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EOC Biology Exam Path to a 4
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1A PHOTOSYNTHESIS Content Standard: · Students know that carbon-containing compounds are the building blocks of life. Photosynthesis is the process that plant cells use to combine the energy of sunlight with molecules of carbon dioxide and water to produce energy-rich compounds that contain carbon (food) and release oxygen. Performance Indicators: · Explain how plant cells use photosynthesis to produce their own food. Use the following equation to illustrate how plants rearrange atoms during photosynthesis:
6CO2+6H2O+light energy → C6H12O6 +6O2 · Explain the importance of photosynthesis for both plants and animals, including humans. Item Specifications: · Identify inputs and/or outputs of matter and/or energy in photosynthesis using words and/or chemical formulas (i.e., inputs are carbon dioxide/CO2, water/H20, light energy; outputs include glucose/C6H12O6, oxygen/O2). · Describe the rearrangement of atoms during photosynthesis using the chemical equation for photosynthesis. · Explain the role of photosynthesis in the life of plants (e.g., photosynthesis is the only source of glucose that provides chemical energy or is incorporated into large molecules). · Explain the role of photosynthesis in the life of animals (e.g., photosynthesis is the source of the chemical energy animals require to live and grow; photosynthesis provides oxygen). Reflective Questions for Students: How is it that carbon is an atom that allows organisms to both store and release energy?
Quick Links for Students: The following links will help you visualize the process of photosynthesis: · Carbon Cycle: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/page1.php · Phytoplankton: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0607_040607_phytoplankton.html · Carbon Dioxide Uptake: http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/1vd.html · Photosynthesis Game: http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/1vd.html Photosynthesis – converts water, carbon dioxide and sunlight into glucose and oxygen · CO2 comes from the atmosphere, energy comes from the sun · Formula is: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 · Occurs in the chloroplasts · uses chlorophyll (green pigment that absorbs all light colors except green which it reflects) to capture sun's energy · Occurs in 2 stages: light reaction and Calvin cycle · Occurs in autotrophs (organisms that make their own food) · Rate of Photosynthesis depends on 2 things: light intensity and temperature
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · What is the big picture of photosynthesis? Can I describe inputs and outputs when thinking about photosynthesis? · What factors might impact photosynthetic processes? · What are the characteristics of photosynthetic organisms?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1B CELL RESPIRATION
Content Standard: · The gradual combustion of carbon containing compounds within cells, called cellular respiration, provides the primary energy source of living organisms: the combustion of carbon by burning of fossil fuels provides the primary energy source for most of modern society.
Performance Indicators: · Explain how the process of cellular respiration is similar to the burning of fossil fuels (e.g., both processes involve combustion of carbon-containing compounds to transform chemical energy to a different form of energy).
C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2+6H2O+ energy
Item Specifications: · Describe cellular respiration as the process cells use to change the energy of glucose into energy in the form of ATP and/or the process that provides the energy source for most living organisms. · Compare cellular respiration to the burning of fossil fuels (e.g., large carbon containing compounds are broken into smaller carbon compounds as chemical energy is transformed to different forms of energy in both cellular respiration and combustion of fossil fuels). Describe the inputs and/or outputs of matter and/or energy in cellular respiration and/or in combustion (i.e., inputs include glucose or large carbohydrates and oxygen, outputs include carbon dioxide, water, and energy/ATP).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How is it that carbon is an atom that allows organisms to both store and release energy? · What examples of energy storage and release can you describe in your everyday life? · If you diagram a model of cellular respiration, what inputs and outputs of matter and energy can you identify? · How is a forest fire an analogy for cellular respiration?
Quick Links for Students: The following links will help you visualize the process of photosynthesis: Carbon Cycle: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/pag e3.php Cellular Respiration Application: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/oer08.sci.life.reg.exercise/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/oer08_vid_exercise/ Cellular Respiration Simulation: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_cellenergy/
Disciplinary Core Ideas · Photosynthesis & respiration: Students should be able to identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. They should be able to explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. Students should be able to identify where cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur at the sub-cellular level.
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved. · Glucose needed for cellular respiration is produced by plants. · The Krebs (or Citric Acid) cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix and generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 ) from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Do plants have mitochondria? (Important link to cellular respiration) · What kinds of organisms have a nucleus? · What would happen to someone born with abnormal ribosomes?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1C
CELL ORGANELLES Prerequisite knowledge required: · All matter is made of atoms · Atoms make up molecules, such as the 4 biomolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids · Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids make up the organelles which are found in and make up cells
Content Standard: · Cells contain specialized parts for determining essential functions such as regulation of cellular activities, energy capture and release, formation of proteins, waste disposal, the transfer of information, and movement.
Performance Indicators: · Draw, label, and describe the functions of components of essential structures within cells (eg. cellular membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chromosome, chloroplast, chlorophyll, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, ribosome, & vacuole).
