• Improves plant vigor

• Influences intake and synthesis of other plant nutrients

• Important part of cell walls

– small developing leaves

– wrinkled older leaves

– dead stem tips Magnesium

• Influences the intake of other essential nutrients

• Helps make fats

• Assists in translocation of phosphorus and fats

– Interveinal chlorosis-yellowing of leaves between green veins

– leaf tips curl or cup upward

– slender, weak stalks Sulfur

• Promotes root growth and vigorous vegetative growth

• Essential to protein formation

– young leaves are light green with lighter color veins

– yellow leaves and stunted growth Iron

• Functions of Iron

– Essential for chlorophyll production

– Helps carry electrons to mix oxygen with other elements

– mottled and interveinal chlorosis in young leaves

– stunted growth and slender, short stems Copper

• Functions

– Helps in the use of Iron

– Helps respiration

– young leaves are small and permanently wilt

– multiple buds at stem tip Zinc

• Functions

– plant metabolism

– helps form growth hormones

– reproduction

– retarded growth between nodes (rosetted)

– new leaves are thick and small

– spotted between veins, discolored veins Boron

• Functions

– affects water absorption by roots

– translocation of sugars

• Deficiency Symptoms

– short, thick stem tips

– young leaves of terminal buds are light green at base

– leaves become twisted and die Manganese

• Functions

– plant metabolism

– nitrogen transformation

– interveinal chlorosis

– young leaves die Molybdenum

• Functions

– plant development

– reproduction

– stunted growth

– yellow leaves, upward curling leaves, leaf margins burn Chlorine

• Functions

– essential to some plant processes

– acts in enzyme systems

– ______

6.02- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various fertilizers.

Fertilizers

Types of Fertilizers

• ______

Complete vs. Incomplete

• Complete has ______

– Examples: ______

• Incomplete DOES NOT have all three primary nutrients

– Examples: ______Organic Fertilizers

• Comes from ______and contains ______

• Examples: ______Advantages of Organic

• ______

• Not easily ______

• Add organic components to ______

Disadvantages of Organic

• ______

• Low nutrient content

• ______

Inorganic Fertilizers

• Comes from sources other than animals or plants

• ______

Advantages of Inorganic

• Can make the ______

• ______

Disadvantages of Inorganic

• No ______

• possible ______up in growing media Soluble Fertilizer

• Dissolve in ______and are applied as a ______

• Fertigation

– fertilizing through ______

– big advantage Insoluble Fertilizer

• Includes ______applied to the growing media Granular vs. Slow Release

• Granular

– ______

• Slow Release

– more expensive because it is______

– more ______over time period Fertilizer Analysis

• Fertilizer analysis expresses ______

• For Example

– A 100 pound bag of fertilizer has an analysis of 15-5-15. How many pounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are in the bag? • Nitrogen: 100lbs X 15%=______• Phosphorus: 100lbs X 5%=______• Potassium: 100lbs X 15%=______Fertilizer Ratios

• A fertilizer with a 10-10-10 analysis would have a ______ratio

• A fertilizer with a 24-8-16 analysis would have a ______ratio

Application Procedures

• ______

Banding

• Placing a band of fertilizer about ______

• DO NOT place below the seeds because ______Sidedressing

• Placing a band of fertilizer near the soil surface and to the sides ______Topdressing

• ______into the top ______of growing media around the plant. Perforating

• Placing fertilizer in ______Cover the holes and fertilizer slowly dissolves. Broadcasting

• Spreading fertilizer to cover the ______Foliar Spraying

• Spraying ______in a solution ______.

• Quickly corrects ______

• Fertilizer concentration should not be ______Fertigation

• Incorporating ______into the ______of greenhouse and nursery crops.

• Concentrated solutions usually pass through ______

– ______

– ______Venturi-type

• ______

• depends on ______in the hose and in the ______

• Example: ______

Positive-displacement

• ______

• ______of concentrated solution and water

• Examples: commander proportioners and Smith injectors

Rules for applying fertilizers

• Method used should be ______

• Method used affects ______

• Fertilizer must be ______

PLANNING A GARDEN

7.00 Apply a procedure to plant a garden. 7.01 Plan a garden.

 Plan the best location  Items to consider  Sun  Shade  Water  Air

Types 1- Raised Beds  Typically made of ______ at least ______inches in height  Convenient for watering and harvesting  The gardener can create a good quality ______ Allow the gardener to grow more crops in a given area  Less soil ______than flatbed plantings  Can be set up on any surface such as concrete or porches  Can be built to make it accessible to elderly or handicapped individuals

2- Flat Beds  Flat bed is the most tradition way to plant vegetables is in rows  Usually a ______foot gap is left between each row for easy watering and harvesting  One disadvantage of flatbed planting is it ______.  Container gardens are easy to make, manage and add beauty to any area.  Examples of containers  Whiskey barrels  Washtubs

 Plastic or clay pots  Wooden crates  Baskets  Make sure your containers have holes in the bottom for ______.  Container garden takes up a small amount of space.

