6. COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS
All farm animals naturally carry a wide range of diseases, some of which can also affect humans. These diseases are known as zoonoses, and anybody in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products may be at risk from them. Moreover, profits are reduced when illnesses and parasites affect the animals.
Thus, certain precautions to maintain healthy livestock are very important. Farmers should cooperate with a veterinarian and consult on how to control the disease in the flock or herd, follow good feeding and husbandry practices to help prevent animals carrying or excreting large numbers of the disease-causing organisms, and keep all records of the herd. Buying animals from disease-free herds and isolating new animals reduces the risk of infectious outbreak as well. In some cases it is possible to lower the risk of contracting a zoonosis by controlling the disease in the animal, for example, vaccinating cattle or using wholesome feed. Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of contracting a zoonosis completely, the principles of good occupational hygiene to protect against the remaining risk should be observed. These comprise three main points: following safe working practices, using personal protective equipment and keeping good personal hygiene.
Monitoring the vital signs i.e. temperature, pulse and respiration rate in an animal can lead to early detection of a disease. It is always better to prevent health problems than to try to treat them once they have occurred. Still, if the animal contracts a disease, it must be diagnosed correctly and cured with appropriate drugs.
Main zoonoses transmitted by livestock in the Czech Republic
Zoonoses represent a major portion of the reported infectious diseases in the Czech Republic. They may be of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal etiology and the transmission is either via direct contact with the infected animal (e.g. blood or saliva in case of rabies) or, more frequently, via indirect contact (food borne or water borne diseases in case of salmonella and campylobacteriosis). Among the most common zoonoses transmitted by sheep, horses, cows and swines are listeriosis, brucellosis, Q fever, mycobacteriosis and yersiniosis; typical zoonotic diseases associated with poultry are salmonellosis, avian influenza, and campylobacteriosis.
Zoonoses are of great concern because they are still frequent, some of them tend to appear suddenly and be particularly virulent and particular infections e.g. avian flu continue to find new ways to move from organism to organism. In many cases the course of the disease in people (mainly immunocompromised) may be complicated. Thus awareness of and following strict precautions can significantly reduce the risk of contracting these infections.
Task. Read the following article and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1) Salmonella bacteria can cause serious infections in people who are immunocomprised.
2) Infection of people via contact with an infected animal is impossible.
3) Salmonella can influence mortality of poultry embryos.
4) Via vertical transmission the bacterium gets into the egg.
5) Salmonella might be eradicated if all precautions were followed strictly.
Salmonella in poultry production
Salmonella species are gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, zoonotic bacteria that can be transmitted by all animals, including humans. The incidence of various Salmonella species seems to vary depending on geographic location and the types of food consumed. Imported birds and animals may help to introduce different Salmonella species to the local area which can lead to new and devastating outbreaks. Basically, the degree of illness depends on factors of both the bacteria and the host. The bacterium’s serotype and phage type is of significance but also the type of animal, age and general health status.
Salmonella in poultry can be regarded as two types of infection; the first group of serotypes (e.g. Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum) can cause severe clinical disease in poultry but are rare in humans. It is mainly in very young chickens aged up to two weeks that salmonella can cause disease and death. The symptoms may vary and include weakness, loss of appetite, poor growth, malaise and watery diarrhoea. In adult poultry, disease is rarely seen even if they have bacteria in the blood.
The second group (currently about 200 Salmonella serotypes associated with food- borne infections in humans in the EU) is primarily important for public health, since these bacteria very often cause illness in humans, although normally do not cause clinical disease in poultry.
Horizontal transmission (from contamination in the environment to the birds) is frequent. Key routes of infection remain contaminated feed, contamination of hatchery equipment and poultry houses, farm pests between flocks, staff movements and other contaminated equipment. Infected poultry can clear themselves of infection after some time; nevertheless some may excrete bacteria in droppings for several months and it is practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on permanent bedding. If Salmonella is present in chickens reared for meat it increases the risk that the poultry meat produced from these chickens will be contaminated with these bacteria. The disease in people may also frequently result from the contact with farm animal dung (putting hands contaminated with dung in or close to the mouth, especially during eating, drinking or smoking).
