International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 11, Issue 13, 2019, pp.-8738-8743. Available online at https://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217 Research Article VARIABILITY ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER DEPTH: A CASE STUDY OF SONIPAT DISTRICT IN HARYANA, INDIA SINGH D.1, SINGH M.1, NAIN M.2* AND GUPTA J.P.3 1Department of Geography, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India 3Department of Geography, D. B. S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand, 246174, India *Corresponding Author: Email - [email protected] Received: June 30, 2019; Revised: July 11, 2019; Accepted: July 12, 2019; Published: July 15, 2019 Abstract: In Northern India, particularly in Haryana, the pressure on groundwater has mounted many folds resulting decline in groundwater level. The objective of the study was to analyze variability in groundwater table during two decades i.e. 1993-2013. For this purpose, groundwater depth data of 123 monitoring wells was obtained from Groundwater Cell, Rohtak. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method using Arc GIS software version 10.1was applied to obtain predicted values. A decline in average groundwater depth from 6.62 meters in 1993 to 7.89 meters in 2013 was noticed. Average seasonal fluctuation in groundwater table is varied from 0.7 meters to 1.5 meters during 1993 to 2013. The maximum area of Sonipat district i.e., about 1724.44 sq. km was recorded under seasonal fluctuation of 1 to 3 meters rise during June 1993 October 1993 but the maximum area of Sonipat district i.e., 1209.26 sq. km area under seasonal fluctuation of 0 to 1 meters during June 2013 to October 2013. Long term fluctuation trends in groundwater table during 1993 to 2013 revealed that there was a decline in groundwater table in four blocks out of seven blocks of the study area. The maximum fall in groundwater table was observed in Ganaur block Ganaur block expand near the bank of Yamuna River so that land of Ganaur block is a store house of fresh water. Due to fresh water withdrawal of groundwater in Ganaur block is high. There was 0.06 meter per annum decline in groundwater table in the entire Sonipat district during 1993 to 2013 in all seven blocks of the Sonipat district. Keywords: Variability Analysis, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, Sonipat, Haryana Citation: Singh D., et al., (2019) Variability Analysis of Groundwater Depth: A Case Study of Sonipat District in Haryana, India. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 11, Issue 13, pp.- 8738-8743. Copyright: Copyright©2019 Singh D., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction After the onset of green revolution in Haryana, the High Yielding Varieties (HYV) has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate. The district lies in the central part of seeds are required more amount of water for irrigation. The annual rainfall of of the state and having temperature regimes of hot semi-arid regions [1]. The soil the state is low and uneven with a long hot summer season and high rate of of this district are sandy to clay loam textured [6]. It is predominantly an evaporation. The same conditions also exist in Sonipat district. The normal annual agricultural district. About 70 percent of people are engaged in different rainfall of the district for the period 1901-1980 is 567 mm [2].Yamuna river flows agricultural pursuits. It is situated in the heart of green revolution belt of the state. along the eastern boundary of Sonipat district. It is a perennial river but it remains Wheat, rice, sugarcane, barley, maize and mustard are the main crops of the dry in stretches from Tajewala to Delhi because of Hathni Kund Barrage which is district [4]. The total geographical area is 2, 13,000 hectares, out of which 1, origin of two important canals, the Western Yamuna Canal and Eastern Yamuna 71,000 hectares area is cultivable. Net sown area is nearly 80.27 percent of the Canal. After Tajewala, the main channel of river Yamuna is almost dry and total area. The area sown more than once is 1, 47,000 hectares bringing the total behaves like seasonal river. Thus, the absence of perennial rivers or streams as cropped area (gross sown area) to 3, 16,000 hectares. The district has a high well as uneven and erratic rainfall makes availability of fresh water a matter of irrigation intensity of 187 percent. The net irrigated area by canals is 91,000 concern. The demand for irrigation water is always high. Advances in