MISSISSIPPI CHALLENGE OCT

1965 VOL 1 KILLED 228 -143 NO. 10 MOVEMENT Published by On September 17, 1965 the challenge to unseat the white The Student Nonviolent Coord inating ,Committee of Ca Iifornia Congressmen from Mississippi was dismissed from the House' of Representatives, by a vote of 228 to 143. The motion for dismissal, coming from the Chairman of the House Elections Subcommittee, did not mention any of the real issues of the Challenge. Instead the motion called for dismissal on "technical" grounds. The Mississippi Coqgressmen had valid certificates ofelec­ tion on file in the office of the Clerk of STRIKE IN THE GRAPES! 'the House; they had taken the oath of DELANO, CALIFORNIA - The cry in the office administered by the Speaker of the San Joaquin Valley north of Bakersfield, in House. the grape fiels now at the peak of harvest Moreover, as the official report for dis­ time, is Huelgal Huelgal It means Strikel missal complained, "The fact is that the in Spanish and is the cry of the roving contestants did not avail themselves of the picket lines of the independent National proper legal steps to challenge their al­ Farm Workers Association (FWA) and the leged exclusions from the registration books Agricultural Workers Organizing Com­ and ballots prior to election, nor did they mittee, AFL-CIO (AWOC). even attempt to challenge the issuance of According to one source it is the largest the Governor's certificate of election, in strike of agricultural workers in the Valley Federal District Court, after the election since the Modesto cotton strike of 1938. was held." For the growers it is a foreboding display of unity between the two organizations, Dodged the Issue which have not cooperated in this way before. The Minority Report of the Elections On Sunday, September 26, nearly 1000 subcommittee recommended that the Chal­ farm workers marched in Delano. Gather­ lenge be sent back to the subcommittee ing in a park before the march, the child­ for more open hearings. As Congressman ren ran races and broke pinatas filled with Hawkins from California said, "Mr. Speak­ candy; Then the farm workers and their er, the committee majority found that the families marched through the residential primary question for them to consider section of Delano, carrying signs announc­ was, "Was there an election?" and it ing the strike and shouting Huelgal and found out that there was...... Of course Viva la Causal there was. No one has denied that. But Workers are asking $1.40 an hour plus the iss u e raised by this challenge is 25¢ a box. Before the strike began, the whether there was a valid, constitutional growers were paying $I.l5 and $I.l0 plus election and whether qualified citizens could 1O¢ a box. As more and more localworkers avail themselves of the electoral and poli­ have left thefields, thegrowers have boosted tical processes of the' state in which they wages slightly in an attempt to recruite live...... that is the question which the com­ strikebreakers from outside the area. mittee should more thoroughly consider:' The growers have also moved into the Lawrence Guyot, Chairman of the Miss­ courts to obtain temporary res t r a i n i n g issippi Freedom Democratic Party, com­ orders against "mass" picketing. One ord­ mented, "It was shocking to us that the er, issued at the Lucas ranch, limits pickets vote taken...had little to do with the major to five and prohibits shouting. It is imposs­ issue we raised - did the state-endorsed ibe for picketers to talk to scabs in the disenfranchisement of more than 90% of the field without shouting. Negroes in Mississippi render the Con­ In 'the face of severe pressures (for the gressional elections illegal? Was the Con­ story about harassment by police and grow­ gress of the United States going to allow ers see page 5), the strikers have stood to sit among them men elected by a system firm. Each morning at 4 a.m. crews of of murder, terror and economic slavery? pickets move out to find which fields Rather than face those questions, Congress CONTINUED PAGE 4 A PROUD STRIKER waits as grower's tractor driver comes around to lay down another boiling cloud of dust. Note thick layer of dust on back of car. Huelga means strike. CONTINUED ON PAGE 2 Carroll County, Mississippi niT HAS AKLU KLUX KLAN, ASHERIFF, AND AMFDP"

Carroll County, Mississippi is a bleak the boycott had failed, someone suggested rights workers around as they canvass, and FBI was snotty and did nothing. When 60 district in ~he South. It has: that the only way to close down the schools has been getting bolder and bolder. His of us marched to end the split session, the No industry was to stop the buses, to block them with intimidation has kept many potential Ne­ FBI man was there for 5 minutes and then No libraries their bodies. The idea spread quickly: the gro ,voters from the polls. took off. They were completely worthless:' No movie theaters buses would not run on Monday. The night before Larry Gamble left to No hospitals. Monday morning attempts were made to return to California the FDP office was The Challenge It is the 14th poorest county in the block the school buses. At Black Hawk burned to the ground. All the registration nation. None of its schools, white or black, school, Mrs. Blackmon's 8 year old sonwas rolls, the records, were lost. Larry feels that state-wide coordination are accredited. What does it have? In the among them. As the Sheriff and his deputies "Most of the rednecks are cowards," of the FDP is very weak. Where there are words of one SNCC volunteer, Larry Gam­ began to clear them away, one of the says Larry, "but there are some - like two offices, one for COFO 'and one for the ble of Stockton, "it has cotton, a sheriff, deputies slapped the child. Mrs. Blackmon the ex-sheriff - who if they decide to MFDP, decision-making gets mixed up a Klan, and a FreedomDemocratic Party:' grappled with the deputy and was thrown kill you will do it in broad daylight and and there is considerable confusion. SNCC , Out of this has come one of the best to the ground by tWo men and choked. She looking straight at you. And they'll know has taken steps to remedy this. Seven or organized MFDP counties in Mississippi. was arrested and released on $1000 bond. they're doing it for Christ and Chris­ . eight of the old SNCC staff members, jesse The local people, tired of a split school The doctor's examination showed her dan Civilization." Harris, among them, have formed what is sessibn, split so that their children could shoulder had been damaged. called "The Team:' They travel from go pick the white man's cotton, took to the But children at the Black Hawk school No Luck With Poor Whites project to project in the state trying to co­ streets and endecht. were walking out again. Monday afternoon a ordinate and carry information from one The drive was begun by Mrs. Leola county-wide meeting was held and a march Some attempts were made to organize to the other. Blackmon', whose 8 year old son attends on the Negro school in Carrolton planned. in the poor white community. It was almost The challenge of the MFDP failed to the Black Hawk school in Carroll County. They decided to try to block the buses impossible for an integrated group to do capture the active attention of the FDP She raised the question in an MFDP meet­ again on Tuesday morning. this. Though the ythites are making the members in. Carroll County, who were ing. The local people decided to take ac­ There was no need to block the buses the same wages as the Negroes - in some more interested in such local issues as the tion, at first with a petition. They got next day. The Superintendent had closedthe places as low now as $1.75 a day - they split session ai'd integrating the schools. 230 sigpatures on the petition, but the schools. The split session was ended. just won't work with Negroes. They believe Before the office burned down, about 20 school superintendant refused to halt the everything they have been taught. local people were planning to travel to split session. The Gees A typical poor white community in Car­ Washington to lobby, but funds were then roll County is "Little Texas:' DUring the diverted to pay for a new office. School Boycott The whole county used to be owned by the Depression, the whites lynched, burned, . The staff felt it was necessary to develop Gee family, who still own most of the and ran out the Negroes who owned the consciousness in the local people of state The parents then decided' to boycott the sharecroppers land and the banking in­ land in this section. They wanted their and federal laws that affected them, as schools at the beginning of the Summer terests. The Sheriff is the owner power own territory and they got it. Larry was well as working on local issues. One such session. The first week of the boycott figure, with large landholdings in nearby run out of Little Texas when he was law, passed at the same time the Miss­ most of the children stayed out of school, Leflore County. recognized as an MFDP worker. issippi legislature was "liberalizing" their but the schools remained open. Parents The son, Clint Gee, dropped out of col­ Was the FBI of any help to the civil voting laws, reqUired children not living with were afraid their children would be flunked, lege recently and leased a service sta­ rights worke~s? None. "When the office their parents to pay a prohibitive fee in order or they would be fined, or their welfare tion. His favorite pastime is driving his was burned, they did nothing. When the ex to attend school. This hit the Negro com­ checks would be cut off. Children began 1965 Ford Mustang, which prominently dis­ munity severely; many parents have left to filter back into the summer session. plays a pistol on the dashboard and a rifle Sheriff came into the MFDP office drunk, their children with relatives while they At a discussion at jeff's Chapel on why wi~h scope in the back. He follows civil and threatened to kill the workers, the seek work outside the county. Some Very Personal Notes On The Washington D.C. Challenge I sat and watched while the Congress of ed around the Con2:resswomen and other the United States of America voted to leaders. 1 listened while Mrs. Hamer got dismiss the Challenge. I watched as the up, tears in her eyes, spoke. While Mrs. numbers grew higher. Then I got sick and Grey, Mrs. Walker and others stood up. had to leave. all with tears in their eyes. I knew before I got to D.C. what would But I could not look at them. I could happen. But seeing the Congress of these not take my eyes off a young Mississippi United States play their politicalgames with woman sitting with her baby in her lap. no thought or care for the life of a black I stood, watching the baby and listening to Mississippian, it sickened me. the words of sorrow. I left the Capitol building and went to Finally I turned to face, to stare at where the silent watchers were waiting. I the great white Capitol building. reported that Congress was in the process As I watched, I saw a big red-faced of dismissing the Challenge. man standing on the steps to the Capitol. An awful dead feeling of complete des­ He was making funny gestures at us, wav­ pair, filled the air. ing and laughing. I started to walk through One of the girls, about 20, got hysterical. the crowd towards the steps. Before I She screamed and cried, shook and wept. could get there, some of mYfriends stopped 1 tried to comfort her. She cried and wailed, me. They held me gently by the arms and "how can'they do this to us?" let me watch the red-faced man. They The chief police officer came over and knew me too well to let me go. asked me if he could do anything. I told Finally the man went back in the Capitol. him what he could do with his stick, his Finally our speakers got done speaking. club, l told him what he could do with his Finally our people went home. Finally I 70 to 80 armed Boy Scouts that he needed was left alone, watching the Capitol. for the silent Mississippi watchers who I watched the Capitol for a while longer, were trying to he the cOl}science of the until the stench rose in my nostrils from Congress. I told him what he could tell Capitol Hill. It rose like the smell of the congressmen who could make a decision dead fish laying in the hot sun for ten that could do this to this girl.' And 1 told days. When I could not Stand the smell him to leave us alone, we could take care any longer I left. of our own. I left the Hill and returned to my red­ A car drove up and took the girl away eyed people, returned to the church and the to the church to rest. people to whom love is enough of a reason 1 looked around and saw I was not the for any action. only one crying. "Who killed the Challenge?" Then the voting was over. People gather- By Lou King "I," said the President.