Item Specifications: · Describe the essential function(s) of structures within cells (i.e., cellular membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chromosome, chloroplast, mitochondrion, ribosome, and cytoplasm).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How does the parts of a cell make it function as a system? · How do the functions of the cell parts help it function as a system? · How have new theories changed our thinking about the cell? When you think about the answers to these questions, think about models that you could develop.
Quick Links for Students: Use the following links to explore your understanding of cell organelles and their functioning. · A table of organelles, their descriptions, their functions, and plant vs. animal: http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html · An interactive online microscope of slides containing organelles: https://histo.life.illinois.edu/histo/lab/cells/text.htm · A student-made organelle rap: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi9Kp9J4qK4A · A clay-animation video about organelles: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9zqs6acTeI&feature=related · A tour of the cell: http://cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Do plants have mitochondria? (Important link to cellular respiration) · What kinds of organisms have a nucleus? · What would happen to someone born with abnormal ribosomes?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1D
CELL MEMBRANE
Content Standard: · The cell is surrounded by a membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside world and determines which substances may enter and which may leave the cell.
Performance Indicators: · Describe the structure of the cell membrane and how the membrane regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
Item Specifications: · Describe the structure of the cell membrane as a bilayer, with embedded proteins capable of regulating the flow of materials into and out of the cell. · Describe the process (es) (i.e.,active transport, passive transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) that allows substances to pass through the cell membrane.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How does the structure of the cell membrane support its functions? · How do active and passive transport complement each other? · What is facilitated diffusion and give examples in the human body? When you think about the answers to these questions, think about models that you could develop.
Quick Links for Students: · Use the following links to explore your understanding of the cell membrane and its function. An interactive link regarding cellular transport: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.membraneweb/
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Active transport requires energy; passive transport does not. · Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated transport are examples of passive transport. · Some cellular transport involves proteins that are imbedded in the cellular membrane (active transport and facilitated transport). · Some cellular transport involves small, neutral molecules (ie. CO2, H20, O2) passively moving though the phospholipid bilayer
Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: · Here is a site that provides background mostly on organelles, but towards the bottom http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/L12B1.htm
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · What does a membrane look like? What molecules does a membrane contain? · What is the difference between active transport and passive transport? · What is facilitated diffusion and give an example of this happening in the human body · Describe why the process of osmosis occurs.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1E
PROCESSES WITHIN CELLS Content Standard: · Genetic information responsible for inherited characteristics is encoded in the DNA molecules in chromosomes. · DNA is composed of four subunits (A, T, C, G). The sequence of subunits in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein. Proteins express inherited traits (e.g., eye color, hair texture) and carry out most cell function.
Performance Indicators: · Describe how DNA molecules are long chains linking four subunits (smaller molecules) whose sequence encodes genetic information. Illustrate the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins.
Item Specifications: · Describe the structure of DNA molecules in terms of the four nucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, and T subunits are combined in various sequences). · Describe that the sequence of the four nucleotides in the DNA molecule encodes genetic information. Describe the relationships among DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and/or traits. Describe that the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein. Describe inherited traits (e.g., eye color, hair texture, attached earlobes, tongue rolling) and cell functions as primarily determined by the proteins expressed by genes. · Predict the complementary strand of mRNA given the nucleotide sequence in a single strand of DNA. Describe the steps and/or structures in the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How is the molecule DNA linked to proteins? · How does the structure of DNA affect its function? · How does DNA code our genetic information?
Quick Links for Students: · The following links will help explore your understanding of DNA, proteins, and their functioning. · Learn the basics: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ · Build a DNA Model: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/ · Protein to DNA: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/
The essential teaching components leading to the big ideas of DNA, Genes and Protein synthesis include: 1. Understanding of the components of DNA and how the components fit together. 2. DNA codes for genes, which code for specific amino acids needed to make a protein. 3. Proteins are expressed as inheritable traits. Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: DNA Animations: · This website has multiple short animations at various levels to aid understanding of DNA processes. http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html · Basic tutorials for students can be found at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ · Animations at various levels of cell processes http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/ · Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · What does a membrane look like? What molecules does a membrane contain? · What is the difference between active transport and passive transport? · What is facilitated diffusion and give an example of this happening in the human body · Describe why the process of osmosis occurs.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1F
CHEMICAL REACTIONS Content Standard: · All of the functions of the cell are based on chemical reactions. Food molecules are broken down to provide the energy and the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Breakdown and synthesis are made possible by proteins called enzymes. Some of these enzymes enable the cell to store energy in special chemicals, such as ATP, that are needed to drive the many other chemical reactions in a cell.
Performance Indicators: · Explain how cells break down food molecules and use the constituents to synthesize proteins, sugars, fats, DNA and many other molecules that cells require. · Describe the role that enzymes play in the breakdown of food molecules and synthesis of the many different molecules needed for cell structure and function. · Explain how cells extract and store energy from food molecules.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do enzymes break food down into molecules that can be used by cells to make the chemicals required by the cell? · What are the components that make up proteins, enzymes, fats, complex carbohydrates, or DNA? · What are the molecules that transfer energy for cell processes?
