.-:.a- I . ) :.S..{\ HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. 17. 1999

LocalPottery and Dairying at theDMR Site,Brickfields, Sydney, il New SouthWales n d s MARY CASEY a The original intention behind this paper was to publish the locally-madepotteryfrom the DMR site in Sydney ie but the detailed artefact analysis produced unexpected insights into early nineteenth-century life in the o Brickfields which watanted a more detailed exomination of the material and its context. Previously knowledgeofthe Bricffields was limited due to a lack of historical documentsassociatedwith this early village a which by the I830s was subsumedinto greater Sydney.This paper discussesearly colonial dairy practices and TI presents the evidencefor a home dairy in the Brickfields at the DMR site, Area B. This site contained r5 locally-manufactured vesselsused in datrying, which was a commonplacebut poorly documentedactivity, )r mostly carried out by women. The evidencefor dairying activities is based on both the locally-made pottery and a comparative analysis of the statistical datafrom DMR B with other archaeological sitesin Sydney.A Jf modelfor interpreting names and functions for early locally-made pottery was constructedfrom historical is sources to provide a functional frameworkfor identifuing the range qnd usesof the locally-mqde vesselsthat might be found on this and other sites. This model assistsin the attachment of nineteenth-centurynames to ]e these locally-made vesselsin a manner which is both structured and verifiable. It provides a framework for se interpreting locally-madepottery with typological grouping of potteryforms basedon the local modelfleshed 'o out with parallels from the United Statesand Great Britain. This model should allow a more integrated 10 for approach to the study of early locally-madepottery.

AI re The work at the DMR site providedan opportunityto examine equivalentto moniespaid to groupsof skilled malelabourers in .d an aspect of how gender structured life in early high demand.'The 1835Australian Almanack and General published TC nineteenth-centurycolonial Sydney and to identifu, based Directory the same information and noted that milkmen published 42 5 purely on archaeologicalevidence, an area of women's were'wanted' ." TheAlmanacft a list of ul activitiesof which little documentationhas survived.The tradesand 'dairy-woman' was the only one specificallylinked he constructionof an engenderedpast is an aim of feminist to womenand one of only two tradesthat womenwere likely to !r5 archaeologists,as a way of redressingthe balance where men's applyfor, the othertrade being 'cook'. rd viewsare proposed as normative and 'women's voices, beliefs The 1828 Census of New South Wales listed four andexperiences are excluded or devalued'.rEngendering our 'dairymaids' wrd 17 'dairywomen' but only one of the is past providesfor more complex reconstructionsthat move dairywomenwas residing in Sydney,in GeorgeStreet. All the :ic beyondbinary oppositionsof genderin nineteenth-century otherswere in rural areasand a few were not far from Sydney. Sydneyand Australia so that archaeologists start to reformulate The total ofwomen listedas participating chiefly in dairy duties fis the fundamentalconcepts and frameworks of the disciplineby is rather small and it may be a reflectionof the statistics' lIL 'consideringgender as a foun^dationalsystem structuring all gathering criteria. It is likely that many women performed on aspectsofsociety and culture'.' multi-taskedjobs and those dairy activities, such as making li butter and cheese,were among them. Thereforethe women DAIRYING AND DAIRYMAIDS who undertook dairy activities may have been listed as a -l 'servant' or wife ratherthan a dairymaidor dairywoman.The Priorto theindustrialisation ofthe dairyindustry in Australiain suggestionof 'dairymaid' activitiesbeing subsumedunder aeI was practiceon Australianrural the 1880sdairying common moregeneral domestic activities is supportedby an analysisof properties the nineteenthcentury and in Sydneyduring early the 1806Muster which listedonly one dairymaidout of 818 was for andas late as the 1890sin Pyrmont.Dairying essential women in New SouthWales. Fifty-one percent women's production milk, _of thefood requirements of thecolony, for the of occupationswere recorded as 'lives with' in I 806.'ln the I 821 cream,butter and cheese.The manufactureof dairy products censusonly two dairymaidswere listed.sThis method of :TT\ for personaluse frequentlyyielded a surplusand provideda collectingdata conformsto Spencer-Wood'sperspective of sourceof income through its sale or barter.Women were g\ how women'sactivities disappeared from the past 'by being generallyresponsible for producingthese dairy goods.3In subsumedin male-definedlanguage, theories and categories of oi Englandwomen had been frequently employed as dairymaids analysis, such as defining classes according to men's 3nt ^ or dairywomen.Convict women's occupations,recorded in occupations...'.'It is possiblethat the reformationof this new be England and Ireland prior to transportation,included 509 colonial society resulted in women no longer having womenwho identifiedthemselves as dairymaids. This formed 'specialist'employment as in Englandor Irelandbut havingto 5.92percent ofthe total of9512 listedoccupations over a fifty takeon moregeneral employment duties. rng yearperiod. Dairymaid was seventh on a list of mostfrequently nin Whether men worked in historic Sydney or Australia cited occupationsafter housemaid,allworker, kitchenmaid, generallyas dairymenis not clear from secondarysources. A nursemaid,cook and laundress.aAlthough it shouldnot be searchof tables(created from primarydocuments) in Nicholas all peoplewho professedto skills actuallyhad EY assumedthat foundone reference to a maleoccupation of 'dairyhand'which proportion havehad a soundunderstanding ilia them,a high would only referred to frish convicts and was not recorded as an ofthe basicprocesses. occupation for Englishmen.r0Another table of male og) In 1834 a pamphlet appearedin London, 'Hints to occupationsbetween 1817 to 1828did not list dairyman,or an Immigrants',written by ReverendHenry Carmichael,noting alternative,as an occupationundertaken in the colony by that a rangeof immigrantwomen with skills were required. men." Yet the 1828 censuslisted at least 69 men whose These skills included dairywomen who 'would receive occupationswere identifiedas 'dairyman' and another37 who r the betweenf 10 and f,l2 per annum,their lodgingsand rations', were 'milkmen' and one 'milkboy'.'' Most of these men thesewomen being in 'extensivedemand'. The pay ratewas residedin rural areasexcept for sevenwho residedin Sydney. One of the dairymen,John Galvin, lived in CastlereaghStreet general duties of a domestic seryant. She had operateda andhad 69 cattleand Patrick.McCabe(a cowkeeper)lived in registryoffice for femaleservants in Sydneysince 1846. When Pitt Streetand had five cattle.'' askeddid the term 'domesticservice' equatewith ,merely There is American literatureon women's involvementin householdwork' and were there any differencesbetween the dairying and the role of milk and cheeseas staplesof the work requiredof female servantsin the city and country she peasantdiet and how once dairying becameprofitable and replied,'l thinkthe business in thecountry much the same as in eventuallyindustrialised women shifted,or were shifted,from town,with the exceptionof milking anddairy work'.23 this householdcraft activity and it becamea job undertaken Many of the largerhomes built in and aroundSydney had more by men.raYentsch commentsthat there had been little their own dairies,as did many other smallerproperties.2a A archaeologicalwork on dairieson US sitesalthough they were dairy was essentialfor the self-suffrciency of many early frequentlyrefered to and therewere artefactsassociated with colonists.What is thoughtto be one of the oldestsurviving dairy buildings. This is viewed as being an androcentric buildingin Australiais the dairy buildingat Old Government perspective where 'women's work' and their potential House, Parramattathat was built in the 1790s.2sFirst economiccontribution to the family was undervaluedand not GovemmentHouse (1788-1840s) had adairy. A c. 1820plan of seenas warranting detailed study.'' the neo-gothicGovernment Stables (1817-1821), the present Referencesto English dairy farming discussthe dominant Conservatoriumof Music site, in the Governor'sDomain role of womenas dairymaids prior to industrialisation.'uWhat includedthe intentionto housea dairy in the southeastcorner is suggestedby theseAmerican and English referencesis that towers, the coolestspace within the building.26The basic dairy productionbecame industrialised by the early nineteenth designofthis buildingis attributedto Mrs Macquarie,the wife centurywhile in Australiait did not happenuntil the 1880sand of GovernorMacquarie, who took her own cow back to up until that time it generallyremained within a home dairy Scotlandon their return.The newerGovernment House in the situation.'' Domain, built-in the 1840s,had a separate,purpose-built I have come acrosslittle Australianprimary or secondary 'sunken'dairy.27 material on early nineteenth-centurydairying practicesor on Jeansnotes that until the 1880sbutter productionwas who participatedin the procuringand productionof milk, undertakenin: butter and cheesewithin a domestic context. other than for . ..primitive,often unhygienic conditions. Milk wasleft passingreferences.l8 Dyster mentionsthat 'dairy workers, to standin wide shallowpans so thatthe lightercream usually women, milked twice a day, carried pails and roseto the surface.This was skimmedoff and churned churned'.'' Daniels notesthat, during the early colonial period, into butterusing the handchurn...The buttermilk was as servantswomen 'private did both indoorsdomestic work and then worked out ofthe butter by hand,and the finished providing outdoor work, some of the essentialfarm labour productheavily salted to preserveit in the Australian (especially milking and butter-making)'.20Neither cited heat.This processcharacte^rised butter making all over sourcesfor theseobservations. theworld until the 1870s.'o Mrs Harriet King, wife of CaptainPhillip ParkerKing and Jeansdoes not discussin detailany early dairy practices daughter-in-lawto the late former GovernorKing, mentioned before proceedingto describethe technologyof the milk the intentionto set up a dairy on their rural property, in letters separatorand the subsequentindustrialisation of dairy she wrote to her husbandwhen he was away on board the manufacturing.Gollan suggests that the changesto Australian Beaglecharting the coastof SouthAmerica. In I 827they had a societywrought by the social and economicimpetus of the breeding and milking herd of 258 cows which was a 1850sgold rusheswere responsiblefor the introductionof a commercialconcern and Harriet King intendedto make cheese seminalshift in food processingand cooking,yet until the duringthe summer.The householdactivities undertaken by inventionand introductionof the milk s^eparatorin 1883there HarrietKing requiredthe employment ofthree convict women: couldbe little changeto dairypractices." There were however I cannotdo without3 womenat present,on accountof changesin the locationand size of dairyingand its distribution the washing.We wash everythingat home,and what networks,specifically for butterin New SouthWales, from the with the Dairy, poultry,Baking, making candles, & so 1860s.'" on, we find plentyto do. I havevery little meatfrom the Dairyproducts were an importantelement in the localfood Butchers,we reservefresh meat whenever a Bullock is supplyin a colony which had problemsproviding fresh and killed. I have upwards of 40 Turkey, 50 young healthyfood duringthe earlyyears ofthe colony.Cheese was chickens.My Ducks& geesewe hadbad luck with.'' partof theweekly rations of themarines on theFirst Fleet. The Another image of home dairying was drawn more than weekly adult rationsof all colonistsduring the first year of years twenty earlier by Elizabeth Macarthur,when living at settlementincluded six ouncesof butter.'' ElizabethFarm, Parramatta: In 1809milk sold for I shillingper quart(2 litres),butter I now have a very good Dairy, & in generalmake a was6 shillingsper pound (0.4 kilo) andcheese was 2 shillings sufficiencyof Butter to supply the Family, but it is at and 6 penceper pound (0.4 kilo).3zThis suggeststhat the presentso greatan objectto rearthe calves,that we are manufacturingof butterfor salewas a fairly productiveuse of carefulnot to rob themof too muchmilk.22 the milk (value adding) and potentiallya good sourceof The abovequotes were from elite womenwho wereclearly additionalincome. Butter was probablyproduced by a variety involvedin thedaily activities ofthe householdand understood of means:Jerking the milk backand forth in a goatskinhung the requirementsof what was necessaryto provide food for betweentwo sticks'and 'placingthe creamin a wide-necked theirfamilies and servants. In thecase of HarrietKing thethree jar' andshaking it for up to an hour'for the creamto suddenly convict women servantsperformed a large rangeof domestic form a l.llmp'.The latterappears to havebeen the moreusual activitiesof which dairyingwas but an aspect.In a smaller custom." householddairying would part havebeen only of theactivities The generalrange of dairy vesselsincludes: a milk pan,a of servants or of il.e h'ruse.vife.Both thesewomen were vesselin which thecream sets or risesand which are'made of runningtheir households properties and for manyyears while glazed earthenware,glass or enameled iron' or wood; their husbandswere away. skimmingdish, a shallowtin saucerwith perforationsto let the The 1859-60Select Committee evidence from Mrs Marian liquid.fall back into the pan; creampots, churns, and cheese Pawseysupports this lntcrpretationof dairying being part of vats.'" Figures3 and 4 presenta rangeof dairy equipment