MISSISSIPPI CHALLENGE KILLED CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE found that we, the Negro citizens of Miss­ Mississippi, five of which were assigned eral government. One person who worked "it adds up to a conspiracy to tryto dump issippi, did not have the legal authority in the last week, of September. The MFDP on the Challenge for many months put it the Challenge." to bring these questions to the floor." is calling for registrars in everyone of the this way, "The Congressmen have their There were some Congressmenwho chose 82 counties of Mississippi. own private club, they served on committees to respond to their constituents, and not Who Killed it? Without federal registrars Negroes can­ together, they'owe each other favors. If a Establishment pressure. Gubser, from the The question of why the 'Challenge we not be registered. And even if the Voter Congressman fJ::.om the San)oaquin Valley 10th Congressional District of California lost and indeed not even debated in the Registration Act is en.forced, it will not' is concerned with cotton farms in his area, changed his vote on the Challenge in re­ house is not difficult to answer. Those who bring jobs to those fired for registering; and he sits on a committee with a Miss­ sponse to enormous public pressure. He worked closely on the Challenge feel that it will not stop the terror and fear of issippi Congressman, he is going to worry stated, on the floor of the House, ..I be­ the major force behind the gagging of reprisals in Mississippi. about that man's vote on agricultural bills lieve I am correct in saying that no other debate was the President, Lyndon Baines and not want to get in bad with him." Congressional district outside the State Johnson, Johnson exerted pressure on all MFDP W.ill Continue "The clique of law makers have loyalties of Mississippi is so intensely interested in the Congressmen to drop the issue, claim­ to their colleagues which makes their re­ matter as my own.;....more than 2,000 ing that the voting Rights bill would take "Our challenge to illegal representation lationship to their constituency secondary. miles away from the state of Mississippi care of the problem in the future, Many is not ended. We will work for implemen­ The problem is how can we exert enough ••••Signed petitions, with hundreds of names, Congressmen used the Voting Rights Bill tation of the voting rights act; we will pressure on the politicians so that they urging my support of the Challenge, have as an excuse not to take a stand on the run mass registration campaigns, and we listen to the people who elect them, and been sent to my office. The city council -Challenge, will run candidates against all five con­ not the congressional in-crowd." of my largest city passed a resolution with They claimed that discrimmanon m t:lt:C­ gressmen and Senator Eastland in the 1966 The "in-crowd" worked hard to see that a unanimous vote urging my support of the tions would be solved by the registration elections." the Challenge would not be debated on the move to unseat Mississippi's Congress­ of Negro voter.s. The MFDP disagrees. The Challenge, even though 'lost, had floor. It is generally agreed that McCor­ men." There are only nine federal registrars in positive results. The denial of civil rights mack, Speaker of the House, was respon­ ~ 7 As Gubser changed his potition, because fn Mississippi was publicized throughout the sible for the delay in printing the deposi­ of the public pressure, so may other country. Thousands of people in Northern tions of the Mississippians who were re­ Congressmen in the years to come. The WE NEED VOLUNTEERS California alone signed petitions urging the fused the right to vote. The clerk who MFDP is going back to Mississippi to re­ The SNCC Regional Office in San Fran­ unseating of the white delegation. stalled' on the printing was simply an build itself. The Challenge is not lost, cisco needs office personnel. If you can The Challenge also exposed the problems employee of the House, not a policy maker. only extended. offer your services, please call 62,f}-4577. the movement faces in confronting the fed- As one Challenge worker in Californiaput it,

FOR 200 YEARS WE'VE BEEN WORKING FOR NOTHING for that many people." Mississippi Freedom Labor Union When MFLU members discussed the "Everybody should be on strike because chicken is, you can't eat it but once a week fall strike at their September statewide you are not getting anything for your work. on Sunday. Wake up and think. We as meeting, they talked about ways to strength­ Why work and be hungry when you can gain Negroes want to be equal and get high en the union. the union some support? All the people that wages. For over two hundred years w,e have A woman from Leflore County said their have children really should be on strike, been working for nothing. Please join the local members wouldn't agree to strike, as well as the parents. "''by make your union, because if you are not in a union, because "the people don't want to suffer." child work for low wages when all of your you just aren't anywhere..." A Shaw County woman said, "We've suf­ life you have been working for nothing? From a leaflet published by the Missis­ fered, but we understand you can't get Why buy the white- man steak when you sippi Freedom Labor Union everything you want. We must keep on can't hardly eat neckbones? As cheap as The first strike, held last spring by the working and striking." People from Shelby and Sunflower Coun­ ties said they couldn't join the strike, be­ e a use their membership wasn't large STRIKE CITY in Trippet enough. Mississippi Freedom Labor Union (l'vIFLU) A man from Tribbett County said, "What was not successful, state chairman George is' the number needed to strike? For every­ Shelton said, because too many people one that walks off the plantation not to go "were scared they were going to lose a back, that hurts the white man." lot, because they were not getting sup­ To raise money for the strike, MFLU port" and because many plantation workers members are writing letters, touring Nor­ W'2re not contacted. thern cities and setting up sewing and lea­ "Now we have about six counties and ther cooperatives. two or three hundred people on strike," Some members from McComb County Shelton said. "We don't have enough mon­ want to set up a cooperative gas station ey to send out newsletters so that one and use profits from it to run a chicken place will know what's going on in other farm. A group of 100 union members is places, but people are still Willing to going to Washington to lobby for a mini­ strike, even if it calls for suffering." mum wage bill and to ask the Department However, he said, "If we don't have of Agriculture to issue surplus food to a car in some of these places, it will strikers. be just as it was before in the spring A Freedom Labor Union recently started strike -- a lot of people on the plan­ in Tennessee, which has over 100 members, tations will be missed. We will also have including tractor drivers, also in planning to have a fair amount of food and clothing a fall strike. 3 The'Riot Moves to the Courts SPECIAL TO THE MOVEMENT BY A LOS ANGELES CORRESPONDENT R_IGHTS OF CITIZENS OVERLOOKED BY JUDGES, PUBLIC DEFENDERS LOS ANGELES -- lf the Watts insurrection rights organizations, desperately.or wist­ perior Court of the constitutional right all, each one was a minor victory• proved anything, it is that justice for the .fully seeking help. Partly out of sympathy to bail (in the heat of the riot, the dis­ In contrast, the puhlic defender was busy poor is measured in small, very small for the rioters' grievances if not their trict attorney had urged that rioters be making deals with the district attorney -­ doles. method of protest, and partly out of a sense held without bail ). Bail was set. "plead guilty on COUlllS one and three: Once the fires were out, the broken of duty to the courts, some 150 attorneys Then four men -- Wirin and Gorenfeld and the D.A. will dismiss COUDlS two glass swept from the sidewalks and the volunteered to serve on a defense panel of the ACLU, Arnett Hartsfield of UCRC, and four and you'll get off with a fine:' ghetto settled into a wary truce, approxi­ set up by the American Civil Liberties and Stanley Malone of the Langston Law The "amateur" criminal lawyers were mately 4100 people were in jail, charged Union and .the United Civil Rights Com­ Club -- argued in chambers and in court helped by the fact th;lt In many cases, with everything from burglary (looting1 mittee. for bail reductions in felony cases. perhaps hundreds, the police bad made to plain drunk. . . At last count, more than 706 indigents In most cases, bail was reduced from bad arrests, and kllew it. But rather than The law came down, hard, on the ar'­ had requested ACLU-UCRC attorneys, and an astronomical- $5000 t.o the more simply release the prisoners, die police rested rioters. they were parcelled out to some 85. Most manageable $500 and $1000. This is not tried to bluff their way through arraign­ Approximately half of the arrestees ob­ of the 85 were younger men, with little to say that the bail reduction sprung every­ ments and preliminaries. tained private counsel, if they could afford experience in criminal law, recruited from one; for many, the cash premium of 10 judges helped the police all 100 often. it, or if they could pay $10 down and $10 the ranks of the ACLU Lawyer's Division. percent to the bondsman was impossible Since they are no more than manal men, week after week. The other half were in­ Experienced in business law, tax law, to raise, no matter what' the bail. But their anger at the six days cl auardry was ~ digents, forced to turn to the public de­ personal injury and probate, they appeared it did give more people a chance for reflected in their decisions. Still. as calm fender's office or somehow find volunteer for clients unlike any they had ever before their freedom. returned to the city and to die courts, ! counsel. defended. A few people,. with no prior convictions, and as the overwhelming caJrudar load t Those who had no prior experience with and with overwhelming responsibilities at eased, judges began to' pay more atteution I the courts put their· faith in God and their Held Without Bail home, were released on their own recog­ to the niceties of 'the law. As die riot ~ lives in the hands of the public defenders. First, ACLU chief counsel A.L. Wirin nizance. The number was small, but con-. faded from pressingmemorymoreandmore \ About half of the indi ents called the civil r -reminded the presiding judge of the Su- sidering th~ original.stance of no bail at •people were being dismissed by die courts. j Nonetheless, innocent people wbo bad the ~ misfortune of being arraigned just after l I the riot now must stand trial. die victims of assembly-line justice. I The Municipal Courts, ramrodded by a city attorney just a shade to the left of William Howard Taft, were ferocious in their handling of misdemeanor cases. judges would hear nothing about bail re­ ductions, leaving stand the irony of bail being higher ($1500) in misdemeanor than in felonies. In the Municipal Courts, justice was a summary thing. With the city's public defender working hand-in-gJove with the city attorney, guilty plea followed guilty plea. Assured of leniency -- maybe a fine or short sentence, weary of serv.ing "dead time" (time served before trial which usually is not counted in the seutence). CONFLICT IN burdened with responsibilities at home -­ Courts Twist Laws In Effort defendents pleaded guilty ofmisdemeanors. Most of those who pleadedguiltyprobably lEGISlAlURE did. so because they were. (After all, not SACRAMENTO - Watts as an historical To Keep VVatts -Defendents everyone arrested was ~nt of event is over. But Watts as a political the ,charges.) But more than a few might .event is just beginning. Any resemblance have beaten the charges if they bad been, between the two is (as they say in the From Receiving Counsel adequately defended• . movies) strictly coincidental. For poltiics For example, MarqueneandRonaldFrye, has its own purpose. It imposes its own A big problem was that of supplying counsel for the defendents, most of whom could whose arrest triggered the six~y insur­ standards of judgment on historicalevents. not afford private counsel. The Public Defender's Office was not able to handle the rection, pleaded guilty to drunk driving Consider these responses of state legis­ large number of cases. and resisting arrest. When provided with lators. An Assemblyman testified that Watts State law provides that if the Public Defender refuses to supply counsel, the court counsel -- Wirin and Malone - and some means we need medical care for the aged. must supply other counsel, with compensation. The court then ruled that inability investigators, they changed their plea and For him Watts is a symbol of the ills to provide counsel did not constitute refusal, and thus the court refused to supply the now face a jury triaL._ of society and a chance to get a little defendents with lawyers. The attorneys responded to this by attempting to advise all Hundreds of others will not be so for­ more political mileage for his pending defendents to ask for jury trials, tying up the courts. tunate. There are not enough volunteer medicare bill. The court prevented this by refusing to allow the attorneys to s~e the defendents. attorneys, the courts are working' Then there is the Senate Interim Com- . The only way for an attorney to see an individual defendent was to claim to be his desperately to clear their calendars, the mittee on Transportation: It rushed to Los lawyer. lf he did this, he waived his right to be a court-appointed counsel, thus thwart­ undermanned public defender's office must Angeles to hold hearings to vindicate the ing the purpose of attorneys. fn the felony cases still pending the attorneys are thus necessarily concentrate on the cases that role of the California Highway Patrol, faced with a dilemma -- should they hold out for the principle that the court should involve the worst abuses of police power. which had been made a scapegoat for the . provide and compensate counsel for the defendents, or should they yield to the more The United States Constib1tion guaran­ rio! by Chief Parker. immediate needs of the defendents and become volunteer counsels? tees a trial in criminal cases without And there is Assemblyman Charles Con­ -- from an interview with Arnett Hartsfield, ACLU attorney. delay. That doesn't mean they have to rad, a Republican from Los Angeles and be slapdash. one-time minority leader of the Assembly: of money spentfor compensatory pre-school he introduced a resolution, at the cur­ programs, a reduction in class size, a TESTIMONY OF AN EX·SLAVE rent special session of the legislature, "Master Teacher Corps" specializing in commending Chief Parker for his role in teaching the disadvantaged, and the estab­ quelling the riots. The resolution will lishment of "Advancement Schools" to im­ The Ku- Klux Klan .During Reconstruction no doubt thrust Conrad, and possibly the prove basic skills and utilize the talents Republican Party, into the middle of a of ghetto reSidents. "The Ku Klux got after Uncle Will once. He was a brave man. He had a little mare reali~ raging controversy over police practices . In Employment and Housing the Speaker that was a race horse. Will rode right through the bunch before they ever it was in Los Angeles. proposes the establishment of State-spon­ him. He got on the other side of them. They kept on after him. They went down to his Beyond these responses, there is shaping sored public works projects, the creation house one night. He wouldn't run for nothing. He shot two of them, and they went away. up a more profound reaction to Watts. It of various new jobs in schools and hos­ Then he was out of ammunition. People urged him to leave, for they knew he didn't have will reflect a sharp political division over pitals and the like, special loans for small no more bullets; but he wouldn't, and they came back and killed him. the nature of the explosive forces at work businesses, low-cost housing, and studies They came down to Hancock County one night, and the boys hid on both sides of the' in our society. of the relationship of lending laws and bridge. When they got in the middle of the bridge, the boys commenced to fire on them At one pole of the reaction will be those practices to integrations. Two other pro­ from both sides, and they jumped jnto the river. The darkies went on home when they who see in Watts the need to get tough posals deal with state disaster prepared­ got through shooting at them; but there wasn't no more Ku Klux in Hancock County. The with those who get out of line. At the other ness and riot insurance. better-thinking white folks got together and stopped it. pole will be those who view Watts as the The Speaker's proposals are at their The Ku Klux kept the niggers scared. They cowed them down so that they wouldn't go result of vast social and economic in­ weakest when it comes to law enforcement. to the polls. I stood there one night when they were counting ballots. I belonged to the equality. Most politicians will huddle in the Of six specific proposals in this area, County Central Committee. I went in and stood and looked. Our ballot was long; theirs middle. five have to do with increased penalties was short. I stood and seen Clait Turner calling their names from our ballots. I went It's diffict,\lt to predict which one of for arson and the possession of Molotov out and got Rube Turner, and then we both went back. They couldn't call the votes that these contending views will predominate cocktails, greater controls over dangerous they had put down they had. Rube saw it. when the legislature gets down to legis­ weapons, and more parole officers and High­ Then they said, "Are you going to contest this?" lating on the subject next year. One im­ way Patrolmen. Only one proposalis clear- Rube said, ··Yes." But he didn't because it would have cost too much money. Rube was chairman of the committee. ~ portant clue can be found in legislative '. ly aimed at police-community relations proposals put forward recently by jesse M. and that has to do with increasing the The Ku Klux did a whole lot to keep the niggers away from the polls in Washington Unruh, Speaker of the Assembly. number of Negro police officers assigned and Baldwin counties. They killed 'many a nigger down there. Unruh's Program to Negro neighborhoods. No mention is They hanged a Ku Klux for killing his wife, and he said he didn't mind being hung, but made of police review boards or any other he didn't want a damn nigger to see him die. But t~ey couldn't keep the niggers in Hancock County away from the polls. There The heart of the Speaker's proposals is methods for airing minority grievances was too'many of them:' the creation of special state programs in against the police. - "priority areas" characterized by high 'lhere will be other pressures for in­ popUlation den sit y, unemployment; illi­ jecting Watts into the legislative arena --Claiborne Moss, slave in Georgia. born in teracy, school dropouts, substandard hous­ next year. Part of them will have to do 1857, interviewed by members ofthe Federal ing, criminal activity and similar evidences with the coming elections and the political Writers Project in 1938, recorded in LAY of "serious social malfunction." In edu­ mileage to be found in social disorder. MY BURDEN DOWN: A Folk History of Slavery. Uni versity of Chicag;o Press. cation he proposes an immediate tripling COLEMAN BLEASE cont~nued from front page GRAPE STRIKE BIGGEST SINCE 1930'S growers will try to work. In many cases who are ignoring the picket lines have picket line of the agricultural workers. Attending this meeting were represent­ the strikebreakers do not know they are been picketed. Howev

By Bob Barron Hostile To Strikers

SPEC IAL TO THE MOVEMENT

As a concerned urban Mexican-Ameri­ Then when 1 began my 'job' as trans­ can, I went to see the Delano strike on lator, the interviewer questioned me con­ the 26 and 27 of September. When I got to stantly as to whether I was not twisting the Asociacion National de Trabajadores statements around. Campesinos (National Farm Workers As­ One example will give the flavor of the sociation), I was immediately put to work. State Employment Department represen­ I was asked to translate the testimony tative's attitude. We picked up a farm of striking farm workers for the State worker late Saturday afternoon. He had Department of Employment, which was not eaten his dinner yet, and had planned supposed to be "certifying" the legitimacy to go shopping, but he cooperated. of the strike, so that the Department would After about 50 minutes, the state inter­ no longer refer workers to the strike viewer became strangely redundant, asking area. As it happened, the matter turned the same questions over and over. This out to be a rather disorderly affair in went on for about 20 minutes, so when the which enthusiastic strikers were turned interview was about an hour and a quarter into disgusted non-cooperators. long, the weary grape-picker grew very The first question that came to me when disgusted and said he could not go on. He I started was why no one from the state was very hungry and his children had no tested the proficiency of my Spanish, since milk. After some debate the interview was incompetancy could 1e a d to mistakes. postponed until after dinner. When we came Secondly, the state never explained why back, the grape-picker had gone. I went to they were not supposed to get out of their his wife, who told me that she thought the late-model cars to go interviewthe strikers, state did not want the workers to strike. and why I, a taxpayer acting without pay, The questionnaire used in the interview was supposed to go get the strikers at only involved 8 or 10 questions. It seemed their homes and bring them to the public very simple to me. A LONE PICKET in a cloud of dust whipped up by high-speed tractor. This was a