Quick Links for Students: The following links will help you visualize the process · All About Enzymes http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biology/Enzymeactivity.swf · The Role of Enzymes in Biological Systems http://faculty.ivytech.edu/~twmurphy/txt_202/enzymes.htm · The role of enzymes in DNA transcription video http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/DNAi_replication_vo2.html · Molecules Build Cells http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/epitissmol/molecule.htm · Respiration and Photosynthesis http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Make a model to explain that small molecules are building blocks for each of these large molecules: fats, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates? · Explain how large molecules are broken down into small parts and those parts that become available for the cell to make new molecules. Describe how the new molecules are different than the original large molecules? · Use a model to explain why it requires a different enzyme to break a molecule apart than it did to put the molecule together.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1G
ENZYMES & OTHER PROTEINS Content Standard: · Cells use the DNA that forms their genes to encode enzymes and other proteins that allow a cell to grow and divide to produce more cells, and to respond to the environment.
Performance Indicators: · Explain that regulation of cell functions can occur by changing the activity of proteins within cells and/or by changing whether and how often particular genes are expressed.
Reflective Questions for Students: · Explain the difference between chromosomes, DNA, and genes. · How can a signal from the outside world change a genes expression?
Quick Links for Students: Use the following links to explore your understanding of DNA, proteins, and their functioning. · An interactive link regarding cellular transport: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.membraneweb/ · What is a Gene? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_gene.html · Gene Control simulation and explanation http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/control/ · Lick Your Rat an Inquiry http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Genes encode for enzymes and other proteins. · Cell functions are regulated by changing the production of proteins. · Changes in environment can cause changes in the production of enzymes.
Student learning progressions · Cells use DNA that forms their genes to encode enzymes and other proteins · Cell functions are carried out by many different types of molecules, mostly proteins. Productions of these proteins are directed by genes. · Changes in the environment can cause changes in the activity of these genes.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Explain how hormones or other chemicals are produced by cells in your body? · Describe how a person’s cells respond to food intake.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1H
MITOSIS Content Standard: · Genes are carried on chromosomes. Animal cells contain two copies of each chromosome with genetic information that regulate body structure and functions. Most cells divide by a process called mitosis, in which the genetic information in coped so that each new cell contains exact copies of the original chromosomes.
Performance Indicators: · Describe and model the process of mitosis, in which one cell divides, producing two cells, each with copies of both chromosomes from each pair in the original cell.
Item Specifications: · Describe that genes are carried on chromosomes. · Describe that typical animal cells contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each biological parent, with genetic information that regulates body structure and function. · Describe the process of mitosis (e.g., the genetic information is copied and each of two new cells receives exact copies of the original chromosomes) and/or the product of mitosis (e.g., two cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How does your body grow? · Do all organisms, both plants and animals, grow the same way?
Quick Links for Students: The following links will help you visualize the process of mitosis. Animal · Mitosis http://cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm · Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/Mitosis.htm · Mitosis: What is Mitosis? http://www.microscopemicroscope.org/activities/school/mitosis.htm This site contains an activity that allows you to identify the steps of mitosis. http://learngenetics.utah.edu/ Using these websites, can you now describe how your body grows?
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Chromosomes are made of DNA which code for genes carried on chromosomes. · Genes contain the genetic information passed from parents to offspring. · Every animal cell contains 2 copies of each chromosome inside the nucleus. · Every cell in the body of an organism contains DNA with all the genetic information of that living organism. · All the animals of the same species have the same number of chromosomes in the nucleus of their cells. · Examples: all humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes arranged in 4 pairs.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Why must each chromosome copy itself before the cell divides into two cells? · How is the genetic blueprint that makes you who you are transferred faithfully from one cell to the next? · Do all the cells of the body contain the same genetic information? · What happens when something goes wrong during mitosis? · Can mitosis happen outside of a living body? Could scientists cause cells to grow to make organs for transplanting in humans?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Core Content: Processes within Cells Life Science Standard LS1I
MEIOSIS
Prerequisite knowledge required: In order to understand the concept of meiosis, students need background knowledge in: · The parts of the cell · Understanding of the role of DNA in genetics and regulating cell function. See standards LS1E, LS1F, LS1G and LS1H · Students should also be familiar with the idea of using models to represent or show a biological process. · Students need to know DNA is a macromolecule located in the nucleus of cells. · Students need to know that DNA is the genetic molecule that transfers that information from parent to offspring. · Students can describe that genes are carried on chromosomes · Students can describe that most animal cells contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent, containing · Teacher Center · Elements of Effective Science Instruction the genetic information for body structure and cell function. · Students can model the process of mitosis (the chromosomes are copied and each new cell receives exact copies of the original chromosomes), and show the product of mitosis (two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell).
Content Standard: · Egg and sperm cells are formed by a process called meiosis in which each resulting cell contains only one representative chromosome from each pair found in the original cell. Recombination of genetic information during meiosis scrambles the genetic information, allowing for new genetic combinations and characteristics in the offspring. Fertilization restores the original number of chromosome pairs and reshuffles the genetic information, allowing for variation among offspring.
