Geothermal Risk Reduction Via Geothermal/Solar Hybrid Power Plants: Final Report
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Microgeneration Potential in New Zealand
Prepared for Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment Microgeneration Potential in New Zealand A Study of Small-scale Energy Generation Potential by East Harbour Management Services ISBN: 1-877274-33-X May 2006 Microgeneration Potential in New Zealand East Harbour Executive summary The study of the New Zealand’s potential for micro electricity generation technologies (defined as local generation for local use) in the period up to 2035 shows that a total of approximately 580GWh per annum is possible within current Government policies. If electricity demand modifiers (solar water heating, passive solar design, and energy efficiency) are included, there is approximately an additional 15,800GWh per annum available. In total, around 16,400GWh of electricity can be either generated on-site, or avoided by adopting microgeneration of energy services. The study has considered every technology that the authors are aware of. However, sifting the technologies reduced the list to those most likely to be adopted to a measurable scale during the period of the study. The definition of micro electricity generation technologies includes • those that generate electricity to meet local on-site energy services, and • those that convert energy resources directly into local energy services, such as the supply of hot water or space heating, without the intermediate need for electricity. The study has considered the potential uptake of each technology within each of the periods to 2010, 2020, and 2035. It also covers residential energy services and those services for small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that can be obtained by on-site generation of electricity or substitution of electricity. -
Geothermal Power and Interconnection: the Economics of Getting to Market David Hurlbut
Geothermal Power and Interconnection: The Economics of Getting to Market David Hurlbut NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-54192 April 2012 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Geothermal Power and Interconnection: The Economics of Getting to Market David Hurlbut Prepared under Task No. WE11.0815 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-6A20-54192 Golden, Colorado 80401 April 2012 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. -
Geothermal Energy?
Renewable Geothermal Geothermal Basics What Is Geothermal Energy? The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). So, geothermal energy is heat from within the Earth. We can recover this heat as steam or hot water and use it to heat buildings or generate electricity. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because the heat is continuously produced inside the Earth. Geothermal Energy Is Generated Deep Inside the Earth Geothermal energy is generated in the Earth's core. Temperatures hotter than the sun's surface are continuously produced inside the Earth by the slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that happens in all rocks. The Earth has a number of different layers: The core itself has two layers: a solid iron core and an outer core made of very hot melted rock, called magma. The mantle surrounds the core and is about 1,800 miles thick. It is made up of magma and Source: Adapted from a rock. National Energy Education The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, the Development Project land that forms the continents and ocean floors. It graphic (Public Domain) can be 3 to 5 miles thick under the oceans and 15 to 35 miles thick on the continents. The Earth's crust is broken into pieces called plates. Magma comes close to the Earth's surface near the edges of these plates. This is where volcanoes occur. The lava that erupts from volcanoes is partly magma. Deep underground, the rocks and water absorb the heat from this magma. The temperature of the rocks and water gets hotter and hotter as you go deeper underground. -
And Geothermal Power in Iceland a Study Trip
2007:10 TECHNICAL REPORT Hydro- and geothermal power in Iceland A study trip Ltu and Vattenfall visit Landsvirkjun May 1-5, 2007 Isabel Jantzer Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering 2007:10|: 102-1536|: - -- 07⁄10 -- Hydro- and geothermal power in Iceland A study trip Ltu and Vattenfall visit Landsvirkjun May 1 – 5, 2007 Iceland is currently constructing the largest hydropower dam in Europe, Kárahnjúkar. There are not many possibilities to visit such construction sites, as the opportunity to expand hydropower is often restricted because of environmental or regional regulations limitations. However, the study trip, which was primarily designed for the visitors from Vattenfall, gave a broad insight in the countries geology, energy resources and production, as well as industrial development in general. This report gives an overview of the trip, summarizes information and presents pictures and images. I want to thank