servants. common harrassment tactic used by growers. Guerilla Warfare In the GrapesHOW by Terence Cannon A RURAL STRIKE IS FOUGHT the picking operation into the center of If I were to compare a strike of agri-' rest of the group is. For a while we drive evicted, the doors and wmdows of their his property, a half mile away from the cultural workers to a factory strike, I at random, touring the main gates of some houses nailed shut,- and their belongings county road. They move the packing shed would say this: it's like striking an indus­ of the major growers. No luck. We stop piled on the highway•. and the boxes away from us, down the trial plant that has a thousand entrance to ask a lone AWOC picket in front of A portable packing shed was on the side rows. gates and is 40 square miles large. And a packing shed. As we're standing there of the road, perhaps 10 feet from the When the area has been cleared, Cara­ if that isn't .bad enough, you don't know another caravan appears. Six cars full picketers, and a dialogue had been going tan drives up a caterpillar tractor, parks each morning where the plant will be, of workers, followed by a white growers' on for at least an hour. Dolores felt that it in front of the line, holds down the ac­ or where the. gates are, or whether it bus, followed as if being herded along if we had all· been there from the be­ celerator and lets it idle; the sound drowns will be open or closed, or what wages will by three white grower's trucks, the line ginning the workers would have come off. out our voices. Every grower has done be offered that day. completed by the car of the Tulare County The strikebreakers were beginning to de­ this every day of the strike. We just stop A-typical day was Monday, September Sheriff's Office. The whole line moves in bate among themselves, but when the two yelling and wave the signs. Cesar Chavez, 27. one unit at 60 miles an hour past us. county police cars came up and parked, head of FWA, wants the pickets to stay 4:30 AM A picket line crew of 12, Again we jump in our cars and follow and Caratan's son began to strut up and on one field all day, so the workers in mostly Mexican-American farm workers, them. As we catch up, the Sheriff's car down, their resolve weakened, and the the field will not think the growers have a few Anglos, led by Dolores Huerta of slows down to the legal speed and isolates line wasn't large enough to pressure them defeated us with these tactics. the Farm Workers Association (FWA), us from the line of strikebreakers. The into walking off. 10:30 AM Caratan is not content with meet at the Filipino Community Center police car dawdles along, until we lose Still the dialogue went on. The teen­ this. The fixed high-school pipsqueak grin for breakfast. It's cooked by the wives sight of the caravan. Fortunately for us, age girls are the best at needling, bait­ is still on his face, but he's unhappy, of Filipino strikes at the AWOC head­ 'the tactic is troublesome but not too smart.' int, teasing and cajoling the workers. When so he uses Grower Tactic #2. He waits quarters. We would still have been lost, if two grow­ a worker would come out of the field with until the .wind is blowing from the field 5:00 AM We start off in 6 cars and er's trucks hadn't conveniently blocked off a box for the shed, the entire line would toward the line, and then drives the trac­ head for our "sector," 40 square miles a private road nearby and let us know direct its attention to him, arguing in tor up and down in the two-inch dust, whip­ of grapes, cotton and county roads north exactly where the strikebreakers are. rapidfire Spanish. The rest of us, whose ping it around in tight circles. The dust of Delano. It is pitch-dark. We burrow Now there's nothing we can do. We don't Spanish was limited, stood on the top of boils up in thick clouds, covering and hiding into the darkness, past empty packing­ want to separate, we don't know where our the cars and yelled "Huelgal Huelgal" the picketers. He keeps this up for half sheds, through the small town of Rich­ group is, and we can't take the time to (Strike, Strike) at the workers still in and hour, but his attention span is short, grove. Dolores has heard that a certain go all the way back to Delano to report. the fields. and finally he parks it and lets it rev. grower will be hiring. So we take down the location, in case we It is a bitter experience, and a baffling At noon we have sandwiches, apples, 5:30 AM We reach the ranch, park meet someone. one for workers who have never been on and soda. We've given up hope of pulling the cars and stand on top of them, looking 7:00 AM We find a Filipino picket line. strike before, to stand a few feet away this particular gang off the field, but will for signs of early morning activity -­ They turned back three cars of workers. from a person who is taking their job stay to continue our presence. Dolores trucks loading with boxes, buses leaving The picket leader, a young man in his away, and try to argue them into giving feels that though they work today, perhaps to pick up workers -- but we see nothing. 20's for whom this is his first strike, up their wages for an indefinite future, the next day they won't go oui:. Some We do see some lights on Road 192, tells us how it happened. He is fL!ll of for the principle of negotiation. The farm of the strikers are demoralized, some so we drive to the intersection, douse sympathy for the strikebreakers -- they worker lives in a shifting, unpredictable take it in stride. It is hot; the county our lights and wait. In all of the 40 square told him their landlords were going to world: where will the ne.!'t month's wages police are still there, Caratan is still miles there seem only the twelve of us. cut off their electricity and gas; they come from? What crops are ripe? Who's there. Then a car barrels down Road 192, owed money; they needed food. "Just like hiring? To ask him to give up what tittle A young woman striker tells us that in passes us, disappears in the darkness. us," he said. "It was tough for them to security he has -- a job he has right 5 years of picking in the San Joaquin It is a worker's car. More headlights: turn around and go back, but they said here, right now, for a better f.!:tture -­ Valley, she has never seen a toilet pro­ the familiar white pickup truck of a grower they didn't want to hurt the strike, they is difficult enough for experienced union vided in the fields. One is reqUired by speeds past (all the growers' trucks are didn't want to cross rhe picket line." organizers. law, and the growers promised Secretary white, and all have the whip antenna of Two weeks before, when the strike had 8:30 AM Caratan struts back and forth Wirtz that toilets would be provided (he a two-way radio). When a convoy of 4 just begun, Mexican-Americans had cros­ in front of the picketers with a Polaroid was particularly shocked at the lack of cars passes, we run to the cars and try sed the picket lines easily, saying "it's camer~. (Everywhere you go you are photo- toilets ). None have been provided and none to follow them. At an intersection the just a Filipino strike." They had come graphed -- by the police, by the growers ). will be. striker's car ahead of us runs out of gas a long way since then. He tried the previous week to run a pick­ At 1 PM I have to return to Delano. and the driver asks us to take her to The Filipinos told us they had seen a eter's car off the road, but only succeeded The rest stay. This has been going on a gas station. Mexican.,.American picket line a mile away. in losing the boxes on the back of his for three weeks. Often, the people on the Here's where you being to understand It turned out to be our group. We had truck. We are still talking and shouting. line know or are related to people working the problems involved. The nearest gas lost two hours by not having a two-way The county police stay in the back. Two in the fields. Sometimes they are suc­ station is 15 miles away on Highway 99. radio. Every grower's car has one. carloads of Filipinos join the picket line, cessful. Sometimes not. Everyone is tired, Two cars now have to leave the roving 7:30 A:'vl The line was at the Caratan and the morale goes up. particularly Dolores, who has I think, picket. We're gone an hour. ranch, from whose property all the strik­ 9:30 AM Afraid that we are getting eight children, and went to sleep at mid­ 6:30 AM We have no idea where the ing Filipino workers had heen forcibly through to the workers, Caratan moves night the night before. INTERVIEW WITH CESAR CHAVEZ OF FWA 5 We're Somewhere Between a Movement And. an Industrial Union issues. That takes time, and sometimes Is this different from the it seems as if you get lost on unimpor­ way AWOC organizes? tant issues. We're experimenting. AWOC uses the standard union organi­ How do you organize? Do Zing procedures. Community organizing is tough; it never stops. In union organi­ you have workshops? zing, once you get a contract you stop working. Everybody has a way of keeping We organize one-to-one. lf I have to their members in, except us. The Church drive a worker somewhere in my car, can keep people in -- if you leave you he's a captive audience. Then we talk go to Hell. The Unions can keep members about the Association and what it means. -- if you leave you lose your job. With This kind of organizing spreads from per­ us -- nothing like that. son to person. We have had no member­ ship drive in two years, but we have 2000 members. What is the major prob­ We have no contracts with the growers, lem in an agricultural so we can't help our members in that way P7imarqy. We service our members strike? in other ways, like our credit union. 