Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.

WATER SECTOR REFORM SECRETATIAT

DRAFT INVESTMENT PLAN PAPER

JULY 2003 Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 2 INVESTMENT PROGRAMME

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION.

Existing water supply and sanitation facilities are seriously inadequate and dilapidated and therefore need immediate attention both in rehabilitation, new investments and management approach in order to meet the increasing demand. In addition, the management of our scarce water resources has fallen short of expectation hence endangering the availability of the resource for other economic uses.

It is in recognition of this that, the Government has instituted reform in the Water Sector in order to address the shortcomings and in the process increase coverage and holistic management of the water resources with the ultimate aim of raising the standard of living and contribute to national economic recovery.

The new approach for the water sector recognizes:-

. Integrated water resources management.

. Access to water services as a critical need in economic as well as social development.

. The importance of decentralizing water service delivery.

. The need for institutional reforms.

. The need to strengthen community based water management system.

. A partnership between the public and private sector in service delivery.

. Cost recovery as a function for sustainable water services provision.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 3 1.1 National water policy on water resources management and development (1999).

This policy has four broad objectives:

 To preserve, conserve and protect available water resources and allocate them in a sustainable, rational and economic way.

 To supply water of good quality and in sufficient quantities to the various water needs, while ensuring safe disposal of wastewater and environmental protection.

 To establish an efficient and effective institutional legal framework to achieve a systematic development and management of the water sector promoting and supporting participation of users.

 To develop a sound and sustainable financing mechanism for effective water supply and sanitation development.

To meet the above objectives the role of the government has been redefined with emphasis on policy formulation and providing an enabling environment as opposed to direct service provision.

The active involvement of the private sector participants and community management of services have been clearly spelt out.

Integrated water resources management is recognised as the way forward in the management of the resources. In this connection the role of water users in the management of the resources is now recognised and encouraged.

1.2 The Water Act 2002 and the National Strategy on Water Services.

The Water Act 2002 provides the legal framework under which the policy objectives are to being implemented. It spells out institutional reforms that separate Water Resources Management from Water Services

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 4 Provision. Under the proposed arrangement the role of the different actors will be as follows:-

. The Ministry in-charge of water affairs will be responsible for policy formulation, sector coordination and financing.

. The Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) will regulate water resources management issues such as water allocation, source protection and conservation, water quality and pollution control, and international waters.

. Catchments Area Advisory Committees (CAAC) will advise the WRMA on water management issues in their specific areas.

. Water Services Regulatory Board (WSRB) will regulate the provision of water services and issue licenses to water service providers.

. Water Services Boards (WSBs) will be responsible for water and sanitation services provision and assets development in the area of their jurisdiction.

. Water Services Trust Fund is to facilitate financing of rural low- income areas of the country.

The National Strategies define the road map for efficient management and development of our water resources.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 5 2. INVESTMENT PLAN.

This document sets out the Ministry’s Investment Plan for the next 3 years from 1st July 2003 to 30th June 2006 with a view to improving the management of water resources and extending water services coverage in the entire country.

The Investment Plan focus attention on key activities to be implemented during the next 3 years and identifies the projects necessary to achieve the strategy objectives.

2.1 Strength of the Investment Plan.

The Investment Plan is an authoritative document in that it represents the considered views and collective expertise of the sector personnel and it is therefore a statement of good practice to be followed on all investments unless there are strong reasons for divergence.

2.2 Measurement of Performance.

The investment plan therefore is the central reference point for clarifying the sectors objectives as spelt out in the strategies. Main indicators have been identified on which performance can therefore be measured.

Each year the Government undertakes to meet certain performance targets to the Kenyan people and the actual results of the Government performance are audited by its action on the meeting the peoples demands, spelt out in the annual budgets.

2.3 Limitations of the Investment Plan.

The Investment Plan is based on the best information and factors pertaining at the time of its preparation. However, like all documents that examine the broader sectoral issues, it does not go into details of each and every project. Therefore external as well as other factors are bound to emerge during the lifetime of the Plan, which may necessitate changes in the framework of the plan and thus bring about the review of certain objectives in the strategies.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 6 Certain assumptions were made in setting the objectives of the strategies, on which this investment plan is based; these may not be achieved due to unforeseen changes in circumstances as the Water Sector Reforms proceed.

