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Double Standards: Antibiotic Misuse by Fast Food Companies

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Double Standards: Antibiotic Misuse by Fast Food Companies A status report by Centre for Science and Environment DOUBLE STANDARDS ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE BY FAST FOOD COMPANIES Research direction: Chandra Bhushan Authors: Amit Khurana and Ananya Tewari Editor: Arif Ayaz Parrey Design direction: Ajit Bajaj Cover, design and layout: Raj Kumar Singh Production: Rakesh Shrivastava and Gundhar Das © 2017 Centre for Science and Environment Material from this publication can be used, but with acknowledgement. Citation: Chandra Bhushan, Amit Khurana and Ananya Tewari 2017. Double Standards, Antibiotic Misuse by Fast Food Companies, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi Published by: Centre for Science and Environment 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area New Delhi 110 062 Phone: 91-11-40616000 Fax: 91-11-29955879 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cseindia.org Printed at Multi Colour Services CONTENTS India's antibiotic resistance story ................................................... 4 How is the world preparing to deal with the threat? .................... 5 Commitments made by fast food MNCs to eliminate use of antibiotics ............................................................ 5 No commitments in India to eliminate antibiotic use .................... 7 Chicken-based dishes: A key part of India's fast food culture ................................................................. 11 What is antibiotic resistance? ....................................................... 12 Antibiotic misuse in intensive food-animal production .............. 13 Use of antibiotics important for humans .................................... 15 CSE recommendations .................................................................. 16 References ...................................................................................... 17 Annexure ......................................................................................... 18 VIKAS CHOUDHARY / CSE VIKAS CHOUDHARY INDIA’S ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE STORY Given the unrelenting growth of antibiotic use in human healthcare and animals, in particular for intensive food-animal production, the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)— antibiotic resistance (ABR) in particular—will be huge in India. India bears a serious burden of bacterial infections.1 Unsanitary conditions, limited infection prevention and control, poor regulations and implementation, and inadequate health systems add to the problem. Due to high resistance, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, macrolides and cephalosporins used to treat common infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract etc. and those used as a last resort in hospitals are increasingly becoming ineffective. India’s rapidly growing fast food restaurant industry, which uses meat raised with antibiotics, is a key contributor in the worsening AMR situation. It can also be a game- changer in the fight against AMR. Internationally, fast food chains are under pressure to end antibiotic misuse in chicken, fish and other meat production. In response, they have already come out with measurable objectives and clear-cut timeframes to reduce and eliminate such use in many countries across the globe, including in the US. Yet, when it comes to India, these companies exhibit double standards and are vague about reduction or elimination frameworks and timelines, as this status report by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reveals. 4 DOUBLE STANDARDS ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE BY FAST FOOD COMPANIES HOW IS THE WORLD PREPARING TO DEAL WITH THE THREAT? Currently, there is a huge momentum worldwide to combat AMR. After the adoption of the World Health Organization (WHO)-led Global Action Plan on AMR at the World Health Assembly in 2015, many countries have developed their National Action Plans (NAPs) on AMR with interventions specific to human and animal health, and the environment.2 Combatting AMR also received global political support at the United Nations General Assembly in 2016, following which an Inter-Agency Coordination Group was established in 2017. There has been significant contribution and buy-in from multiple stakeholders such as governments, civil society, and industries across food, animal and human health sectors. The problem of antibiotic misuse in animals has been recognized as a key contributor to rise of AMR and necessary interventions are being made to curtail the spread of AMR due to antibiotic misuse in animals. Historically, some developed countries, particularly those of the European Union (EU), have addressed AMR through systematic policy and practice initiatives. For example, the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animals was banned in the EU in 2006. India still allows such use. COMMITMENTS MADE Overview of the commitments Commitments are made by restaurant chains serving BY FAST FOOD MNCS almost all kinds of fast foods such as pizzas, burgers, TO ELIMINATE USE OF sandwiches and wraps. These are for ten leading global fast food brands managed by eight companies. ANTIBIOTICS Commitments are primarily made for the US. However, In response to the growing momentum most of these companies have an over-arching policy to reduce animal use of antibiotics, which is applicable to operating countries. McDonald’s, in several US-based multinational addition to its US commitments, has also committed for companies (MNCs) have come forward Europe, Australia, Canada, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and made commitments to reduce Brazil and China. antibiotics in their supply chain. Pressure Most commitments aim to eliminate similar set of from consumers and investors, along antibiotics, i.e., use of medically important antibiotics as with campaigns by civil society, has defined by the WHO. Few specify eliminating from routine played a key role. These companies use, i.e. growth promotion and disease prevention. Dunkin’ belong to quick service restaurant Donuts has committed no antibiotic use ever. McDonald’s (QSR), café and casual dining restaurant aims to eliminate antibiotics considered highest priority (CDR) segments. Most of them have a critically important to human medicine in countries other than global presence and their counterparts US. in India are key players in the respective These commitments are publically available, time-bound categories (see Table 1: Commitments and include third-party audits, in most cases by the United made by fast food MNCs to eliminate States Department of Agriculture Process Verified Program use of antibiotics). (USDA-PVP). Chicken supply chains are the focus of most commitments. A few have provided timelines for other food animals. For example, Subway mentions transition for turkey by about two-three years from 2016 and for pork and beef by 2025. Wendy’s mentions coming up with a commitment for pork and beef in 2017. By the end of 2017, most chains would already have eliminated medically important antibiotics from chicken supply chain in US and the remaining would do so before 2020. 5 Table 1: Commitments made by fast food MNCs to eliminate use of antibiotics3&4 Brand Country Antibiotics Timeline Notes McDonald’s US Antibiotics important to 2016 As part of 2017 human medicine updated Global Vision for Antibiotic Stewardship in Food Animals Brazil, Canada, Highest priority critically January 2018 Except colistin for Japan, S. Korea, important antibiotics Europe US, and Europe Australia, Russia, Highest priority critically 2019-end Including colistin and Europe important antibiotics for Europe China Highest priority critically January 2027 important antibiotics Subway US Medically important 2016 antibiotics for growth promotion Domino’s Pizza US Antibiotics important for 2018-beginning Commitment human health stated in Corporate Stewardship Report of 2016 Dunkin’ Donuts US Chicken raised with no 2018-end Commitment part antibiotics ever of Animal Welfare Policy updated in July 2017 Pizza Hut US Antibiotics important to March 2017 Commitment part of human medicine Good Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme by Yum! Brands KFC US Antibiotics important to 2018-end human medicine Taco Bell US Antibiotics important to First quarter of human medicine 2017 Burger King US and Canada Antibiotics important to 2018-end Commitment human medicine stated in the 2016 Sustainability Report Starbucks US Medically important 2020 Commitment part antibiotics for routine use of animal welfare practices Wendy’s US Medically important 2017 Commitment antibiotics part of Wendy’s antibiotic use policy guidelines Note: The list focuses on commitments in US and is non-exhaustive; ‘medically important antibiotics’, ‘antibiotics important to human medicine’ and ‘antibiotics important to human health’ are terms used in respective commitments and likely convey similar set of antibiotics, i.e., those recognized by the WHO. McDonald’s and Burger King have referred to the WHO’s recent list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (5th revision). Source: CSE compilation 6 DOUBLE STANDARDS ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE BY FAST FOOD COMPANIES NO COMMITMENTS IN INDIA TO ELIMINATE ANTIBIOTIC USE While much headway has been achieved globally in recent times on elimination of antibiotic misuse for food-animal production,the situation in India remains largely unchanged. To understand India-specific policies and commitments to reduce or eliminate antibiotic use in meat supply chains of the fast food companies, CSE wrote to 12 companies serving fast food and managing 14 key brands in India (see Box: CSE queries). These include nine companies operating 11 multinational brands. Most of these brands are
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