16 Imported scabs. Yesterday we saw two Mj'T10 l. months ago' we had $37 in our Credit buses of strikebreakers come in from Union, this month we have $26,000. In Fresno, and one from LA. One grower fARM~OJWRS servicing our members they learn how had a crew of 40 scabs, some less than to help themselves; in that way it's an 13 years old. .ASSOCI ~ T\0\ educational program. We help to get a Some of the scabs are union members guy a driver's license. We are working from other industries; they will come out Cesar Chavez is the head Exactly. on setting up' autonomous community or­ of the fields when you tell them there Now we have to think about what that ganizations: a coop drugstore, coopera­ is a strike. We also have spies working of the 2000-member Na­ implies. The danger is that we will be­ tive service stations -- the profit from inside the field gangs to convince them tional Farm Workers Asso­ come like the building trades. Our situa­ which will go into a workers welfare they should leave the job. But without fund. lf the labor movement had estab­ ciation (FWA), 9n 'indepen­ tion is similar -- being the bargaining three years of growing membership it agent with many separate companies and lished consumer cooperatives, it would would have been impossible. Basically it's dent organization of Span­ contractors. We don't want to modelour­ be strong today. I'm convinced that'S one guerilla warfare. The growers even have ish - speaking agricultural selves on industrial unions; that would of the reasons it's not. airplanes and helicopters. be bad. We want to get involved in poli­ workers in the San Joaquin tics, in voter registration, not just con­ Valley of California. The tract negotiation. HARASSMENT BY GROWERS, POLICE interview took place at the Under the industrial union model, the grower would become the organizer. He Persecution by authorities is consider­ them, crowded around the car, threatening FWA headquarters in De­ would enforce the closed shop system; ably less in the present grape - pickers the Sheriff with the loss of his job. lano, September 25, 1965, he would check off the union dues. One strike than in any preVious action of this By the end of two weeks of strike, these during the largest farm guy -- the business agent -- would be­ sort in the San JoaqUin Valley. threats had not keptfive growers from being come king. Then you get favoritism, cor­ Why? It's hard to say. "The Sheriff arrested for harrassment and assault. Only workers strike since 1938. ruption. The trouble is that no institution hasn't been excellent, but he's acting better two strikers were arrested. can remain fluid. than before/' said Cesar Chavez, head The Sheriff's Offices of Tulare and Kern What do you hope to get of the Farm Workers Association (FWA). Counties are not usually as considerate of But no movement can stay "Why all of a sudden are they acting nice? the pickets. They spend most of their time from this strike? formless very long, jf it's They're not even using dogs. It's too good in the fields either in pleasant conversa­ to be true." tion with the growers or asking the pickets We want to set up the machinery for successful. The only answer Chavez could suggest unfriendly questions. joint wage' negotiations, grower-wide, in was that he had announced that members this area. There must be a system to That's right. We have to find some of SNCC and CORE were taking part in Stopped by Police wages and working conditions, not just cross between being a movement and being the strike, and he had heard a police Saturday night, September 25, three cars­ up to every. grower. We also want to put a union. The membership must maintain officer say "We don't want another Sel­ ful of Kern County deputies and a paddy these contractors out of business. control; the power must not be centered ma here .. wagon stopped a carload of Filipinos. It in a few. Maybe we would have some sys­ took the cops nearly 25 minutes to take You mean through a closed tem where the jobs were rotated. It is the names and addresses of everyone in the important to remain free to work on many -».: shop and a hiring hall? 1> car all the while a photographer from KBAK maneuvered around the car and took mug shots of all occupants with a telephoto lens. The cops gave nobody a ticket. They brought no charges. When asked why the Striking Grape Pickers Need Your Help car had been s'topped, the cops said they were making a "confidential investigation The farmworkers on strIke are undergoing severe financial difficulties. Many are relating to the strike." in need of food. Money is needed for gas, telephone, mimeograph paper, and food. There have been many tactics used to har­ Send'donations to FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION c/o SNCC, 1316 Masonic, San Fran­ rass the roving picket lines. The growers cisco, California 94117. have set up their insecticide rigs by the road and sprayed the strikers with chemi­ cals. They have displayed pistols and rifles in a menacing manner, and posted armed THE TWO private Security Guards at fields being FARM UNIONS struck. Labor Camp Evictions (L to R) GROWER, HIS SON and two The Caratan Ranch has three private AWOC Tulare County ::iheriff's Department men labor camps which housed Filipino work­ ers, many of whom had lived there for Chavez Group Beaten up to 30 years. Their belongings were The Farm Workers Association was or­ The first director of the Agricultural This doesn't mean things have been plea­ tossed out on the ground, armed guards ganized three years ago by activists in the Workers OrganiZing Committee, AFL-CIO, sant. On Thursday September 23 the FWA evicted the workers; the windows werE Community Service Organization (CSO), was Norman Smith, ex-UAW organizer had a picket line in front of the home of nailed shut and the doors padlocked. Camp a Mexican-American civic group founded who led some of the auto Sit-down strikes one of the scabbing contractors. It was #3 was later used to house imported strike­ by Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foun­ in the 30's. Beginning in 1959 he traveled night. A few Delano police had been on the breakers. dation. through the California valleys recruiting scene for a while but left. 15 growers, most A favorite grower tactic is to plow up Three CSO staffers: Cesar Chavez, na­ organizers and giving speeches. Occasion­ of whom had been drinking, showed up and the dust in front of the strikers with tional' director, Dolores Huerta, lobbyist, al strikes wece called. Wages were forced began to punch the pickets, Cesar Chavez tractors. This builds a boiling cloud of and Gilbert Pedilla, vice president, pulled upward but no contracts signed. among them. A crowd of about 300 Mexi­ dust, almost as effective as tear gas. out to start the Farm Workers Associa­ In the winter of 1960-61 AWOC and the can-American workers gathered, and were During .this the police watch patiently, even tion. AFL-CIO United Packinghouse Workers upset when the pickets did not hit back. when the dust blows in their direction. FWA activities are concentrated in Kern, called a general strike in the Imperial One of them ran to the headquarters of Another is to push down the accellerator Tulare, and Kings Counties. Until the pres­ Valley lettuce harvest. This stirred a the other striking union, AWOC, where a a tractor and leave it idling at full blast, ent grape strike, FWA strikes have been hornet's nest of jurisdictional conflict in meeting was in progress. The meeting was which drowns out the cries of the pick­ small and against single growers. By at­ the AFL-CIO palace guard. At the critical called off and 400 Filipinos arrived on the eters so they cannot be heard in the field. tempting to build a real power base in the peak of the strike, George Meany ordered scene, ready to take on the growers. Cha­ At last notice, the use of injunctions and farm communities, it is constantly at war AWOC to pull out. The strike collapsed. vez by this time had managed to get to restraining orders on the part of growers with more politically oriented groups. Directorship was turned over to Al a phone, and called the Sheriff, who drove had increased. The language of these or­ FWA recently picketed the convention Green, veteran union organizer from the up several minutes later. The Sheriff, a ders was indefinite and sweeping, and of the MeXican-American Political As­ Plasterers Union. Under his leadership, Mexican-American, but no friend to the farm seemed to infringe on such common ac­ sociation (MAPA) - another offshoot of AWOC is a strong political voice for the workers, shouted that he'd arrest the next tivities as talking and meeting. As yet they CSO - because MAPA leaders were serv­ farm workers. AFL-CIO financial com­ person who touched anyone else. A grow­ have not been legally challenged by the ing as labor department consultants on mitment has been cut back. Many AWOC er, who obviously didn't think this applied unions, but action is being considered. farm labor recruitm~nt, under the gov­ offices have been closed, most organizers to growers, grabbed a picket and was ar­ At press time, "routine:' police har­ ernment established farm labor wage. FWA laid off. rested. The Sheriff pushed the man in his rassment was reported on the increase. wants to bargain with growers, not gov­ car, as the rest of the growers. irate that This may be an indication that the stike ernment, for wages. "their" police force was being used against was being felt by the growers. 6 Mississippi Counterattacks. Jhe War On Poverty The Office of Economic Opportunity Without StenniS, CDGM was in trouble. • than turning education over to the pro­ (OEO) sponsored what may have been The staggering job of setting up so am­ fessionals. It provided social services and the pithiest program of its short life this bitious a program, the logistical prob­ medical programs, which demonstrated the summer in Mississippi. lems in coordinating centers ranging from' corruption and inadequacies of state and Under Project HEAD START, approxi­ the Delta to the hill lands to the coast,' federal offerings. All this was heady stuff mately 6,000 Negro pre-school children plus the experimental projects -- allmeant for a schizophrenic government agency spent seven weeks in child development trouble for a seven weeks program, al­ which must represent at once both the best centers in 75 Mississippi communities, ready harassed by just being in Missis­ and worst of the Great Society, By mid-August, Washington had announced sippi. Perhaps more significant, most of the that HEAD START was to become a per­ Most pressing were fiscal problems. communities in the CDGM program were manent feature of the war on poverty, OEO, in a weak public statement answ­ "movement" communities, and most of But there was little rejoicing in the Mis­ ering StenniS' charges, found no illicit the committees corresponded to local FOP sissippi communities, It appeared that if use of funds, but found some "fiscal ama­ leadership. (This was a source of conflict these centers were to be re-funded at all, teurism." with the movement as well as Senator From CDGM's point of view, however, ia \ Stennis. Civil rights activists charged that the budget would be sliced by two-thirds, fro~ the radical Delta Ministry, which much more serious was the fact that the federal monies were co-opting community and the program of the sponsoring group, owned the Academy, and the Freedom financial plan was not working, and that support.) the Child Development Group of Mississippi Democratic Party, which had used it as funds and payrolls were not getting to of lesser significance, but more spec­ (CDGM), would be tailored to fit the headquarters during the June demonstra­ the communities. Due to a conspiracy of tacular in Stennis' charges, was that many interests of the Great Society, tions. The problems of "amateurism" mat­ - - .