Vertical transmission (transmission of the bacteria from parent flocks to progeny) can occur, subsequently chicks hatch and spread salmonella by direct contact or the infected hatching eggs lead to low hatchability with increased embryo mortality and increased mortality among newly hatched chickens. Via this route infection can be passed on to humans via consumption of infected eggs. The disease has a greater chance of spreading in overcrowded conditions, stale air environments, nest-boxes, and brooders.
In most cases, the birds are not sick and the production is not affected. The incubation period of salmonella in people usually ranges from several hours to two days. Possible signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, chills, headache, muscle pains, and blood in the stool. They generally last four to seven days, although it may take several months for the bowels to return to normal. A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries.
Salmonella is widespread and its complete elimination from the environment is unlikely to be economically feasible and possible in most countries. Nevertheless, if many of the hygiene practice principles and biosecurity procedures are applied and followed as far as possible, the risk of introduction and persistence of the infection may be reduced to minimal levels.
Useful Phrases and Expressions - Disease Types and Description disease /dɪˈziːz/ nemoc catch a disease /kætʃ.../ dostat nemoc, onemocnět get a disease /ɡet.../ dostat nemoc, onemocnět combat a disease /ˈkɒmbæt.../ bojovat s nemocí fight a disease /faɪt.../ bojovat s nemocí control a disease /kənˈtrəʊl.../ tlumit nákazu suffer from a disease /ˈsʌfə(r).../ trpět nemocí illness /ˈɪlnəs/ nemoc disorder /dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)/ nemoc ailment /ˈeɪlmənt/ nemoc (obvykle ne vážná) complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/ nemoc, neduh; symptom non-communicable disease /nɒn kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../ neinfekční nemoc non-infectious disease /nɒn ɪnˈfekʃəs.../ neinfekční nemoc communicable disease /kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../ infekční nemoc infectious disease /ɪnˈfekʃəs.../ infekční nemoc contagious disease /kənˈteɪdʒəs.../ nakažlivá nemoc transmissible disease /trænzˈmɪsəb(ə)l.../ přenosná nemoc contagion/infection /kənˈteɪdʒ(ə)n/ /ɪnˈfekʃ(ə)n/ infekce, nákaza endogenous infection /enˈdɒdʒɪnəs.../ infekce vnitřního původu exogenous infection /ekˈsɒdʒɪnəs.../ infekce vnějšího původu foodborne disease /fuːdbɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená potravinami waterborne disease /ˈwɔːtə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vodou airborne disease /eə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vzduchem vector borne disease /ˈvektə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vektory zoonosis /zəʊˈɒnəsɪs/ or /ˌzəʊəˈnəʊsɪs/ zoonóza congenital disease /kənˈdʒenɪtəl.../ vrozené onemocnění hereditary disease /həˈredət(ə)ri.../ dědičné onemocnění autoimmune disease /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn.../ autoimunitní onemocnění notifiable disease /ˈnəʊtɪˌfaɪəbəl.../ povinně hlášená nemoc occupational disease /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl.../ nemoc z povolání disease of affluence /...ˈæflʊəns/ civilizační choroba disease of civilization /...ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ civilizační choroba curable/incurable disease /ˈkjʊərəb(ə)l.../ /ɪnˈkjʊər.../ vyléčitelná/nevyléčitelná nemoc deadly/fatal disease /ˈdedli.../ /ˈfeɪt(ə)l.../ smrtelné onemocnění acute disease /əˈkjuːt.../ akutní/náhlé onemocnění chronic disease /ˈkrɒnɪk.../ chronické onemocnění d. of environmental origin /...ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)l ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ nem. závislá na prostředí d. preventable by vaccination /...prɪˈventəb(ə)l.../ nem., jíž lze předcházet očkováním d. transmitted by non-conventional agents nem. přenášená nekonvenčními původci epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/ epidemie pandemic /pænˈdemɪk/ pandemie endemic /enˈdemɪk/ endemická choroba mortality rate /mɔː(r)ˈtæləti reɪt/ úmrtnost morbidity rate /ˌmɔː(r)ˈbɪdətiː reɪt/ nemocnost infestation /ˌɪnfeˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/ napadení (parazitem) Disease description Popis nemoci carrier/vector /ˈkæriə(r)/ /ˈvektə(r)/ přenašeč cause /kɔːz/ příčina course /kɔː(r)s/ průběh history /ˈhɪst(ə)ri/ anamnéza incidence /ˈɪnsɪd(ə)ns/ četnost, výskyt incubation period /ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃ(ə)n ˈpɪəriəd / inkubační doba occurrence /əˈkʌrəns/ výskyt onset /ˈɒnˌset/ nástup, začátek outbreak /ˈaʊtˌbreɪk/ propuknutí prevalence /ˈprevələns/ prevalence prevention /prɪˈvenʃ(ə)n/ prevence prognosis /prɒɡˈnəʊsɪs/ prognóza recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/ rozpoznání resistance /rɪˈzɪst(ə)ns/ odolnost vůči nemoci/-em surveillance /sə(r)ˈveɪləns/ dozor nad nákazou symptom/sign /ˈsɪmptəm//saɪn/ symptom/příznak treatment/therapy /ˈtriːtmənt/ /ˈθerəpi/ léčba nemoci Vocabulary part 1. Fill in the gaps with the “disease terms” described below. The first letters have been given. a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically H…………………… D…………………. any disease producing agent P…………………… an animal or plant that lives in or on a host P…………………… the cause of a disease E…………………… a prediction of the course of a disease P…………………… extreme harmfulness V…………………… an animal that nourishes and supports a parasite H…………………… any disease easily transmitted by contact C…………………… D………………… arising from an unknown cause I…………………… not presently active L…………………… having a rapid onset and short but severe course A…………………… a branch of medicine studying causes, nature and effects of diseases P…………………… recognition of a disease by symptoms D…………………… less than acute S…………………… when referring to an onset of a disease O…………………… an epidemic that is geographically widespread P……………………
2. Fill in the gaps with the “symptom words” below and translate them into Czech. aggression, anorexia, apathy, bleeding, blister, bloating, chills, constipation, convulsions, cough, diarrhoea, difficulty swallowing, discharge, drooling , fatigue, fever, incoordination, infertility, itching, malaise, miscarriage, nausea, paralysis, rash, respiratory arrest, stillbirth, stomach ache, sweating, swelling, vomiting, weight gain, weight loss
Symptom Meaning Czech translation
decrease in weight
a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness
passing solid waste from the body too often and in a liquid form
inability to move solid waste out of the body easily
the feeling that you are going to vomit
decrease in weight
forceful expulsion of the contents of an animal’s stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose
a feeling of having no interest in anything
pain in the stomach
a feeling of being extremely tired, either physically or mentally
violent movements of the body that cannot be controlled
a liquid coming out from a part of the body when being ill
the process of losing blood from the body
a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever
the temperature of the body is very high
production of liquid on the surface of the skin when hot, nervous, or ill
the increase in size of an area of the body caused by an injury or an illness any abnormal general swelling, or increase in diameter of the abdominal area a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes very poor appetite whatever the cause a change of the skin which affects its colour, appearance or texture a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch a swollen area on the skin that is full of a clear liquid lack of the physical ability to have offspring the spontaneous end of a pregnancy before foetal viability when a foetus has died in the uterus an angry feeling that makes you want to attack or defeat someone else to let saliva (=the liquid in your mouth) come out of your mouth lack of coordination or organization difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to control food or saliva in the mouth the cessation of normal respiration due to failure of the lungs to function effectively loss of muscle function for one or more muscles inability to walk well due to damaged limbs, hooves or feet 3. Discussion. Read the following description of the horse health condition and decide on what further examination or investigation is appropriate.