technology hectares and net irrigated area by tube wells is 78,000 hectares [7]. Sonipat have resulted in an enormous increase in extraction of groundwater, thereby district is a part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. It has almost a plain topography with disturbing natural groundwater balance. Rapid urbanization coupled with general slope from north to south. A natural depression exists in north and enhanced groundwater extraction for irrigation, has adversely affected the northwest of Gohana. The maximum elevation of the plain is 235 meters above groundwater resources of the study area. Thus, the question of groundwater mean sea level. As per the physiographic regions, the study area can be divided availability is important and demands a scientific action plan to ensure water into three regions namely: active floodplain, abandoned floodplain of recent past security in the study area (Sonipat district). Objective of the study was to analyze and upland plain. The study area has not much geological diversity. Sonipat variability in the depth to groundwater table of the Sonipat district during the last district is dominated by Quaternary to Recent age deposits of Indo-Gengatic two decades i.e. 1993-2013. plains. It is almost covered by alluvial deposits of clay, loam, silt and sand brought down by Yamuna River during quaternary to recent age. High-grade silica sand Study Area left behind by the change in the course of the Yamuna River is found (Geological The study area is geographically located between 28⁰48′ 15″North to 29⁰ 17′ 10″ Survey of India, 2012). North latitudes and 76⁰ 28′ 40″East to 77⁰ 12′ 45″ East longitudes. Sonipat district International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 11, Issue 13, 2019 || Bioinfo Publications || 8738 Variability Analysis of Groundwater Depth: A Case Study of Sonipat District in Haryana, India Fig-1 Point location map of 123 observations well sites in Sonipat district, Haryana Fig-2 Spatial pattern of seasonal fluctuation in groundwater depth during pre-monsoon to post – monsoon period in 1993. Table-1 Block-wise average depth to groundwater table (meters) for pre-monsoon Table-2 Block-wise average depth to groundwater table (meters) for post- Blocks 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 monsoon period (October) during 1993 to 2013. Kathura 2.96 3.01 4.43 2.89 4.08 Blocks 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 Mundlana 4.81 3.87 5.60 5.11 5.11 Kathura 2.6 2.43 3.42 2.48 2.2 Ganaur 8.96 7.68 10.84 13.69 16.95 Mundlana 3.35 2.95 4.71 3.19 3.78 Gohana 5.40 3.17 5.92 5.26 5.30 Ganaur 7.15 7.24 10.46 13.34 16.88 Sonipat 8.99 7.02 11.23 10.05 7.67 Gohana 3.49 2.33 5.27 4.00 2.88 Kharkhoda 6.01 3.50 4.73 4.14 4.81 Sonipat 7.16 6.49 10.71 9.51 6.01 Rai 9.19 8.03 11.75 12.46 11.29 Kharkhoda 4.21 1.72 3.39 2.97 3.39 District Average 6.62 5.18 7.79 7.66 7.89 Rai 8.02 6.92 11.66 12.24 10.79 Source: Calculated by researcher from Observatory Well Data, Groundwater Cell, District Average 5.14 4.3 7.09 6.82 6.56 Rohtak Source: Calculated by researcher from Observatory Well Data, Groundwater Cell, Rohtak International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 11, Issue 13, 2019 || Bioinfo Publications || 8739 Singh D., Singh M., Nain M. and Gupta J.P. Fig-3 Spatial pattern of seasonal fluctuation in groundwater depth during pre-monsoon to post-monsoon period in 2013. Fig-4 Spatial pattern of long term fluctuation in groundwater depth for pre-monsoon period during 1993-2013. Data Sources and Methodology radius. Toposheets of the study area were registered in Arc GIS 10.1 environment The study was done through secondary data. The Survey of India (SOI) topo using map projection of WGS 1984 and UTM Zone 43N. sheets on 1:50,000 scales were used to prepare the base map and boundary Table-3 Block-wise seasonal fluctuation (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in demarcation. The study area covers the Survey of India (SOI) toposheets no. groundwater table (in meters). H43Q8, H43Q11, H43Q12, H43Q15, H43Q16, H43R4, H43W9, H43W13, and Block 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 H43X1. The groundwater depth data of 123 monitoring wells from seven blocks of Kathura 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.8 Sonipat district from 1993 – 2013 was obtained [3]. The maximum numbers of Mundlana 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.9 1.3 Ganaur 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.07 monitoring wells (27 wells) are found in Sonipat block.