Performance Indicators: · Describe and model the process of meiosis in which egg and sperm cells are formed with only one set of chromosomes from each parent. · Model and explain the process of genetic recombination that may occur during meiosis and how this then results in differing characteristics in offspring. · Describe the process of fertilization that restores the original chromosome number while reshuffling the genetic information, allowing for variation among offspring. Predict the outcome of specific genetic crosses involving two characteristics.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do sex cells differ from regular body cells? · How are male and female sex cells different from each other? · How do sex cells become regular cells? · How is genetic information passed from parents to offspring?
Quick Links for Students: The following links will help you visualize the process of meiosis. Animal · Meiosis: http://cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm · Meiosis: How Chromosomes are passed from Parent to offspring http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/Meiosis.htm · This site contains an activity that allows you to identify the steps of meiosis. http://learngenetics.utah.edu/
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Chromosomes are made of DNA, which code for genes carried on chromosomes. · Genes contain the genetic information passed from parents to offspring. · Every animal cell contains 2 copies of each chromosome inside the nucleus. · Every cell in the body of an organism contains DNA with all the genetic information of that living organism. · All the animals of the same species have the same number of chromosomes in the nucleus of their cells. Examples: all humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes arranged in 4 pairs. · Sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as regular cells so that the right number of chromosomes is formed as they combine with the opposite sex cell. · LIMIT: Students do not need to memorize the every detailed step. Such memorization is likely to cause students to miss the big picture about the purpose and end results of this mitosis. · Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.mitosis/
Learning progressions for meiosis include: · Students can model the process of meiosis (each egg or sperm cell receives only one representative chromosome from each pair of chromosomes found in the original cell), and/or show the product of mitosis (egg and sperm cells with only one set of chromosome · Describe the relationship between the unique combination of genetic information in an egg or sperm cell and the differing characteristics in offspring from a single set of parents). · Describe that the process of fertilization allows for variation among offspring from a single set of parents. · With a given combination of two traits and a parent’s genotype for the two traits, describe possible allele combinations in an egg or sperm cell. · Describe the possible combinations of offspring in a simple Mendelian genetic cross for two traits (given a Punnett square for two traits, fill in one missing cell.) · Describe the possible combinations of offspring in a genetic cross involving co-dominance or incomplete dominance for a single trait.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · How is the genetic blueprint that makes you who you are transferred faithfully from one cell to the next? · Do all the cells of the body contain the same genetic information? · What happens when something goes wrong during meiosis? · What are the ways that mutations can happen during meiosis? · How do genetic traits get passed from parent to offspring? · How can diseases be passed from parent to offspring?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Matter Cycles and Energy Life Science Standard LS2A
MATTER CYCLES & ENERGY Content Standard: · Matter cycles and energy flows through living and nonliving components in ecosystems. The transfer of matter and energy is important for maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.
Performance Indicators: · Explain how plants and animal cycle carbon and nitrogen within an ecosystem. · Explain how matter cycles and energy flows in ecosystems, resulting in the formation of differing chemical compounds and heat.
Item Specifications: · Describe the cycle of carbon through ecosystems. · Describe examples of matter cycling that can affect the health of an ecosystem. · Describe the cycle of nitrogen through ecosystems. Describe the transfers and transformations of matter and/or energy in an ecosystem.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How is carbon important to living things? · How does the carbon cycle connect the environment to living things? · What role does nitrogen play in living things? · How does energy move from the sun through living things? As energy moves through an ecosystem, what transformations can be identified?
Quick Links for Students: · This website provides a diagram of the carbon cycle. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.phys.matter.ccycle/ · This website provides an explanation and diagrams of the nitrogen cycle. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=WQ252 · This website provides an animation of the nitrogen cycle. http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_nitrogen/em05_pg20_nitrogen.swf · This website provides an explanation of ecosystems. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/ecosystem/ecosystem.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Describe the cycle of carbon through ecosystems (e.g., carbon dioxide in air becomes large carbon- containing molecules in the tissues of plants through photosynthesis, these molecules can be cycled to animals that consume the plants, then returned as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through cellular respiration, combustion, and decomposition). · Describe examples of matter cycling that can affect the health of an ecosystem (e.g., composting to improve soil quality, crop rotation, worm bins, fertilizer runoff, and bioaccumulation). · Describe the cycle of nitrogen through ecosystem (e.g., nitrogen in air is taken in by bacteria in soil, then made directly available to plants through the soil, and returned to the soil and atmosphere when the plants decompose). · Describe the transfers and transformations of matter and/or energy in an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight transforms to chemical energy during photosynthesis, chemical energy and matter are transferred when animals eat plants or other animals, carbon dioxide produced by animals by respiration is used by plants and transformed to glucose during photosynthesis). · http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.oate.energyflow/ Interactive video follows energy from sun through plants to humans. Background and discussion questions included. · http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/hew06.sci.life.reg.foodweb/ Follows energy through a coral reef ecosystem. · http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.eco.nitrogen/ Animated nitrogen cycle.
Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: · http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/soil/down_dirty.html These are activities about soil designed to teach students why soil is important. · http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classearthday.html This site has many different lessons on environmental education, Earth Day activities and composting.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · How do carbon and nitrogen cycles bring essential elements from the environment to living things? · How does each of these cycles link living things to each other? · Can these cycles be interrupted? If so, how? And what happens as a result? · How does energy move from the sun to living things? What transformations must it go through? · Where and how can energy be stored in living things?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Maintenance and Stability of Populations Life Science Standard LS2B
POPULATIONS Content Standard: · Students know that living organisms have the capacity to produce very large populations. Population density is the number of individuals of a particular population living in a given amount of space.
Performance Indicators: · Evaluate the conditions necessary for rapid population growth (e.g., given adequate living and nonliving resources and no disease or predators, populations of an organism increase at rapid rates). · Given ecosystem data, calculate the population density of an organism.
Item Specifications: · Describe conditions necessary for populations to increase rapidly (e.g., adequate living and nonliving resources, no disease or predators). · Describe population density and/or the factors that affect population density. · Calculate population density given an area and the number of a given organism within the area.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do populations and the changes in populations affect ecosystems?
Quick Links for Students: The following link takes you to a site by Annenberg called the “Habitable Planet,” which reviews several keys topics that will help you better understand the factors that influence populations. There are five different interactive laboratories but the one on ecosystems is most likely of interest to you. http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/interactives/index.php This next website discusses how a species can become invasive and impact populations. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/welcome.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: ● Students need to understand how a healthy ecosystem has various components, both living and non-living, that depend on each other and affect one another. ● Predict the changes in the population size of a species given a quantitative description of an ecosystem (e.g., predator-prey graph; J-curve of carrying capacity of ecosystem available range vs population-size graph. ● Draw a systems diagram to illustrate and explain why introduced (non-native) species often do poorly and have a tendency to die out, as well as why they sometimes do very well and force out native species. Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: · Classroom simulation of carrying capacity and predator-prey interactions. http://frank.mtsu.edu/~gladectr/teaching/21_Limiting%20Factors%20in%20the%20Glades.pdf · Information on global population and our planet’s carrying capacity, illustrated with graphs. http://www.paulchefurka.ca/Population.html
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · How do organisms within an ecosystem affect one another? · What factors can affect ecosystems to change them? · What happens if one component of an ecosystem changes dramatically? · What is carrying capacity and what happens when it is exceeded?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Maintenance and Stability of Populations Life Science Standard LS2C
POPULATION GROWTH
Content Standard: · Students know that population growth is limited by the availability of matter and energy found in resources, the size of the environment and the presence of competing and/or predatory organisms.
Performance Indicators: · Explain factors, including matter and energy, in the environment that limit the growth of plant and animal populations in natural ecosystems.
Reflective Questions for Students: · Explain how factors can limit the growth of populations. · How does a change in space affect a population? · How does the introduction of a non-native species affect the populations of native species?
Quick Links for Students: · The following website on Population Dynamics provides a simulation: http://mvhs.shodor.org/coresims/deerpop/index.php? save=0&disptab=&disp=1&deer_population=10&square_miles=infinite&birth_rate=25&death_rate=10&msg · This next website discusses how a species can become invasive and impact populations. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/welcome.html · The following site has a comprehensive overview of ecosystems. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/ecosystem/ecosystem.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Students need to understand how a healthy ecosystem has various components, both living and non-living, that depend on each other and affect one another. · Predict the changes in the population size of a species given a quantitative description of an ecosystem (e.g., predator-prey graph; J-curve of carrying capacity of ecosystem available range vs population-size graph. · Draw a systems diagram to illustrate and explain why introduced (non-native) species often do poorly and have a tendency to die out, as well as why they sometimes do very well and force out native species. · Understand that population growth is limited by the availability of matter and energy in the system. · Understand that population growth is limited by the space available. · Understand that population growth is affected by competition and predatory organisms.
Scientifically oriented questions focused on clarifying and extending student understanding include: · Describe conditions that favor population growth. · Analyze the effects of human development into wild land areas. · How does an introduced species affect the populations of native species?
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Maintenance and Stability of Populations Life Science Standard LS2D
ECOSYSTEM MODELS Performance Indicators: · Draw a systems diagram to illustrate and explain why introduced (nonnative) species often do poorly and have a tendency to die out, as well as why they sometimes do very well and force out native species.
Item Specifications: · Predict the changes in the population size of a species given a quantitative description of an ecosystem (e.g., predator-prey graph; J-curve of carrying capacity of ecosystem; available range vs. population size graph).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do scientists model changes that can affect ecosystems?
Quick Links for Students: The following website explains how mathematical models of ecosystems are used to study invasive species. http://ibis.colostate.edu/cwis438/Browse/TiledMap/Scene_Basic.php?WebSiteID=12 The Concord Consortium offers several open-ended ecological models for students to explore. This first model is very easy to follow. http://www.concord.org/activities/experiment-ecosystems
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Maintenance and Stability of Populations Life Science Standard LS2E
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANISMS
Content Standard: · Interrelationships of organisms may generate ecosystems that are stable for hundreds or thousands of years. Biodiversity refers to the different kinds of organisms in specific ecosystems or on the planet as a whole.