2.4 Procedures for Review of the Investment Plan.

The Water Act 2002, section 11 and 49 requires the Minister to periodically review the Water Sector Strategies. The investment programme is supposed to be part and parcel of the Water Services Strategy. Therefore whenever the strategies are revised the investment plan shall also be revised.

The initial Investment Plan will cover a period of three years; thereafter the revisions shall be made every after 5 years.

However, any stakeholder can request amendments to the Investment Plan at anytime. The Minister shall review the request and decide whether they should be approved for implementation.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 7 3. INVESTMENT STRATEGY.

The investment strategy is to:-

(a) Provide reasonable service to the under-served and improve services to those already served through leak repairs and other rehabilitation works.

(b) Ensure optimal and sustainable investments by use of appropriate technology.

(d) Extend sewerage reticulation into high priority and under served areas where on- site sanitation is not technically viable.

(e) Ensure integration of the planning for sewerage services with water supply.

(f) Promote the use of correct on-site sanitation where technically viable and economically more attractive than conventional sewerage systems.

(g) Ensure institutional capacity building in our water resources management as a first step to assuring water availability for all stated strategies.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 8 4. ACTIONS REQUIRED.

During the preparation of future WSS projects, in line with investment strategy, the following actions would have to be carried out.

a) In the short-term carryout rehabilitation of WSS facilities to increase water supply coverage for domestic, livestock and industrial demands. b) Identify and develop adequate and appropriate water supply systems to meet the current and future domestic, livestock, and industrial demands for all. c) Provide water for livestock by rehabilitation of water pans and development of ground water resources in livestock rearing areas. d) Encourage rainwater harvesting techniques especially those that are appropriate for implementation by communities. e) Involve potential consumers actively in the design of the future schemes taking consideration their preferences and willingness to pay. f) The technical design of rehabilitation and extension projects has to be carried out in parallel with that of the implementation of management arrangement. g) Develop minimum sanitation standards appropriate to the category of settlement and ensure that these are adhered to in physical planning. h) Review building regulations with a view to removing obstacles to the provision of water and sanitation services in unplanned settlements. i) Support a water demand management strategy that involves development and implementation of customer focused programmes aimed at influencing end users consumption patterns with the aim of achieving economic efficiency, social development, environmental sustainability, equity and welfare.

In case of water resources management the following actions will be undertaken:-

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 9 a) Improve financial, organisational and institutional sustainability of WRMA. b) Implement the strategy developed in order to achieve long-term management of the water resources. c) Develop an improved capacity for integrated assessment of water resources. d) Improve the capacity for regulation of water abstraction and wastewater discharge. e) Improve and consolidate capacity for water quality analysis. f) Rehabilitate and upgrade monitoring network and operate them in an integrated and sustainable manner.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 10 5. APPROACH TO THE INVESTMENT.

The investment in the water services sub-sector must now take on a different approach from what has hitherto been the case. In this respect the following approach shall be adopted:-

i. That cities whose management options studies have been finalised shall be carefully prepared through a process commercialisation in the short term to prepare for possible implementation of PSP options identified in the medium term. This approach will be adopted in all urban areas with more that 300,000 inhabitants. ii. That schemes serving medium towns, small towns and large scale rural water supplies shall be clustered into viable syndicates and the appropriate management option identified iii. That other rural piped schemes including those operated by communities be encouraged to adopt PSP, as and when appropriate, in their operations which should take effect as rehabilitation measures are being implemented iv. That apart from medium and small towns in ASAL areas, which shall be considered with other medium and small towns elsewhere, the Government shall invest in raw water harvesting techniques that suit a particular area

Once WSBs are established they shall be supported to prepare time-bound Strategic and Business Plans for their respective areas. The Plans shall, among others, provide for extension of services coverage, rehabilitation and expansion of existing infrastructure, development of new infrastructure and other assets complete with forecasts on revenues, investments, performance levels and coverage. The Plans shall inform the preparation of a revised National Investment Plan (NIP) to represent the overall investment needs and projected performance of the water services sub-sector.

Development Partners shall be encouraged to support the sub-sector on the requirements of NIP at the macro level that is linked to Strategic and Business Plans of WSBs at micro level. Support shall be extended directly to WSBs subject to the standard Government Protocols.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 11 6. INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS.