4 a il tv D€ he in id A tr" 0g nt rst of lrt rin FT ;ic ife tq he rilt

cgs dlk 'try ian Fig. I : Location plan of the main sites discassed in the text. Evidence for location of the early Brickfield (hatched area) is based on early maps of Sydney in dle Kelly and Crocker 1978, Annable I 989:I 4- 16, and work undertaken by Casey & Lowe Associates. rfa the I DMRsite, Campbell Street, Sydney 5 Sydney Conservatorium of Music site, Macquarie Street, Sydney €f,e 2 20Albion Steet, Surry Hills 6 Jonathan Leak's pottery, City Section 5, Lot 7 ver 3 20Poplar Street, Surry Hills 7 289-295 SussexStreet, Sydney 8 Silknit House, Mary Street, Surry Hills ion 4 DarlingHouse, Trinity Avenue, Millers Point the including many large milk pansin a home-dairysituation and earlydays as many as30 000 to 40 000 bricks could be madein )od in a laterspecialised dairy building based on Englishversions. a month.38Major differences between the manufactureof urd Plate I showsan importedlead-glazed milk pan. One local bricks and pottery is that bricks could be fired at lower *its newspaper editorial discussed the attributes of glazed temperaturesand made with unskilledlabour.3e Ihe earthenwarepans in relation to metal and wooden forms and Potterywas also neededby the colonistsfor everydayuse :of noted that only earthenwareforms were used in the home andby I 79I -92 LieutenantKing notedthat a 'pottery hadbeen dairy.35From the early days of the colony milk panswere establishedand that the waresmade were of 'good quality' but manufacturedlocally. |ter as no lead ores had been found in the colony they were someofthe moreable convict ngs BRICKS AND POTTERY unglazed'.According to Lawson MANUFACTURE OF pottersdied about l79l with a resultingdrop in the standardof the IN SYDNEY- 1788TO 1840s eof the pottery produced.One of the early potters,Elijah Leake, plates,jars, pipesand similar wares. The absence :Of The penalsettlement at Port Jackson(Sydney) was established madebasins, ofglazesand the needto producebricks to provideshelter may icty on 26 January1788. By July 1788Captain Watkin Tench noted ledto a focuson the developmentof brickmakingand the ung that a few femaleconvicts were 'kept at work making"pegs for have backof potteryproduction.o' Despite this, ted tiles" ' (roofing tiles were held down by clay pegs) and that subsequentscaling by the startof the nineteenthcentury there was potterymaking nly therewas 'clay for makingbricks in plenty,.anda considerable in vicinity of Field' village which had about40 iual quantityof them bumed and readyfor use'.'oThis activity was the 'Brick housesand several potteries.'' undertakenat the Brickfields, which includesthe DMR site n,a whichwill be discussedlater. as well asaround Farm Cove and Lawson suggeststhe reasons for the location of the suitable cof in HydePark (Fig. I ). A I 788plan located 'Brick Field' in the brickfields were 'partly due to the plentiful supply of pottery' but also its nd; .qeneralarea to thesouth of the 'Headof the Spring'which was clays...for making bricks, tiles and to Rose Hill t the in Hyde Park.37Brickmaking was an importantactivity in the closenessto the main road for shipmentout To this cese earlycolony andessential to its survivalas the localtimber and (Parramatta)and other important eirly localities.a2 with its oent stonewere not suitableto thenBritish building practices. In the should be added its closenessto Sydney Cove 2; Hallay's,l83l \5. field-book sketch with a ptan of City Section 3. The arrow indicates the posirion ofai early structurefound at DMR B. State Records Reel 2628, Field Book 347. Not to scale. publishedwith permiss i on of State Records.

Fig. 3: Thedairy about lS30,published in Fussel1966:55. Reprintedby permissionfrom Fussel.The English Dairv FarmerI 500-I 900,published by Frank Cass& Co^pony, 900 EasternAvenue, Ilford, Essex,England, copyri[ht irank Cass& Co Ltd.

Fig. 4: A Farmhousedairy about 1880, published in Fusset I966:5 5. Reprintedby permission from FusselThe English Dairy Farmer1500-1900, published by Frank Cass& Company,900 EasternAvenue, Ilford, Essex,England, copyrightFrank Cass& Co Ltd. Plate I : European yellow lead-glazed milk pan. Interior diameler 440 mm. (ln possessionof author)

populationand needfor bricks and shippingfacilities where In theearly 1800s Samuel Skinner was known to havebeen bricksand potterywere exportedalong the coast,even as far makingglazed domestic pottery. Skinner was a freesettler who southas Launceston, Tasmania. accompaniedhis convictedwife to New South Wales.He establisheda potteryat No. I PittsRow (Pitt Street).Lawson ln 1802Pdron, a visitingFrench officer on the Baudin thought this was near Brickfield Hill but Higginbotham expedition,noted that 'tiles, pottery"faienceries" and other believedthat it was much furthernorth, near Bridge Street.'' wares'were being made at Brickfield Hill. The implication Recent work has shown that it was on Pitt Street between behindthe manufactureof'faienceries' is that lead and tin Hunter Street and Martin Place.t2Skinner was the first oxideswere available, probably imported material.as This text acknowledgedsuccessful maker of domesticpottery in the rvasalso annotated on a plandrawn by Lesueur,a gunneron the colony and establishedhis pottery under the patronageof Baudinexpedition, who becamea significantbotanical artist. GovernorKing." Lesueur'sdrawings of Sydneyare generally considered to be fairly accurate,as it is suspectedthat the expeditionwas Skinneradvertised inthe SydneyGazette in 1803,1804 and undertaking'strategic reconnaissance'for drawing up an 1806(Appendix 1).54 On 2 October1803 he informedthe invasionplan for NapoleonBonaparte.aa public of his new earthenwaremanufactory and offered to 'mould to any particularForm, either for utility or omament'. Little is known aboutBrickfield Hill and its inhabitants He comparedhis work to that madein the 'Mother Country', otherthan the odd piecesof informationthat havenot as yet emphasisedhis low pricesand described his work asthe 'First beenpursued in any vigorousmanner. The 1822'Constables' successfulAttempt that has been made' (in Sydney).He \otebook' includesnames for inhabitantsof the Brickfields produceda rangeofearthenware products: flower pots, teapots, andCampbell Street. Early vignettes of theBrickfields are rare cups and saucers,slop basins, wash-handbasins, ewers, otherthan of brickmakingand its labourintensive activities. chamberpots, creamjugs, mugs, water jugs, butter tubs, Occasionalmentions in the SydneyGazette refer to illegal porringers,children's tea sets and many more items. The boxingmatches, robberies, murders, horses falling into wells advertisementhe placedthe following week was the same and the sale of real estate.a5Karskens has describedthe exceptthere was an additionalparagraph at the endwhere he brickfieldsas on theoutskirts of Sydneyand as a place'used informedthe reader that he was expecting a supplyof 'Colours and visited by outcastsand outlaws' and the 'disorderly'.oo and other materials by the first return from England'. Karskens,when examiningthe reasonswhy the Rockswas Presumablyhe was expectinga shipmentof glazesor oxides. vilified with a reputationfor beinga denof vice,questions why that the Brickfieldswere not also signalledout, suggestingit was Theadvertisement he placed in January1804 confirms place 'manufactory'. becauseit was on the outskirtsas opposedto the centreofthe he soldthese goods from his potteryor of 'very bestquality' cup town and was a 'far lesssettled, more rootlesssort of place, This advertisementsaw him sellingthe quite to blue and .,vithfewer family groupsand married couples and many shared and saucertogether for 9/z pence, a contrast porcelain wreck of the SydneyCove- housesoccupied by singlemen'.47 white Chinese from the wherethe auctionprice for a cup in 1798was 22 shillings." E,arlyPotters I 800-1820s Skinner'scups and saucers ofinferior qualitywere selling at a and was now ThomasBall describedhimself as 'being the first per-son- cheaperprice. He had addedto his repertoire sellingcoffee sets and flower vases. In additionto hispottery he [rvho]commenced the potterybusiness in the Colony'.ooThis businesswas apparentlyin the Brickfields and had been sold 'tin ware' andsugar, green tea, Souchong tea and Hyson establishedfor some22 yearsin 1823when Ball requested greentea andfabrics. By September1806 the advertisements ColonialSecretary Goulburn to intercedeon his behalf.Ball were smallerbut he was still selling his own earthenware, hada kiln andused an adjacent garden for dryinghis pottery.In thoughhe no longerprovided detailed lists. Skinnerdied in l8l2 Ball wasdefinitely residing in CampbellStreet with his November1807. His wife continuedto work the potteryafter uife andfamilv.o' Althoueh Ball's nameis not recountedin hisdeath but as apparently there were no suitablyskilled people recentlists of earlyAustralian potters he was knownabout in to run it therewas a declinein the quality of goods.'oMary theI 950swhen Brodsky suggested that he resided on_the site of Skinnerblamed her husband'sdeath on '... p_erformingthe the 'WoolpakTavern' which wason GeorgeStreet.'u labourhimself as no otherwas to be procured'." GovernorWilliam Bligh had little regardfor the potteries documentsfound only a will with no detailedinformation about h and calledthem 'trifling'. Potteryproduction was intermittent thepottery or stock.Leak's will describedhis two sonsas beins 5 asthere was no skills baseand no peopleto work asapprentices brickmakersrather than potters.T3 and its continuancealways required an influx of new skilled Leak'scolleague John James Moreton was bornin 1777 pottersfrom England.The only otherknown early potter listed at 1 Newcastle-under-Lyme,Staffordshire where he trained as a inthe SydneyGazeue in 1806was William Cluer.and his wife potter and worked with JosiahWedgwood. He was convicted ;: Mary C-luer(nee Morgan), of Brickfield Hill who made of burglary on the sameday as Leak and likewise transported u 'pipes'.'oThese were clay tobaccop^ipes which wereexported on the Recovery. Moreton and to Europeas well asselling locally." Leak both worked it the t1 GovernmentPottery and in 1820 Moreton was placed in Accordingto 3 CommissionerBigge, in 1820there were l7 charge.He continuedto be the overseerof the Government brickmakersin New South .bad td Walesand one potterymaking Pottery until at least 1822.1aAs noted above,by lg22 he and pottery'.60This is contradictedby anothei Bigge observation Leak were rentingthe Governmentpottery.75 t that when visiting a potteryin the Brickfield therewere skilled By 1823Moreton had establishedhis own pottery.The Cu pottersmaking 'very good examplesof their craft' but there 1828census listed Moreton's three sons, aged 22, 19 and17 as was a want ofglazes. Further to this the naval surgeonpeter , F ,common pottersresiding at Brickfield Hill, having arrived on theMary Cunninghamdescribed the type of pottery' shapes Ann in l82l .ln the I 828census Samuel Giles, assigned to Mrs d made in 1828which includeddishes, large jars, tubs,jugs, Moreton in 1826,was listed as g potter assignedto Ralph ry coolers,and beer bottles. Salt glazing was the common finish.6r Moreton,as was William Hooker.76In l g2gJohi Moretonwas f An 1824list of tradesmenprovides further informationon working on a quarrygang as he hadto pay Governmentarrears ur the number potters of in the colony. In the lllawarra, on the and was later arrestedfor burglary. When John Moreton was u! SouthCoast of New SouthWales, ,Surry therewere two: Mertonand releasedhe continuedto operatethe Hills pottery'until @ Macquarie,on the North Coast, had one each;Maitland had he retiredin 184_4.It operateduntil 1847under the controlof I four and therewere 14 in Sydney.62This wasmany more than AnsonMoreton." ln 1844Anson Moreton's pottey waslisted fi@ listed by Bigge but it is clear that potterscould also be asbeing to theeast ofBourke Street,Surry Fiills.Tr 6l brickmakers,as we know from a laterreference about Jonathan An 1821inquiry held into the behaviourof Major Druitt, { Leakmaking bricks and sending them to Launcestonin l g2g.63 ColonialEngineer, provides further informationabout Leak d Pottersin the 1830sand 1840s and Moreton and some of the pottery they were making, ![ presumablyat the GovernmentPottery. .Eleven milk-dishes JonathanLeak was born in Burslemin Staffordshirein 1777. from the Potter's, & stone bottles' were noted as beine !E He worked with Enoch Wood (1759-1840)in Burslemand deliveredto Major Druitt's house.TeMoreton testified that hE !!! marriedWood'sriece, Mury.* Woodcame from an ,important hadmade '12 milk pansfor theMajor, 4 dozenstone bottles, 4 tl pitting family'.65He manufactureda wide range of poftery jugs and4 bowlsfor washing'.Moreton and Leak (spelt Lake in iilo 'includingcream-coloured earthenware... coloured and lustred, the testimony)'were to havethe kiln at t20 perannum to be q blackbasalt, and jaspef .66Ford also mentions the manufacture paid in pottery'to Major Druitt.o'lt appearsthat Major Druitt fr of 'Egyptian Black'.o' Leak was convictedof burglary at built a 'Dairy Kitchen Coach house and stable' with m Staffordin Englandand in March l819 his deathsentence was governmentmaterials and that he obtainedthe abovedairy commutedto transportation.He arrived in Sydneyas a convict dishesfrom Leakand Moreton to stockthe dairy. In additionto on boardlhe Recoveryin 1819.Apparently Leak was put to n thedairy vessels, Major Druitt 'received3 Settsof TeaServices work at Brickfield Hill to make earthenwarepottery f in from the Potterymade in Governmenttime'.8t association with John Moreton, another potter, in the {0 Leak and Moreton probably GovernmentPottery which appearedto be underthe control of were not the only pottersin 5 the ColonialEngineer, Major Druitt. Sydneyat the time although Ford suggests that they were.t2 The d 1828census lists others. Mary Morgan,William Cluer'swife, a Leak's wife Mary arrived in 1822on board the Marv Ann UI pipemakerliving in GeorgeStreet, Sydney, who arrivedas a andtheir five childrenarrived on theFairfield in 1825.6{Leak :ttr freesettler in l8l6 ontheBuffalo and owned four horsesther uu! startedwork for himselfin DecemberI 82| andwas granted a employeeWilliam Dark, also a pipemaker,who arrived in ticket-of-leavein September1822. In 1822he andhis family tu l82l; GeorgeElliot, a pipemakerwho lived in GeorgeStreet were living in the Brickfields and rentingthe Government !n and arrived in Sydneyin 1823 and was employedby Mr Potteryin associationwith JohnMoreton and his family.6eBy b McFarrell(who was not listedin the census):David Havesa 1828he had a thriving pottery-manufacturingbusiness which self-employed^potterin CeorgeStreet who owned irorse employed one 20 men. A searchof the 1828census noted only andten cattle.o' sevenconvicts employed by Leak at Brickfield Hill. Six of Betweenthe 1830sand these men were employed as labourersand one, James 1850sthere were severalother successfulpotteries including Millwood, was a 'pipemaker'.70A letterwritten by Leak to thoseof William Stringfellow, SamuelGiles, Thomas Field, Enoch applyfor a conditionalpardon stated that he 'employs20 free Fowler,Gilbert McArthur. all in Sydneyand James men beingthe only Potterin the colony'.Another quote from King's IrrawangPottery at Raymond Terraceto the north( I 834-I 855).0' The Australian in 1828 noted that Leak made 40 000 bricks weeklyand was exportingthem. to Launceston,Tasmania and ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND LOCALLY- exportingpottery to Mauritius." Leakhas four knownpottery MADE POTTERY IN THE BRICKFIELDS marks,one of which,stamp no. 1,was found on theshoulder of ginger two beerbottles from the excavationof DMR Area C. Casey& Lowe Associatesundertook archaeological work at a Leak'spottery was in MarketLane (later Maiden Lane), off numberof sitesin 1996197.Two of thesesites were within the ElizabethStreet, Brickfield Hill in Lot 7 of City Section5 and Brickfieldsarea: the DMR site and 20 Albion Street.Surrv was operatinguntil at least1840 and was only about200 m Hills (Fig. l). In Area B of the DMR site archaeologicil from theDMR site(Fig. I ). On I July 183I he wasgranted an depositswere found containinga quantity of lead-glazed eightyear occupationofthis propertyof I rood4 perchesby earthenware and self-slipped earthenware pottery. Other GovernorDarling with a quit rent of 2 poundsand 4 shillings locally-madevessels include stonewares, mainly ginger-beer andcould continue to occupJthe propertyin perpetuityfor a bottlesand one plate. funherI pound2 shillings."Leak died in 1838and left his The originalhistorical location of Brickfield Hill was the estateto his fwo surviving sons. A searchof his probate landsouth of LiverpoolStreet. As the clay was exhaustedthe 8 n brickfields expandedto the east, south and west. Early perhapsthey already had been demolished. It is morelikely that I locationsofthe Brickfieldare seen as centeringon the blocks we may be looking at two stagesof a surveywhere the laterone betweenCampbell, Elizabeth, Liverpool and GeorgeStreets. is correctingan earliersurvey. Comparison with an earlyparish at This locationincludes the DMR site.The exploitationof clay plan which has a different layout of the lots with a later plan a resourcesto the eastsaw the expansionof the fields beyond suggeststhat we arepossibly looking at the I 823plan conected d ElizabethStreet by 1814.85Brickfield remains probably dating to accordwith the 183I boundariesand structures.e2 to the 1830sand 40s were found at 20 Albion d Street,Surry Anotherplan publishedin 1831records some of the same Hills; SilknitHouse, Mary Street,Surry Hills andin Reservoir le structuresand the study area is similar to the 1807 plan m Street,Surry Hills.s6 The brickfieldsalso were to the westof mentionedabove. A laterplan published in 1839in Maclehose, nl GeorgeStreet, near Cockle Bay (DarlingHarbour),87 but drawn in 1837 by the SurveyorGeneral's Department, td DMR Site,Area B - Background indicatessome variation in the studyarea although the structure in the middleof lot l3 is still recorded.e3 le AreaB wasthe northernpart of lot 13of City Section3 anda ls granton it wasconfirmed to William Hutchinsonin 183I (Fig. ArchaeologicalPhases 2). Hutchinsonhad town leaseson the adjacentthree western )' Threephases of archaeologicalremains were found at DMR allotmentsfrom 1823.He built his own residenceon thecorner 15 site,Area B (Plate2). rtt block and remainsof the adjacentgarden were found in DMR rs site,Area A. Thereis no recordof him or othershaving a lease PhaseI : Brickfield Village Occupationc. I 807 to I840s ts or granton lot 13prior to I 83I .88Still I 83I wasunlikJly to be Most of the featureswithin the study areabelong to this phase as the initial date of occupationbut ratherthe confirmationof a butbecause ofthe extensivedisturbance ofthe siteit is difficult ril permissiveoccupancy or anearlier approval to occupythe land. to determinetheir meaningwith any certainty.lt is likely that of It is highly possiblethat Hutchinsonacquired this property many of the features,especially the postholes,belonged to a d from a previousoccupant but therewere few recordsofthese houseor otherstructure on the site.Features include a cistern. earlyconveyances. Other such early land sales are known from context #377 (Fig. 3). Much of the artefactualmaterial is adjacentproperties on this block.o' granted redeposited q GovernorDarling in secondaryor tertiary contexts.It is highly officialtitle to Hutchinson probable * lots l, 2, 3 and4, aswell aslot l3 of that the 57 lead-glazedearthenware vessels were city g Section3 in I 83l. madenearby, at oneofthe localpotteries discussed above. The backfill ofthe cisternin all likelihooddates to the endofthis 6 William Hutchinsonwas a convicttransported in 1799for phaseas there are two items 1g stealing.He was a repeatoffender sent to Norfolk Islandwho, that requireda manufacturingdate of 1840sand 1850s.It is probable he by 1803,had became acting Superintendent ofConvicts and in that the materialbackfilled into the cisternwas directlyassociated with the occupation .4 I 814 became Principal Superintendent of Convicts.He retired of this houseor structure.By in fromthe public service in 1829because ofill healthand was an 1854this areawas shownto be an unoccupiedgrassy paddock and this is pollen be important and successfulmember of colonial society. supportedby evidencefrom DMR A.'o itr Hutchinsondied in 1846and his estateadministered all his It wasreoccupied further to thenorth bv 1865when a lanewavwas constructed above the remains of dl propertiesin trustfor manyyears.no AreaB.ns ry It is highly possiblethat the buildingwithin the studyarea Pollen to wasone shownon plan as earlyas 1807and continued in the analysisfrom the post packing in one of the postholes €s samelocation until the late l840s.erWhile planssurvey€d as from this phasesupports this early dateas 95 percent pollen earlyas I 807are potentially unreliable there is a buildingin the of the was from nativespecies with only a few exotic m same locationon another l83l plan. Plans dated to 183I weedsand cryptogams.e6 be indicatethat there was a building, set at an angle off the Phase2: 1850sto 1925 |.a north-southaxis, within that part of Area B coveredby the Therewas very little archaeologicalevidence surviving from ia excavation(Fig. 2). This l83l plan is from a surveyor'sfield this period as it was destroyedby the constructionof the FT book wherestructures were sketchedin with notationsfor the twentieth-centurybuildings. Some of the artefactsdeposited in dimensionsand drawnup later.The plan showsa numberof duringthis phaseofoccupation were recovered from Phase3 correctionsofboundaries and squiggly lines through structures features.Deposit #313/3ll is the only contextthat properly 'et vlr that may possibly indicate that they were corrections,or belongsin this phaseas it sealedall the archaeologicalfeatures ia rse l T !t. ur. nd