Performance Indicators: · Compare the biodiversity of organisms in different types of ecosystems (e.g., rain forest, grassland, desert) noting the interdependencies and interrelationships among the organisms in these different ecosystems.
Item Specifications: · Given a description of the biodiversity in two ecosystems, identify reasons for differences in biodiversity. · Describe interrelationships of organisms that affect the stability of populations in a given ecosystem (e.g., nutrient cycles, food relationships, use of resources and succession). · Describe that biodiversity contributes to the stability of an ecosystem.
Reflective Questions for Students: · Explain how to determine the biodiversity of a community. · Explain the factors in an environment that might cause one ecosystem to have a greater biodiversity than a different ecosystem? · Analyze the stability of an ecosystem based on its biodiversity.
Quick Links for Students: · The following website explains why biodiversity is important. http://www.globalissues.org/article/170/why-is-biodiversityimportant-who-cares · The following link has a short brief on biodiversity. http://www.esa.org/education_diversity/pdfDocs/biodiversity.pdf · Biodiversity and King County Students: http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/animalsAndPlants/biodiversity/threats.aspx
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: ● Biodiversity includes a large variation within and among species in a community. ● Complex relationships exist between biotic and abiotic factors in a community. ● The stability of populations in a ecosystem is greater if the community has a greater biodiversity.
Additional supports and extensions for understanding how students grasp the concept: ● Dilution Effect of Biodiversity is described at http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/units/biodiv/images.html ● Various biodiversity resources can be found at http://www.globalissues.org/issue/169/biodiversity and http://rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/L12C2.htm
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Ecosystems (LS2) Core Content: Maintenance and Stability of Populations Life Science Standard LS2F
SUSTAINABILITY Content Standard: · The concept of sustainable development supports adoption of policies that enable people to obtain the resources they need today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable processes include substituting renewable for nonrenewable resources, recycling, and using fewer resources.
Performance Indicators: · Explain how scientific concepts and findings relate to a resource issue currently under discussion in the state of Washington (e.g., removal of dams to facilitate salmon spawning in rivers; construction of wind farms). · Explain how the concept of sustainable development may be applied to a current resource issue in the state of Washington.
Item Specifications: · Explain scientific concepts and/or findings that relate to a given resource issue (e.g., removal of dams to facilitate salmon spawning in rivers; construction of wind farms; recycling). · Describe how sustainable development could help with a current resource issue (e.g., using renewable rather than nonrenewable resources, using recycled resources).
Reflective Questions for Students: · Describe how the stability of populations in a community is related to the sustainability of an ecosystem. · What is meant by sustainable development? · What information would you need to determine which type of farming practice is more sustainable than another? · How have fish habitat restorations projects changed the way we live and work in Washington State?
Quick Links for Students: · Understanding Sustainable Development: International Institute for Sustainable Development http://www.iisd.org/sd/ and http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm . · The economics of sustainability: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/economy.html. · Elwha Research Learning Unit, Elwha River Educational Resources from the Olympic Park Institute provides excellent background information on their projects. The articles are short and easily readable. http://www.naturebridge.org/olympic-park/elwha-river-educationalresources · Preserving Washington’s Farmland: http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/planning/farmland.aspx
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: ● Sustainable processes include an examination of how we use renewable and nonrenewable resources and how our usage affects the ability of future generations to have the resources they need. ● Sustainable processes include substituting renewable for nonrenewable resources, recycling, and using fewer resources. ● Sustainable development includes understanding the role of public policy.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Biological Evolution (LS3) Core Content: Mechanisms of Evolution Life Science Standard LS3A
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Content Standard: · Biological evolution is due to: (1) Genetic variability of offspring due to mutations and genetic recombination; (2) the potential for a species to increase its number; (3) a finite supply of resources; and (4) natural selection by the environment for those offspring better able to survive and produce offspring.
Performance Indicators: · Explain biological evolution as the consequence of the interactions of four factors: population growth, inherited variability of offspring, a finite supply of resources, and natural selection by the environment of offspring better able to survive and reproduce. Predict the effect on a species if one of these factors should change.
Item Specifications: · Describe the genetic variability of offspring due to mutations and genetic recombinationas allowing some offspring to be better able to survive and produce offspring. · Describe that some traits will improve an individual’s survival rates and subsequent reproduction in environments with a finite supply of resources. · Explain biological evolution as the consequence of the interaction of population growth, inherited variability of offspring, a finite supply of resources, and/or natural selection by the environment of offspring better able to survive and reproduce. · Describe how environmental pressure on a population drives natural selection (e.g.,warming climate causes extinction of species not able to adapt). · Predict the effect on a population of a given change in inherited variability of offspring, potential for population growth, resources, and/or environmental pressure(e.g., decreased variation in alleles).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How are genetic mutations and natural selection connected? · How can population growth be connected to evolution? · How can a species be affected by the environment in which it lives? · Why do some offspring survive and others don’t in a changing ecosystem?