6.1 Demand for Water Supply Services

On the assumption that the present service coverage is improved to the target ratio, 80% on average in 2010, the total population served is estimated to increase to 37 million in 2010. In this period the urban water supply schemes will serve 11 million people, while large and small-scale rural water supply schemes are expected to serve 15 million and 11 million people respectively. Residential water demand is forecast reflecting income categories and services type delivery system to the customers.

6.2 Rural and Livestock Water Supply Development

24 million Kenyans live in rural areas. Water coverage in these areas is low, estimated at 46% but very low in some areas. Access to clean and safe water and improved sanitation, in our rural areas, therefore has a direct impact on quality of life and contributes to long term social and economic development and hence reduction to poverty levels.

6.2.1 General Principles

The proposals contained in section 4 will be strictly observed. Therefore investments unless it is in completely unserved area shall be in accordance with the following pattern.

(1) The water supplies shall be classified as follows:-

i. Large scale Rural Water Supplies (LSRWS).

ii. Small Scale Rural Water Supplies (SSRWS) which could be point sources, simple pipeline.

(2) Rehabilitation shall take precedence over new constructions.

(3) Ongoing projects shall be completed within the plan period.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 12 (4) New Construction will be developed only in areas where there is no existing facility or existing facility requires complete replacement, due to sound technical reasons.

Table 1: Classification of Rural Water Supplies Type of RWS Water Supply Capacity Target population (M3/day) SSRWS 4-600 200 – 5000 LSRWS 600 – 2500 5000 – 20,000

6.2.2 Rehabilitation Works

The aim of the rehabilitation will be to restore the Water Supplies to their originally designed level and to secure the water quality to standard levels.

(a) Small scale rural water schemes (SSRWS).

Communities or NGOs manage the majority of these water supplies. Most of these Water Supplies will be supported through the Trust Fund. The only conditions for their support shall be that they have an operating agreement with a Water Service Board in the area in which they are found. The estimated rehabilitation cost is Kshs 4.5 billion.

(b) Large Scale Rural Water Schemes (LSRWS).

Major rehabilitation works comprise of

. Repair/reconstruction of boreholes. . Repair/reinstallation of intakes and raw water main. . Repair/replacement of distribution mains and pipeline valves. . Repair of Treatment facilities including repair/replacement of chemical dosing equipment and pumping equipment. . Installation/repair/replacement of master and zonal meters. . Construction of additional reservoirs.

Most of the LSRWS are found in high and medium potential areas within five years tariffs in these schemes should be able to cover both O & M costs and replacement costs of facilities. Therefore the management expected in

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 13 all large-scale rural water supplies shall be similar to that of small and medium towns. The estimated rehabilitation costs is KShs 8 billion.

6.2.3 On-going Projects and Designed Projects.

The investment in ongoing and planned/designed projects shall be based on the following criteria.

1. Complete implementation of all ongoing projects. However review the technical parameters based on the period the construction has been ongoing.

2. Priority to be given to small scale Rural Water Supplies and Livestock water.

3. Designed/planned Projects to be selected based on water coverage in the area. This is due to the fact that based on the water balance analysis it is not necessary to implement all the projects within the Plan Period.

4. Carryout a quick technical review of the designs to take care of the changes that have occurred before implementation.

5. Water Services Boards to determine the priority order of implementation.

6.2.4 New Proposed Projects.

Production capacity of existing water supplies is far below the demand and has been declining in the last decade. However before the need for new projects can be justified it is essential to assess the need for water supply augmentation under the condition that all the ongoing, planned and designed projects are completed. The results of the water balance are indicated in the table below.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 14 Table 2: Water Balance Analyses Type of Amount of Water Shortage (x103m3/d) Supply RESULT RESULT 2 RESULT 3 RESULT 4 1 UWS 1,314 1,254 1,153 1,112 LSRWS 233 66 42 36 SSRWS 355 325 292 292 TOTAL 1,902 1,645 1,487 1,440 Result Situation represented (year 2010) 1 Demand compared to the production of existing facilities 2 RESULT 1 + Completion of ongoing project 3 RESULT 2 + Completion of designed projects 4 RESULT 3 + Completion of rehabilitation works on existing projects

The estimated water demands based on the Design Manual are as summarised in the Table 6.1 below:

Table 3: Estimated Water Demand Demand (1,000 m3/day) Category 1995 2010 Residential urban 747.8 1,642.8 Residential rural 468.2 932.6 Sub-Total 1,216.0 2,575.4 Non-residential, health facilities, schools, 593.9 986.3 industry and commerce Total 1,809.9 3,561.7 Livestock water 376.6 621.4 Grand Total 2,186.6 4,183.2 Source: Figures obtained from After Care Study of the National Water Master Plan.