Vattenfall as organization, as well as a large number of individuals at Vattenfall, for giving me the opportunity for participation. Further, I want to express my sincere gratitude to the Swedish Hydropower Center, i.e. Svensk Vattenkraft Centrum SVC, Luleå University of Technology, and individuals at Elforsk for providing me the possibility to take part in this excursion. It has been of great value for me as a young person with deep interest in dam design and construction and provided me with invaluable insights. Luleå, May 2007 Isabel Jantzer Agenda During three days we had the possibility to travel over the country: After the first day in Reykjavik, we flew to Egilstadir in the north eastern part of the country, from where we drove to the Kárahnjúkar dam site and visited the Alcoa aluminium smelter at Reydarfjördur Fjardaál afterwards. -
Enel Green Power Group Annual Report
2009 Enel Green Power Annual Report INDEX REPORT ON OPERATIONS .............................................................................. 3 Structure of the Enel Green Power Group in 2009 ............................................. 4 Corporate boards ......................................................................................... 5 Summary of results ...................................................................................... 6 Significant events in 2009 ............................................................................. 9 The contribution of renewable energy to sustainability ..................................... 14 Value creation for sustainable development...............................................................14 Economic and market context ...................................................................... 15 Regulatory and rate issues......................................................................................19 Overview of the Group’s operations and economic and financial performance ...... 29 Definition of performance indicators .........................................................................29 Main changes in the scope of consolidation ...............................................................30 Group performance................................................................................................31 Analysis of the Group's financial position...................................................................34 Results by geographical area....................................................................... -
Solar Energy Toward a Sustainable Growth
Solar Energy Toward a sustainable growth Marco Raganella Head of Technical Support Solar Activities Business Development Enel Green Power S.p.A. Seminario Internacional Solar Antofagasta – Chile 6th October 2009 Agenda • Renewables geographies and technologies • Growth of Solar Energy and key drivers • Enel Green Power experience Dec 2008 1 Renewable energies: strong fundamentals in all geographies Estimates of renewables installed capacity, 2008-2020 Europe 1,030 GW max North America 620 GW min TOTAL WORLD 390 GW 550 GW max 3,020 GW min max 230 GW 330 GW 2008 2020 1,820 GW min 1,150 GW 2008 2020 2008 2020 Latin America Africa Asia 1,000 GW max 600 GW min 330 GW max 350 GW min 110 GW max 150 GW 200 GW min 70 GW min 30 GW 2008 2020 2008 2020 2008 2020 UpUp toto 1,9001,900 GWGW ofof renewablerenewable capacitycapacity additionsadditions Source: Enel estimates based/WEO 2008/GWEC 2008 (2008); WEO 2008 Reference Scenario (2020 min); Industry reports/McKinsey (2020 max) Dec 2008 2 Renewable energies: strong fundamentals in all technologies Global installed Global installed Technology base base Δ capacity CAGR Technological maturity 2008 2020 2% Very high (large hydro) Hydro 960 GW 1,280 GW +320 GW 8% Very high (small hydro) Biomass 50 GW 470 GW +420 GW 20% Very high Geothermal 10 GW 30 GW +20 GW 10% High High (on-shore) Wind 120 GW 800 GW +680 GW 17% Low (off-shore) Medium (c-SI) Solar Low (Thin Film) PV Solar 10 GW 440 GW +430 GW 37% Concentrated Low solar power TOTAL 1,150 GW 3,020 GW+1,870 GW 8% AllAll technologiestechnologies havehave -
Geothermal Power Development in New Zealand - Lessons for Japan
Geothermal Power Development in New Zealand - Lessons for Japan - Research Report Emi Mizuno, Ph.D. Senior Researcher Japan Renewable Energy Foundation February 2013 Geothermal Power Development in New Zealand – Lessons for Japan 2-18-3 Higashi-shimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 105-0021 Phone: +81-3-6895-1020, FAX: +81-3-6895-1021 http://jref.or.jp An opinion shown in this report is an opinion of the person in charge and is not necessarily agreeing with the opinion of the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation. Copyright ©2013 Japan Renewable Energy Foundation.All rights reserved. The copyright of this report belongs to the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation. An unauthorized duplication, reproduction, and diversion are prohibited in any purpose regardless of electronic or mechanical method. 