Y- Plate 2: DMR site, Area B looking northl,ards with the circular cistern to the Ia west. Scale I m. he rr)' cal red n€r eer rhe tre disturbedsite might tend to beignored, the artefactual evidence is too significantto be lightly dismissed.Graham Connah referredto thesame problem ofdisturbance in 1996and quoted Lewis Binford, 'We must seek rather to understandthe archaeologicalrecord in the statein which it is availableto us. In most cases,the greaterthe apparentdiso-rganization, the moreintense the useof the placein the past'.eE In total,remains of 367 itemswere found in all contextsin AreaB. Whenthe nine joining items(10 sherds)are taken out, to removedouble counting, there is a minimumvessel count of i311 --ti 357 items. i A high proportionof the artefacts(48.9%) were foundin five contexts(Table l). Most artefactswere in #301, #303, and #315, all of which were modern contexts.The artefactsin the modernfill depositswere ,disturbed'from earfiercontexts. Context #3l3l3ll was probablya secondary -rd; deposit,as was #350 which was used to fill andseal the cistern (#377)when the structurewas demolished. ANALYSIS OF ARTEFACTS

An importantresult from the excavationof Area B was the numberof sherdsof lead-glazedearthenware and self-slipped earthenwarevessels. In all therewere 57 lead-glazedvessels and l2 self-slippedvessels identified in this smallarea (Table 2). As will be demonstratedbelow this is a high occurrence. Most, if not all, of thesevessels are presumedto be locally madein Sydneyor perhapsfurther afield in New SouthWales. A crucialissue in constructingcomparability between sites isthat ceramic sherds must be presented as being part of anitem or vesselto createa minimumvessel count. This enablesan Fig. 5: DMRsite, Area B r,* (Siteplan and inking, understandingofwhat the sherdsactually represented. This is #r"#tt;Olr;,r.oht. old groundthat has been covered by manyothers.ee 'One needs to rememberthe obvious: the people whom archaeologist study belongingto Phase1 in the southernpart ofthe site. workedwith, atefrom, anddrank from whole vessels,not the sherdsthe vesselswould eventuallybecome'.'oo The different Phase3: Early tventieth-centurybuildings (1925 to 1996) resultsgained from usingminimum vesselcounts and sherd This phaseincludes some structural remains, provision of site countsare illustratedin Tables 1. 5. 6 and 8. The use servicesand impactfrom constructionofthe twentieth-century of sherd-baseddata creates biases in the statisticalanalysis which buildingwhich requiredextensive levelling ofthe areaand the producesinaccurate indications of the proportionof activities removalof most of the earlier archaeologicaldeposits. All undertakenat a site and underlines the need for all remainsfrom this phasewere found in the westernarea and archaeologiststo producea catalogueof vesselsrather were associatedwith the Capitol Parking Stationbuilding. than a catalogueofsherds. Archaeologicalcontexts belonging to this phaseare: 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 314, 315 and 339.They are all Ceramics associatedwith servicesor deposits. Half of the 223 ceramic vesselsfound at DMR B were ArchaeologicalEvidence lead-glazedearthenwares (25.6%) and blue transfer-printed pearlwares(24.7%) (Table 3). This strongpredominance of Area B was a small areaapproximately l0 m long and 7.5 m lead-glazedwares is unusualat urbansites in Sydneywhere wide(Fig. 5, Plate2). Twentieth-centurybuilding construction the archaeologicalevidence more commonlydates to the second and services considerably disturbed this site. It was half of the nineteenthcentury (Table 4). The domination criss-crossedby six servicetrenches, a largesquare trench (for of these two types of wares emphasises the early a dieseltank) andthe westernwall of the recentlydemolished nineteenth-centuryoccupation of this site.On siteswhere the warehousebuilding. In betweenthis later activity were a archaeologicaloccupation is laterthere is usuallyan absence varietyof archaeologicalfeatures and deposits. or little evidenceof lead-glazedwares and a smallerpercentage of Nine vesselswith conjoinsin two or more contextswere blue transfer-printedpearlwares (Table 4). This is noticeable found. There are various reasonsbehind the findins of from the residentialoccupation at 20 Albion Street,which adjoiningsherds in differentcontexts.eT In the caseof shlerds post-datedthe Brickfield occupation,which containedno found in moderncontexts such as #301,#305 and #306 it is earthenwareswhile the Brickfield-periodindustrial phase had likely that they were displacedduring demolition or the remainsof four lead-glazedvessels (Appendix 3, Fig. 3). At excavationof modernfeatures and structures.When a later othersites, such as Poplar A andSussex C, thatwere occupied featurecuts through earlier depositsthe artefactsmay be around the mid-century,there was evidence of a few displacedfrom the earlierdeposits into the laterfeature. lead-glazedvessels. Anotherevent was responsiblefor the fragmentsfound in FunctionalAnalysis #330and #350. It is likelythat #350, the fill of thecistern, was takenfrom nearbyon the site.It is not uncommonto backfilla A generaloverview of the functionsthat the DMR B artefacts featurewith readilyavailable material. Three sherds from the were associatedwith providessome idea of the types of sameitem found in three differentcontexts (301119,33817, activitiesundertaken al the site (Table 5).'0r This analysis 33211)indicate the highly disturbednature ofthe deposits.In involves all the artefactsfrom the site (excep^t^for bone) generalthe impression given by conjoiningceramics at this site includingthose found in modernservice trenches.'" Due to the h is of secondaryor tertiary deposition.While such a highly redepositionof many artefactsspecific contextualanalysis |rE l0 :e Table 1: Distribution of artefacts within DMR site, Area B. Table 3: Range of ceramic decorations found at DMR B. ih d Context No. ltems o/o No.Sherds % Decoration No. ltems o/o il€ 301 46 't2.5 65 6.0 blue flow q 2.2 E. 303 35 9.5 126 11.6 bluehp (Chinese) 14 6.3 he 305 to 4.4 23 2.1 blue hp pearl J 1.3 JUb 4 1.1 0.7 blackflow in 2 0.9 fi, 308 17 4.6 20 1.8 blacktp 2 0.9 of 310 't2 a? 29 2.7 bltp pearl 55 24.7 f,e 311 dz 7q bristolgl 1.3 )1, Jtz 1 0.3 ? 0.3 browntp 7 3.1 he ?12 m to 4.4 51 4.7 colourgl 4 1.8 ll)' 315 z6 7.6 47 4.3 cream w 9 4.0 m 319 u.o 0.3 greentp 2 0.9 323 1 0.3 0 0.0 lead glaze 57 25.6 JZO 15 4.1 39 3.6 linear 1 0.4 328 23 6.3 280 25.8 pearl 4 ''t.8 *re 330 11 3.0 14 1.3 peasant 1 0.4 Ed els 332 2 0.5 2 0.2 plainwhite 8 3.6 ble 334 7 1.9 7 0.6 purpletp 3 1.3 c€. 338 13 3.5 17 1.6 red tp 2 0.9 JJV 7 lo 13 1.2 saltgl 15 o./ s.'ll) ?AN ?1 8.4 67 o.z slip 12 5.4 les 353 11 3.0 22 2.0 sponge em 1 0.4 ,| an 355 18 4.9 112 tn ? sprig 0.4 sis J3/ I 0.3 1 0.1 wgl mou 2 0.9 ds 358 1 U.J 1 0.1 10 4.5 $ 361 2 u.c 2 0.2 Total 223 100 dre 11 ?n 35 3.2 ent Table 4: Distribution 367 0.8 10 0.9 of lead-glazedand slipped earthenwares ,erd from a range of urban sites. of 371 I 2.2 8 0.7 Site o/o rich Total 50/ 100 1087 100 Lead- % Slipped ties Glazed ware all OIdDMR. A ma (house/yard) 3.1 13 11.6 Table 2: Lead-glazedearthenware vessels from DMR site, Area B. OIdDMR. B (house?) 41.9 12 10.7 Decoration Shape No. ltems % i€re ord DMR - C rted LeadGlaze basin/bowl to 23.2 (yard) 21 15.4 1.8 :of basin/bowl-1 2 2.9 PoplarA : the basin/bowl-2 J 4.3 (yardot 2 houses) 2.2 10 8.9 0nd bowl 9 13.0 nof PoplarB 1 candlestick 1.4 (house/yard) 12 8.8 18 16.1 "rl,v : the cup 2 z.v AlbionStreet EOr jar 1 1.4 Brickfieldperiod 2.9 re of Jug 1 1.4 AlbionSt able pan 8 11.6 hich (rubbishpits in yard) lno pan-1 7.2 SussexSt A had pan-2 5 7.2 (manufacturing) pot-1 z 2.9 SussexSt C 1.5 pied (57) saucer 2 2.9 ferv BulwaraRd - B Slipped basin 1 1.4 (house/yard) basin/bowl 1 1.4 BulwaraRd - C (foundry) Jar I 1.4 facts (12) pot o 13.0 ConservatoriumSite 32 z5.c ta 50.9 sof Totai OY 100 Total 136 100 112 100 r\'sis nne) Note:Does not includeresults o the Note:See Appendix3 for detailedlist of lead-glazedearthenware from most recentwork on earlv vesselsfound at this site. Bakehouseremains. rh sis