- factors -- few local people understood tered less than what OEO admitted later CDGM staff simply refused to give up government red tape, harassment by audi­ to be the "political" problem of CDGM's movement involvement and associations, tors from OEO and the Senate, some connections with the civil rights move­ There were some instances of using CDGM administrative incompetence -- the local resources to support movement activities. ment. committees were, simply not getting the The Board of Directors, under pres­ Yet the program had been "saved", funds to operate. Many had gone heavily I sure from OEO to comply or see the pro­ and the threatened withholding of funds into debt, and the money (which eventually gram collapse, instructed the staff to make did not happen. Miraculously, the demorali­ would arrive) was not in sight. The cen­ the move. Levin and his staff, virtually zation of the central staff had little effect ters lived promises, and the good op to a man, voted the following day to re­ upon the communities or their work in will of a federal program. sign and serve the communities without the centers. Despite the fact that many Another factor complicated CD GM' s pay until an interim staff, provided by people have not yet received their salaries, fiscal and administrative problems. One Washington, could be trained. Their po­ and that many who can ill afford it have of the premises of the program was the sition was that the move was logistically paid for expenses out of their pockets, training of Mississippians for responsible impossible given the time remaining, and the communities are enthusiastic about positions in the organization. This was continuing the program. wi: in general undesirable since the nature no fiction to satisfy OEO rhetoric, but CDGM's HEAD START program -- as of the program reqUired access to a met­ The program closed at the end of Aug: as the program got underway it was fre­ oplJosed to the others in the state, spon­ ropolitan area. Further, it seemed as if ust, a huge success despite the politicS quently the case that trainees were given sored by local boards of education -­ OEO was less concerned with solving sub­ and conflicts between the' board, the staff responsibilities without a structure for was developed and run by community peo­ stantive problems than with dodging the and OEO. Most communities reportedrather learning in such an intensive administra­ ple, with a minimum of direction from flak from Stennis; spectacular successes in working with the tive area. a central staff. While CDGM imported A compromise came out of fl series children, many of whom had entered the no~ng approximately 150 white resource teachers of frantic negotiations among the Board, program their names, to live and work in these communities, the staff and OEO. The staff's dedsion dOC the tone and spirit of the programs were to resign won the concession to remain set by local leadership. at Mt. Beulah, But the price of the com­ Perhaps that is why Mississippi's Sen­ promise was a 'raft of misunderstanding, ator Stennis, the national spokesman for mistrust and alienation between the staff those forces in the state which fought and the Board, and the "promotion" of the program from the outset, demanded Levin. For the remaining two weeks the' in a telegram to OEO head Sargent Shriver project director was to work on develop­ that the program be investigated, Stennis ing future programs, and to stop making charged mishandling of funds and that policy. l:- CDGM had subsidized civil rights organi­ The changes demanded by 'OEO in­ -A M~.· zations in the state, volved bas,ic structural issues, There was Senator Stennis, as one OEO official clearly more ,involved than amateurism ,\\.. 0\.1. explained, unlike Eastland, enjoys a or irresP,Onsibility; Levin and his staff \ti,s nQINe. measure of respect in Washington liberal represented a radical political direction , .. 6e\e-'I. circles. He might have added that Stennis The CDGM staff was aware, of course, which OEO, a creation of the Johnson and enjoys a measure of power, sitting as he of the problems and was making every Kennedy administrations, cannot allow, Me. ~o-~"'3 -\- does on the Senate appropriations sub­ effort to set. them right when the ulti­ HEAD START in Mississippi was a radi­ s-\or~. • committee when appropriations for the rriatum from OEO struck, It almost wreck­ cally conceived program which offered -H-e. Viet Nam war are under congressional ed CD9M. At a meeting with Project its participants, most of whom are civil consideration. Director Tom Levin, and the Board, OEO rights activists, new tools for community In any case the Child Development Group 'representatives demanded that the central organization, It offered both parents and was in trouble. Under fire from StenniS, staff relocate from the Mt.. Beulah Aca­ teachers a direction away from a state OEO brought pressure on the Board of demy near Jackson to a college campus education system unworthy of the name. Directors for changes which would attempt in a _remote area of the state. The motive It encouraged the exciting notion of com­ to head off Stennis' charges. was to disassociate the federal program munity participation in education rather The printing project had produced educa­ tional materials relevant to rural Mis­ sissippi children where literally none BOOK REVIEW The "Right" To Be Middle Class existed. The health program was able to get each child not only a physical exam­ ination, but treatment in many cases. (HEAD DARK GHETTO: Dilemmas of Social Power, ways" defensible, that middle - class power? Would it be cruel to ask Negroes START programs typically provide $20 by Kenneth B. Clark, Harper & Row, America isn't satisfactory? Or is he im- to transform the power that oppresses in the health budget to be spent entirely 1965, $4.95 ,plying that we will cloud the Negroes them? We think they must. Dr, Clark thinks on the physical. CDGM believed that exam­ brains? How do we come by this power? it would be psychologically naive, (Not inations are useless when parents cannot Dr. Kenneth B. Clark says, Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer says, "America "politically" naive,)Why? Because ittreads follow up with treatment; therefore they "To deny the Negro the right to exchange is sick, all of it, from the Federal Gov­ on the right Negroes have not to challenge paid doctors"$3 per child for examinations, lower-class suffering for middle-classsuf­ ernment on down. We were treated as badly their oppressor? did most of their own lab work using fering on the grounds, in certain ways de­ in Washington as we are in Jackson." Dr, Clark says they must "experience" doctors from the Medical Committee on fensible, that the good life is not so good Did we deny Mrs. Hamer the right to the values that oppress them before they Human Rights.) after all, is to make for a group the kind decide to become middle - class? Is she can change those values (if it be values It is not clear at this writing whether of moral decisions each individual has the the victim of radical indoctrination? that oppress them). How do they objectively there will be future CDGM programs. right to make for himself, whether he choose That's a "moral" decision, Dr, Clark experience those values without being The Child Development Group, as one good or ill. It would be psychologically says. Not a political judgment. A moral changed to the point that they don't want might suspect, was organized to receive naive and even cruel to ask the oppressed decision that presumably the Negro is free to alter American values at all? Dr, Clark and administer poverty funds. lf financial to transform the values of American culture, to make, if certain parties don't deny him shows in another part of his book that assistance is not forthcoming, the Group Before they can be motivated to try, they that chance. He has the "right" to make that those Negroes who do "experience" these will dissolve. OEO has encouraged CDGM need to experience those values for them­ choice. But Dr, Clark is concerned that values are often changed so that they cease to submit proposals. Their best advice selves with all the satisfactions and all someone is stepping in the way of his mak­ to fight and begin to scramble for the is, however, that the budget figure should the frustrations and anxieties," ing that decision. Someone, you would ima­ "satisfactions" ofthe middle-class system. not exceed $3 million for 9 months, a Read it again, I think there's something gine, who had been there and come back Is that, behind it all, what Dr, Clark wants? figure considerably less than the grant eerie about this passage. 'Why does it seem to tell the tale. Two kinds of people have When everybody's middle-class in the for the summer ($1 - 1/3 million for on the face reasonable, liberal, but at the been there-: middle - class - raised young Great Society will that then be the defini­ seven weeks, the largest HEAD START same time out-of-focus, unreal, off-center? people who have seen middle-classdom tion of integration ? grant made to any private organization.) First, who would deny the Negro this and turned against it; and Mrs. Hamer and A harlem man quoted by Dr. Clark says, Yet even if a grant is received and the "right"? Since Dr. Clark doesn't mean her friends who have come from the cotton "No one with a mop can expect respect structural concessions made, there remains the NAACP or the Urban League, as he fields and the pantries of the South and found from a banker, or an attorney, or men the question raised by the summer experi­ makes clear in the rest of his book, he out how middle-class, liberal, mainstream who create jobs and all you have is a mop, ence -- whether a genuine poverty program must mean the Movement: SNCC, SDS, America acts. It acts like an oppressor. Are you crazy? Whoever heard of inte­ is possible. It seems to be inevitable Core, maybe Martin Luther King; cer­ Dr. Clark uses the word "oppressed." gration between a mop and a banker?" that when the poor organize they will tainly the"Communists," maybe the Mus­ The Negroes are oppressed, he says. But Does this man agree with Dr. Clark? slam headlong into the power interests, who lims. it would be cruel to ask them to change Are they saying the same thing? Is it are so skilled and so entrencljed in the middle-class America, change its "values political fabric of this country, that they '''by does he use the word "deny"? How cruel to ask this man to transform the and culture," Are the Negroes oppressed can practically dictate the terms of sur­ wou'ld we deny the l'\egro this "right"? values of American culture? by d culture? Dr. Clark uses those wordS vival. By arguing, and he says it is "in certain jOr\N IJO\Vi\I\:\ in one sentence. Or are they oppressed by TERENCE CANNON LETTERS The Church and Society 7 To the Editor: THE ~HURCH MUST HELP UPSET THE STATUS QUO By Dave Knotts nouse has offered this integrative process ~he power structure with powerful commun­ In the July issue of "The Movement" ~ Dept. of Urban Church to those it deems to have potential and offers appeared an article entitled "Fighting Agi­ ity organizations supported wholly or in part United Presbyterian Church adjustment to the rest. As Saul Alinsky business" which described in some detail --. - by the church means that many churchmen A major issue which is facing the churches has said, offering social adjustment to the present structure of corporation agri": will withdraw their financial support. Thus, the poor is treason of the