Natural Selection Simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection In this simulation you can control variables to perform simple inquiries. As you design your mini-experiments, record the variables that you are controlling and observe the results. Reset the simulation and vary the variable that you controlled. How does your population of rabbits change? What conclusions can you make and how would you further change the experiment?
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · Similarities within the diversity of existing and fossil organisms are due to natural selection (Benchmarks, 1993). · Prior to Darwin, the widespread belief was that all known species were created at the same time and remained unchanged throughout history (Benchmarks, 1993). · Darwin argued that only biologically inherited characteristics could be passed on to offspring. Some of these characteristics were advantageous in surviving and reproducing. The offspring would also inherit and pass on those advantages and over generations the aggregation of these inherited advantages would lead to a new species (Benchmarks, 1993). · Evolution explains both the similarities of genetic material across all species and the multitude of species existing in diverse conditions on Earth—its biodiversity—which humans depend on for natural resources and other benefits to sustain themselves (Framework for K – 12 Science Education, 2011).
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Biological Evolution (LS3) Core Content: Mechanisms of Evolution Life Science Standard LS3B
RANDOM SELECTION Content Standard: · Random changes in the genetic makeup of cells and organisms (mutations) can cause changes in their physical characteristics or behaviors. If the genetic mutations occur in eggs or sperm cells, the changes will be inherited by offspring. While many of these changes will be harmful, a small minority may allow the offspring to better survive and reproduce. Performance Indicators: · Describe the molecular process by which organisms pass on physical and behavioral traits to offspring, as well as the environmental and genetic factors that cause minor differences (variations) in offspring or occasional “mistakes” in the copying of genetic material that can be inherited by future generations (mutations). · Explain how a genetic mutation may or may not allow a species to survive and reproduce in a given environment. Item Specifications: · Describe mutations as random changes or occasional mistakes in the copying of genetic material that, when in egg or sperm cells, can be inherited by future generations. · Describe the molecular processes and/or environmental factors by which mutations can occur (e.g., insertion, deletion, substitution, or UV radiation in sunlight). · Describe that changes caused by mutations will often be harmful, but a small minority of mutations will cause changes that allow the offspring to survive longer and reproduce more. · Predict how a given trait or mutation will allow a species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
Quick Links for Students: · Natural Selection Simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection · Activity on variation http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/sources/
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: · The information passed from parents to offspring is coded in the DNA molecules that form the chromosomes. In sexual reproduction, chromosomes can sometimes swap sections during the process of meiosis (cell division), thereby creating new genetic combinations and thus more genetic variation. Although DNA replication is tightly regulated and remarkably accurate, errors do occur and result in mutations, which are also a source of genetic variation. Environmental factors can cause mutations in genes, and viable mutations are inherited. Environmental factors also affect expression of traits, and hence affect the probability of occurrences of traits in a population. Thus the variation and distribution of traits observed depends on both genetic and environmental factors.
· Natural selection is the result of four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources that individuals need in order to survive and reproduce, and (4) the ensuing proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in that environment. Natural selection leads to adaptation that is to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. That is, the differential survival and reproduction of organisms in a population that have an advantageous heritable trait leads to an increase in the proportion of individuals in future generations that have the trait and to a decrease in the proportion of individuals that do not. Adaptation also means that the distribution of traits in a population can change when conditions change.
· Changes in the physical environment, whether naturally occurring or human-induced, have thus contributed to the expansion of some species, the emergence of new distinct species as populations diverge under different conditions, and the decline—and sometimes the extinction— of some species. Species become extinct because they can no longer survive and reproduce in their altered environment. If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or too drastic, the opportunity for the species’ evolution is lost
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Biological Evolution (LS3) Core Content: Mechanisms of Evolution Life Science Standard LS3C
DIVERSITY Content Standard: · The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled available ecosystem niches on Earth with life forms.
Performance Indicators: · Explain how the millions of different species alive today are related by descent from a common ancestor. Explain that genes in organisms that are very different (e.g., yeast, flies, and mammals) can be very similar because these organisms all share a common ancestor.
Item Specifications: · Explain that species alive today have diverged from a common ancestor (e.g., by interpreting diagram representing an evolutionary tree). · Explain how filling an available niche can allow a species to survive. · Describe that genes in very different organisms can be similar because the organisms all share a common ancestor.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do genes explain how organisms are related? · Why are scientists interested in understanding the relationships between different organisms? · Why is biodiversity important to humans?
