Nationalism: the Power of an Idea

Nationalism: The Power of an Idea But first, remember The Congress of Vienna:  After the French Revolution  To restore the old order to Europe  To restore the old ways  To restore monarchs  To establish a “Balance of Power”  Prince Metternich-Key Statesman Key Words: 1. ______2. ______Define balance of power: ______

Explain the political cartoon:

But while political leaders wanted the “old ways,” many groups wanted something different. They wanted a government that they believed best suited the people.

Benefits/Congress of Vienna Negatives/Congress of Vienna

At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to (1) restore old regimes to power (2) spread the idea of democracy (3) encourage nationalist movements (4) promote the European free-trade zone New Idea: Nationalism Definition: the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture (religion, nationality, language, territory, dress) and history…

The Nation-state: when a country has its own, independent government. It defends its territory and way of life. Positives/Nationalism Negatives/Nationalism

 People overcome differences for the  Forced assimilation of minorities common good of the nation

 Overthrow of colonial rule  Persecution of minorities

 Competition among nations leads to  Competition between nations has led many scientific and technological to warfare advances

 Simon Bolivar, Mohandas Gandhi  Adolf Hitler

Questions: Nationalism 1. Define nationalism.

2. Did the changes in Europe due to nationalism only affect the citizens of Europe? Explain your answer.

3. What feelings and emotions the citizens of a captured colony might experience after they became part of a foreign nation?

4. Explain your sense of nationalism toward a country.

5. Do you think that most people around the world have a strong sense of nationalism toward their own country or country of origin? Why?

Examples: Nationalism in World History  French Revolution  Latin American Revolutions  Greeks rebelling from Ottoman Empire and creating Greece  Unification of Italy  Unification of Germany Reasons for Rise of Nationalism:  Old empires had become weakened/declined -Ottoman Empire -Austrian Empire  Russification – forcing people to accept Russian Culture A Closer Examination of Italian Unification (1858-1870):

Background • Italy had been broken up into many different kingdoms - There was a desire for all Italians to be united • Most of Italy was part of Austrian Empire 3 Major Problems • Austria • Papal States • Existing Kingdoms The Big 3 in Italian Unification • Camillo di Cavour • Garibaldi • Mazzini King of Piedmont:  Sardinia was most powerful kingdom in the Italian peninsula - Camillo di Cavour - led forces in North against Austria to unite Northern Italy -With help from France, Northern Italy was freed…-France in return gained some land

Garibaldi and Red Shirts: -This former soldier led rebellion in South •with help from Cavour was able to capture Sicily -Both North and South agreed to be united •Drove out Austrians and claimed all of Italy –Papal State combined and Rome is capital

1. What factors had prevented Italian unification?

2. How was the unification of northern Italy achieved?

3. How was the unification of southern Italy achieved?

4. Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? 5. Who were the Red Shirts?

Proclamation of 1860 by Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian nationalist, issued this proclamation before he left on a successful military expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily, the first step toward unifying southern Italy. How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italy’s independence?

“The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy, and for Italy. To furnish them with money and with arms, and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm, such is the duty of every Italian. The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbor are the things that have been at the bottom of the misfortunes of Italy.

The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger. If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate, they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon, plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome.

Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting! Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland! Let the Marches, and Umbria, and Sabina, and the Roman Campania, and the land of Naples rise, so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy!

If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection, let the more determined of you range the country in bands. A brave man can always find arms! In the name of God, do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables! Let us arm! Let us fight for our brothers! Tomorrow, we shall fight for ourselves. A little band of brave men who follow me on the country’s battlefields are marching to the rescue along with me. Italy knows them: they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds. Noble and generous comrades! They have consecrated their lives to their country. They will give to her their last drop of blood, seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty, and that a clear conscience may abide with them.

“Italy and Victor Emmanuel!” This, our battle cry when crossing the Ticino, will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna. To this cry, prophetic of combat, and borne along by Italy’s lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock, the tottering throne of tyranny will crash. All, then, will rise as one man!

To arms! At one blow, let us end the sufferings of centuries. Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived.

From Alexandre Dumas, ed., The Memoirs of Garibaldi (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1931), 359.

Questions: 1. According to Garibaldi, what did the embattled Sicilians need to fight Italy’s enemies?

2. Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunteer to help the Sicilians?

3. Recognizing Propaganda: Propaganda is the use of slanted information to further one’s own cause or damage an opponent’s cause. What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldi’s proclamation?

How will Germany be united? -Blood and Iron German Unification: - Like Italy, there was a sense of Nationalism - Some German states had formed a loose Confederation - Austrian Empire dominated most of German States - Prussia began to back German Unification Otto von Bismarck - Prime Minister of Prussia, later Germany up until WWI - Key player in German Unification - Through Blood and Iron (three wars: against Denmark, Austrian Empire, and France) What does a Unified Germany mean? • Upon unification, Germany immediately became #1 military power in Europe capable of defeating anyone Foreshadowing: • Balance of Power created by Congress of Vienna was undone • Fear of Germany • France hatred of Germany – Wants land back and revenge 1. What factors had prevented German unification?

2. Which empire dominated most German States?

3. Who was Otto von Bismarck?

4. How was German unification achieved? 5. How did a unified Germany change “the balance of power”?

Consider the following “bonds” that create a common culture…Provide a reason why each bond lends itself to the creation of a common culture:

Territory/Land: ______Religion: ______Culture: ______Language: ______Economy: ______Otto Von Bismarck Speech - Blood and Iron Otto Von Bismarck "Not by speeches and decisions of the majorities will the greatest problems of the time be decided." “The Conflict is viewed too tragically, and presented too tragically in the press; the regime does not seek war. If the crisis can be ended with honor, the regime will gladly do so. The great independence of the individual makes it difficult in Prussia to rule under the Constitution. In France it is otherwise; there, individual independence is lacking. The constitutional crisis, however, is no shame, but rather an honor. We are perhaps too educated to put up with a constitution - we are too critical. Public opinion wavers; the press is not public opinion; we know how that arises. There are too many Catilines, who have revolution at heart.

The members [of the House], however, have the task of standing over public sentiment, and of guiding it. Our blood is too hot, we prefer armor too great for our small body to carry, but we should put it to service. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to its power. Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Baden would like to turn to liberalism, but they shall not assume Prussia's role. Prussia must collect its forces for the favorable occasion, which has several times been neglected; Prussia's borders are not favorable to a healthy national life. Not by speeches and decisions of majorities will the greatest problems of the time be decided - that was the mistake of 1848-49 - but by iron and blood. This olive branch (he drew it from his memorandum book) I picked up in Avignon, to offer, as a symbol of peace, to the popular party: I see, however, that it is still not the time for it.” Questions: 1- According to Bismarck, why does Germany look to Prussia?

2- What problem does Prussia confront? 3- According to Bismarck, how will the greatest problems be solved?