highest order. culture in the Delta area of Mississippi. today is the use of power for social change. we are faced in the church with an internal Following is a slight'rewrite of that article, Traditionally, the church as a part of the Settlement 'House problem of securing wide agreement sothat Establishment has chosen to work in poverty with a few name changes. It still is just as Out-of~Date funds may continue to be channeled into accurate, but has been changed to tell areas and among people suffering from community organization. It is easy to per­ injustice in ways that would not upset the Today the settlement house style, of something of the story of the agricultural 'ministry is under attack from many quart­ suade a middle-class congregation to help status quo. This has meant that the church pay for services to the poor. It is extremely workers in California. Changes are under­ ers of the church. As· more Protestant lined: has often operated a settlement house in difficult to persuade them to share power. offer~ and Catholic clergymen are expo~ed to The union is fighting the rich farmer the ghetto which to the community It is even more difficult to persuadethem to mass organization by Saul Alinsky, and who operates his .I:aIlcl1 as if it were a a kind of "ministry of philanthropy"-­ 'work through the conflict process. Fre­ as more churches help sponsor SNCC huge industrial corporation. Foreign visi­ goods (food and clothing) and services quently, it is the mid<;Ue-class congregation organizers in California, the more piercing tors come to Kern County Land Company, (coun$eling and recreation) being offered which calls upon its pastor to be the arbiter to the people. Nothing or very little is said will be the criticism of the churches' which QYill§ more than 200 square miles in a community dispute, usually inthe name about mass organization in order to enable welfare colonialist ministries in the ghetto. in ~ county alone. This English con­ of reconciliation. Too often in these cases The problems will not disappear over-, trolled corporation is typical of the grow­ the people to acqUire the power to dealwith reconciliation means to restore the status 'night, however. For example, how will ing concentration of agriculture inAmerica. the power structure and to correct injust- quo. ices. ' the Protestant churches in Los Angeles' From the time of civil war to about 1930, which support settlement houses'in Watts the land of California's Central Valley Beheaded Leaders Dislodge Power choose . to use the large sum of money was ,divided among increasing numbers of The church as a part of the power order they have sec-1Jred recently .for enabling Reinhold Neibuhr, a Protestant theo­ small farmers and renters. But since then ,has approached the powerless in a well­ logian, has written that wherever there is the people to 'organize in order to shape the trend has reversed. Small farmers defined way. As Dan Dodson of New York . injustice in society, there is some signifi­ their own future or will the money be used and renters have dwindled~se farm University has written, "they have gotten cant disproportion of power, and whichever land costs too much for poor people and the bright ones of the powerless involved, in paternalistic programs determined by group it is that benefits from the exploita­ which suburbanites? Some changes in the very little decent land is for sale. For got them to participate, alienated them in tion can b'e dislod~ed onl~ when power church's standard pattern of ministry can be the Negro there is practically none at their sentiments and memories and identity is raised against it. If the church is to evidenced in the San Francisco Bay area all. from the group': of which they are a part, be about its business of social justice, ~ where the church is aiding community' I believe that you can take it from made them ashamed of their heritage-­ ,then it must recognize the implications organiza,tional efforts in San Francisco and there. Suffice it to say, that at least in every group has had to wrestle with the for community organization in Neibuhr's Oakland. In some cases the church is helping my experience with agriculture in "this phenomena of group self-hate--got them to statement. to pay organizers. Also, across the country area, the remainder of the article can take stock in the mythologies of the Amer­ Dan Dodson offers a good summary. "In the church has supportedcommunity organ­ easily des c rib e the farm day-laborers ican Dream--that every person will be this time of great confrontation the church ization in the Woodlawn area of Chicago, situation in the San Joaquin Valley as rewarded according to his initiative and will haveforfeited its right to the allegiances Rochester, and money is being contributed well as in the Delta counties of Miss­ his ability. Ultimately when they have been of man, if she allows herself to become a toward the future organization of such cities issippi. 'Wages, when you work, are a sandpapered sufficiently to their specifica­ handmaid to the power order which is. The as Kansas City, St. LouiS, Buffalo, and little higher, but the lack of any job tenure tions they are transmuted into the dominant aspirations of the poor in these great Syracuse. more than makes up the difference. group. Thus we have always siphoned offthe urban centers shall not be blighted by the potential leadership of the minority and Reconciliation =Status Quo glitter of the magnificent crosses of the Yours for freedom, left the group to stew in its own problems. affluent. Community organization may be We have, as a consequence, never solved Obviously, the use of power for social the testing point at which this determinatioh Frank Bruins the problem of the slums. They stand change has become a major issue for the, is made. In the name of service, mankind Bakersfield as a monument to the integrative process church because so many of our major shall not be debased. The cup of water of the Dower order in every large Amer­ denominational churches are a part of given in His name which compromises ican city." Traditionally, the settlement the status 'tuo power structure. To challenge the receiver is a hollow mockery." Report From Arkansas SNCC Proiect Tightly Orga·ni~.eCl, But Elections Lost The Arkansas SN,CC project differs from ther volunteer in West Helena, Arkansas, Local Group of the oroaue::;l ever "C"'": it prohibited most other SNCC projects in the South, reporting on the elections. 2 or more persons in Gould from gather- ' according to California volunteers, Vince ing to discuss any problems relating to "Elections over - we lost - all 25 Ne­ In Forrest City, SNCC worked with a O'Conner and Brian Rybolt. There'is har­ their school. gro candidates across the state did. Our local group, the St. Francis Achievement rassment, but no police terror. The only Discipline on the project was unusually people just didn't go to the polls. Were Committee. The Committee was startedby 6 voting requirements in Arkansas are resi­ tight (for a SNCC project). One staff mem­ in the cotton fields, etc., etc. Polls opened local men who wanted to go bowling, and' dence requirements. ber and one volunteer 'were asked to leave 8 a.m. closed 6:30 p.m. People leave for had to integrate the local bowling alley to , The focus of the SNCC project has been for Violating security regulations and for fields 6:30-7 a.m., return about same time do it. 100 to ISO now attend its weekly , on community services - recreation, free­ doing poor work. Two state-wide staff p.m. Also, the black middleclass here meetings. They are working on improving dom centers,' freedom schools - and on ,meetings were held during the summer to the local schools, and ran candidates in the local e'lections. compare projects and air grievances. Re­ school board elections. The issues they They did not work on a Freedom Demo­ lations with the Atlanta SNCC office were raised give an idea of the condition of the cratic Party, but on a Negro "political good, and there were few financial crisis. Arkansas Negro high schools. They cam­ force," a group that will run candidates paigned for the formation of a PTA, open when they have a chance to win, or endorse . School Board meetings, a lunch program, liberal candidates. a library (all students pay a $1 "library Corrupt Alachine fee," but there are no new books in the PEOPLE'S school library), science labs, a waterfoun­ tain. The principal of the school asked his The Faubus political machine in Arkan- ... students to raise the money for their sas is very corrupt, O'Connor and Rybolt school. They went into the community and PAPERS reported. "For a candidate to win in the raised $1700. No one knows where the (A monthly listing of news~ Negro community, he has to receive at money went. least 75% of the vote - the extra 25% In Gould (population 200'0, 80% Negro), papers and publications put • is what's thrown out." There is no secret the high school students were active in out by com m un i t Y and ballot, and no voting machines. The ballots voter registration. There are 500 students grass roots organizations.) l are stamped with a number, which corres­ in the school, which is a wood structure ponds with the voter's name. A SNCC with gaping holes, condemned 11 years ago. m f d P news letter project director, who was supposed to be a The library has 150 books. pol! watcher in Forrest City was turned News directly from the Mississippi front. away at gunpoint. There is a regulation Injunction State office, MFDP, 507 North Farish that all polling booths must be on city Street, Jackson.' property. A booth set up at a Beauty Arkansas has a "Freedom of Choice" el malcriado Salon in the ghetto was declared invalid integration plan. Students submit two BEN GRINAGE, state project director Now published in English as well as after the election, and all its votes thrown choices of schools they wish to attend. out. In Gould none of their choices were honored. Spanish. Militant voice of the Farm Workers (teachers and such) actively fought us ­ Ass'ociation. Box 894, Delano, California. The project devoted much of its time t() The principal of the school refused to speak one principal told his teachers how to vote $2 a year. supporting Negro candidates and register­ over the PA system it's rumored - other to a student delegation, and gave weak ex­ ing Negroes to vote in congressional and Black "rich" folk paid folks not to vote. cuses about the failure of the 'choice' plan news letter from Dr. school board elections. The issue was QUALIFICATIONS - I'm so when questioned. SNCC planned a demon­ At press time, THE MOVEMENT re­ damned sick of that word I could throw stration, but the school board got an in­ Ben Yellen' ceived a letter from Myrtle Glascoe, ano- up,," iunction against it. The injunction was one Muckraking newsletter'by a Brawley, Cali­ fornia Councilman attacking the big growers of Imperial Valley. 128 South 8th Street, Please Send Me The Next 12 Issues of The Movement Enclosed IS $1.00 Brawley, California. Contributions.

