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Assessing the Habitat Suitability of Two Different Artificial Wetland Habitats Using Avian Community Structures

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Assessing the Habitat Suitability of Two Different Artificial Wetland Habitats Using Avian Community Structures American Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (8): 1321-1331, 2014 ISSN: 1546-9239 © 2014 Zakaria and Rajpar, This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license doi:10.3844/ajassp.2014.1321.1331 Published Online 11 (8) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajas.toc) ASSESSING THE HABITAT SUITABILITY OF TWO DIFFERENT ARTIFICIAL WETLAND HABITATS USING AVIAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURES Zakaria, M. and M.N. Rajpar Department of Recreation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Received 2014-01-23; Revised 2014-02-12; Accepted 2014-05-24 ABSTRACT Artificial wetlands have become highly important habitat for a variety of bird species particularly waterbirds due to loss and degradation of natural wetlands. Avian community structures in two artificial wetland habitats i.e., man-made marsh and lake were investigated to identify the suitability of the habitats for avian species, habitat preference and food resources. Distance sampling point count method detected 35272 bird individuals of 98 species from July to November 2010. Ninty four bird species were recorded from man-made marsh and thirty one species from the lake area. Acridotheres tristis (6.34% of all detections) was the most dominant bird species of man-made marsh and Passer montanus (0.41%) was the most dominant bird species of lake habitat. On the contrarily, Microhierax fringillarius and Turdoides earlei (each 0.01%) were the rarest species of man-made marsh and Dinopium javanense (0.02%) was the rarest species of the lake habitat. The bird relative abundance of man-made marsh and lake habitats was significantly different (F 1,194 = 50.3, p<0.05). Community analysis indicated that bird species of man-made marsh were more diverse i.e., Shannon’s index (N 1 = 3.92) and rich i.e., Margalef’s index (R 1 = 8.93) than the lake habitat. Insectivore (marsh; 21.13% and lake area; 1.21%) was the most dominant guild in man- made marsh and lake area. In contrast, Piscivore (0.14%) was the rarest guild comprised of only one species in marsh habitat. The results of this study revealed that the man-made marsh was more capable to attract a higher number of bird species and diversity than the lake habitat. Keywords: Birds, Community Structure, Diversity, Habitat, Marsh, Lake and Feeding Guild 1. INTRODUCTION vegetation to trap the sediements from surrounded catchement areas and also to retain water for drinking or Worldwide, more than 50% of natural wetland areas irrigation purpose (Vymazal, 2010). As the wastewater have been lost due to human activities which had flows from catchment area through the length of the adversely affected hydro system, plant growth and avian aquatic habitat, suspended solids and matter settle out and communities that depend on wetland habitats directly bottom sediments trapped toxic contaminants and and indirectly for various activities (Fraser and Keddy, pollutants through microbial interaction (Kirby, 2002). 2005; Coleman et al ., 2008; Mitsch, 2010). Due to loss Vegetation plays a vital role in hydrological processes, and degradation of natural wetlands, man-made marshes reducing soil erosion, filter and trap sedimentation from and lake areas had become ecological important habitats catchment inflows, reduced turbidity that had for many avian species (White, 2003; Yaukey, 2011; contributed to high water quality and aquatic life Zakaria and Rajpar, 2013). (Loaiza, 2008; Li and Yang, 2009; Ekert, 2009). Artificial wetland is a type of aquatic habitat Man-made marshes are dominated by extensive constructed manually and planted with herbaceous growths of herbaceous plants (such as grasses, sedges, Corresponding Author: Zakaria, M., Department of Recreation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Science Publications 1321 AJAS Zakaria, M. and M.N. Rajpar / American Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (8): 1321-1331, 2014 reeds and cattails) rooted in and usually protruding from, hyacinth-Eichhornia crassipes and duckweed-Lemna sp.), shallow water that stands above the ground surface to fruiting trees (e.g., brush cherries-Eugenia sp., weeping harbor wide array of birds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes fig-Ficus benamina and golden ficus-F. microcarpa ), and aquatic invertebrates (Ma et al ., 2010; Haber, 2011; flowering trees and bushes (e.g., flame tree-Delonix regia , Ramírez et al ., 2012). These habitats can promote beach hibiscus-Hibiscus tiliaceus and gelam-Melaleuca sustainable use of local resources and are cajuputi ) and shrubs (e.g., fish-tailed palm-Caryota mitis , environmental friendly (Kadlec et al ., 2000; Sim, island lychee-Pometia pinnata and simpoh ayer-Dillenia 2003). They have potential to provide alternative suffruticosa ) (Rajpar and Zakaria, 2013). habitat