ll Table5: Rangeofgeneral functionsfound at DMRB.

GeneralFunclion No.ltems o/o No.Sherds o/o Alcohol 63 17.6 383 3s.2 Architec'ture 28 7.8 24 2.2 Beverage 9 2.5 14 1.3 Food 212 59.4 363 33.4 Household 2 0.6 2 o.2 Personal 6 't.7 6 0.6 Pharmaceutical 2 0.6 2 0.2 Recreational 7 2.0 15 1.4 Store 9 2.5 27 2.5 Unid 6 1.7 8 0.7 Yard 13 3.6 243 22.4 Total 357 100 1087 100

Table6: Rangeoffunctions and sub-func$onsat DMRSite, Area B.

GeneralFunction Function No. ltems o/o No.Sherds o/o Alcohol beer/wine 39 10.9 24'l 22.2 Alcohol champagne 10 2.8 49 4.5 Alcohol gin/spirits 't4 3.9 93 8.6 Architec{ure roof 1 0.3 1 0.1 Architecture struciural 21 5.9 14 1.3 Architec-ture window 6 1.7 I 0.8 Beverage aeratedwater 9 2.5 14 1.3 Food condiment 6 1.7 11 1.0 Food container I 2.2 14 1.3 Food food 1 0.3 1 0.1 Food preparation 43 12.0 70 6.4 Food serve 17 4.8 53 4.9 Food store 4 1.1 5 0.5 Food tableware 67 18.8 127 't't.7 Food tblMserv I 2.5 14 1.3 Food tea 53 14.8 68 6.3 Household light 1 0.3 1 0.1 Household maintenance 1 0.3 1 0.1 Personal adornment 3 0.8 3 0.3 Personal clothing 3 0.8 3 0.3 Pharmaceutical medicine/toilet 2 0.6 2 0.2 Recreation smoking 7 2.0 15 1.4 Storage bottle 1 0.3 1 0.1 Storage container 12 3.4 26 2.4 Unid container 2 0.6 4 0.4 Unid unid 4 1.1 4 0.4

Total 357 100 1087 100

t2

I Table 7: Range of General Functions found at a number of urban sites.

General DMR-B DMR-A DMR-A DMR-C PoplarA PoplarB PoplarB AlbionStSussexStCon.SiteCon.Site Function (house) (House/ ( well#35) (yard (yardof 2 (hotel (resumed (rubbish A #60l #8SO yard) area) houses) bottle slum pitsin (manufac-(imported (rubbish _dump) house) yard) turing) fitD dump) Alcohol 17.6 18.4 22.1 't7 10.2 54.9 o.' 19.8 35 20.9 32.6

I Alcoh/ 0.1 I 5.4 0.3 0.3 1.3 Food Architec- 7.8 13.8 8.7 3.9 1'f 3.6 2 't3.2 2.3 10.5 1.9 ture Beverage 2.5 NA 0.4 't.5 1.6 10.6 0.3 1.8 0.3 3.8 3.4 Clerical 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.1 o-. 1.3 2.1 Commun- 0.1 'l ication Economy 1.7 0.4 1.8 0.3 1.3 Food 59.4 +s.s it os.+ 53.3 7.4 45.3 53.5 60.1 44.8 44.4 House- 0.6 5.5 7.6 3 3 0.6 14.5 1.9 2.5 2.2 hold Music 0.1 0.2 Industry Personal 1.7 3.8 4.2 0.6 6.8 1.2 14.1 2.1 0.3 ?? 3,7 Pers/Food 0.1 .tE Pharma- 0.6 2.3 2.2 6.6 3.2 1.8 2.5 E1 ceutical Pharm/ 0.5 personal Recrea- 2.4 1.4 3.9 4.2 0.6 't2.4 2.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 tion Service 11 2.2 4',I 0.3 0.4 0.3 Store 2.5 1.2 1.6 1't.2 z-Y 0.1 't.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 Transport 0.6 0.1 Work 0.1 0.2 oi.t Yard 1.1 z.z 0.3 1.6 o.r 1.1 0.4 1.3 ; Unid 1.7 3.4 4.8 1.2 0.7 ''t1.6 2.4 2.1 0.3 4.2 0.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 '100 100 # of ltems 357 1054 497 331 694 3241 1642 682 351 239 1069

Note:This tabledoes not includebone counts and includespreliminary data for sitesother than DMR A and B.

Table 8: Proportion of the specific functions within the food function group at DMR site, Area B.

GeneralFunction SpecificFunction No. ltems No.Sherds o/o Food condiment 2.9 11 2.9 Food container 8 3.8 14 3.7 Food food 1 0.5 1 0.3 Food preparation 41 19.3 64 17.0 Food prep/storage 2 0.9 o 1.6 Food serving 17 8.0 A? 14.1 Food storage 8 3.8 19 5.0 Food tableware 67 31.6 127 33.7 Food tableware/serving o 4.2 14 Food tea 53 25.0 oo 18.0 Total 212 100 377 100

l3 would excludeimportant materialfound in the later modern 3. Someactivities were not undertakenat all becausethere I deposits. This approach recognisesthat much of the w€reno facilitiesfor them. redepositedmaterial belonged to a phaseof activitythat, while 4. Itemscould not be purchasedor werenot easilyavailable i all but destroyed,had limited contaminationfrom later and were therefore residentialoccupation. expensiveto replace and were thereforeless likely to be lost: .l The artefactsfound at DMR B fall into l0 main functional - suchas if a buttonfell off it wasfound so that it couldbe rI categoriesrelated to the consumptionand use of thefollowing: sewnback on; alcohol,architecture, beverages, food, household,personal, - sewingmay havebeen limited to repair,such as sewing f, pharmaceuticals,recreation, .l storage,and yard (Table5). Tabte on a button,but did not includemore complexsewing, 6 lists 26 different sub-functions derived from these ten like dressmakingwhich would leavea wider varietyof functions. objects. .food', The predominantgrouping is with 59.4 percentof 5. It is likely that the main activitiesundertaken here were ,l items,including those associated with preparation, the preparationand consumption its storage of food and beverages F and ,alcohol' consumption.The second largest group is andanything else was incidentalor occasionalor limited L (17.60/0), to supporting which includes bottles in which people bought the main activities,such as servingand N alcoholicbeverages. In total 77 percentofitems were related to storageof food, the constructionof a building and d the preparation,storage and consumptionof food and maintaininga garden. it beverages. The third largestgroup 'architecture,(7.8%) was 6. The peoplewho lived at, or used,this site hada limited s associatedwith building constructionor demolition(Table 5). incometo expendon itemsthat werenot essentialto the rllu Thereare a surprisingnumber of activitiesmissing from the provisionoffood andshelter, although this would appear ! sub-functioncategories (Table 6). Therewere no itemssuch as to be contradictedby the presenceof some 54 items ft pins associatedwith sewing, which are common at many associatedwith teawares.Teawares have been commonly fl residentialsites. The few personalitems consistedof three associatedwith membersor aspiringmembers of the t beads,a buckle,a buttonand the sole ofa shoe.There was little bourgeoisie.r03 to tell us about the items that were usedfor non-food related 7. The evidence for other activities did not survive q householdactivities except a candlestickand a blacking-bottle. post-depositionaldisturbances. nr No articlesofjewellery or coinswere recovered, nor were there 8. Excavationmethodology which was unable l any toys, writing items or to recover ornamentalitems. The only this information. F recreationalgoods were seven fragments ofclay tobaccopipes. I Severaleditions of the 1828 If consumptionof alcohol is included in the recreational SydneyGazette and NSW x Advertiserwere reviewedto determineif point 2 abovewas groupingthis quickly changesthe emphasisof the type of F correct.There were advertisements for many itemsnot recreationalactivities undertaken at the site. found I on the site within a 12 month spanand many of theseitems The evidencefor a smallrange of sub-functionactivities at I wereon saleat permanent retailers rather than iust those selline DMR B indicatesthat therewas a limited rangeof activities rE from a singleshipment. Due to the natureof this site and iti undertakenat the site.The specificor sub-functioncategory in p deposits,point 8 is unlikelyto berelevant or defining.All other the databaseincludes more than 120 types. This limited f, points identifiedabove are possibleand occurrenceof activities some are certainly a may be the result of a number of likely. scenarios: Thedistribution ofgeneral functions offood andalcohol at 1. Certainactivities were not undertakenhere but took place lSl DMR B fits in generallywith thatat other (Table elsewhere. urbansites 7). Ee Table7 alsoshows what sortsof functions were not found at d 2. More specialisedconsumer items were not availablein thissite. the earlynineteenth century. llf, m TABLE 9: The distribution of food function items at a number of urban sites based on minimum vessel counts. fl t p GeneralFunction DMR-A DMR.A DMR.B DMR-C PoplarA PoplarB AlbionSt SussexSt Con. Site Con. Site (house/ (well#35) (house) (yard (yardof2 (house/ (rubbish A (#601) (dump ln yard) area) houses yard) pits in (Manufac- #850) .,! U Tableware 29.2 31.1 31.6 41 27.3 zo.I 27.8 7.9 51.4 5/.b JII Teaware 48.9 45.55 25 31.9 44.6 56.2 40.4 26.3 I Serving 9.3 9.3 8 12.9 11.4 14.2 2.2 8.4 I @ iu Preparation 10 1.9 19.3 9 2.5 2.3 2.7 "U Table/Serve 4.2 1 3.5 1.6 0.8 Condiment 4.8 2.6 1.9 2.2 6.4 7't.9 0.9 14.5 :mii{ Store 0.4 3.8 4.3 0.9 3.8 1t11t! Container b ln a *,M 2.4 d.b z.J 9.4 1.9 5.O E!! Food 0.5 u.3 2.1 E!@ Closure 0.6 1 o; JD Prep/Serve 0; 0.8 Prep/store 0.9 i.Itim Preserve 0.2 m$rtl Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

No. ltems 517 209 212 210 370 ovz 374 139 107 476 :;.!

