DOCSLIB.ORG

Full Disclosure in Financial Reporting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Full Disclosure in Financial Reporting INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 06, JUNE 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Full Disclosure In Financial Reporting Azhar Susanto, Meiryani Abstract: Quality in decision making is influenced by the quality of company disclosures provided through the annual report so that the information presented in the financial statements can be understood and does not cause misinterpretation, then the presentation of financial statements must be accompanied by adequate disclosure (Equivalent disclosure). Companies will make disclosures in excess of minimum disclosure obligations if they feel such disclosures will reduce their capital costs or if they do not want to miss competitive disclosure practices.Quality in decision making is influenced by the quality of disclosure provided through the annual report so that the information must be accompanied by adequate disclosure. Mandatory disclosure of information required by applicable regulations, in this case the regulation is issued by the financial services authority. Whereas voluntary disclosure is disclosure of information carried out voluntarily by the company without being required by applicable regulations or disclosures that are more than required. Index Terms: Full Disclosure, Financial Reporting, Financial Statements, Earning Management, Measurement, Financial Statements. ———————————————————— 1 INTRODUCTION In these markets, ownership tends to be widespread among Full disclosure is a complete and comprehensive disclosure of many shareholders and protection of investors is emphasized. company data concerning financial data, management and so Institutional investors play an increasingly important role in on with the aim of being widely known by the general public. these countries, demanding increased financial returns and The market will not function properly without transparent, shareholder value. In most other countries (such as France, complete, and honest reporting of financial performance. Japan and some developing market countries), share ownership Investors and other interested parties need to read and still remains highly concentrated and banks (and or family understand all aspects of financial reporting. Departing from owners) have traditionally been the main source of corporate that, the authors compiled this paper to increase financing. These banks, inside and others, get a lot of understanding more about full disclosure in financial reporting. information about the company's financial position and activities. The full disclosure principle or the principle of openness is to present all information in financial statements that can affect 2 LITERATURE REVIEW the reader's understanding. The interpretation of this principle is very subjective and has the potential to cause too much 2.1 Measurement and Disclosure information to be presented. Therefore, the principle of Measurement is the process of identifying, classifying, and materiality is used to only disclose information about events calculating economic activity or transactions. The that might have a material impact on the entity's financial measurement provides in-depth input on the probability of position or results. Disclosures can include things that cannot operating a company and the strength of financial position. be accurately calculated, such as tax disputes with the Disclosure is the process by which accounting measurements Government or litigation with other parties. Full disclosure also are communicated to users of financial statements and used in means that we must always report on existing accounting decision making. This field focuses on what issues will be policies, as well as changes to those policies (for example, reported, when, in what ways, and to whom. Notes to financial changes in asset valuation methods or depreciation methods), statements are intended to strengthen or clarify the items non-monetary transactions that occur, relationships with presented in the main parts of the financial statements (profit business affiliates that have significant transaction volumes, and loss, changes in capital, balance sheet, and cash flow). In amounts assets are pledged as collateral, amount of material most cases, all data required by the reader cannot be losses caused by costs lower than market value, description of presented in the financial statements themselves, therefore the obligation to terminate the operation of assets, facts and the report includes essential information that must be circumstances that cause a decrease in goodwill. The presented in the notes to the financial statements. Notes to development of the disclosure system is closely related to the financial statements can be in the form of narratives, in part or development of the accounting system. Disclosure standards in whole. Notes to financial statements not only help report and practices are influenced by financial resources, legal users who do not understand quantitative accounting systems, political and economic ties, the level of economic information but are also important for understanding the development, the level of education, culture, and other company's performance and financial position. The level of influences. National differences in disclosure are generally disclosure in financial statements is something that needs to driven by differences in corporate and financial governance. In be considered by the manager's judgment. The level of the United States, the United Kingdom and other Anglo disclosure that is increasingly close to full disclosure (full American countries, equity markets provide most of the funding disclosure) will reduce information asymmetry which is a that companies need