instead of natural habitat for avian species and 2.2. Bird Surveys can mitigate the adverse effects of wetland loss and degradation (Connor and Gabor, 2006; Sim et al ., 2008; Bird were surveyed employing the distance sampling Ma et al ., 2010; Rajpar and Zakaria, 2013). point count technique to determine the aian community Birds are the bioindicators of aquatic habitats such as structures i.e., relative abundance, diversity, feeding man-made marshes and lake areas. Their occurrence or guilds and habitat preference from July to November, absence of bird species may indicate the habitat 2010. A total of 89 point count stations (i.e., 45 point characteristics and productivity of the particular habitat count stations in man-made marsh and 43 point count (Noble et al ., 2008; Larsen et al ., 2010; Rajpar and stations in the lake habitat) were established at 300 m Zakaria, 2011a; BLI, 2013). Investigating avian intervals along the wetland edges. This distance was community structures (i.e., abundance, diversity, feeding selected to obtain more reliable data and avoid the guilds and habitat preference) is a crucial tool to determine detection of the same bird individual at more than one the habitat suitability and to detect the changes within station. The birds were surveyed in each month for eight particular habitat during specific period (DeSante et al., days and each point count station was surveyed for 10 2005). Information related to avian community structures min by walk along trails set along the dikes. During each in artificial wetlands such as man-made marshes and lake survey, all bird species and individuals seen or heard areas of Malaysia is still lacking. To date, no detailed were recorded. The flushed birds with known original study has been in such types of artificial wetland habitats. positions were also recorded and included in the The aim of this research was to assess the habitat analysis. The distances from bird individual to observer suitability of artificial wetland habitats i.e., man-made was recorded using visual estimation for each bird marsh and lake area to understand the importance of each individual within the range of 100 m. The surveys were habitat as alternative habitat to natural one for future conducted by a single observer between 0730 and 1100 conservation and management planning. h. This period of time is an appropriate, as most birds are active early in the morning. The survey methodology 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS was based on (Buckland et al ., 2004; Nadeau et al ., 2008; Aynalem and Bekele, 2008; Zakaria et al ., 2009). 2.1. Study Area 2.3. Data Analysis Man-made marsh and lake habitat is situated about 26 2.3.1. Relative Abundance (%) km south of Kuala Lumpur within the quadrant of 2° 57' 43" latitude and 101° 41' 47" longitude ( Fig. 1). Man- Relative abundance refers to the number of bird made marsh occupy an area of 200 ha and lake cover 400 individual detections of a particular species as percent of ha. This man-made marsh and lake was constructed in the total detected in man-made marsh and lake habitats. 1997 to trap the pollutants derived from upstream sources, We estimated relative abundances for each species using to control the inflow of flood water from catchment areas average detection values obtained by dividing the total of the Chua and Bisa Rivers, to retain water for domestic number of a species detected at man-made marsh and use and increased the aesthetic value of the Putrajaya lake habitats. The relative abundance (%) of bird species administrative city. These areas straddle the water from was estimated using the following expression: Chua River, Bisa River and three tributaries. This man- made marsh and lake is still in an early phase of Relative abundance = n/N × 100 succession and is far less complex than the natural wetland (Ismail et al ., 2012). These artificial wetlands (man-made Where: marsh and lake) is dominated by a wide range of aquatic n = Number of a particular detected bird species and plants (e.g., spike rush-Eleocharis varigata , water N = Total detected bird individuals in man-made marsh chestnut-E. dulcis, blue sedge-Lepironia articulate, water and lake habitats Science Publications 1322 AJAS Zakaria, M. and M.N. Rajpar / American Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (8): 1321-1331, 2014 Fig. 1. Map location of the distance sampling point count stations in man-made marsh and lake area at Putrajaya Wetland, Peninsular Malaysia 2.3.2. Bird Diversity Indices Where: S = Total number of individual Avian species diversity, species richness and species Pi = Ni/N = proportion of individuals of the total sample evenness in man-made marsh and lake habitats were belonging to th species analyzed using Community Analysis Package Software i Ni = number of individuals (N) belonging to the th (CAP, Version 4.0) (Henderson and Seaby, 2007). i species and Shannon-weiner diversity index: N = total number of individuals R = Margalef's richness index was calculated using the H'∑ pi ln p i i= 1 following equation: Science Publications 1323 AJAS Zakaria, M.
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