It is evident from Table 3 above that there is need to invest in the development of water supply projects to meet demands though the magnitude of the development needed will vary from one area to another. The proposed development is given in Table 4 below:

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 15 Table 4:Summary of the Water Sources Development Plan Proposed water Resource development (1,000 m3/day) Deficit Scheme Ground and 2010 Surface Ground Total surface Surface Ground Urban 1,112 1,046 42 20 4 1,112 Rural 36 35 1 0 0 36 large Rural 218 4 84 94 36 218 small Total 1,366 1,085 127 114 40 1,366 Source: Figures obtained from After Care Study of the National Water Master Plan.

Faced with the above situation the approach to investment in New Projects will be as follows: - a) Large Scale Rural Water Supplies

Similar considerations as those of urban water supplies shall be adopted in making investment decisions. However, if the area under consideration is in the ASALs groundwater development will be given first priority. b) Small Scale Rural Water Supplies.

(i) Supply to be mainly from point sources with minor piping works to supply institutions.

(ii) In ASALs districts and areas where water coverage is low or unreliable rain water harvesting will enhanced. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential is one of the promising interventions for improving water availability either for crop production or other productive use. The current unreliability of water supplies and high cost of suppling water to isolated settlements dictates that rainfall haversting takes high priority in such situations. It will be mandatory for every homestead and institutions to have water harvesting which can cater for at least three months supply.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 16 Inorder to strengthen the RWH technology there will be mutual collaboration and exchange of information (Networking) on rainwater harvesting issues. The Ministry will therefore create an RWH Information and Technology Unit within the Information and Technology Centre (ITC) and have links with other existing NGO bodies that have information on RWH technology and practices.

6.2 Water Resources for Livestock.

Livestock water supply will be based on water pans and or/small dams. The following approach shall be taken into account when making investments for livestock water.

1. ASAL areas shall have first priority for investment in livestock water projects.

2. The Pan/small dam should have a minimum active storage of 50,000m3

3. Each pan shall be separated into two basins one for humans and the other for livestock.

6.3 Sewerage Development and Demand for Sanitation Services

Service level coverage for sewerage is fairly low in urban areas and non- existent in rural areas. The sanitary facilities used in the rural area consist mainly of un-improved pit latrines.

It is assumed that improving service coverage in urban areas is necessary since the large number of residents in an urban community who do not have adequate sewage disposal can adversely affect the health of water resources and of other residents who do have sewerage. The proposed target service ratios are shown in Table 6.3 below.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 17 Table 5:Target Service Levels % Of Population Connected to Population In Urban Centre Sewer P> 300,000 50% 300,000

In some case where urban centres already have a higher service ratio the strategy will be to continue sewerage development to keep pace with population growth in effect maintaining existing percentage service ratio.

The overall target achieved by the proposed development plan would see 38% of the total urban population connected to sewers by the year 2010 a net increase of 250% in terms of total population served. This large increase, driven by the rapid population growth, will require a considerable effort in sewerage development.

In the rural area the coverage of pit latrines is estimated at 40 %. It is proposed to extend the sanitation to cover all by the year 2010 at an average rate of 20 persons per pit.

The following considerations shall be taken into account when investments in sewerage are being made: -

1. Rehabilitate existing infrastructure whenever it is economically feasible 2. In L.A with sewerage treatment facilities, most of the residences with water connections should have sewer connections within the plan period. 3. On site sanitation should be provided for residences with a water connection but where areas are not sewered. The rehabilitation of water systems shall include rehabilitation of sewerage where they exist.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 18 In urban areas where no water disposal facilities exist, Development of sewerage facilities shall go hand in hand with the development of water facilities.

6.4 Capacity building.

The investments are to take place at the same time as reforms in the sector. This calls for re-orientation and retraining of sector personnel to fit in their new roles. The training that will not be limited to the personnel in the Ministry should see a workforce whose motto shall be efficiency in the sector

Capacity building will also imply that the personnel are facilitated to carryout their work in the most economical way possible. Therefore facilities equipment and tools will be availed to the personnel to achieve this objective.