to become very advanced. necessary condition for earnings management (Trueman and Titman, 1998). Therefore the level of disclosure has a negative ___________________________ relationship with earnings management. Companies with a minimum level of disclosure tend to do earnings management Azhar Susanto; Accounting Department, Faculty of Economics and and vice versa (Lobo and Zhou, 2001) in Yanivi (2003). In the Business, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia Statement of financial accounting standards (PSAK) number 1 Meiryani; Accounting Department, Faculty of Economics and concerning the presentation of financial statements, paragraph Communication, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480 70 says: notes to financial statements include narrative [email protected] explanations or details of the amounts listed in the balance 340 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 06, JUNE 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and report on disclosure required by applicable accounting standards. While changes in equity and additional information such as fair disclosures are sufficient disclosures coupled with other contingent liabilities and commitments. The notes to the information that can affect the fairness of financial statements financial statements also include information that is required such as contingencies, commitments and so on. Imhoff and and recommended to be disclosed in the Statement of Thomas (1994) in Yanivi (2003) prove that the rating quality of Financial Accounting Standards and other disclosures needed the analysis is positively related to conservatism in the to produce a fair presentation of financial statements. estimation and selection of accounting methods, and with detailed disclosure of the reported figures. The implication of Notes to financial statements reveal: this finding is that companies that are more conservative in 1. Information on the basis of preparation of financial making estimates and choosing accounting methods (or statements and accounting policies that are selected companies with low earnings/income smoothing management) and determined for important events and transactions. will disclose more information. If companies that choose 2. Information presented in the PSAK but not presented conservative reporting do low earnings/income smoothing on the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow management. So this shows a negative relationship between statement, and report on changes in equity. income smoothing and the level of disclosure. 3. Additional information that is not presented in financial statements but is needed in the context of fair Quality of Disclosures presentation. Quality Disclosures in the company's annual report are known 1. The more complete information disclosed in the notes by various concepts. These include adequacy (Buzby, 1975), to the financial statements (full disclosure), the completeness (comprehensiveness) (Barrett, 1976), financial report readers will increasingly understand Informative (informativeness) (Alford et al., 1993), and timely the company's financial performance. lines (Courtis, 1976; Whittred, 1980) ) Imhoff (1992) points to the level of completeness as a quality characteristic of Disclosure Level disclosure, while Singhvi and Desai (1971) refer to In deciding what information to report, a common practice is to completeness, accuracy (Accuracy) and reliability as quality provide information that is sufficient to influence user judgment characteristics of disclosure. The empirical indicator of the and decisions. This principle, often called full disclosure, quality of the expression is a disclosure index which is the acknowledges that the nature and amount of information ratio (ratio) between the number of elements (items) of included in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Voluntary Disclosure and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Brazilian Capital Market*
    ISSN 1808-057X DOI: 10.1590/1808-057x201703360 Voluntary disclosure and earnings management: evidence from the Brazilian capital market* Silvia Consoni Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Romualdo Douglas Colauto Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de Lima Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Departamento de Contabilidade e Atuária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Received on 03.09.2016 – Desk acceptance on 03.21.2016 – 2nd version approved on 01.05.2017 ABSTRACT This study examines the association between the voluntary disclosure of economic and financial information and earnings management. The outlined arguments on the subject are based on the assumption that consistent voluntary disclosure policies may reduce earnings management. The analysis is conducted on a random sample of 66 non-financial Brazilian listed companies in the 2005-2012 period. To measure voluntary disclosure, the index proposed by Consoni and Colauto (2016) is used. As a proxy for earnings management, discretionary accruals (DA) are estimated based on the model by Dechow, Sloan, and Sweeney (1995). The relationship between these measurements is analyzed using a model of simultaneous equations and by the random effects regression method with panel data. A significant negative relationship was expected a priori; however, the main result of the study indicates that voluntary disclosure and earnings management are not simultaneously determined or associated. Although the results obtained contradict certain theoretical assumptions, there are alternative explanations for this finding. The empirical set of evidence in this research, in addition to those in previous studies, should be interpreted with caution because there is no consensus on the measures for voluntary disclosure and earnings management.