~ what's happening (mail to 1316 Masonic A~'q San Francisco) ,\ newspaper in which teenagers of New Name .. York express their views. c/o Mr. F.E. Campbell, 32 West 131st Street, New York Address .. _...___------City .. State City. LI FE WI TH LYNDON IN THE GREAT SOC IETY 8 Organizing Poor Whites, THE CHALLENGE IS DEAD, SO IS THE GOVERNMENT The Mississippi C.hallenge is over. It failed to secure representation for Mississippi Negroes in the House of Representatives, as it had failed to secure that representation Negroes In Appalachia in the Democratic National Convention. It failed, not because Mississippi Negroes didn't know how to handle themselves in politics, not because the members of the House didn't Deep inside 'the natural beauty and splendor of the understand the issues, or weren't fully informed, not because the people of the United Appalachian Mou.ntains is Sevier County, in east Tennes'­ States were kept from knowing what was going on (for they have little effective voice in see, Sevier County is a prison of poverty, frustration what is done in Washington). The challenge failed (who can dispute it?) becaUSe the words of Frederick Douglass, spoken to white American 113 years ago, are as true today as then: and helplessness for most of the 24,OOq people who live " .•.your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national there. greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicJng are empty and heartless; your de­ nunciation of tyrants, brassfronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, This summer, the South­ The county government offers few ser­ hollow mockery ... a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. ern Conference Educational vices. The roads are all dirt and rock. There is not a nation on earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the In response to people's complaints, the people of the United States, at this' very hour." Fund (SCEF) sponsored the county officials do nothing more than oc­ Omar Burleson, chairman of the Committee on House Administration, wrapped it all "Southern Mountain Pro­ casionally grade the roads, and everyelec­ up very neatly wherl,'explaining why the Committee recommended dismissal of the chal­ jed" to organize poor whites tion time I promise to pave them. There lenge, he said: .....all of the contestants in this case contend that Negroes have been is the constant threat of floods (in a county systematically excluded from regiStering and voting in the State of Mississippi. But and Negroes there. that is an intricate part of the Tennessee even if these charges are true 1 say to you, this House in the past has refused to declare Valley Authority). Every year flood damage a seat vacant where large numbers of voters were known to be illegally disfranchised." ::;mall farmers, traditional backbone ofthe runs into the millions, and often lives are (emphasis added) region's prosperity, are facing ruin because lost. Ironically, there is no piped water So much for the constitution of the U.S., the courts, the judges, the senators and rep­ they cannot compete with the larger indus­ to the houses; each family must dig their resentatives, and all the rest of the machinery which stands behind and enforces the laws trial farms. Except for the resort 'town of own well or tap a near-by stream. of the United States. By their own measure they are a fraud. Gattlinburg, which employs thousands at Such is the example which Lyndon's Great Society sets before the world. below subsistance pay, and a textile mill Little Federal Aid owned by a national board member of the The lack of any housing program means JACK MINNIS 'john Birch Society the area lacks regular iliM mmy~iliep~p~ liw ~ ~~~'~ ~ industry. The rich mountain resources have or housing of the lowest kind. Almost all been exploited for' generations at the ex­ have out..houses, and only some have run­ People Understand "Them Negroes they being kept down too. pense of the area's greatest resource, its ning water. There are no recreational lf we form an organization, we just got people. facilities in the county outside the one We noticed immediately that the people to have them; if we don't, them politicians A llotment Squeeze high school. Federal funds come rarely, displayed a high degree of political under­ will pull us to pieces and use us one for the county is staunchly conservative standing. They spoke of better roads, flood against the other." ' The major casn crop of the area is Republican. Their Representative con ­ control, jobs and unions. They talked about In Strawberry Plains, we talked to both tobacco. At the county level, tobacco al­ sistently vetoes relief progr§lms. The wel­ the corrupt politicians who steal their white and Negro families. The man most lotments are controlled by the same big fare administrator is part of the same tax money, the big farmers who are forc­ vocal in his desire for action is Negro, farmers that are driving the mass oJ small courthouse gang that runs the government ing them off the land, and the employers and with him, white homes were reached. farmers off the land. A small farmer is in the county. Welfare is almost unob­ at Gattlinburg who don't pay them enough. In Sevierville, the county seat, we worked lucky to get an allotment of over .2 of tainable, and if received, the amount for They talked of the rich as opposed to the with a Negro gir1 bor.n in the county. an acre, which may return a profit of fifty a month is barely enough to buy a week's poor, in terms of "us" and "them." Again, whites were responsive. - dollars for a year's work. food. Most important, they knew the need Just the' Beginning Most of the falJ1ilies grow some of what Over half the residents of Sevier County for organization; they knew they did not they need on their own land, and a few earn much less than the $3,000 poverty have power because they Were 'not to­ By the end of the summer we had gained crops that can be sold on the open market. level set by the federal government, and gether. We did not have to explain what valuable information about Sevier and its But the land is not fertile enough and far­ many make less than $1,500. A fourth had to be done. They wanted to know people, and had made solid contacts in mers are forced to borrow on their future do not own an automobile, a radio, or a how. As one man asked, "I know we various communities. We hope that in each crops. They never have enough to buy all television. For all practical purposes, they got to have unions, but 'how do we do community organization will begin; that' they need, and they can't repair their are cut off from the outside world. Over it?" point is almost reached., Once this hap­ machinery. They own land, but they are 85% of the people belong to no other social The people of Mill Creek are farmers, pens, the people in the community groups land poor. organization except the church. To use but they are being forced off the land can get together and form a county-wide only the word "poverty" in describing life to stay alive. A few work at the Bircher's organization. Hunt for Jobs in the A-ppalachians is like using only the textile mill for $62.50 per six-day week. LARRY LOCKSHIN This forces farmers to look for addi­ word "bright" to describe the sun. . Others find temporary jobs on construc­ tional work. Many become semi - skilled tion crews. Sometimes the women work, and THE MOVEMENT labor on construction crews at $1.25 an Organizing Begins sometimes they are the only ones to have hour; for some there are jobs at the few a job. An old man who gets no welfare is published monthly by the staff of the' factories in the metropolitan Knoxville. The aim of the Southern Mountain Pro­ makes - legs for stools to be sold at a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee But jobs are hard to find, and hard to ject is to develop a grass roots movement, tourist shop in Gattlinburg. He gets 18 of California. reach from an isolated farm. During the among the isolated, disinherited, and im­ cents a leg. Some just can't find work. winter snows, construction work stops. poverished whites and Negroes in the Ap­ Taxes are high. One man with a 26 EDITORIAL OFFICE: 1316 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco Some women work but it is a fortunate palacians. It is upon this basic premise -­ acre farm has his land assessed at $18, family that sees a weekly pay check all that only from t)le inherent power of people 000, and the tax is over $5 per hundred California, MA 6 -4577 year round. themselves, solidly organized, can true of assessed valuation. During winter,-the The economy of Sevier county is geared change come -- that the project is based. roads are snowed in, and som'etimes the EDITORIAL GROUP: to Gattlinburg, the gateway to Great Smok­ Since political and economic exploitation of people can't get out for a week. Terence Cannon . ey Mountain National Park, through which the people and their land perpetuates the 85,000 cars pass every week during the system, then it will be political and eco­ Integrated A rea Bernice Glenn Gerhardt Gschiedle summer and fall tourist season. During this nomic solutions that the movement must George Ballis We also worked in ::;trawberry Plains. period people come from fifty or sixty seek. jeannette Harris The people here are a little better off jean Hume judi Lynch miles away to find work. Women are forced We began our field work in the Mill than in Mill Creek, but the bad roads" to compete with college students. Tourist Brooks Penney Creek community of Sevier County, first floods, and corrupt county officials are business is assured; minimum wage laws jackie Penney contacting a rural preacher, who invited us the same. This area is integrated; Ne­ do not apply; so the women are forced Rev. Bill Grace Ellen Estrin to speak to his congregation. gro and white families live side by side in to work six or seven days a week, earning Mill Creek lies on the other side of a­ relative peace. In 1960 a white girl was LOS ANGELES COMMITTEE: anywhere from a $1.50 a day to $40 a mountain from the one main highway of enrolled in an all Negro school, and the week. the county. The dirt road to Mill Creek most trouble came from the school board, Bob Nieman Courthouse Corruption runs over Pine Mountain, and then into, a not the people of the community. Sue Douglas Martin Van Buren crater-like valley surrounded by moun­ There is a long history of relative racial Beth Hoffman The citizens of Sevier County also face tain peaks. Occasionally we saw a house peace in the predominately white Ap­ the constant harassment of corrupt and to the side of the road; deeper into the palachaians. During the civilwar, the moun­ LOSANGELESADDRE~: stupid county officials. Political control back country the houses turned into shacks. tain farmers, too poor to own their own is centralized within the courthouse and Finally, two nice farms appeared off to the slaves, volunteered by the thousands for P. O. Box 117 it is the county judge who runs the court­ right; we crossed a crude, plank bridge the Union. After the war, they retained the '308 Westwood Plaza house. The people are isolated from one and entered Mill Creek. racial tolerance and Republi'can heritage. Los Angeles 24 another; there is little opportunity for them We spoke to the congregation and were While there has been segregation in to join in any type of a political organi­ received with a mixture of Warmth, curT:" Sevier County, the basic independence of zation. They are made to feel that poli­ SUBSCRIPTJONS: osity, susl?icion and aloofness. We talked the farmer and the drives for unionization tics is corrupt, and county officials are un­ to many of the people, and some became created a broader feeling of unity. They $1 per year, individual copies removable, so they do not vote. They have interested. After that, we came and talked speak of "us" and "them," and the "us" no political power; in a practical sense, $3 per hundred per month, to the people in their homes. includes the Negroes. Like one man said, they are disenfranchized. bulk subscriptions.

SAN FRANCISCO REGIONAL OFFICE 1316 MASONIC AVENUE MA 64577 LOS ANGELES AREA REGIONAL OFFICE 6605 HOLLYWOOD BLVD. ROOM 307 4626873 :.IT. DIABLD SAN JOSE STATE EAST BAY COJ.,LEGE OF MARIN 1658 Foothill 603 North 16th St. MARIN 5929 Grove St. 32 Williams Sr. Lafayette YE 5-3061 293-4684 STANFORD Oakland 655-QC;.tc; San Rafael 453.:.8241 Box 2484 STOCKTON Box 210, Mill Valley MID-PENINSULA Stanford 327-8879 Anderson Y Center 332-1127 S.F. STATE COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF S.F. SACRAMENTO 180 UniverSity Ave. 1MO Holloway 58 Clayton, Apt. 2 UNIVERSITI OF CAL Univ. of the Pacific 3015 Franklin Blvd. Palo Alto SANTA CLARA VALLEY San Francl!lco San Francisco Davis SK 3-3249 462-7314 Sacramento 457-5123 322-5521 269 Pamela Ave. JU 4-....2J5 75) -/;00 Apt, 8, San jose SAN DIEGO SANTA BARBARA LONG BEACH LONG BEACH STATE COLLEGE 258-6029 604 Henderson 7053 University Ave. 734 Elkus Walk PO Box 1170 436-6689 La Mesa Apt 204 430-6387 I 465-5310 968-6762