Note:This table includespreliminary data for sitesother than DMR A and B. Con. site refersto Conservatoriumof Musicsite t4 Food residentialsituation with homemanufacturing of dairy or other food products. Table8 demonstratesthe distribution of food-relateditems into rle four main categories.The largest at 31.6 percent were The associationof quantitiesof archaeologicalearthenware te tablewares,which includes55 plates,l0 bowls,one tumbler with dairying is not new. Deetz refers to a study of probate and two unidentifiedshapes used to consumefood.ril The inventories of seventeenth- and eighteenth-centuryNew be secondlargest group were teawares with 25 percentincluding Englandwhich suggestedthat 'dairying was the predominant 31 cupsand 23 saucers.The next largestgroup, preparation, activitywith which ceramicswere involved'. Where ceramics Dg amountedto 19.3percent and included sherds from 4l vessels. wereidentified in theseinventories 75 percentwere located in rg, This is a much higher proportion for preparationvessels the dairy.rosIt should be noted that during this period on of comparedto otherurban sites (Table 9). Deetz'ssites many household vessels were made from metalor Whileat DMR B 19.3percent of all foodrelated items were wood. Yentsch has also outlined the strong relationship ef,e associatedwith the preparationof food, at DMR A only 1.9 betweendairying and coarserearthenware vessels. ges percent of items were used for preparationof food. This is NAMES Ied surprisingwhen the artefactsfrom thewell deposit(#35) were FOR VESSELS- MODEL nd associatedwith a boardinghouse (Table 9). A largerubbish Prior to presentingthe variouspottery groups and discussing nd dump from the Conservatoriumsite (#850), thought to be their probablefunction at the site an analysisof forms of associatedwith the occupationof GovernmentHouse and nineteenth-centurylocally-made pottery will be undertakento ted Stables(second half of the nineteenth-century),has an even providean interpretiveframework for the type of potterybeing tre lorveroccurrence ofpreparation vessels. Table 9 illustratesit is made and the functions attributed to the pottery by its car more common for the occurrenceof preparation,to total nineteenth-centurymakers. food-relatedartefacts, to rangebetween one and four percentof ms The identificationofvessels from archaeologicalsites and thefood-related items. All ofthe preparationvessels at DMR B nly their associationwith functional rverelead-glazed earthenwares. namesthat actuallyrelate to the theiruse at a sitecan be problematic because ofpersonal biases perhaps It is this associationbetween the earlylead-glazed and ethnocentricities,ethnographic knowledge that is not earthenwaresand rve vesselsassociated with the preparationof necessarilyrelevant to earlynineteenth-century Sydney and the food that assistsin percentage understandingwhy this high terminology that other people uncritically use. Beaudry arose.Generally it is viewed in people that a non-urbansociety reviewed probateinventories to find namesfor seventeenth- preparedmore food in their homes while in an urbansociety and eighteenth-century Chesapeake pottery while peoplepurchased more preparedfoods. For examplein later post-medievalscholars use Roman terminology, although not sll' nineteenth-centuryAustralian society, after c1870, most altogetherhappily.'ot Both areas of studyuse similar funclional rms peopledid not keeptheir own dairy cow to makecheese and criteriato structurethe cataloguing and analysis ofmaterial yet und butter.This was more common in a non-urbanor non-industrial neitherterminology should be uncriticallyaccepted for naming :ms society.It is possiblethat the high percentageof preparation potterymade and usedin early nineteenth-centurySydney. ling l'esselsat DMR B representsthe preparationof foodsfrom a I its primarystate, such as milk. Someof thevessels were likely to One approachto understandingthe local namesused to dter be associatedwith the dairy activities(e.g. milk pan)of butter describepottery vessels is to look at advertisementsciting the inly makingand cheese making. rangeof pottery shapesand functional categorieswith which they areassociated. Many ofthe early advertisementsand other An alternativeinterpretation may lie in the useof the site. referencesused for thisanalysis are summarised in AppendixI rl at \\'as it a purely residentialsite or was it somethingelse? and tabulatedin Appendix 2 which lists the pottery shape ?7\. Perhapsit was a sitewhere dairy productswere manufactured names,within an imposedfunctional structure, used by the dat ratherthan a residence.The evidence in Table9 providesa way early pottersfor the vesselsthey madeand sold. In addition oftestingthis hypothesis.In AreaA at289-295Sussex Street, laterpottery catalogues and price lists havebeen examined oncepart of a 'vinegarfactory', 71.9 percentof itemswere to see the chronologicaldivergence in the latter part the associatedwith condiments,the categorythat vinegarswere of nineteenthcentury. To providea further placed into during cataloguing.At SussexStreet A the contraston shapesand functionstwo setsof earlierimported ceramics were used for iErcentageof itemsin themain food-related categories is much tt. comparison:edgeware and blue transfer-printed ware. The data p IL1\rerthan the other residentialsites includedin Table 9. for theimported wares was taken from anhonours thesis which 0) ClearlySussex Street A is atypicaland therefore was probably listedall the variousceramic patterns not a residentialsite. The archaeologicalevidence suggests an shapesand advertised duringa rangeofyears.ro' 5 alternativepattern for a food-manufacturingsite that is markedlydifferent to a residentialpattern Many of the locally-madeand advertisedvessels were 3 but it does not necessarilyhelp definewhether DMR B was both a residence givennames that are not totally unfamiliar: ginger-beer bottles, anda food-preparationsite (probably ofdairy products),a not basins,tubs, milk dishes,jugs, jars, pudding and mixing bowls, t unknownhistorical occurrence. tankards,cups and saucers,slop and wash basins,chambers, t Generallythe ratioof itemsin thefood-related functions at ewersand flower vases.Some of the namesare lessfamiliar, 5 D\lR B supportsthe view ofa residentialinterpretation as they such as, coolersand pans,cheese pans, water coolersand covers.While their namesare not unknown. few of these I are not noticeablyoutside the range in known domestic !'ontextsat PoplarA andB, andDMR A, althoughthe ratioof vessels(apart frorn mixing bowls, plates, and cups and saucers) ) tea\\'aresis smaller which may be a market accessand a arestill regularlyused in modernAustralian society. While the 1 temporalmanifestation (Table 9). But once the preparation Lithgowcatalogue of 1889(Appendix 2) andthe Bendigo price raregoryis isolatedwithin the food group it is not directly listsof 1884include drawings they do not necessarilyprovide ;omparablewith any of the othersites. It is for this reasonthat equivalentexamples for namesto pots made50 to 90 years the chronologically-basedinterpretation, of a distinctpattern earlier.In additionthe association of knownvessel names with formingat historicallyearlier sites, where there is likely to be actualsherds can be problematic. 2 more preparationof food undertaken,presents us with a The namingof somevessels is fairly simple,as with a cup, t) strongerreasons for thereading ofa residentialsite. Yet a fuller saucerand plate,but oncewe move away from thesebasic '6 examinationof the production-at-homehypothesis also allows fbrmsconfusion starts to occurin attributingtwentieth-century for theproduction ofa surplus.Therefore the possibility cannot namesto nineteenth-centuryvessels. The reasonsfor this stem be ignoredthat this pattern representsa combinationof a from major shiftsin the processing,preparation, cooking and

l5 storageof foodstuffs, the developmentof knowledgeabout with an increasein thosemade for householdornamentation conceptsofhygiene and the rolefood plays in themaintenance and personalhygiene. Most of the imported vesselswere ofhealth anddiet, through provision the ofelectricityand gas associatedwith healthand hygiene.The yard/gardengroups for cooling (storage)and cooking,the commercialisation of reflectsa parallelto the household/ornamentationthrough tfre formerlydomestic activities, and the rise of consumption, all of increaseof specialisedshapes to reflect more complex which playeda role in revolutionisingthe domestic sphere. gardeningconcerns and the use and developmentof gaiden This has beentermed as a shift from an Englishagrarian o, spaces,with the introductionofbird bathsand feeders. from a cottagetradition to an industrialtradition.i@ Many eighteenth- purelyutilitarian space for growingessential food produceor a and early nineteenth-centuryvessels no longer exist in the vacant and undevelopedspace, to a more decorative modemurban Australian and kitchen,except as decorative devices recreationalspace. invokinga ruralor moredomestic past. The pottersalso noted where they madedifferent types of Appendix 2 providesevidence tbr the limited rangeof wares.Skinner made earthenware. Leak madestoneware but potteryforms being made by theearly potters. They focused on his stamps have been found on earthenware.ll2Moreton beverage bottles, food/preparation,food/storage, food/ I advertisedearthenware but examplesof his stonewarebottles tableware,teawares and personal hygiene items. In the il havebeen found.l13 King's potterymade a greatervariety of food/preparation/cookingcategory the followingvessels were 1 fabricsand finishes,including black and brown earthenware. locallymade: basins, pudding bowls, colanders, baking and pie caneearthenware, stoneware and yellow earthenware.As yet dishesand tubs for saltingmeat. The food/preparation/dairy 1 unpublishedIrrawang Pottery material would be invaluablefor categorywere more frequentlyadvertised and noted use of t understandingthe range of this output. Most of the later buttertubs with covers,milk coolers,milk dishesand cheese nineteenth-centurypotteries made a rangeofdifferent fabrics. and milk pans.The two most commonlymentioned pottery vesselswere the milk dishand milk pan. The varietyof potterymade and sold locally is extremely Documentsfrom the T Major Druitt inquiry suggestthat thesefwo termswere used small in contrastto the rangeof shapesthat, for instance,the interchangeably ro PickleherringPotteries in Southwark,England, by earlynineteenth-century contemporaries.r had on its fi By the laternineteenth century vessels inventoryin 1699.The assessorsof the inventoryincluded in the food/preparation "lll categorywere being produced in a wider rangeof specialised pottersso the namesprovided for the vesselswould be those shapes.Where previously Skinner made three vessels and King usedby potters.The pottery had in hand121 ,7 44 potsin a range made ten shapes,between them the Field, Bendigo and of waresin a wide and variedrange of shapes.This pottery Lithgow pofferiesmade 29 differentshapes. Of the imported presentsa extremecontrast to theknown range of potterymade products edgewarewas made in seven forms and blue by local Sydneypotters 140 yearslater.rra This inventory transfer-printedpottery came in five differentshapes, all of includedmany references to bowlsand basins but bowl mainly whichwere in themixing or bakingrange of vessels.No dairy appearedto referto tablewaresand basin to cookingor flower vesselswere produced in the finer importedwares. pot associateditems. A later dated inventoryof a ceramic dealer,Anne Shergold Locally-madefood/serving vessels during the first half of from Blandford,Dorset, from 1759, generallylisted the nineteenthcentury were restrictedto two shapes:cheese finer wares,with a few commonwares, which hadnine coversand Toby Philpotjugs (or Toby jug as they are more specificshapes in a varietyofwares and sizes. The use commonlyknownl."' The majorityof servingvessels were of 'basin'was for handwashing in bothwhitewares and china. 'Bowl' imported.The rangeof locally-madefood/storage items fall was.only used in relationto whatwas probably Chinese into two main categories:filtering and cooling of waterand oorcelain.''' numerousjars for variousstorage purposes. Similar vessels The developmentof specialisedpottery shapes and names were madein the later nineteenthcentury. No storageitems has been interpretedas the product of consumerismand wereproduced in thefiner imported wares. industrialisation.These new shapesare seenas markersof The locally-madeearly food/tableware items were dishes, socio-economicvariation and foodways practicesand the jugs,cream and milk jugs,mugs, plates, pepper and salts and specialisationhas been linked to socialsegmentation and the porringers,a total of nine impactof capitalismand work withinthat social and political differentforms. By the later l6 nineteenthcentury hardly any locally-madetablewares were system.l producedexcept for mugsand plates. In contrastthe imported NAMES FOR LOCALLY-MADE waresincluded 26 differentshapes, many of which were VESSELS specialised and categorisedand reflectedFrench as well as Beaudryet al. andPearce both used specific criteria such as the British influenceson foodand cuisine. The combined category ratiobetween rim diameterand height and the profileof the of tableware/serving,those items that can be used in both vesselto identifoit aseither a dishor a bowlor othershape.lrT categories,are restricted to jugs by the early localpotters and This is a suitableapproach if one has numerouspublished areonly represented by breadplates in theknown output ofthe examplesof wholepots or numerouswhole pots or profilesof laterpotters but thereare l5 shapesfound among imported potsbut this is not yet the casefor locally-madepottery in wares. Sydney.Few publishedpapers or excavationreports have Surprisingly,a number of earlylocal teawares were made included anything other than the odd photographof by Skinner,Moreton and Leak but King is not recordedas archaeologicalexamples of Australian-madepottery, except makingteawares in the 1830s-1850swhile in the 1880-1890s for papersby Higginbothamand Ioannou."o Bendigoand Lithgow potteries made teapots in manydifferent Ioannouworked on thesite ofa potterykiln operatedby the shapesand finishes, some coffeepots and a rangeof matching Germanpotter Johann Hoffman in SouthAustralia where the teacups and saucers. It is noticeablein theimpofted wares that archaeologicalevidence showed a greaterrange of formsand the cheapermore utilitarianedgewares were not usedfor glazesthan expected from 40 knownsurviving examples.rrn teawareswhich were commonlyfound in bluetransfer-printed Ioannounamed a varietyof earthenwarevessels. One jar's patterns. identificationsand its useswas based on oraltradition; a large In the householdgroups jar elevenitems were made by the two-handled usedfor storageof gherkins,sauerkraut and ',q earlypotters. Most of thesewere associated with hygiene: wash jam whichhad an additional farm use for the storage ofan early andslop basins, 'jugs and ... bowlsfor washing',chamber wheatfungicide but he does not explain how hecame to attach q0il vesselsand ewers. Two otherforms were washing pans and namesto identifyspecific forms.r20 Higginbotham did not t!@4 flowcrvases. The laterlocal potters made 25 differentshapes namehis vessels, except for a nrug,and was mostly concerned t6 ion with techniquesof manufactureand the history of local pottery wide,& contractingdownwards...bowl' and that a bowl wasa ;Ere manufacturing. 'basin(historically, deep-shaped bp^s.in; now differingonly as more dignified or poetic word)'.''" The generalconsensus ups Basinand Bowls the would be that they are similar and that the bowl is deeper. ilex Termsfrequently used in namingopen vessels are basinand Appendix 2 lists the term 'basin' as usedby Mann, in den bowl. Beaudryet al. describeda basinas 'an openvessel with referenceto the type ofshapesproduced by Skinnerin 18ll ma convexsides, of greaterwidth than depth,having a brim or and by King in 1845.The term 'pudding-bowl'was usedby ora evertedlip. Basinsoccur with or withoutfootrings but only in King in 1845. The only evidence for a referenceto and refinedearthenwares and porcelain'and havinga hygieneor locally-made'bowls' was in the Druitt inquirywhen Moreton serving-relatedassociation. They described a bowl as'an open notedthat he made '4 jugs and 4 bowls for washing'.The vesselwith convexsides terminating in eithera plainor everted genericterms basin, bowl anddish were used in advertisements sof rim or brim. Bowls haveno footringsand occur only in coarse for both edgewareand blue transfer-printedwares from the but earthenwares.Bowls were used primarily in the kitchen or 1820sonwaids.'25 When 'bowl' was uied it was in relationto lton dairy'.r2rThe differencesbetween their basinsand bowls pudding or mixing or hygiene-associateduses, or unclear cles appearto be basedon fabric (coarseor fine) andfunction rather associations.'Mixing bowl' wasnot appliedto the description yof than strong shapedissimilarities. The basin appearsto be of local pottery until the latter part ofthe nineteenthcentury are, shallowerthan the bowl. AnotherAmerican source suggests when it was usedby both the Bendigo and Lithgow potteries. ; yet that the pan form was the early form of bowl and that the Thereforebasin would appearto be a more appropriateterm to : for definitionof a bowl wasas an open form withthe mouthlarger describeearly nineteenth-centurylocally-made pottery which later thanthe base or any otherpart ofthe vessel.'" is both relatedto food but mainly to personalhygiene while cs. In the type-seriesfor post-medievalLondon pottery the 'bowl' is not commonuntil the laternineteenth century. Basin n€ly terminologyfor an open vesselwas limited to fwo generic wasused in referenceto hygienefunctions by King andSkinner - the terms,bowl (deep/wide)and dish (deep) and there was no use (1803).It is likely that basinwas the more commonterm but r its of the term 'basin' at all. The bowlswere 'openforms whose perhapsthat was becausethese items were availablein finer ded rim diameteris greaterthan that ofthe base,and whose height is wares,such as blue-transfer prints. There is no clearassociation hose li3 or more of the rim diameter'.Anything shalloweris a for the use of the terms basin or bowl for food preparation enge dish.r23Dictionary definitions provide little helpas 'bowls' are activities in the first half of the nineteenth centurv for nery 'roundedvessels, deep basins' and a basinis a'deep circular locally-madevessels. nade dish'.Another dictionary noted that a basinwas 'less deep than ilory einly ower amic t759, ,ttich c use hina. inese 7 ames , and rs of I the d the 8I-F lhical Lt/