    [Show full text]
  • Pros and Cons of Voluntarily Disclosing Past Wrongs | Tax Executive
    This article was previously published in the February 2018 issue of Tax Executive and is reprinted with permission from the Tax Executives Institute Inc. Pros and Cons of Voluntarily Disclosing Past Wrongs To disclose or not to disclose, that is the question by George Abney, Wendy Abkin, and Caroline Ciraolo February 1, 2018 (http://taxexecutive.org/pros-and-cons-of-voluntarily-disclosing-past-wrongs/) Hamlet’s thoughts weighed heavily upon him. Should he suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or take arms against a sea of troubles? For the young Prince of Denmark seeking to avenge his father’s death, the choice was action or inaction, and ultimately life or death. Fortunately, most tax problems do not have such grave outcomes. Seemingly inconsequential tax errors can, however, lead to severe financial consequences. And, remote as it may seem, the prospect of imprisonment for tax crimes cannot be overlooked. When a past wrong is discovered, what should you do? Taking action—voluntarily disclosing the problem to the taxing authorities—can limit your direct monetary exposure for the specific problem but may have significant collateral consequences. Inaction—sweeping the problem under the rug and hoping for the best—may heighten your exposure if the taxing authorities ever catch on. In deciding whether to disclose a potential tax problem, you must fully consider multiple issues. This article identifies and explores those issues and provides practical insights for those who may one day face the momentous question of whether to disclose or not to disclose. Something Is Rotten in the State of Bank Secrecy The era of bank secrecy is over.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Audits: Navigating E-Disclosure, Privilege, Exceptions
    Presenting a live 90-minute webinar with interactive Q&A Environmental Audits: Navigating E-Disclosure, Privilege, Exceptions, Voluntary Disclosure and Other Issues Ensuring Compliance with Environmental Laws, Responding When Violations Are Discovered TUESDAY, JULY 7, 2015 1pm Eastern | 12pm Central | 11am Mountain | 10am Pacific Today’s faculty features: Joseph P. Koncelik, Counsel, Tucker Ellis, Cleveland Gregory F. Linsin, Partner, Blank Rome, Washington, D.C. Thomas J. P. McHenry, Partner, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher, Los Angeles The audio portion of the conference may be accessed via the telephone or by using your computer's speakers. Please refer to the instructions emailed to registrants for additional information. If you have any questions, please contact Customer Service at 1-800-926-7926 ext. 10. Tips for Optimal Quality FOR LIVE EVENT ONLY Sound Quality If you are listening via your computer speakers, please note that the quality of your sound will vary depending on the speed and quality of your internet connection. If the sound quality is not satisfactory, you may listen via the phone: dial 1-866-755-4350 and enter your PIN when prompted. Otherwise, please send us a chat or e-mail [email protected] immediately so we can address the problem. If you dialed in and have any difficulties during the call, press *0 for assistance. Viewing Quality To maximize your screen, press the F11 key on your keyboard. To exit full screen, press the F11 key again. Continuing Education Credits FOR LIVE EVENT ONLY In order for us to process your continuing education credit, you must confirm your participation in this webinar by completing and submitting the Attendance Affirmation/Evaluation after the webinar.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extent of Voluntary Disclosure Before and After IFRS Convergence in Indonesia
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (AEBMR), volume 92 3rd International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics 2018 (ICAME 2018) The Extent of Voluntary Disclosure Before and After IFRS Convergence in Indonesia A. Totok Budisantoso1 and Maria Eliza Suryanto2 1Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] 2Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University, Indonesia Abstract: This research aims to prove empirical result whether there is a significant increase on the extent of voluntary disclosure after the IFRS convergence in Indonesia. Utilizing the manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) as the samples, this research selects two years before the IFRS convergence and two years after the IFRS convergence in Indonesia. Voluntary disclosure index is used to develop the score of the voluntary disclosure for each company. The index of voluntary disclosure was taken from Botosan (1997) and Meek (1995). The results show that there is a significant increase in the extent of voluntary disclosure after the IFRS convergence in Indonesia. This finding implies that companies may be motivated to provide more voluntary disclosures with the objective of finding the necessary funds on better terms and carrying out effectively their expansion plan. It provides signals of lower earnings management and would subsequently reduce information uncertainty and satisfy investors’ information needs. Keywords: International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) Convergence, Voluntary Disclosure Introduction Investors, as one of the company’s sources of fund, reserve the right to get all information related to the condition of the company especially the company’s financial condition. The obtained information can be the consideration for them whether to invest their money, to continue investing on the company, or to pull back their money from the company.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Tax Enforcement, Voluntary Disclosure, and Undeclared Foreign Accounts