3- Roof Tops  Roof top gardens make good use of unused or wasted space  They are ______to establish.  Check local ordinances before you begin for rules and regulations  Enlist the assistance of an architect or landscape contractor  ______ Incorporate windbreaks into the garden design  Consider ease of watering and harvesting plants from your roof top garden

4 Vertical Gardens  Saves valuable garden space  Vertical structures have a tendency to cast ______.  Watch the sun’s movement for several days before planting.  Examples of vertical gardening structures:  ______ ______ ______ ______ Cages Soils  Soil needs determined by what plants you select  Soil amendments are determined by what plants you select  Soil less mixes are determined by what plants you select

Plan  Season  ______

 Winter  ______ Summer  Type of plants  ______ ______ ______ Flower

7.01 Establish a garden.

Establishment from Seeds  Fall vegetable seeds- o ______o ______o ______o ______o ______o ______o ______o ______

 Winter vegetable seeds (mid-February through early March) o Carrots o Onions o Peas o Potatoes o Turnip o Lettuce o Radish

 Spring vegetable seeds such as: o ______o ______o ______o ______o ______

 Summer vegetable seeds o Brussel o Sprouts o Okra o Beans

o Cucumbers o Kale o Radish

Transplanting.

Fall vegetable plants such as broccoli, cabbage, lettuce and onions (sets) are examples of cool season crops.

Winter vegetable plants such as lettuce and spinach are examples of cool season crops.

Spring vegetable plants such as tomatoes, peppers, squash and cucumbers are examples of warm season crops.

Summer vegetable plants such as okra, cauliflower, cucumbers and kale are examples of summer crops

Maintaining a Garden

1. ______plants as needed

2. Control pest  Keep clean  Remover debris and dead plants  Check pest problems and maintain non chemical methods of control

3. Harvest plants as they ______

4. Do not let plants ______or ______.

Unit D- Pest Management

8.00 Compare distinguishing characteristics of pest. 8.01Discuss the anatomy and life cycle of pest

What is an insect?

• Small animals that have ______and ______equaling ______legs

• Body regions

– ______

Types of Insects

• The five types of mouthparts are important in identifying and controlling insects.

– ______

Chewing Insects

• Insects ______food

• Examples

– ______

Piercing Insects

• Punctures plant and ______

Rasping insect

• Rasps or ______and sucks sap

• Example

– ______

Siphoning insects

• Have a ______they dip into ______such as ______and draw it in

• Example

– ______

Sponging Insects

• Have two ______that collect ______and move it into the food canal

• Example

– ______

Life Cycles

• Complete metamorphosis has four stages

– ______

• Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages

– ______

Chewing Insects

• Parts of leaves are eaten away

– beetles

– cutworms

– caterpillars

– grasshoppers

• Beetles

– eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts

• Cutworms

– usually attack stems, but may eat other plant parts

• Caterpillars

– larva of moths and butterflies

– fuzzy or hairy

– eat young leaves and stems

– roll up in leaves making leaves curl

• Grasshoppers

– eat all parts of plants

Sucking Insects

• Aphids

• Leaf bugs

• Mealy bugs

• Scale

• Thrips

• Whiteflies

Aphids

• Pierce and suck juices

• known as plant lice

• cause stunted growth and yellow spotted leaves

• causes sticky substances and black mold

• will attract ants

Leaf Bugs

• Cause plants to look unhealthy

• plants will lose their normal color and wilt

Mealy Bugs

• Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in leaf axils causing yellow appearance and sticky secretions

• Appear as black or brown raised lumps attached to stems and underside of leaves causing yellow leaves and stunted growth

Thrips

• Chew and then suck causing plant tissue to become speckled or whitened, leaf tip to wither, curl up, or die

Whiteflies

• Feed on underside of young leaves causing yellowing

• will look like flying little white specks when plants are shaken

• Attack underside of leaves causing gray to grayish-green spots

• severe infestations cause webbing

Plant Diseases Diseases

• A disease is a plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen or agent

• There are 3 conditions necessary for diseases in plants

– host plant

– disease causing organism or pathogen must be present

– favorable environment for disease organism to develop

Pathogens

• There are four groups of pathogens

– bacteria

– fungi

– viruses

– parasitic plants (attach to plants)

• mistletoe

• dodder

• lichens Bacteria • ______celled microorganisms

• Examples of common bacteria diseases:

• Leaf ______

• Rings of different shades of brown, green or yellow spots on leaves. • Blight

• ______Fungi • Cannot make their own food

• They develop hyphae, structures that grow and absorb nutrients from the host plant • Many fungi are spread by spores.