The horse feels out of sorts during the whole week. It has already lost almost 5 kilos. It suffers from diarrhoea and anorexia; and there was blood in the stools. Yesterday strange scattered spots appeared behind the ears and on the forehead. The rash spreads rapidly, first to the head and then to the neck. The horse presents shortness of breath and loses of coordination. The pulse is regular in force as well as in time; blood pressure seems to be normal.
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4. Translate into English.
1) silné krvácení z nozder ………………………………………………………….
2) vysoká horečka klesající za 2 dny ………………………………………………………….
3) některá zvířata jsou bez příznaků ………………………………………………………….
4) bolest kloubů a svalů ………………………………………………………….
5) problémy s dýcháním ………………………………………………………….
6) bolesti v horní části břicha ………………………………………………………….
7) napadený kus musí být v karanténě …………………………………………………………. 8) pozorujte životně důležité funkce ………………………………………………………….
9) nemoc ohlaste při prvních příznacích ………………………………………………………….
10) průběh onemocnění může být komplikovaný………………………………………………………….
11) tyto viry jsou obzvláště nakažlivé ………………………………………………………….
12) uchovávejte záznamy o stádu ………………………………………………………….
13) průběh nemoci je rozdělen do několika fází ………………………………………………………….
14) nemoc nelze vyléčit jen zpomalit ………………………………………………………….
15) zvýšená nemocnost v hejnu hus ………………………………………………………….
16) návrat k normálnímu stavu ………………………………………………………….
17) nemoc běžná pro rozvojové země ………………………………………………………….
18) bakterie v těle přežívají dlouho po uzdravení………………………………………………………….
19) přímý kontakt s přenašečem ………………………………………………………….
20) zbavit se nakažených kusů ………………………………………………………….
5. Match the following diseases with their descriptions. avian influenza campylobacteriosis Q fever avian mycobacteriosis listeriosis yersiniosis brucellosis E. coli Mycotoxicosis
1…………………………………………………………. In animals it is generally typified by late-term abortions and inflammatory lesions in the male reproductive tract, less commonly arthritis, and other reproductive disorders; also called e.g. Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant; feverGram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria
2…………………………………………………………. Of greatest clinical significance in ruminants, but monogastrics can also be affected; usually occurs via ingestion of the organism from feed/environment; can also enter through the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva and wounds; Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium
3…………………………………………………………. Typical respiratory disease (lethargy, inappetence, nasal discharge, sneezing) characterised by reductions in egg production; sometimes fatal, systemic disease ("fowl plague") characterized by oedema, haemorrhages, and infection of the CNS; viral
4…………………………………………………………. Disease of unknown etiology, first recognized in Queensland, Australia in 1935; cattle, goats and sheep are most commonly infected and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria; a well-recognized cause of abortions in ruminants; bacterial
5…………………………………………………………. An important disease which affects companion, captive, exotic, wild and domestic birds; lesions are typically found in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can potentially be affected; rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria
6…………………………………………………………. Animals farmed for meat are the main source of the disease; mainly poultry including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl; having asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts; spiral-shaped bacteria
7…………………………………………………………. The most common source of this infection in humans is pork (raw or undercooked) and pigs are considered the main carrier; other bacterial strains are also found in many other animals including rodents, rabbits, sheep, cattle, horses, dogs and cats; rod-shaped bacteria Coxiella burnetii
8…………………………………………………………. The bacteria are part of the normal flora of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals so many strains are harmless; however, some cause gastroenteritis or more serious forms of illness; its presence in food or water is generally an indication of faecal contamination; a Gram- negative rod-shaped bacterium
…………………………………………………………. Quite stable chemical compounds produced by moulds can enter the food chain through meat, eggs, milk, dairy products if animals have eaten contaminated animal feed; have the potential for both acute and chronic health effects via ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation
Grammar part Key points:
Past ability:
talking about general past ability could (mohl jsem/uměl jsem) couldn’t (nemohl jsem/neuměl jsem) talking about one specific past action was/were able to (byl jsem schopen/byli jsme schopni) wasn’t/weren’t able to (nebyl jsem schopen/nebyli jsme schopni)
Past obligation: expressing that something was or was not obligatory had to + infinitive (must has no past form) (musel jsem to udělat) didn’t have to + infinitive (nemusel jsem to udělat a neudělal) didn’t need to + infinitive (nemusel jsem něco udělat a neudělal) was/were supposed to + infinitive (měl jsem/měli jsme) was/wasn’t supposed to + infinitive (neměl jsem/neměli jsme) expressing the feeling that a mistake was made, expressing sorrow needn't have done + past participle (nemusel jsem něco udělat, ale udělal) should have/ ought to have + past participle (měl jsem něco udělat, ale neudělal) shouldn’t have/ oughtn’t have + past participle (neměl jsem něco udělat, ale udělal)
Past certainty and uncertainty:
making logical deductions about past actions must have + past participle (určitě to tak bylo) can’t have/couldn’t have + past participle (určitě to tak nebylo)
expressing possibility or uncertainty about past actions may have/might have/could have (možná to tak bylo) may not have/might not have (možná o tak nebylo) 1. Change the following sentences into the past.