2 6 the of the ,Pe."t r nw lished iles of 10 er,vin have fiof 4 ixcept 11 \ )-J by the re the ns and lles.l'n e jar's r large ut and Fry 5: Lead-glazedearthenuareJrom DMR site, Area B. n early \umbersI to 5 arepan-l shapes.I-350/14; 2-305/10: 3-301/26; 4-350-16; 5-301/28. lumbers6tollarbfnerlead-glazedwares.6bowl-305/11&306/03;7bowl-330/3,350/12&350/28;8cup-j06/04&301/25:9decorated attach saucer-330/06;I0jus-330/07: I I blackglazed boryl-305/08. scale I:4. (Drmt'nby FranzReidel.) lid not cerned t7 r \ 3

a\

r!s' gre-lead-glazedpotterytrom 20 Atbion Street,Surry Hilts !; ! 1o-s and 4 isfrom DMR site,Area C. All shapesare pan-1, I - 63;/t : 2 - 6J7/l ; 3 - 63 I. 2/I ; 4 - 522. I /06. ScaleI :4. (Drawnby FranzReidel.)'

i I ,)--= ^r2 8l-l I

, .l sd!

l0

,t

arepan-2forms. 3 and5 areJron DMR^B^and2and4 arefrom lls,.!-' !to^5 lorys !' DMRC.6and 12are pot-l formsfrom DMR B. t - 305/0g;2 - 521/7;i'350/19;4-509/05: 5-350/15;6-301/29; I2-350/28;7-1u-g36v02;b-iiszUoo; 9-candlestick334/07;t0-ptate52t/08; plate 1-stoneware 371/05.Conexts startingv,ith 300arcIrom DMR B and 5M arifon DMR C.-Scalet:4. (Drawn by Franz Reiii.)

18 Ftg.9:I toTarefromDMRBandSto9arefromDMRC.Forml-pan-2350/17;2-pan-2 339/03:3-basin/bowl-l 301/24;4-basin/bowt-l 301/27:5- -tl5'10:6-350/29: 7-339/03;8-501/05; 9-lid509/06.Scalel:4.(DrawnbyFraruReidel.)

I \

l Fry. I0: Self-slipped earthenware DMR site, Area B. Form I - garfun pot 330/05; 2 - shallov garden pot 330/04; 3 - garden saucer? 350/21; 4 - garden pot J30 18: 5 - garden pot 315/14; 6 - garden pot? 305/12; 7 - garden pot 326/03. Scale I:4. (Dravn by Franz Reidel.)

l9 Dairy Vessels eafthenwarevessels from thesite represent 3 I percentofall the 223 ceramicvessels Into this discussionmust be addeda group of more specific from AreaB (Table3). namesgiven to dairyvessels that range beyond basin or bowl, The following groupingsare basedon vesselshape and itemsmostly used within a residentialor rural settingand the whetheritems were glazed or unglazed.In additionthere is a usuallimits of domesticactivities, and which the localpotters presumedfunctional similarity for the vesselswithin each wereobviously manufacturing, such as milk and cheesepans group. This is a different approach to that taken by andbutter and cream pots (Appendix 2). Therepetition ofthese Higginbothamin 1987 when he divided the locally-made earthenwares .mav items in the few advertisementsthat havebeen found suggests from the Parramattasite into categoriesthat reflect thatthey werein demand.A samplereview of advertisements stagesin the manufacturingprocess'.r35- in the 1828Sydney Gazette and New South llales Advertiser The Vessels found few referencesto the saleof any specifictype of pottery. The catalogue Where pottery was mentioned it was generally just of diagnosticsherds (Appendix 3) presents detailedinformation on 3l vesselsfrom 'earthenware'whichwas referred to in a longlist of otheritems DMR B, sevenfrom DMR C andthree from 20 Albion Street, (Fig. for salefrom a recentlydocked ship or merchandisesold by a SurryHills l). Most of thesevessels are drawn (Figures general merch_antand it had no prominence in 6-10) anda few are the photographed advertisement.l26 (Plates3-5). The vesselsfall into threegeneral ranges:coarse lead-glazed earthenwares, finer lead-glazed Beaudryet al. describekitchen and dairyvessels .milk as earthenwaresand slipped earthenwaresand into a variety of pans'which are'roughly in the shapeofan inverted, truncated forms(Table 2). The coarselead-glazed earthenwares fall into cone,l0 in (255mm) or morein diameter.They were used for tengeneral shape groups: coolingmilk, as a wash basinand probablyfor cooking'.r27 Beaudryhad previously noted that 'Pans ...had many functions Coarselead-glazed earthenwares andtook on a varietyof forms' andthat 'By themiddle of the Group I - Pan-l il eighteenthcentury, appraisers tended to differentiatepols, The mostcommon group, represented by ninevessels, usually F pans,andbasons from oneanother on thebasis offunction plus havethe following characteristics:the truncatedcone shape I otherattributes'. Beaudry contends that there was a shift to an with evertedor plainrim, somewith straightedge detailing I emphasison vesselfunction by the middle of the eighteenth or thickenedrims; rim diameterfalls between272 to 400 d century *hglp previously the focus was on vessel mm: basediameter 170 to 260mm; 0 composition.''oGreer suggests that the panwas the ,universal the height,in the few examples we have,is 109to 170mm (Figures form of bowl until afterabout 1860' in theUnited States which 6, 7).The thickness of the il supportsBeaudry's contention above. l2e body fabric usuallyranges between 8 to 20 mm but in one r example,the largestvessel, it is only 6 mm. The angleof the l A term for the parallel shapein the Great Britain was slopingsides varies from between120 degrees to 138degrees. 'pancheon': I Two examples(Fig. 7: l, 2;Plate3) havea ratioof heightto rim 1{g In easternEngland the commonestpottery vessels are diameterthat falls betweenI :4 and l:3 butthe third exampleis pancheons,large deep bowls with slopingsides, found deeperand has a ratio

Appendix2 list of vesseltypes shouldprovide one or more Group 5 - Basin/bowl-2 possible The cookingrange includes In this groupthere are three vessels with mediumrim diameter nlly namesfor thesevessels. pans falling between210 to 230 mm andbody thickness between 5 hape basinsand bread but no otherspecific names to whichthis in to 8 mm (Fig. 9:5-8).Two areconcave and a third steep-sided lg or shapecould easily be applied. Names for thoseused dairying shich pans, vessel is similar. Two have everted rims and two have mm; may be relevantare: milk dishes,cheese milk straight-edgedetailing. A fourth sherd,a base(501/5) with a rples ;-oolers,and milk pans.Therefore the vesselsin Group2 are steepsided body, may belongto this groupbut it is unclear. f the likely to haveperformed a rangeofthese functions. The term Thereare no wholeshapes within this group.Again the closest one tbr this group is 'Pan-2' until there is further evidencefor parallelwith this shapeis theChesapeake 'bowl'. It is possible f the analysingthe whole shapeof thesevessels and identi$ing a that Group5 vesselsmay be smallerversions of the Group3 rees. moreappropriate name. basin/bowl-I.Their size is more appropriatewhen compared r rim Group 3 - Basin/botyl-l with Bendigoand Lithgow bowls.This shouldbe testedwhen pleis This groupis representedby the baseoftwo concavevessels more whole forms are known. Theseremains were classedin rFie.9:3, 4). Thebase diameter ranges between 180 to 200mm the food/preparationcategory. nade * ith a fabricthickness between 9 to 16mm. Thereappear to be table no rims specificallyassociated with this type of vessel.One Group 6 - Lid-l leese resselhas incised lines on the slippedexterior. This group is representedby one item and it is the only one glazed (Fig. It allels Thesewere identifiedas being usedfor food/preparation on the exteriorand slippedon the interior 9:9). hasa (140 with slightlythickened rim. lar to andtheir shape is closestto theChesapeake 'bowl' butit is nota splayedangle degrees) The body is 6 mm thick. This item may havebeen cracked in et al. :ermused for locally-madevessels, other than hygiene-related )n. -- thekiln asit hasglaze on theedge ofa break.It is possibleit is :urposes,until laterin the nineteenthcentury, as discussedin :irher sometype of lid for a smallerversion of the Group4 pots. letail above.The Chesapeakedefinition notes that they were ed to primarily in kitchen dairy' and a suitableuse mosl ".:sed the and Group 7 - Candlestick This has with upturnededges and been ::rould be found in the dairy/preparationcategory.r38 a simplehollow in a saucer ions. iunctionallythese appear to be a mostsuitable type of mixing strengtheningridges in the hollow with a glazedexterior and r,'nsI butthe base diameter is generallytoo largeto €quatethem evidenceofsoot on the baseand hollow (Fig. 8:9).One ofthe u'ith the later nineteenth-centurymixing bowls.l3eThe only Chesapeaketypes is similar but no parallelsfor the shapeof from ,-rthersuitable category appears to be the householdgroup candlestickwere found on post-medievalEnglish sites 1€ters rvherethe possibilities are: wash or slopbasin, or washingpans. published in Post-MedievalArchaeologt over the last ten iarger Clearly no further analysiscan be proposedfor this group years.tot some uithout moreevidence of whole shapes.Until thereis further re the Group 8 - Jar-l evidence,either artefactual or historical,they wereclassed as jar kness Only one vessel specifically identified as a lead-glazed tbod/preparation'basin/bowl- l'. (#521109)was found at DMR C (Fig. 8:8). This was a well-madeand finished vessel with a well mixedand fired red ofthe GroupI - Pot-l earthenwarefabric with a highly glossyglaze and a ratherthin essels This groupis representedby two vessels(Fig. 8:6, l2). They rim. The shapeis reminiscentof 'jam' jars that weremade in : only haveconcave bodies with evertedrims andledge for restinga the later nineteenthcentury but there is no evidenceof the sis of lid on.The rim diameterranges between 255 to 300mm andthe indentedrim for sealingthe jar.ra2This vesselis atypicalof bases' rrdl thicknessbetween 7 to 10 mm. Thesewere probably two bungjars a uell :nadewith matchinglids. thosefound at DMR B and C. Ford described glaze e base The closestChesapeake comparison is the pot/butterpot from the 1850s'as'orange red, clear over terracotta' fabric of thisjar.ra3 rrirh convexsides.la0 The localname for thistype of vesselwas which is very similarto the andfinish :€sI to probably butter or cream pot if they were used for Group 9 - Plate oking, tocd'preparationbut they may also have been used for Therim of onelead-glazed plate (521l08) was found which had larger fbod storageand have been cream, butter or coveredjars a flangedrim with a diameterof 230mm with a fabricthickness Group -\ppendix2). They were possiblyused in a varietyof ways of 5 to l0 mm with poor quality interior glazing(Fig. 8:10). nd the *ithin a homeor homedairv. Little evidencesurvives of the body.A salt-glazedplate with a

