Part I: Middle Ages, Reformation, and Renaissance

Western Civilization Final Exam Review GOOD LUCK!!

1.) What did someone have to do in order to be considered a “Renaissance Man?”

2.) Why did Henry VIII create the Anglican Church (Church of England)?

3.) In Calvinism, believers thought that salvation relied on one thing ONLY. What was it?

4.) Michelangelo’s David, the Mona Lisa, and the frescos of the Sistine Chapel were all works of art completed during which time period?

5.) How did the Black Death begin?

6.) The Protestant Reformation was most popular in which European country?

7.) John Calvin created a society in Geneva, Switzerland that relied on religious leadership of the state. This society was known as what?

Part II: The Age of Discovery and Absolutism

8.) In using God as a motivation for exploration, what were European explorers hoping to do?

9.) What was the primary effect of the Age of Discovery and Exploration?

10.) If God ordains an individual to hold power over others, what does that individual have?

11.) What country did Louis XIV rule?

12.) Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, but his voyage was funded by which country? 13.) The brutal and forced movement of individuals from Africa to the West Indies and American Coast in tightly packed ships was known as the ______passage.

14.) Which explorer first discovered mainland America?

Part III: The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

15.) What does “Laissez faire” mean?

16.) Why is Adam Smith known as the “Father of Capitalism?”

17.) What were the six primary causes of the French Revolution (hint: one is “religious intolerance”)?

18.) What was the name of lawmaking body during the reign of the “Old Regime” in France?

19.) Label the following:

1st Estate The general public (common people) 3rd Estate Clergy (religious leaders) 2nd Estate Nobles and aristocrats (kings and queens)

20.) This person was a French leader and master military strategist. The French government exiled him for his failures, but the people lured him back. Who was he? 21.) This person wrote a book during the Enlightenment period called The Wealth of Nations and sponsored “laissez faire” economics that told the government to keep their hands off of the people’s money. Who was he?

22.) As a leader, what was Napoleon’s greatest strength?

23.) After staging the coup d’état, Napoleon created his own set of laws for the French people, which gave him the power to serve as dictator. What was the name of this set of laws?

24.) Why was it a bad idea for Napoleon to invade Russia in September 1812?

25.) What two things replaced logic and reason during the rise of Romanticism?

26.) The Directory consisted of both legislators and directors. Legislators ______the laws, while directors ______the laws.

27.) What is the difference between a nation and a state?

Part IV: Industrial Revolution

28.) What is the industrial revolution?

29.) Identify two positive effects of the industrial revolution, and two negative effects of the industrial revolution.

30.) What is the name of the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, in opposition to capitalism? How is it different?

Part V: Imperialism

31.) Explain why “westernization” meant essentially the same thing as “modernization” in Europe during the 19th century.

32.) Describe how imperialism enabled a period of cultural exchange throughout much of the world in the 19th century. 33.) What was the ultimate political consequence of the struggle for imperialism? Explain.

34.) Which event resulted in the division of Germany into separate states during the mid-19th century?

35.) Describe why Germany was in a prime (i.e. good) economic position to become a powerful European state in the 19th century.

36.) Identify and describe two reasons why Britain placed such high value on India.

Part VI: World War I

37.) If someone was to say that a single gun shot led to the outbreak of World War I, which event would you identify with this gun shot?

38.) The poster above is an example of…?

39.) The purpose of this specific poster is to do what?

40.) Who was responsible for printing and distributing this poster?

41.) Why did the United States decide to join the war?

42.) Upon entering the war, the United States became a member of what group?

43.) As the war came to an end, which country sustained the greatest overall losses? Martin Luther John Calvin Leonardo da Vinci Louis XIV of France King Ferdinand of Spain Queen Isabella of Spain Elizabeth I of England Henry VIII of England John Locke Adam Smith Thomas Hobbes Baron de Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau Voltaire Oliver Cromwell Napoleon Bonaparte Catherine the Great Frederick the Great Otto von Bismarck Alfred Nobel 44.) On November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed among the warring countries. What did this achieve?

45.) After the armistice, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States presented a plan for the future of the warring nations. His plan was called what?

46.) The very last item of President Wilson’s plan called for an alliance between most of the warring nations that would set out to preserve peace and cooperation. This alliance was called what?

The Writing Component: Think about all of the individuals we’ve studied throughout the year in our biographical sketches and be prepared to choose one and explain why he or she had the greatest impact on European history. You must, as always, be able to cite examples of this person’s historical impact (i.e. what did he/she do?) in order to justify your choice.

The list below provides you with choices to get you started, but remember that you may choose any of the individuals from your biographical sketches throughout the year. In the chart to the right, you can start writing down ideas about your selected individual’s contributions to history so that you’re ready for the written portion of the exam. Contribution How His/Her Legacy of to History Contribution Individual in Affected History History