Comparative Evaluation of Fruits of Garcinia Indica from Different Regions of South India

“Comparative evaluation of fruits of Garcinia indica from different regions of south India and isolation of hydroxy citric acid”

SYNOPSIS FOR

M.PHARM DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF

HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA

SANDIP SHYAM

I M.PHARM

Department of Pharmacognosy

AL AMEEN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

BANGALORE - 560027 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE – II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE SANDIP SHYAM CANDIDATE AND AL-AMEEN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY ADDRESS Hosur Road (Near Lalbagh Main Gate)

Bangalore-560027

2. NAME OF THE AL- AMEEN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY INSTITUTION HOSUR ROAD, BANGALORE – 560027

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND M. PHARM - PHARMACOGNOSY SUBJECT

4. DATE OF ADMISSION JUNE – 2009 TITLE OF TOPIC: -

5. “COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FRUITS OF GARCINIA INDICA FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF SOUTH INDIA AND ISOLATION OF HYDROXY CITRIC ACID”

6.0 BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK :

2 6.1 NEED OF STUDY

Garcina indica commonly referred as mate mangosteem (English) is an important high value medicinal species. It in native to India, grown in southern peninsular India, but also found in north eastern Himalayan region (NEH) in the four hills of Himalaya. The fruits used in systems of medicine(ISM) by local healers, traditional hakims to cure many ailments. The fruit rind is used in diarrhoea, dysentery and cutaneons infections1.

Heart wood contains 1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxy xanthane and its glucoside. Latex contains xanterane and mangosteem. Leaves contain triterpene, xanthenes-gartanin.Fruits contain xanthenes, gartanin, 8-deoxygartanin, normangostin, mangostin. Pericarp contains xanthenes-1-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin hydrate, 3-isomangostin and 1-isomangostin hydrate. Aril contains mangostin, carboxanthane, xanthene A, B. Rind contain cyaniding-3-isophoroside and cyaniding-3-glucoside2.

Garcinia indica extracts especially from its rind are rich in polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives such as garcinol and its colorless isomer Isogarcinol. The rind also contains hydrocitric acid, hydrocitric acid lactone, citric acid and oxalic acid.3

Fruit halves contain xanthenes, garcinon A, garcinon B, garcinone C. Alpha and gamma mangostins. Fruit husks contain xanthenes-garcinone A-D. Important compounds identified from fruits are hexyl acetate cis-ter-3-enyl acetate. In Siddha the fruit leaf bark are used as astringent and also used in diarrhoea, leucorrhoea presently the Garcinia indica. Species is declared endangered species since the population of the species is devindling. The fruits are economically important part. The fruit rinds are commonly used for the pharmacological activities.

The rehabilitation of plant species is the need of the hour since there is a need to multiply the plants, however several factors play a important role in quality aspects of the fruit that are genotype of the plant, soil and climatic factors of the region. Hence the present study is aiming at determining which part of the south India is suitable for obtaining the higher active principle from the fruits of Garcinia indica.

3 6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

 The fruits of Garcinia indica are the major source of hydroxy citric acid (HCA). The fruit is used as a garnish to give an acid flavor to the curries syrup prepared during hot months3.  Aqueous and boiled extracts and syrup of Garcinia indica fruit rind was investigated for Antioxidant activities using different assays like free radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxide estimation. Results showed that the various preparation of kokum have significant antioxidant activities4.  Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone isolated from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica was studied for anti-inflammatory and anti cancer activity. The results indicated that the garcinol was very effective for inhibition of cancer cell growth5.

 Subhas et.al reported Garcinia indica as the common source of Chalcone derivative “Garcinol”, which is very potent antioxidant compound6.  The organic acids were determined from the leaves and fruit rind of Garcinia indica (Kokum) by using High performance liquid chromatographic technique. Results indicated that Hydroxy acid lactone and citric acid are present in the leaves and minor quantities in the fruit rind7.  Maheshwari and Reddy studied the application of Kokum fat in various proportions in dark and milk chocolate formulations and its effects on rheology, hardness and triglyceride composition. The results revealed that up to 5% kokum fat addition by weight of the product did not significantly affect the plastic viscosity or yield stress of milk or dark chocolate. Hardness of both dark and milk chocolate increased with increase in addition of kokum fat8.  Dried chloroform extract of rinds of Garcinia indica which is a rich source of bioactive molecules including xanthones, flavonoids. benzophenones, lactones and phenolic acids, was studied to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties using peanut powder as a model food system for the inhibition of

Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1. Results indicated that at lower concentrations of Garcinia indica extract (500-1000 ppm), the relative aflatoxin inhibition was much higher than the growth inhibition. At 3000 ppm the aflatoxin production was

4 completely inhibited, which was taken as the minimum inhibitory concentration9.  Shankargouda , Shirol and Kattimani .reported the study of Garcinia indica for Variation in physico-chemical parameters for syrup preparation10.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 6.3 AIM:

AI AIM : - To conduct the comparative evaluation of the rind of fruits for hydroxy citric acid (HCA) from different region of india and isolation of phytochemical constituents.