    Offshore Tax Enforcement, Voluntary Disclosure, And Undeclared Foreign Accounts Scott D. Michel A. Introduction 1. For the past several years the worldwide business press has been full of stories about potentially thousands of U.S. taxpayers who may have undeclared accounts all over the world. Through a variety of mechanisms, the U.S. government has obtained information about American account holders and their assets from juris- dictions previously thought nearly impenetrable. Many developments are public; others are occurring in quiet conference rooms in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere Scott D. Michel and may never become fully known to the public. is a member of Caplin & Drysdale, has been with the firm since 1981, and currently serves as the firm’s president. He is internationally recognized 2. Recent developments portend the gradual erosion of for his experience in handling matters arising the traditional concept of bank secrecy and increased from the U.S. government’s recent crackdown on transparency among nations regarding financial infor- foreign accounts, including criminal tax investi- gations, civil audits, and voluntary disclosures. He mation. In large part, a consensus has emerged that dis- can be reached at [email protected]. closure of heretofore secret bank data is now routinely warranted not just to protect against more heinous crimes, such as terrorism, narcotics, money laundering, and financial fraud, but more simply to promote the tax and fiscal interests of a given nation. 3. This article discusses methods of enforcement, incen- tives, and deterrence being used by the U.S. govern- ment to bring U.S. taxpayers into compliance, to pros- ecute alleged wrongdoers located both in and outside the United States, and to penetrate long-standing protections for bank information maintained in many countries outside the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandatory Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*
    Mandatory Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption* Karthik Balakrishnan [email protected] The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Xi Li [email protected] Fox School of Business Temple University Holly Yang [email protected] The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Current Draft: September, 2012 * We thank helpful discussions with Lakshmanan Shivakumar and Henock Louis. We also thank research assistance from Han-Up Park. Yang gratefully acknowledges funding from the Global Initiatives Fund at Wharton. Mandatory Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption Abstract Using the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as an exogenous improvement to mandatory financial reporting, we document evidence supporting a complementary effect between mandatory and voluntary disclosures. We find that firms in countries that adopted IFRS in 2005 experience an increase in both the likelihood and frequency of management earnings forecasts relative to firms in countries that did not mandate IFRS. We also find that the increase in management forecasts is higher in countries where prior local GAAP are more different from IFRS or legal enforcement is stronger. Consistent with the confirmatory role of mandatory reporting, we also find that the increase in management forecasts following IFRS adoption is significantly mitigated for firms in financial industries, whose financial statements are less verifiable due to fair value estimates. Last, we find that the liquidity effect of IFRS is much larger when firms issue more management forecasts, suggesting that voluntary disclosure is an indirect mechanism through which IFRS brings benefits to capital markets. Keywords: Mandatory disclosure, Voluntary disclosure, Management forecasts, Liquidity, Fair value accounting 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring the Voluntary Disclosure of Information in Romanian Context
    Accounting and Management Information Systems Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 190 - 215, 2009 MEASURING THE VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION IN ROMANIAN CONTEXT Cosmina M ădălina POP, Victoria BOGDAN 1 and Dorina Nicoleta POPA University of Oradea, Romania ABSTRACT Several recently wrote studies have confirmed that voluntary disclosure of financial and non-financial information can reduce information asymmetry between managers and shareholder’s, can reduce also, the cost of capital and can satisfy the needs of modern stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the level of voluntary information disclosure and what information are voluntarily disclosed through annual reports by the sampled Romanian listed companies, and to analyze and measure the impact of several factors associated with voluntary disclosure. Using annual reports