ZT f, il q d

Plate 4: Range offinerwaresfrom ,[ DMR B. These include pale yellow wares, some with incised lines I highlighted in green, and afragment I of ajugwith brown dots (first three I rowsfrom left). On the right are a I small black glazed bowl and a greyish stoneware plate. (Photograph Mary I Casey.) il f t fl {i I d t I thinvirrified body (#371105) was foundat DMR B (Fig.8:l l; diameterof the cup is 120 mm and a bowl is 164 mm. The Plate4). It is possible f that this salt-glazedplate was locally thicknessof the fabric rangesbetween 2 mm to 4 mm with one made, I aswere most of the stonewarevessels from DMR B and baseas thick as 5mm. Two of the vesselshave incisedlines C. Plateswere recordedas beingmade in the first-halfof the highlightedin green(Fig. 6:6, 8). All thebowls have a ring foot f, nineteenth-century(Appendix 2). and impurities,possibly sand, caught under the glaze.It is n assumedbecause of the lack Group I0 - Jug-l of known parallelsand because U they are lead glazed that these Thin-walledvessel with narrowneck are all locally-made diameterof 1l5 mm (Fig. earthenwares. 8:7).It haswhite fabricand slip andsome burning on the rim. .ewer'.r44 Anotherbowl, similar just The closestparallels are to the neckof a The list in to those discussed,has internal glazingin a brighteryellow and incisedlines Appendix2 indicatesthat jugs werebeing locally made in the highlightedin a darkergreen (Fig. 6:7). Unlike the others the base is slippedand first half of the nineteenthcentury. Again there is too little of whilethe surviving body has some evidence of glazingit is thin the shapeto be confidentthat it is ajug andthere is no glazing andunevenly applied. Two sherdsof evidenton the sherd. similarcolour and fabric werefound in the backfillof the cistern(350112,2g). A fourth Finer Wares shapeis a servingjug with smallglobules ofglaze as decoration aroundthe rim (Fig.6:10). Pale Yellow ware The fine yellow waresare the sort ofpottery One of the more unusual wares found at DMR B are referredto by Skinnerin his advertisementsin the first yearsof the lg00s thin-walledvessels with all over paleyellow glazeon a fine or thetype oftea service provided to MajorDruitt by Moretonand earthenwarefabric (Fig. 6:6-10; plates 4, 5). The shapes Leak.It is likely thatthis type of warewas an attemptto copy includethe rim andupper body and base ofa cup (Fig. 6:g),a 'creamware'which was popular in eighteenth-and early saucerwith hand-painteddecoration (Fig. 6:9), and most of the nineteenth-centuryUnited Kingdom, Australia and United profileof a smallbowl (Fig. 6:6).The diameterof the baseof States.There is a closesimilarity in designand colouring with the cup and bowls rangesbetween 70 to 90 mm and the rim annularcreamware cups and saucers found on otherearlv sites

Plate 5: Fragments of saucers and cups infine yellow ware (DMR B) next to annular credmwate cup and saucers (C onsematorium site I 999) showing the clear stylistic relationship between the heo Qpes of pottery. h is likely that the fine yellow ware was a local product imitating the English annular creamware. (Pho to graph Mary Casey.)

l,i .:.'

22 rn51 dney (Plate 5).r4s This would provide an alternative supply Clearlyfurther investigation and analysis of slippedpottery :br finer tea andtablewares when there was a shortagein the from other sites is requiredto help refine the use of these .-olon1'due to waitingfor the next shipmentfrom Englandand vessels. Juring the early periodof the colonythey would havebeen ComparativeMaterial ,-'heaperthan imported items.ra6 The main evidencefor the suggestionof copying of Higginbothampublished a seriesof drawnpottery shapes in .reamwareis thatthey aremuch 'finer' thanother vessels, the 1987from a convict-periodsite at Parramattaand five from the ;reamcolour ofthe glaze,which is generallyall overthe vessel Gatewaysite on the shoresof SydneyCove.l52 None of these :urd).and the useofgreen glaze on theincised line decoration. publishedexamples are very closeto the shapesfound at DMR Skinneris the only potter known to have advertisedfine B or from DMR C or 20 Albion Street,Surry Hills. While his has a :ea\\'aresincluding: cups and saucers and tea sets (Appendix 2). Fig. ll:4 has a similar body shapeto Group I it also in this Othersources have shown that Moreton and Leak were making flangedrim which is notfound on anyof thelarge basins study. The other forms included three steep-sided :3asets, probably at the GovernmentPottery, in l82l.ra? Gateway l vesselsand a lid. Two of the Gatewayvessels have a diameter I 3,xk-glazed Ware of between300 to 400 mm. The vesselsfrom the Parramatta .n the black-glazedware there is one clear shapeof a thick siteshare few similaritiesto thoseincluded in this study.Four _:l".ss)'black interior glazed vessel with a terracottabody (Fig. aresteep sided, three are convex, one is a deepdish shape and 5:ll: Plate4). This is a smallsteep-sided bowl with a base anotheris a crock or pot. The diameterof only one of the ::ameterof 1l8 mm. Thereare similar sherds from at leasttwo vesselsis greaterthan 200 mm (6:11).The dimensionsof the ::her vessels,one of which has both interior and exterior rim diameterof the vesselsfrom thesetwo sitesare generally :.azing.While it is not certainthat this type of wareis locally much smallerthan thosefrom the Brickfieldsand therefore rade it is possibleas JamesKing was manufacturing'black' they are excludedfrom Groups I and 2 wherethe smallest The ;razedeart-henware in 1835 and ii t8+3.'08 diameteris272mm. one Self-slippedWare CONCLUSIONS ines Serenself-slipped earthenware pots were found at DMR B The archaeologicalevidence from the DMR site, Area B i:e. 10).The slippedvessels consists of threesteep-sided .r is suggeststhat this earlyc.1807-1840s site was usedas a home '.essels. a deep steep-sidedvessel, a shallowvessel with foodpreparation area, and most probably as a homedairy. This : .-ncave inner body, a thin bodiedpot with concaveprofile and interpretationis basedon the high frequencyof lead-glazed : steep-sidedpot with smalldiameter. The rim diametersrange earthenwaresfrom a smallsite, the association of manyofthese :3n\een128 mm to 270mm. The two vessels which have a full :mal lead-glazedforms with food/preparationand the presenceof ::.-iile hadsimilar rim diametersbut had differentheiehVrim vessels,pan- 1 (5),pot- I (2),pan (8) thatcan be associatedwith ina :.::ireterratios l:4 andl:2.4. .and dairypractices, and possibly pan-2 (5) (Table3). A perceptionofslipped wares is that,because they arenot thin Current understandingof the range of forms that usedin thegarden. There is no realclarity ibric ..:zed.they are only locally-madelead-glazed earthenwares may be found in is :his a Frenchpreserving jar urth ::. issuebut recentexperience of limitedby the lack of publicationof archaeologicalexamples. glazingon the rion ;:...u ed that it wasunglazed inside with theonly Thereare few publishedor'grey literature'examples ofearly :r::rior upper body. Unglazed terracotta was used as nineteenth-centuryforms except for closed forms such as L., :::rF,onentsin buttercoolers but thebutter apparently sat on a JUY- ginger-beerbottles and various jar shapes.Our knowledgeof .zEd placedinside the cooler.rae In the ,,sor . butterdish which was earlypottery forms can be substantiallyadded to throughthe : and ::se of the slippedwares found at DMR B they have been publication of this material and the developmentof an garden pot :opy :::lified asbelonging to the andwhile oneslipped understandingof wholevessel profiles. This is knowledgethat :::i:.itell belongsto thegarden group (Fig. 10:7-32613) others, is not available from historical sources.In addition the ,rire'd :-:l ontheir shape, do notso obviously fit in thisgroup. investigationof potteryforms throughresidue analysis may rr irh \rticeable in the variousadvertisements is the mentionof provideinteresting results about the useofthese vessels. -:.^^ - sltE5 : =ir al of glazesas a sellingpoint. It is likelythat people had The modelfor nineteenth-centurypottery in Appendix2 is : - : -:;haseor useslipped vessels when they could not purchase valuablefor reviewingthe vesselforms made by earlypotters .::l_r'essels. _: Higginbothamalso notedthis possibilityin and attachingappropriate early nineteenth-centurynames to ::- '' In additionmany vesselsmay be multi-functional. archaeologicalexamples. This modelneeds to be furthertested : -:::er researchis necessaryinto the use ofslipped vessels to to determineif it is accuratebecause it is basedon limited = -:ljale theirrange of functionin moredetail. information but it is useful as a starting point for the is part of this discussionabout the functionof slipped identificationof forms and namesused by earlypotters. This r :-sselsu e shouldnote a lack of knowledgeof what werethe modelcan be addedto by pursuinga rangeof earlyprimary -::.ape'of potsused in the garden.While we easilyaccept the sources,such as diaries,letters, and, where available,early :::irional shapeofthe terracottapot and saucerfound in our insolvencyand probate documents and inventories. . r.: gardenswe are not necessarilyaware of the rangeand Oneofthe moreuseful aspects ofthe modelwas illustrating .::.3I) of garden pot shapes manufacturedduring the thechanges in potteryforms made in thelate nineteenth century - :.Ereenthcentury. Appendix 2 providesevidence of three and into the twentiethcentury and the relationshipbetween -:::es givento pot shapesassociated with the garden:'flower imported wares and local wares. The early potters saw :-:''. 'flow'erpots & saucers'and gardenpots. The 1889 themselvesas an essentialsource of both utilitarian and - '..::!r\\catalogue illustrates a rangeof 'porousware' vessels, ornamentalpottery and were awareof being in competition ..- :n includestwo butter coolers,water monkeys,garden with importedfine wares.From as early as the 1850s,and :l:.rer pots, fern pans, miniaturefern vases,seed pans, probablythe 1840s,it is possibleto observethat potterswere -.:.ature flowerpots, terracotta vases and an Etruscan vase on concentratingon manufacturingutilitarian forms ratherthan : : ..rr Theseprovide illustrations for the rangeof shapes, tablewaresand teawares which placed them in direct -: :Jinggarden 'pots', that were available on the local market competitionwith importedBritish potterywhich by the mid- - ::e Iate1880s. The 'fern pans' and 'seed pans' were a similar nineteenthcentury formed 90 percent^ormore of the ceramic ,-"..-.* boul rvith a numberof holesin the basewith one corpusof manyarchaeological sites.'" The laterpotters learnt -:'. .:-ga slightlylarger diameter than the others.r5r the lessonsof the mid-centurvootteries and mainlv focused on