OBJECTIVES: -

1. Collection and authentification of fruits of Garcinia indica.

2. Preparation of extracts using different solvents.

3. TLC method development for the identification of different chemical constituents.

4. Isolation of hydroxyl citric acid and other constituents by chromatographic technique.

5. Identification and characterization of the isolated phytochemical constituent by various spectroscopic technique like HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR and MASS.

6. Comparison of HCA in the rind of fruits collected from various regions

7.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCES OF DATA

Al-Ameen college of Pharmacy Information Center, Bangalore.

Literature survey.

Journal and Publications.

Search on - Science direct, Pub med, Medline, Google.

5 J-Gate@HELINET search.

PLACE OF WORK:-

Al-Ameen college of Pharmacy, Bangalore.

7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA 1. Raw material will be collected from Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharastra and Tamil Nadu.

2. Preparation of chloroform and water extracts of Garcinia indica from fruits.

3. TLC Method development for the Extracts prepared.

4. Isolation of the phytochemical reference substance /Markers from the fruits extract by various chromatographic techniques like Column Chromatography.

5. Identification & Characterization of the isolated phytochemical constituent by various spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR & MASS.

6. Comparison of HCA from different region by HPTLC method.

7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patient or other humans or animals? If so please describe briefly.

-NA-

6 7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of the above query?

-N A-

8.0 REFERENCES:

1. Nadkarni, The Indian Materia Medica, Vol.I,1994, pg 566

2. Sharma P.V, Dravya Guna Vigyana, Vol II,2000, pg 337

3. Patil S, Kattimani KN. Studies on kokum (Garcinia indica choisy), an underutilized anti-obesity fruit tree of western ghats of south india ishs, Acta horticulturae, International Symposium on Underutilized Plants for Food Security, Nutrition, Income and Sustainable Development, 2008:806.

4. Akanksha M, Mrinal M B, Jai C, Tilak, Thomas PAD Antioxidant activity of Garcinia indica (kokam) and its syrup, Current Science, 2006 ;91(1) 10.

5. Hong J, Kwon SJ, Sang S, Ju J, Zhou JN, Ho CT, Huang MT, Yang CS.Effects of garcinol and its derivatives on intestinal cell growth: Inhibitory effects and autoxidation-dependent growth-stimulatory effects. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 ;42(8):1211-21.

6. Fumio Y, Toshiaki A, Yoshihiro Y, and Hiroyuki N Antioxidative and Anti-Glycation Activity of Garcinol from Garcinia indica Fruit Rind J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000; 48 (2):180–185

7 7. Jayaprakasha G K, Sakariah KK Determination of Organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica by LC; J of Pharmaceuti and Biomed anal; 2002:28: 379-384.

8. Maheshwari B, Reddy S Y. Application of kokum (Garcinia indica) fat as cocoa butter improver in chocolate. J Sci. Food Agric. ; 2008: 85 (1): 135 – 140.

9. Tamil S, Joseph GS, Jayaprakasha GK, Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus by Garcinia indica extract and its antioxidant activity” Food microbiol; 2003:20:455-460.

10. Shankargouda P, Shirol AM, Kattimani KN. Variability studies in physico- chemical parameters in kokum (Garcinia indica Choicy) for syrup preparation, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci; 2009 :22(1): 244-245.

8 9. SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE:

10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE: RECOMMENDED FOR RESEARCH AND SUBMISSION OF DISSERTATION

11. NAME AND DESIGNATION OF THE Dr. RAMAN DANG GUIDE: PROFESSOR, Department of Pharmacognosy, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore.

11.1. SIGNATURE:

11.2 CO-GUIDE Dr. T.N Shivananda Senior Scientists of Indian Institute of Horticulture Research Hessarghatta, Bangalore

11.3 SIGNATURE:

11.4 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT: Dr. SALMA KHANAM, H.O.D, Department of Pharmacognosy, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore.

11.5 SIGNATURE:

9 11.6 PRINCIPAL: Prof. B.G. SHIVANANDA Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur road, Bangalore.

11.7 REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL: RECOMMENDED FOR RESEARCH AND SUBMISSION OF DISSERTATION

11.8 SIGNATURE: