L'exploitation Et La Protection Des Ressources Forestières En

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L'exploitation Et La Protection Des Ressources Forestières En L'exploitation et la protection des ressources foresti`eres en R´epublique Centrafricaine de la p´eriode pr´ecoloniale `anos jours. Beno^ıtTchakossa To cite this version: Beno^ıtTchakossa. L'exploitation et la protection des ressources foresti`eresen R´epubliqueCen- trafricaine de la p´eriode pr´ecoloniale`anos jours.. Sciences de l'environnement. UNIVERSITE DE NANTES, 2012. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2012NANT3006>. <tel-01171560> HAL Id: tel-01171560 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01171560 Submitted on 10 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE DE NANTES UFR D’HISTOIRE, HISTOIRE DE L’ART ET ARCHEOLOGIE Année 2012 L’EXPLOITATION ET LA PROTECTION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES EN REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE DE LA PERIODE PRECOLONIALE A NOS JOURS THESE présentée et soutenue publiquement en vue d’obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université de Nantes par Benoît TCHAKOSSA 13 Avril 2012 Directeur de thèse : Professeur Bernard SALVAING Jury : Monsieur : Michel CATALA, Professeur à l’Université de Nantes Monsieur : Rémi FABRE, Professeur à l’Université de Paris-EST Créteil Val-de-Marne Monsieur : Bernard SALVAING, Professeur à l’Université de Nantes Monsieur : Francis SIMONIS, Maître de Conférence et chef du projet AMES – Conakry Monsieur : Vincent JOLY, Professeur à l’Université de Rennes II 1 SOMMAIRE Dédicace ……………………………………………………………………………..11 Remerciements …………………………………………………………….………..13 Sigles et abréviations …………………………………………………...…………..14 Introduction générale ………………………………………………………………19 PREMIERE PARTIE : L’EXPLOITATION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES PENDANT LA PERIODE PRECOLONIALE .…………….…28 Titre I) La géographie de la République Centrafricaine ……………………..… 30 Chapitre I) La géographie …………………………………………………….……30 1- La localisation…………………………………………………………………… 30 2- Le relief……………………………………………………………………...........31 3- Le réseau hydrographique………………………………………………..……….32 4- Le climat (pluviométrie, température, degré hydrométrique)………….…………33 5- Flore et faune…………………………………………………………….……….35 5-1 La flore………………………………………………………………………..35 5-2 La faune………………………………………………………………………36 Chapitre II) La démographie ……………………………………………………...39 1- La préhistoire et l’histoire………………………………………………………...40 2- Les origines des populations…………………………………………..………….41 2.1- Les populations de la forêt…………………………………………………...42 2.2- Les populations de la savane………………...………………………………43 2.2.1- Les Gbayas ou Bayas……………………………………...……………43 2.2.2- Les Bandas………………………………...……………………………43 2.2.3- Les Zandés………………………………………………...……………44 2.3- Les populations du Nord-Ouest et du Nord-est……………………………...44 2.3.1- Les Ndokas…………………………………………………………..44 2 2.3.2- Les Rungas…………………..………………………………………44 2.3.3- Les groupes Sara………………………...…………………………..45 2.4- Les populations riveraines…………………………………...………………45 3- La situation de la population centrafricaine entre 1870 et 1890……………...…..48 3.1- Un pays sous-peuplé……………………...………………………………….49 3.2- Les divisions administratives……………………...…………………………50 3.3- Les principales activités économiques……………………………………….52 3.3.1-L’agriculture……………………………………………………….....52 3.3.2- Les mines……………………...……………………………………..54 3.3.3- Les industries forestières……………………….……………………55 4- Situation socio-économique de la République Centrafricaine……………..……..56 4.1- Une faible performance économique……………..………………………….57 4.2- Une faible performance financière………………………….……………….59 4.3- Une situation sociale caractérisée par la pauvreté……………………..…….61 4.4- Quelques indicateurs de la pauvreté de la population……………….………61 Titre II) L’exploitation des ressources forestières pendant la période précoloniale …………………………………………………………………………62 Chapitre I) L’exploitation traditionnelle des ressources forestières …….………62 1- Les légendes et croyances liées à l’exploitation des ressources forestières………64 1.1- Les légendes (les génies des eaux et des forêts)…………………………..…65 1.2- Les tabous……………………………………………………………………67 2- Les éléments d’intégration sociale et de la connaissance de l’univers…………....68 2.1- L’importance des contes et des légendes dans la préservation de la nature………………………………………………………………………………...71 2.2- Importance des ressources forestières pour les populations………...……….74 2.3- Importance de la flore et de la faune sauvage et les valeurs Socioculturelles………………………………………………………..………75 3 a- Importance de la flore et les valeurs socioculturelles ..…………………….75 b- Importance de la faune sauvage et valeurs socioculturelles………………..77 3- Poids économique et contribution alimentaire .......................……………………79 Chapitre II) Les modes d’exploitation traditionnelle des ressources naturelles ..81 1- La faune …………………………………………………………………………..81 2- Autres ressources ……..…………………………………………………………..83 2.1- La pêche ……………………………………………………………………..83 2.2- Les ramassages et la cueillette …...…………………………………………. 83 3- Les activités artisanales et commerciales ………..……………………………….84 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LE CONTACT AVEC LES ETRANGERS ET L’EXPLOITATION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES …….………………85 Titre I) L’arrivée des arabo-musulmans et ses effets sur les ressources forestières ... …………………………………………………………………………87 Chapitre I) Les origines et les motivations des arabo-musulmans (du XVI au XIXème siècle) ………………………………………………………………………87 1-Les origines …...…………………………………………………………………..88 2- Les motivations premières (l’islamisation) …...………………………………….91 3- La naissance des chefferies traditionnelles …..…………………………………. 99 3.1- Les Etats Tékromiens ….………………………………………………… 99 a- Le royaume du Kanembornou ………………..…………………………… 99 b- Le royaume du Baguirmi …………………………………………………102 c- Le Ouaddaï ……………….……………………………………………….102 3.2- Les Etats du Soudan oriental ………………………………………………104 a- Le Darfour………………………...……………………………………….104 b- Le Kordofan …………………...………………………………………….105 c- Le Bahr-El-Ghazal ……………….……………………………………….106 4 Chapitre II) La traite négrière et le commerce des trophées …….……………107 1-La traite négrière ….……………………………………………………………..107 a- Les causes économiques ……………….…………………………………108 b- Les causes religieuses ……………...…………………………………… 108 c- Les causes politico-militaires ……………….…………………………….111 2- L’exploitation des trophées de chasse …………….……………………………114 2.1- L’ivoire ……….……………………………………………………………114 Chapitre III) Les résistants des populations actives et passives (XIXème siècle) …………………………………………………………………...121 1- Les mouvements des résistances des populations ………………………………121 a- les résistances passives ……………………………………………………122 b- les résistances actives …………….……………………………………….123 2-Les mouvements de résistances des sultanats ………...…………………………124 2.1- Les sultanats de l’Est ………………………………………………………125 2.2- Le sultanat de Senoussi ……….……………………………………………126 Titre II) L’exploitation forestière pendant la période de la colonisation française (de 1889 à 1960) …….……………………………………………………...............129 Chapitre I) Les causes de la pénétration française en Oubangui-Chari et les différentes missions d’exploitation … ……………………………………………129 Chapitre II) Le système des compagnies concessionnaires l’exploitation des ressources forestières et les résistances des populations …..……………………130 1- La création des compagnies concessionnaires …………………………………131 2- L’exploitation du caoutchouc …...………………………………………………133 2.1-La plante ……………………………………………………………………134 a- Le traitement de l’exploitation du caoutchouc d’herbe …..……………….134 b- Le début de l’exploitation …..…………………………………………….134 5 c- La compagnie forestière sangha-Oubangui ...……………………………..137 d- La compagnie des sultanats du Haut-Oubangui ………..…………………143 e- La commercialisation………………….…………………………………. 151 f- Les résistances des populations …..……………………………………….154 2.2- La fin de l’exploitation du caoutchouc et le lancement des produits de substitution (1923-1960)……………………………………………………………156 3- Le lancement de la culture d’hévéas, les échecs (1930)……………………...….157 4- Le lancement des activités agricoles (1923-1960)……………………………. ..161 a) Le coton……………………………………………………………….…163 b) Le café…………………………………………………………………...167 c) Les cultures vivrières…………………………………………………….168 5- La création des parcs et réserves animaliers en zone Nord-est et la première industrie d’exploitation forestière et ses conséquences de 1933 à 1949 …..………170 5.1- La création des parcs et réserves animaliers en zone Nord-est…………….171 a) Parcs nationaux…………………………………………………………..171 b) Réserves partielles, temporaires ou totales………………………………172 c) La création des parcs nationaux………………………………………….173 d) Les réserves de faune………………………………………………….…175 5.2- La première industrie d’exploitation forestière et ses conséquences…….…183 a) La naissance d’une industrie : l’exploitation du bois……………………183 TROISIEME PARTIE : L’INDEPENDANCE ET LES POLITIQUES D’EXPLOITATION ET DE PROTECTION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES …………………………………………………………………193 TITRE I- Les différentes politiques d’exploitation et de protection des ressources naturelles pendant la période des indépendances (1960) ……….…195 6 Chapitre I) Les nouvelles formes d’exploitation de la faune par les populations ………………………………………………………………………...196 1- L’introduction des armes à feu, le début du braconnage, le non respect des mythes,
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