1 Copyright ©2013 Japan Renewable Energy Foundation.All rights reserved. Geothermal Power Development in New Zealand – Lessons for Japan Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 8 2. Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Power Development in New Zealand 9 1) Geothermal Resources in New Zealand 9 2) Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand 11 3) Section Summary 12 3. Policy and Institutional Framework for Geothermal Development in New Zealand 13 1) National Framework for Geothermal Power Development 13 2) Regional Framework and Process 15 3) New National Resource Consent Framework and Process for Proposals of National Significance 18 4) Section Summary 21 4. Environmental Problems and Policy Approaches 22 1) Historical Environmental Issues in the Taupo Volcanic Zone 22 2) Policy Changes, Current Environmental and Management Issues, and Policy Approaches 23 3) Section Summary 32 5. -
093-070513 EGEC Kapp and Kreuter Hybrid
Proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2007 Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007 The Concept of Hybrid Power Plants in Geothermal Applications Bernd Kapp and Horst Kreuter Baischstraße 7, D-76133 Karlsruhe [email protected] and [email protected] Keywords: hybrid concept, geothermal, biogas, power about 115°C or more depending on the arrangement of the plant heat exchanger in the cycle and the value of the geothermal energy. In addition to the higher heat input in the rankine ABSTRACT cycle the temperature increase of the fluid leads to a higher In many regions of Germany, the temperature of efficiency in the cycle. Both, ORC and Kalina Cycle, show a strong transient of the efficiency in the temperature range geothermal brine that can be tapped in natural reservoirs between 100°C and 120°C. generally is below 120°C. The production of electricity is economically not feasible in most of these areas, because Different thermodynamic calculations with the software with low temperatures the degree of efficiency and thus the Thermoflow were performed to investigate the influence of amount of produced power is too small. With the new the hybrid concept compared to the common stand-alone hybrid concept, it is now possible to feed in energy from a solution of a geothermal power plant (figure 2). A second renewable energy source into the geothermal power comparison between the different cycles (Kalina and ORC cycle while raising the temperature at the same time. using isobutane) is shown in figure 3. 1. INTRODUCTION Electricity generation out of a geothermal energy source depends on the local geological situation. -
Upgrading Both Geothermal and Solar Energy
GRC Transactions, Vol. 40, 2016 Upgrading Both Geothermal and Solar Energy Kewen Li1,2, Changwei Liu2, Youguang Chen3, Guochen Liu2, Jinlong Chen2 1Stanford University, Stanford Geothermal Program, Stanford CA, USA 2China University of Geosciences, Beijing 3Tsinghua University, Beijing [email protected] Keywords Hybrid solar-geothermal systems, solar energy, geothermal resources, exergy, high efficiency ABSTRACT Geothermal energy has many advantages over solar and other renewables. These advantages include: 1) weather-proof; 2) base-load power; 3) high stability and reliability with a capacity factor over 90% in many cases; 4) less land usage and less ecological effect; 5) high thermal efficiency. The total installed capacity of geothermal electricity, however, is much smaller than those of solar energy. On the other hand, solar energy, including photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP), has a lot of disadvantages and problems even it has a greater installed power and other benefits. Almost all of the five advantages geothermal has are the disadvantages of solar. Furthermore, solar PV has a high pollution issue during manufacturing. There have been many reports and papers on the combination of geothermal and solar energies in recent decades. This article is mainly a review of these literatures and publications. Worldwide, there are many areas where have both high heat flow flux and surface radiation, which makes it possible to integrate geothermal and solar energies. High temperature geothermal resource is the main target of the geothermal industry. The fact is that there are many geothermal resources with a low or moderate temperature of about 150oC. It is known that the efficiency of power generation from ther- mal energy is directly proportional to the resource temperature in general. -
Financial Statement 2013 of Enel Green Power S.P.A