6.5 Urban water supplies.

In the past urban WSS infrastructure has deteriorated due to several factors that include lack of autonomy and inadequate financial resources. Specific support shall be extended to WSB to prepare realistic financial forecasts of requirements and funding for urban Areas. The Government will promote development of a tariff structure that both ensures adequate cost recovery and protects the poor. Business plans shall detail out WSS financial requirements for operations, maintenance, rehabilitation, expansion and construction. Operations shall cover requirements with respect to use of the existing infrastructure for the intended purpose; Maintenance shall comprise activities undertaken to keep the WSS infrastructure in a fully operational condition; Rehabilitation shall consist of activities to correct major defects to restore WSS infrastructure to intended operational status and capacity; Construction shall entail initial creation or establishment of WSS assets.

6.5.1 General Principles.

The following principles shall be followed for investments in urban water supplies:- (i) Urban areas shall be categorised as follows: - (a) Cities (b) Medium

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 19 (c) Small towns (ii) Clustering of schemes for the Water Service Providers shall be considered in each Water Service Board Area. (iii) Syndication of Local Authorities will be encouraged (iv) Rehabilitation of existing facilities shall take priority over construction of new schemes (v) Sewerage facilities will be rehabilitated within the same period as the water supply.

Table 6: Classifications of Urban Water Supplies (UWS) Type of UWS Target Population Cities Over 300,000 Medium Towns 100,000 – 300,000 Small Towns 20,000 – 100,000

6.5.2 Rehabilitation Works

Major work items for rehabilitation will include repair/construction of boreholes, repair/installation of raw water and distribution mains, treatment facilities, and repair of malfunctioning equipment. However, the scope of works shall be subject to studies before implementation

In addition, both preventive and corrective measures shall form part of rehabilitation to decrease water losses at distribution networks and rationalise systems operations.

In case of service reservoirs additional capacity shall be added during rehabilitation.

6.5.3 Ongoing and Designed Projects

Ongoing projects will be completed within the plan period. Designed projects will be implemented based. However it may not be possible to complete implementation of designs within the plan period.

6.5.4 Newly Proposed Projects

Unlike for rural water supplies, it will be necessary to propose and start planning and design of new projects. Whereas construction may not be possible within the Plan period, it is necessary that Planning and Designs

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 20 start and get finalised for some of the facilities within the Plan period. This is due to the fact that the largest amount of water deficit even with rehabilitation will occur in urban water supplies. With the raising population in these areas, therefore, it will be necessary that new facilities be brought on board.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 21 7.0 IRRIGATION.

7.1 Introduction

Kenya has a total land area of 58.3 million hectares (582,646 Km2) out of which only 20% receives medium to high rainfall. Agriculture is the mainstay of Kenya’s economy. The population of the country is expected to reach approximately 40 million by the year 2013, thereby increasing pressure on the country’s resources especially land. The country must seek ways of improving and stabilizing agricultural production in both high and low potential lands in order to meet the challenges of national food security, income generation and creation of employment for the rising population. Irrigated agriculture can significantly contribute to efforts aimed at addressing these challenges since opportunities for increasing production through rain-fed agriculture have been exhausted.

Kenya’s rural population is mainly dependent on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihood. However, the increasingly unreliable rainfall and frequent droughts has made agricultural production in these areas an exercise of chance. As a result, the rural population has borne a disproportionate burden of poverty that has been worsening with time in the recent past.

Kenya’s irrigation and drainage potential are estimated to be 540,000 ha and 600,000 ha respectively. At the moment about 87,350 ha (16%) of the irrigation potential have been developed 46% of which is under private schemes, 40% smallholder schemes and 14% under public schemes while only 22,000 ha (4%) of the drainage potential has been developed.

The Government desires to put in place a program that would enable the country to benefit from the available potential in the irrigation and drainage sub-sector. With sound planning, coordinated investment, effective and efficient utilisation of the water resource and vibrant participation by key stakeholders, it will be possible for the nation to achieve sustained growth in the agricultural sector, a key indicator of growth in the national economy.

7.2 Program area

The program will cover existing public supported irrigation schemes, i.e. centrally managed and smallholder schemes, and new areas with irrigation

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 22 and drainage potential throughout the republic of Kenya. The Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) approach will be adopted during the program and the program will target persons directly associated with small and large- scale irrigation schemes (in terms of area commanded).