The chickens can be ill so we must slaughter them to prevent further spread.
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The pigs in the repopulated herd shall be subjected to a serological examination. ______
We need to ask for a regular full blood count.
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The milk in question must not be used for the production of heat-treated drinking milk. ______
Must swine for breeding and production come from brucellosis-free stock? ______
My colleague can treat grazes and other superficial injuries very well.
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Such results of the laboratory test can’t be within normal limits!
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2. Form the negative or positive verb forms from the underlined verbs.
You should have asked the employer about existing health hazards.
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We had to reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases last year.
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Anthrax must have been a notifiable disease 50 years ago. ______
The rest of the herd could have been in contact.
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They didn’t need to reduce the dose of the antibiotics.
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The painkillers might have been contraindicated.
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The infected poultry can’t have recovered after 5 days therapy.
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3. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.
1) What did I do wrong?
You shouldn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate.
You mustn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate.
2) Why was the horse whining?
It should have felt nervous.
It might have felt nervous.
3) You forgot to give the daily injection of insulin to the dog.
Sorry, I had to look in the logbook.
Sorry, I should have looked in the logbook.
4) What did you think about the body condition of the cattle?
The animals should have been ready for slaughter.
The animals didn’t have to be ready for slaughter. 5) What do you think has affected the cows’ nervous system?
I don’t know. They might have been poisoned.
I don’t know. They must have been poisoned.
6) Many food-borne diseases have been observed to be highly temperature sensitive.
Thus increased annual average temperatures could have important effects on food safety.
Thus increased annual average temperatures should have important effects on food safety.
7) Different laboratories are used for Campylobacter and Salmonella testing.
Then the laboratory testing Campylobacter may take preference in receipt of the sample.
Then the laboratory testing Campylobacter should take preference in receipt of the sample.
8) Each time an epidemic breaks out, from avian flu to mad cow disease, you have to wait a long time to understand its origins.
Then you can overcome them.
Then you must overcome them.
4. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Všechny nemocné kusy musely být utraceny.
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2) Takové reakce musely způsobit příliš velké dávky léků.
______3) Popisované příznaky nemohly poukazovat na slintavku a kulhavku.
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4) Neobvyklými příznaky prasečí červenky mohly být nevolnost a zvracení.
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5) Lidé, kteří byli v minulosti pravděpodobně vystaveni vzteklině, nevyhnutelně kontaktují lékaře.
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6) Testy na brucelózu byly u stáda určitě provedeny včas.
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7) Oděrky na kůži jsme museli bezprostředně ošetřit kvůli možné infekci.
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8) Kdo se nemohl dostavit na školení včas, bude poučen příští týden.
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9) Museli jste provádět testování náhodných vzorků zvířat týden po vakcinaci?
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10) Kdo z vás mohl potvrdit přímý přenos BSE z dobytka na člověka?