Annual Report 2013 Annual Report2013 Annual Report 2013 Contents Report on operations Consolidated financial statements Enel Green Power | 6 Consolidated Income Statement | 110 The Group structure | 7 Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income | 111 Enel Green Power in the world | 8 Consolidated Balance Sheet | 112 Corporate boards and Powers | 10 Statement of Changes in Consolidated Shareholders’ Equity | 113 Letter to the shareholders and other stakeholders | 12 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 114 Summary of results | 16 Notes to the financial statements | 115 Significant events in 2013 | 25 Reference scenario | 33 Economic and energy conditions in 2013 | 35 Corporate governance | 187 Electricity markets | 39 How we operate | 57 Overview of the Group’s performance and financial position | 73 Declaration of the Chief Executive Officer and the Performance and financial position by segment | 90 officer responsible for the preparation of corporate > Italy and Europe | 91 financial reports | 188 > Iberia and Latin America | 95 > North America | 98 Main risks and uncertainties | 101 Annexes Outlook | 102 Regulations governing non-EU subsidiaries | 103 Subsidiaries, associates and other significant equity investments of the Enel Green Power Group at December 31, 2013 | 192 Regulations governing subsidiaries subject to the management and coordination of other companies | 104 Related parties | 105 Reconciliation of shareholders’ equity and net income of Enel Green Reports Power SpA and the corresponding consolidated figures | 107 Report of the Independent Auditors | 210 3 Report on operations Enel Green Power Enel Green Power, founded in December 2008, is the Enel Group company entirely devoted to the development and management of the Group’s renewables generation operations around the world, with a presence in Europe and the Americas. -
GEMINI SOLAR PROJECT Resource Management Plan Amendment and Draft Environmental Impact Statement Volume 1: Chapters 1 – 4
U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management DOI------ BLM NV S010 2018 0051 EIS GEMINI SOLAR PROJECT Resource Management Plan Amendment and Draft Environmental Impact Statement Volume 1: Chapters 1 – 4 EIS Costs to- Date: $4,494,065 i The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the stewardship of our public lands. The BLM’s mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN AMENDMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE GEMINI SOLAR PROJECT Responsible Agency: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Document Status: Draft (X) Final ( ) Abstract: Solar Partners XI, LLC is proposing to construct, operate, maintain, and decommission an approximately 690-megawatt photovoltaic solar electric generating facility and associated generation tie-line and access road facilities (Project) on approximately 7,100 acres of federal lands administered by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The Project would be located approximately 33 miles northeast of Las Vegas and south of the Moapa River Indian Reservation in Clark County, Nevada. The expected life of the Project is 30 years. Solar Partners XI, LLC acquired an existing 44,000-acre right-of- way application filed in 2008 by BrightSource Energy, LLC for the APEX Solar Thermal Power Generation Facility. The approximately 7,100-acre Project would be located within the 44,000-acre right- of-way application area. The 1998 Las Vegas Resource Management Plan (RMP) classifies the right-of-way application area as a Class III Visual Resource Management (VRM) area, which lies adjacent to Class II areas (due to the presence of the Old Spanish National Historic Trail, Muddy Mountain Wilderness Area, and Bitter Springs Back Country Byway in the Project vicinity). -
Combining Renewable Energy Technologies - with a Geothermal Focus
Proceedings of the 4th African Rift Geothermal Conference Nairobi, Kenya, 21-23 November 2012 Combining Renewable Energy Technologies - With a Geothermal Focus Marietta Sander International Geothermal Association, c/o University of Applied Sciences, Lennershofstr. 140, 44801 Bochum, Germany [email protected] Keywords: Hybrid geothermal, combining renewable 2. AHUACHAPÁN POWER PLANT, EL SALVADOR energy technology, REN Alliance The geothermal energy production in El Salvador dates back to 1975, with the first 30 MW unit in Ahuachapán. In ABSTRACT El Salvador geothermal energy has been one of the main Combining renewable energy technologies using their sources of electricity, supplying the country with up to 41% of the national electricity demand. In 1981 for example specific characteristics and assets can lead to a more Ahuachapán was the first geothermal field in El Salvador to efficient and increased power generation. Geothermal be developed for commercial electricity generation. Besides energy being a baseload power source in particular, can two 30 MW single-flash units a third double-flash unit enhance the use of other renewables which depend on the came online in 1981, bringing the total capacity to 95 MW. availability of wind, sun or hydro resources. Additionally, it Ahuachapán was the first geothermal field in El Salvador to can significantly enhance the reliability of a renewable be developed for commercial electricity generation (Guidos energy future. and Burgos 2012). In 2007, LaGeo, the national electricity provider initiated a Three hybrid systems are introduced and their technical thermosolar R&D project at its geothermal plant details shown: Ahuachapán aimed at enhancing the output power of the geothermal facility.