7.3 Target groups.

The target groups of the program are direct beneficiaries, which include: - irrigation farmers, registered holders of irrigated plots, users of plots, labourers, relevant agro-based industries and others such as traders of produce or providers of services to irrigation schemes. The Government will also be a key beneficiary, as the program will result in reduction of subventions it currently incurs in the public supported schemes, improved food security and self-sufficiency, reduction in the rate of poverty incidence and a higher economic growth rate.

7.4 Program objectives.

The overall objectives of the program are to realize reform in the irrigation and drainage sub-sector so that it supports the implementation of the Government’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and promotes growth in the national economy through increased agricultural productivity, to realize PIM in the public schemes managed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB) through a suitable IMT mechanism and to promote the development and growth of the irrigation and drainage sub-sector.

The following are the specific objectives:

i. To formulate national irrigation and drainage policy and strategy; ii. To establish an appropriate legal framework to facilitate sustainable irrigation and drainage development; iii. To normalize operations in the national irrigation schemes; iv. To establish a National Irrigation and Drainage Development Master Plan; v. To build capacity of critical government institutions and farmers organizations involved directly in the irrigation sub- sector;

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 23 vi. To promote participatory irrigation management of irrigation schemes through suitable irrigation transfer mechanism; vii. To rehabilitate existing irrigation schemes; and viii. To expand irrigation and drainage production by developing at least 5,000 ha per annum.

7.5 Program description, components and activities.

The program will involve irrigation and drainage sub-sector reform, capacity building and expansion of irrigated agriculture to cater for areas with irrigation potential in the country. These will consist of two projects to be implemented concurrently in two distinct and successive phases.

Competition, the farmers will be forced to improve their production in order to meet the challenges. The program is also expected to result in a substantial increase in crop production.

7.6 Poverty alleviation and gender impacts.

The program, by seeking to optimise irrigation development, will by essence have a direct positive impact on poverty alleviation both in the medium and long term. Women are expected to participate fully and benefit from the program. This will have a positive impact on their income through an easier access to markets, inputs and finance. The monitoring and evaluation will place due emphasis on women’s satisfaction and their evaluation of the project.

7.7 Environmental impact.

Small-scale projects to be undertaken will have limited environmental impacts. To potentially mitigate on this risk, local development technicians will be trained in environmental management through an on-the job-training program, they will help communities in environmental screening of projects and integrating required mitigation measures in project design. However, for large command areas, an environmental impact assessment study will be conducted as required and prescribed by law.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 24 8. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.

Kenya is classified as a chronically water scarce country with a fresh water endowment of only 647 cubic meters per capita. This per capita availability is projected to fall to 235 cubic meters by 2025 as the population increases, and could be even less, if the resource base continues to deplete. Water is becoming scare simply because of a limited national endowment, the growing needs of rapidly increasing population, as well as serious water resources degradation. In addition to this scarcity, Kenya is highly vulnerable to rainfall variability: droughts are now endemic and floods occur quite frequently. This is despite the fact that Kenya’s socio-economic development goals are highly dependent on availability of good quality and quantity water. Sustainable utilization, development and management of water resources fundamentally underpin the achievement of long-term socio- economic goals.

To ensure availability of adequate water resources, Water Act 2002 as well as the Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy (IWRM) proposes institutional reforms that separate water resources management functions from water supply delivery functions. A Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), to be established under Water Act 2002, will manage all water resources in the country. In addition to setting up of the WRMA, Catchments development and management activities and investments in rehabilitation/expanding water resources management infrastructure as well as sustainable storage facilities are urgently needed to reverse the current decline.

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 25 9.0 INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS

The investment cost estimates are provided in Table 7 below:-

Table 7: Construction Cost Estimates for Water Supply and Sanitation Development to Year 2010 Project Amount (KES) Urban Rural Total Rehabilitation 12,000,000,0002 13,000,000,0002 25,000,000,000 Ongoing 800,000,0002 1,400,000,000 600,000,000 2 Planned/Designed 12 000,000,0002 8,000,000,0002 20,000,000,000 Newly proposed 15,000,0001 115,000,000 100,000,000 1 Sub-Total 8,828,000,0002 33,528,000,000 24,700,000, 0002 Sanitation 50,000,0001 60,000,0001 110,000,000 Livestock - 7,000,000,0002 7,000,000,000 Total 37,703,000,000 62,453,000,000 24,750,000, 000 Source 1: After Care Study on National Water Master Plan Source 2 : Submissions from districts early 2004 .

Investiment Plan - Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development. Page 26