______Vocabulary abortion (n) /əˈbɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n/ přerušení březosti affect (v) /əˈfekt/ postihnout, zachvátit arthritis (n) /ɑː(r)ˈθraɪtɪs/ artritida bacterial (adj) /bækˈtɪəriəl/ bakteriální bedding (n) /ˈbedɪŋ/ podestýlka, stelivo brooder (n) /bruːd ə(r)/ umělá líheň v drůbežárně brucellosis (n) /ˌbruːsɪˈləʊsɪs/ brucelóza contract (v) /kənˈtrækt/ onemocnět cure (v) /kjʊə(r)/ vyléčit, zahojit detection (n) /dɪˈtekʃ(ə)n/ odhalení diarrhoea (n) /ˌdaɪəˈriːə/ průjem discharge (n) /dɪsˈtʃɑː(r)dʒ/ výtok dropping (n) /drɒpɪŋ / trus dung (n) /dʌŋ/ hnůj, trus eradicate (v) /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/ vymýtit, vyhladit
Escherichia coli (n) /ˌeʃəˈrɪkɪə ˈkoʊlaɪ/ Escherichia coli flock (n) /flɒk/ hejno (ptáků), stádo (ovcí) fungal (adj) /ˈfʌŋɡ(ə)l/ houbový, plísňový haemorrhage (n) /ˈhem(ə)rɪdʒ/ krvácení, krevní výron hatchability (n) /hætʃəˈbɪləti / líhnivost hatchery (n) /ˈhætʃəri/ (umělá) líheň herd (n) /hɜː(r)d/ stádo (dobytka) husbandry (n) /ˈhʌzbəndri/ zemědělství chills (n) /tʃɪls/ třesavka immunocompromised /injʊnəʊˈˈkɒmprəmaɪzt/ imunokompromitovaný lesion (n) /ˈliːʒ(ə)n/ poškození, zranění listeriosis (n) /lɪˌstɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ listerióza malaise (n) /məˈleɪz/ malátnost, nevolnost mycobacteriosis (n) /maɪkəʊˌbæktɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ mykobakterióza mycotoxin (n) /ˌmaɪkəˈtɒksɪn/ mykotoxin nausea (n) /ˈnɔːziə/ žaludeční nevolnost nest-box (n) /nest bɒks/ kukaň (pro slepice) occupational (adj) /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ pracovní oedema (n) /ɪˈdiːmə/ otok parasitic (adj) /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/ parazitární pest (n) /pest/ (drobný) škůdce phage (n) /feɪdʒ/ (bakterio)fág precaution (n) /prɪˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/ preventivní opatření
Q fever (n) /kjuːˈ fiːvə(r)/ Q horečka rare (adj) /reə(r)/ vzácný rear (v) /rɪə(r)/ chovat, pěstovat regard (v) /rɪˈɡɑː(r)d/ týkat se, vztahovat se reservoir (n) /ˈrezə(r)ˌvwɑː(r)/ zásobárna, ložisko rid (v) /rɪd/ zbavit se, vymýtit rod-shaped (adj) /rɒd ʃeɪpt/ tyčinkovitý route (n) /ruːt/ cesta, trasa saliva (n) /səˈlaɪvə/ slina, sliny salmonella (n) /ˌsælməˈnelə/ salmonela, salmonelóza sneeze (v) /sniːz/ kýchat stale (adj) /steɪl/ zatuchlý, vyčpělý status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ stav stool (n) /stuːl/ stolice, výkaly strain (n) /streɪn/ kmen (bakterií); druh typhoid (adj) /ˈtaɪfɔɪd/ tyfus typify (v) /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/ být typickým příkladem viral (adj) /ˈvaɪrəl/ virový virulent (adj) /ˈvɪrʊlənt/ prudcenakažlivý waterfowl (n) /ˈwɔːtə(r)ˌfaʊl/ vodní ptactvo wholesome (adj) /ˈhəʊls(ə)m/ zdravý, prospěšný yersiniosis (n) /jɜː(r)siːnɪˈəʊsɪs/ yersinióza