• Examples of common fungi diseases:

• ______

• Causes young plants and seedling to rot off at the soil level.

• ______

• Causes small spots on the leaves that resemble yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underside of leaves. • ______

• Grows on the upper and lower leaf surface as white or gray powdery substance. It is a common disease of houseplants • Galls

• ______. Viruses • Pathogens with an extremely narrow host range

• Examples of common viruses:

• ______virus which attacks tomatoes, peppers, poinsettias and tobacco. • Can be transfer from ______hands of a smoker • Be sure to wash your hands before working with plants to control the spread of this virus • Cause leave to have ______with patterns ranging from dark to ______and yellow to white,

Other Diseases Canker

• Causes open wounds on woody plants

• Cause plant to decay and die

• A black, powdery disease that causes blisters that burst open releasing black spores Wilt

• A disease that blocks the uptake of water in plant stems causing plants to wilt

INTERGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

9.00 Explain Integrated Pest Management and Pesticides. 9.01Discuss Integrated Pest management Strategies

Intergraded Pest management (IPM)  Most effective and environmentally friendly method approach to control  Focuses on pest prevention  ______ Least amount of danger to the environment.

Steps to Intergraded Pest management (IPM) 1. ______2. Prevention of pests  Controlled by using cultural methods such as ______, pest resistant varieties and planting pest-free rootstock 3. ______4. Traps may be used to check pest population 5. Use the less risky pest control first  Including ______that will disrupt pest mating  Mechanical controls including traps. 6. If these methods are not effective, additional control methods  ______ ______

Biological Control ______ Both adults and larva feed  Soft bodied insects (aphids), mites and eggs. Parasitic ______ Caterpillar  Butterfly or moth egg or pupa  Beetle egg  Other insects in the egg, larva or pupa stage

______ Will eat just about any pest

Green lacewing larvae  ______Predatory mites  ______

SAFELY USING AGRICULTURE CHEMICALS

9.02 Examine the agricultural chemical manual and its uses

Pesticide

• Any material used to control pests ______

______

• ______

Key Signal Words

Danger  Has a skull and crossbones symbol and the word POISON in red on the label  It is highly toxic  Orally  Dermally  Inhalation  Causes severe eye or skin burn Warning  ______orally, dermally, through inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation  The word WARNING will be written on the label Caution  Is ______orally, dermally or through inhalation or causes slight eye and skin irritation  The word CAUTION will be written on the label.

Reading a Pesticide Label 1. Includes the name and address of manufacturer 2. Includes the trade, brand or product name

a. Example is Ortho 3. Classification a. ______pesticides i. Purchased and applied by the general public b. ______pesticides i. Purchased by a licensed certified applicator only. 1. It may be applied by or under the direct supervision of a licensed certified applicator 4. Active ingredients 5. ______6. Chemical name 7. Type of pesticide a. Insecticide—kills insects. b. Herbicide—kills unwanted plants. i. Selective herbicides kill specific weeds or plants. ii. Non selective herbicides kill all plants with which they come in contact. c. Fungicide controls fungi 8. Form of substance  ______ ______ ______ Liquid  ______9. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) registration number. 10. Establishment number—(EPA Est. No.111-NC-1) 1. which appears on the pesticide label or container identifies the facility that produced the product 11. Storage and disposal precaution 12. Hazard statement including “______” 13. Net contents 14. Statement of practical treatment  What to do if a person swallows or is poisoned 15. ______l Hazard  Indicates that the product may have undesirable effects in the environment  Especially to wildlife such as bees, fish and birds 16. General Environmental Statement

 ______ ______ Keep pesticides out of storm water sewer drains 17. Physical or Chemical Hazard  Informs individuals of specific fire or explosion hazards 18. Worker protection procedures  PPE-personal protective equipment 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______19. ______(REI)  The time that must past before reentering a treated area 20. First aid statement 21. Storage and disposal 22. Directions for use including mixing and application

• The most important rule in pesticide safety is:

Choosing Pesticides

• North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual

– May be purchased from ______

– May be viewed online at: ______