Quick Links for Students: · How organisms diversified over time is a fascinating topic. National Geographic has a short article about how whales diversified over time. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/02/22/whale_diversity_linked_to_algae/ · Recent developments in an emerging field called “evo-devo:” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/what-evodevo.html · Understanding Evolution:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: The K-12 Framework for Science Education states that students by the end of grade 12 should know the following: · Genetic information, like the fossil record, also provides evidence of evolution. DNA sequences vary among species, but there are many overlaps and common features; the ongoing branching that produces multiple lines of descent can be inferred from the DNA composition of organisms. Such information is also derivable from the similarities and differences in amino acid sequences and from anatomical and embryological evidence (page 128). · Biodiversity results from the formation of new species (speciation) minus the loss of species (extinction). Biological extinction, being irreversible, is a critical factor in reducing the planet’s natural capital. Humans depend on the living world for the resources and other benefits provided by biodiversity. But human activity is also having adverse impacts on biodiversity through overpopulation, overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution, introduction of invasive species, and climate change. These problems have the potential to cause a major wave of biological extinctions—as many species or populations of a given species, unable to survive in changed environments, die out—and the effects may be harmful to humans and other living things. Thus sustaining biodiversity so that ecosystem functioning and productivity are maintained is essential to supporting and enhancing life on Earth. And sustaining biodiversity so that landscapes of recreational or inspirational value are preserved is essential to supporting and enhancing human life (page 130). Supporting Websites: ● http://rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/L12D5.htm is a site that provides the students with a summary of evolution and diversity of life.
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Biological Evolution (LS3) Core Content: Mechanisms of Evolution Life Science Standard LS3D
FOSSIL RECORD
Content Standard: · The fossil record and anatomical and molecular similarities observed among diverse species of living organisms provide evidence of biological evolution.
Performance Indicators: · Using the fossil record and anatomical and/or molecular (DNA) similarities as evidence, formulate a logical argument for biological evolution as an explanation for the development of a representative species (e.g., birds, horses, elephants, whales).
Item Specifications: · Explain how the fossil record, anatomical similarities, and/or molecular (DNA) similarities can be used as evidence for the evolutionary development of a given species (e.g., birds, horses, elephants, whales).
Reflective Questions for Students: · How do genes explain how organisms are related? · Why are scientists interested in understanding the relationships between different organisms? · Why is biodiversity important to humans?
Quick Links for Students: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=alternativeevolution-dinosaurs-foresaw-contemporary-paleo Paleobiology sites and related activities: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossilrecord.htm http://www.fossilmuseum.net/PaleobiologyVFM.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/amber-locations.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: The K-12 Framework for Science Education states the following about the fossil record: · Biological evolution, the process by which all living things have evolved over many generations from shared ancestors, explains both the unity and the diversity of species. The unity is illustrated by similarities foundacross all species; it can be explained from the inheritance of similar characteristics from similar ancestors. The diversity of species is also consistent with common ancestry; it is explained by the branching and diversification of lineages as populations adapted, primarily through natural selection, to local circumstances.
· Evidence for common ancestry can be found in the fossil record, from comparative anatomy, from comparative embryology, and from the similarities of cellular processes and structures and of DNA across all species. The understanding of evolutionary relationships has recently been greatly accelerated by molecular biology, especially as applied to developmental biology, with researchers investigating the genetic basis of some of the changes seen in the fossil record, as well as those that can be inferred to link living species (e.g., the armadillo) to their ancestors (e.g., glyptodonts, a kind of extinct gigantic armadillo). (Page 128).
EALR 4: Life Science Big Idea: Biological Evolution (LS3) Core Content: Mechanisms of Evolution Life Science Standard LS3E
CLASSIFICATION Content Standard: · Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related, reflecting their evolutionary history. Scientists infer relationships from physiological traits, genetic information, and the ability of two organisms to produce fertile offspring. Performance Indicators: · Classify organisms, using similarities and differences in physical and functional characteristics. · Explain similarities and differences among closely related organisms in terms of biological evolution (e.g., “Darwin’s finches” had different beaks due to food sources on the islands where they evolved).
Item Specifications: · Describe that scientists infer the degree of evolutionary relationship among organisms using physiological traits, genetic information, and/or the ability of two organisms to produce fertile offspring. · Describe relationship(s) among organisms based on similarities and/or differences in physical and/or functional characteristics. · Describe the similarities and/or differences (i.e., embryology, homology, analogousstructures, genetic sequences) of given organisms in terms of biological evolution (e.g., Darwin's finches had different beaks due to food sources on the islands where they evolved). · Describe the evolutionary relationship between two organisms and/ or identify the organisms that are most closely related given a diagram representing an evolutionary tree.
Reflective Questions for Students: · How are living things classified? · Why are scientists interested in understanding the relationships between different organisms? · How do scientists know if organisms are related?
Quick Links for Students: A few quick links include: www.eonsepochsetc.com and http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/animal_names/phylogeny_ranks.html
Essential teaching components leading to the big ideas: Big Ideas of Random Change from A Framework for K – 12 Science Education (2011) ● The time needed for biological evolution is geological time. ● Classify organisms, using similarities and differences in physical and functional characteristics. ● Explain similarities and differences among closely related organisms in terms of biological evolution (e.g., “Darwin’s finches” had different beaks due to food sources on the islands where they evolved). ● Biological evolution explains the unity and diversity of species. ● Organisms cannot “adapt” to habitat or environmental changes within one generation. Change happens very slowly, or not at all. ● Organisms can become extinct if habitat changes quickly Supporting Websites: ● http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/nomenclature.html This is basic information