from 2005- 2007 for the non-financial companies listed on BSE, we test several hypotheses taken into account the sample companies. After the descriptive analysis, we performed a multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that profitability, auditor type, IAS/IFRS regulations, bank debt and private ownership structure positively affects the extent of voluntary disclosure choices of sampled Romanian listed companies. We found also, that the level of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports is still low. We can explain this low level of voluntary disclosure to the functioning and development of the Bucharest Stock Exchange and to the fact that BSE is a relatively new stock exchange. The major findings of our study, concerning the voluntary disclosure level of Romanian listed companies and the measurement of the impact of the above mentioned variables on voluntary disclosure, suggest that, 1 Corresponding author: Victoria BOGDAN; e-mail address: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Capital Structure, Cost of Capital, and Voluntary Disclosures*
    Capital Structure, Cost of Capital, and Voluntary Disclosures Jeremy Bertomeu,Anne Beyer, and Ronald Dye Stanford University, Northwestern University October 2009 Abstract This paper develops a model of external …nancing that jointly determines a …rm’scapital structure, its voluntary disclosure policy, and its cost of capital. We study a setting in which investors –who provide …nancing to a …rm in exchange for securities issued by the …rm –sometimes incur trading losses when they subsequently trade their securities with a superiorly informed trader. Both the …rm’s disclosure policy and the structure of the …rm’ssecurities determine the informational advantage of the superiorly informed trader which in turn determines both the size of investors’trading losses and the …rm’scost of capital. In this setting, among other things, we establish: there is a hierarchy of optimal securities that varies with the volatility of the …rm’s cash ‡ows, that an increase in the volatility of the …rm’s cash ‡ows is associated with: an increase in the amount of debt in the …rm’s capital structure; a reduction in the …rm’svoluntary disclosures; and an increase in the …rm’scost of capital. The model predicts a negative association between …rms’cost of capital and the extent of information they disclose voluntarily. This negative association does not imply, however, that more expansive voluntary disclosure causes …rms’cost of capital to decline. The paper also documents how imposing mandatory disclosure requirements can alter …rms’voluntary disclosure decisions, their capital structure choices, and their cost of capital. We appreciate the helpful comments of the participants at the CMU Accounting Mini-Conference and the Sixth Accounting Research Workshop at the University of Bern, Ilan Guttman, Paul Newman and two anonymous referees.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Voluntary Disclosure Procedures
    Updated Voluntary##FBA Disclosure Procedures Is this the Correct Path for Your Noncompliant Client? Speakers John V. Cardone, Director, Withholding & International Individual Compliance, Large Business and International Division, Internal Revenue Service Caroline D. Ciraolo, Partner, Kostelanetz & Fink, LLP Jenny L. Johnson Ware, Partner, Johnson Moore LLC Charles Pillitteri, Deputy Division Counsel, Small Business / Self-Employed, Office of Chief Counsel, Internal Revenue Service The views expressed by the speakers do not necessarily reflect the views of the IRS or the Office of Chief Counsel. These slides are designed as shorthand aids to a panel presentation and are not to be used or cited as precedent. Objectives • History of Voluntary Disclosure Practice • New Guidance Issued November 20, 2018 • Benefits and Burdens of Proceeding under New Framework • Alternatives for Noncompliant Taxpayers History of Voluntary Disclosure Practice History of Voluntary Disclosure Practice Long before offshore financial accounts became an enforcement target for IRS and DOJ, both IRS and DOJ observed voluntary disclosure practices. • IRS practice to consider truthful, timely and complete disclosure of noncompliance as a factor in deciding whether to refer for prosecution. • DOJ policy that if putative defendant complied in all respects with IRS voluntary disclosure practice, Tax Division may consider that factor in its exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Neither created substantive or procedural rights, but, as a practical matter, truthful, timely
    [Show full text]
  • “The Extent of Voluntary Disclosure in the Annual Reports of Islamic Banks: Empirical Evidence from Yemen”
    “The extent of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of Islamic banks: empirical evidence from Yemen” Eissa A. Al-Homaidi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-8276 https://publons.com/researcher/3578411/eissa-a-al-homaidi/ AUTHORS Karrar Khalaf Allamy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4139-9145 Anwar Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-4064 Mosab I. Tabash https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-7224 Eissa A. Al-Homaidi, Karrar Khalaf Allamy, Anwar Ahmad and Mosab I. Tabash ARTICLE INFO (2020). The extent of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of Islamic banks: empirical evidence from Yemen. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(1), 167-184. doi:10.21511/bbs.15(1).2020.16 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(1).2020.16 RELEASED ON Thursday, 26 March 2020 RECEIVED ON Wednesday, 25 December 2019 ACCEPTED ON Monday, 16 March 2020 LICENSE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License JOURNAL "Banks and Bank Systems" ISSN PRINT 1816-7403 ISSN ONLINE 1991-7074 PUBLISHER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” FOUNDER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 58 1 7 © The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article. businessperspectives.org Banks and Bank Systems, Volume 15, Issue 1, 2020 Eissa A. Al-Homaidi (India), Mosab I. Tabash (UAE), Karrar Khalaf Allamy (India), Anwar Ahmad (India) The extent of voluntary BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES disclosure in the annual LLC “СPС “Business Perspectives” Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, Sumy, 40022, Ukraine reports of Islamic banks: www.businessperspectives.org empirical evidence from Yemen Abstract This article aims to measure the level of voluntary disclosure in the published annual reports of Yemeni Islamic banks.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Reidenbach, Assistant Professor of Accounting
    September 8, 2015 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 100 F Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 20549-1090 Re: File Number S7-13-15 I appreciate the opportunity to provide feedback regarding the concept release on Possible Revisions to Audit Committee Reporting. Overall, the academic literature has described a significant enhancement in the qualifications and time spent by audit committees1. However, there has been minimal research in recent years related to increased voluntary disclosure in the audit committee report following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act2. As an academic who has done some research in this area of determinants of audit committee reporting, I’ve focused my comments into two primary categories: voluntary disclosure policies, the format or location of proposed disclosure, and the increase in disclosures by the audit committee. Voluntary Disclosure Policies From my experience analyzing data during my dissertation, companies’ audit committee reports did not significantly change over time in the post-Sarbanes Oxley Act period3. In other words, most companies committed to a particular voluntary disclosure level upon being named as the audit committee chair. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible for individuals outside the company to disentangle whether voluntary disclosure is truly a signal of the chosen effort level (in conjunction with the number of meetings and verifiable human capital characteristics like financial expertise) or is merely “cheap talk”4. My primary concern is that mandating additional disclosures could dampen the ability of the audit committee to signal its “type” through voluntary disclosure. However, as noted in Section IV.B of the concept release, many key pieces of information related to oversight of the external auditor are not disclosed by S&P 1500 companies.
    [Show full text]
  • CASE MIS Number: RP-167725-02
    Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous Offshore Voluntary Compliance Initiative Rev. Proc. 2003-11 SECTION 1. PURPOSE .01 This revenue procedure describes the Internal Revenue Service’s Offshore Voluntary Compliance Initiative for taxpayers that have underreported their United States income tax liability through financial arrangements that in any manner rely on the use of offshore payment cards (including credit, debit, or charge cards) issued by banks in foreign jurisdictions or offshore financial arrangements (including arrangements with foreign banks, financial institutions, corporations, partnerships, trusts, or other entities). This revenue procedure applies to tax years ending after December 31, 1998, and to tax years ending before that date to the extent provided in section 8 of this revenue procedure. .02 The Service has determined that some taxpayers have used offshore payment cards or offshore financial arrangements to avoid United States income taxes. The Offshore Voluntary Compliance Initiative described in this revenue procedure affords taxpayers that have used these devices an opportunity to avoid certain penalties that would otherwise apply. SECTION 2. SCOPE OF THE OFFSHORE VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE INITIATIVE .01 With respect to unreported income or false deductions associated with the use of offshore payment cards or offshore financial arrangements, the Service: (1) will not impose the civil fraud penalty under section 6663, the fraudulent failure to file penalty under section 6651(f), and information return civil penalties for failure to comply with sections 6035, 6038, 6038A, 6038B, 6038C, 6039F, 6046, 6046A, and 6048; and (2) will, in appropriate circumstances, impose the delinquency penalty under section 6651, the accuracy–related penalty under section 6662, or both penalties against taxpayers that participate in the Offshore Voluntary Compliance Initiative.
    [Show full text]