z) themore utilitarian and garden forms and were usually filling in ABBREVIATIONS gaps in the market of the imported pottery and could not compete,generally, on a quantityand costs basis. AONSW ArchivesOffice of New SouthWales (now State 3 A desirable outcome of further researchinto early Records) local-madepottery would be to determine,with somecertainty, DMR Departmentof Main Roads what was locallymade and by which potters.This requiresa HRNSW HistoricalRecords of New SouthWales combinedset of evidencesuch as analysisof the chemical LTO LandTitles Office compositionof thefabric, development of an understandingof 3 a potter'ssignature, through vessel forms, fabric and glazes and RG Registerof Grants s knownmarks and analysis of materialfrom knownkiln sites. SG SydneyGazette { While there is no historical evidencefor the use and SR StateRecords occupationof DMR B asa residencewhere dairying activities { wereundertaken, the archaeologicalevidence provides a solid NOTES basisfor interpretingthis activity.The archaeologicalevidence il I Spencer-Wood1998:21. also allows for an avenueto accessthe historical evidence { which presents contradictory sets of data. Dairymaids or 2 CaseyDonlon Hope and Wellfare 1998:lntroduction vii; il dairywomenwere in demandand at least509 women had come Spencer-Wood1998:23. to thecolony within a 50 yearperiod who reportedlypossessed 3 Linge 1979543; Walsh 1967:75;Fitzgerald & Golder { theseskills yet accordingto a rangeofcensus and muster data 1994:41-42,55, 69-71;Yentschl99lb:135; Alford nonewere employed at this activityand their only occupations 1984:190-191. were'lives with'. This evidencetends to obscurewhere dairy 4 Oxley 1996:119-120. rll activitieswere undertakenwithin the home and/or on private fr propertyfor privateuse but probablyproducing a surplusfor 5 Oxley196:189. sale.The sale of any surplusin the brickfieldsand Sydney 6 Dyster1989:133. generally would be easierbecause ofthe higherconcentration 7 Perrott1983:107 - Appendix 2. of populationand ease of transport. 8 Perrott1983:108 - Appendix 3. This examinationof dairying and potteryprovides for a { 9 Spencer-Wood1998:21 . view of the pastwhich allows for the developmentof more { complexperspectives on therole of womenin theprocurement 10 Nicholas1988; Nicholas & Shergold1988:66, table 5.2. t andproduction of food within the They specificallymention a specificskill designationof earlycolony which a review 5lr of the 1828 censuswould allow 'dairyhand'on page69 but in the remainingtables it is to remain hidden. This * approachundermines binary views where most women subsumedunder'skilled rural worker'. occupationswere identified as 'liveswith' andreplaces it with 1l Nicholas1988:122, table 8.1. a perspectiveof morecomplex domestic arrangements of home 12 1828Census. procurementand productionof food for a surpluswhich t presumablyin turn allowedfor theprocurement goods l3 1828Census:c0053. M0083. of other !il andservices. In this way theseunidentified and uncategorised 14 Gibb & King 1991; Yentschl99lb; Spencer-Wood womenentered into the localeconomy and provided essential 1998:24. .t fresh foods for both the family and the community.Home l5 Yentschl99lb:138-139. dairying was a hidden and unrecordedaspect of the local il 16 Fussell1966:160 f. domesticeconomy. il 17 Yentschl99lb:134. The examinationof one aspectof the archaeological il evidence,nevertheless a significantproportion of the overall 18 Dyster1989:148. corpus,has provided archaeologicalinsights that were not 19 Dyster1989:148. !t expectedand hastaken the discussionof early potteryfrom 20 Daniels1998:74. being simply aboutwho was making potteryand what they f 2l Walsh1967:75. Included in Casey& Lowe Associates weremaking into one aboutwho was purchasingthe pottery t purposes. 1994b. andfor what i provides 22 Clarkeand Spender 1992:25-26. Theevidence from DMR B alternativeevidence to f, thatof theextremely limited text sources for theearly period of 23 New South Wales Legislative Council, 'Select Sydneyand especiallyfor the brickfields.Little information Committeeon the Conditionsof the Working Classes,' fl survivesfrom this periodand our imagesof thebrickfields are Votesand Proceedings1859-60. t evokedby the maleconvicts labouring away at makingbricks 24 Dyster1989: I 48;Sydney Gazette I l/l 1/l 828:3e. tr andfiring themin clampkilns in the heatof a Sydneysummer 25 Pamphlet, Dairy Precinct, ParramattaRegional il andgeneral 'disorderly' behaviour. It allowsus to understand 'The moreabout this 'village' andthe activities of its occupantsand Park', National Parks and Wildlife Service and il aboutearly colonial society. ParramattaRegional Park. 26 Planand elevation of theGovernor's Stables and Officers ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS at Sydney,New SouthWales, 1820, attributed to Francis dt An abbreviatedversion ofthis paperwas presented at theFifth Greenway,ML. lt AustralianWomen in ArchaeologyConference in Sydney,July 27 McGregor1997:40. 1!lit 1999.Many thanksto Tony Lowe andDr AedeenCremin for theirthoughtful comments on earlydrafts of thispaper. Thanks 28 Birmingham,Jeans and Jack1979:29. 1978:92f. to Meredith Downes for her initial work on some of our 29 Gollan l:f lead-glazedearthenwares and FranzReidel for his drawings. 30 Linge 1979:543. MeritonApartments funded the excavation ofthe DMR site,20 3l Symons1982:15. ril Albion Streetand 20 PoplarStreet, Surry Hills and 289-295 SussexStreet, Sydney as part of their redevelopmentof these 32 Mannl8l | (1979):43. 1J sites. 33 Gollan1978:71-72. *

24 lJ Custance1883:32; Fussel 1966:161. 77 Graham1979:ll: Ford1995:18-19. l5 MaitlandMercury,8 October1843. 78 Low 1844. i6 Tench1979:71-72. 79 AONSWReel 6053 4/1754:7.l9l. 37 Francis,Fawkes 'Settlement at Sydney 16 April 1788' 80 AONSWReel 6053 4/1754:81 from the Rex NanKivell collection,published in Kelly 8l AONSWReel 6053 4/1755:188. andCrocker 1978. 82 Ford1995. 38 Tench1979:192. 83 1828Census -M2974,D0225, E0333, H1082; Gojak and i9 Lawsonl97l:18. Stuartthis volume. +0 Lawsonl97l:18. 84 Lawson1971:22f: Bickford 1971. +1 Meehan's'Planof Sydney'1807, published in Kelly and 85 'OriginalSurry Hills Grants,Copy of Meehan'sOriginal Crocker1978. Surveyof Palmer'slands on SurryHills', soldby Provost -11 Lawson1971:18. Marshall,I October1814. ML. -ti Lawson1971:19. 86 Resultsof archaeologicalwork undertakenby Casey& Mt; Lowe Associates 1{ Hunt & Carter1999:10. on threesites on a city block bounded by Albion Street,Mary Streetand Reservoir Street, Surry rlder -15 For exampleSydney Gazette March 16 18062b; l8 May Hills,just eastof ElizabethStreet. 18062b;2 April 1809lc;July 28 l8l0 2a;4August l8l0 lford 87 'Survey of the Settlementin New South Wales,New 2a:6October 1810 3c. Holland', 1792,Kelly& Crocker1978:7. -16 Karskens1997:10, 19. 88 LTO, RG Town LeasesBook l9l219, 191246,191247: {? Karskens1997:40. Karskens does not referencethis Town Grants2/53. statementand my analysis 1822 of the 'Constables' 89 Casey& Lowe 1994a. Notebook' would not necessarily support this 90 Casey& Lowe 1994a. interpretation. 9l Meehan'splan of 1807,Kelly & Crocker1978. JS AONSWReel 3059, 4/1834A:81-8. 92 Casey& Lowe 1994a:fig.7, SR Map 280,nd.; fig. 8, SR :9 Constables'Notebook1822. Map 5456,nd. : 5.2. jt Ford1995; Brodsky 1957:13; Low 1844. rn of 93 Maclehose1839:frontespiece. : I Higginbotham1987:16. it is 94 Macphail1997:9, sample 3. j: GoddenMackay HeritageConsultants 1997:Chain of 95 Casey& Lowe 1994a:figs9,12. title.On Pitt Street,part of Lots23 and24of City Section 37. 96 Macphail1997:71, sample 5. ii AONSW4/1847:201(Reel 3167). 97 This includessherds that were clearly from thesame item butdid notphysically join. For a full list ofjoining sherds :J Sydney Gazette1803: 2 Oct.3c; 9 Oct.3c.18104:.24 lan. seeCasey in prep. ['ood 4b; 1806:2l Sept.2a. 98 Connah 1994 (1996):53. Quoting Lewis Binford Stanniforth& Nash 1998:2. 198I :205. Lawsonl97l:19. 99 Yentschl99l:32 andnote 35: Yentsch l99lb:140-143. AONSWReel 3 167, 411847 :201. 100 Beaudry1988:52. SydneyGazette 1806:24 Aug. supp2b; Gojak and Stuart l0l It shouldbe notedthat the functionalcategories used are 1999,this volume. potentiallybiased because the site is presumedby the :"r Lawsonl97l:.201' see Gojak and Stuart this volume. writer to be residential.If this sitehad been used for the :- Lawsonl97l:.21. manufactureof pottery then the artefactswould needto :IAICS beviewed differently to reflectthis functional perspective :: Lawsonl97l:.21. on siteactivity. AONSW411249. 102 Little faunalmaterial was found and is inconsequentialto Appendix1:10. klect the analysis. Ford1995:15. sses,' 103 It shouldbe notedthat the authorhas reservations about Coysh& Henrywood1982:408. the application of this perspective to all Hughes1968:159. nineteenth-centurysociety, rather seeing more complex reasonsfor the wide presenceof teawaresand tea jonal Ford1995:15. drinking throughout nineteenth-centuryAustralian and Graham1979:9; Ford 1995:15;1828 Census noted the societyand where there is a bush culture of tea and arrivalon the Fairfield althoughFord (1995:15)claims damper,Bannerman 1998:3 l. thatfour ofthe ficers childrenarrivedin 1822 with theirmother. 104 Casey in prep. See Ceramic Report, Table A and rancis j9 Constables'Notebook 1822, 411219,SR Reel 1254. followingfor list of overallshape of itemsassociated with -. 1828Census M2521,p.269; p.468. the food functions. Ford1995:15-16. 105 Deetz1977:53-55. -: LTO Town Grant49(2)195. 106 Yentsch1991b:138f. --: Will of JonathanLeak, Supreme Court ofNSW, Registry 107 Beaudry1988'a; Pearce 1992:.9. of Probates. 108 Atkins 1991:24-25,35-36. --l Ford1995:18. 109 Symons1982. -5 Constables'Notebook1822.411219. SR Reel 1254. ll0 AONSWRoll6053 411754:7.81. l9l. -6 1828Census - HookerH2321. Giles G0547. lll Appendixl:9.

25 ll2 Kelly 1997l.66,no. 6 andnotes on pagell5 aboutthis item. BIBLIOGRAPHY production ll3 Ford1995:18-19. ALFORD,K. 1984. or reproduction?An economic tt4 Britton 1990'64. history of vomen in Australia, lTgg-tg5T, Oxford Universifypress, Melbourne. 115 Draper1982:86, fig. l. ANNABLE, R. 1989. Archaeologicalexcavations 116 Shackel1993:5,39-42; De Cunzo1995:72. on the former AustralianGas Light Companysite, Haymarket, 117 Beaudryet al. 1988.63;pearce 1992:9. Sydney. Report for Australian ConstructionServices 118 Higginbotham1987; Ioannou l9g7; Birminshamand (NSW Region),Department of AdministrativeServices. Bairstow1987; Proudfootet al. l99l:96+10ptites which Lodgedat the Departmentof UrbanAffairs andplanning. arenot numbered. ARNOLD, K. 1989.Collecting Australianfound stonevare, 119 Ioannou1987:33. CrownCastleton publishers, Maiden Guily. 120 Ioannou1987:34. ATKINS,M. 1991.Not to beexcelled for eleganceor utility:A 12l Beaudryet al. 1988:63. studyof theavailability of ceramicsin Sydneylg03_lb6g. Honours thesis, 122 Greerc. l98l:97. Historical Archaeology,Universify of Sydney. t23 Pearce1992:12, 9-14;Fryer & Sellyl99l :172, 177.The BANNERMAN, C. 1998. Acquired latterrefer to Pearcefor terminology. tastes. Celebrating Australia'sculinary history. National Library of Australial 124 The ConciseOxford Dictionary, fifth edition. Canberra. 125 Atkins 1991noted the useof ,bowl'and'basin'used ,The in BEAUDRY,M. 1987. archaeologyof historicalland use other fine decoratedearthenwares. in Massachuse tts', H is t o r ic a I Arc hi eo I o gy 20(2) :3 g _ 6 4. 126 Sydney Gazette and New South .Words llales Advertiser BEAUDRY,M. 1988a. for things:Linguistic analysis 21111828:4c;3t3A828:tf; 2t5fi828:4b; 2t6A82B:tf: of probateinventories', in Beaudry,M (ed.j 2/711828:4d. Documenjarv archaeologt in the Nety World, Cambridge University 127 Beaudryet al. 1988:65. Press,Cambridge, Ny. 128 Beaudry1988a:49-50. BEAUDRY, M. (ed.)1988b. Documentary archaeologt in the 129 Greerc. l98l:97. New lltorld,Cambridge University press, Cambriage, NV BEAUDRY,M., 130 White 1982:29;Evans 1995:19 also uses the term J. LONG, H. MILLER and G. WHEELER pancheon. STONE 1988. 'A vesseltypology for early Chesapeke ceramics:The Potamac typological l3l Fox & Barton1986:140, fig.73.5 and p. 144. system',in M. Beaudry (ed.) Documentary Archaeologt in the Nev 132 Greerc. l98l;96-100. Worli, CambridgeUniversity press, Cambridge, Ny, pp.5l_69. 133 Evansl98l:108, 147. BICKFORD,A. 197l..JamesKing of lrrawang:A colonial 134 Scholes1979:183, pagesl l, l9 ofthe pricelist. entrepreneur',Journal of the Royal Australian Historical 135 Higginbotham1987:10. Sociery57 (l):40-57. BINFORD, 136 Beaudryet al. 1988:65;White l9g2:29;Evans 1995:19: L. lgSl.,Behavioral archaeolosyand the Foxand Barton l9g6:140, fig.73.5 and pp.144. "PompeiiPremis"', Journal of AnthropologiialResearch 37 (3):195-208. 137 Beaudryet al. 1988:65. BIRMINGHAM, rlftl 138 Beaudryet aI.1988:63. J., R. I. JACK and D. JEANS. 1979. Australianpioneer technology,Heinemann Educational 139 Ford1995:89, mixing bowlwith rim diameterof 230mm Australia,Richmond. 1!f andbase diameter approximately I l5 mm. BIRMINGHAM, J., and K. FAHY 1987..Old Australian 140 Beaudryet al. 1988:66. pottery',in J. Birminhamand D. Bairstow(eds) papers in 141 Beaudry et al. 1988:67. Australian historical archaeology,Australian Society for 6 142 Ford 1985:52,fig. 35. It should be noted that the HistoricalArchaeology, Sydney, pp. 7-l l. published versionsof thejam jars, all madein the late BRITTON, F. 1990.'The pickleherringpotteries: An nineteenthcentury, are invariably white/cream. inventory',Post-Medieval Archaeology 24:61-92. m 143 Ford1985:24, figs. BRODSKY,l. 1957.Sydney looks back, AngusandRobertson, 144 Beaudryet al.1988:61. Sydney. u 145 Conservatoriumof Music,Bakehouse phase, and at First CASEY,M. 1994.Excavation report, Darling House, Millers GovernmentHouse, Robyn Stocks pers. comm. Point,for the Department of Housing,volumes I -3.Lodged at the NSW Departmentof planning 146 Sydneysuffered from a scarcity/glutcycle in supplies and Urban effiirs Library,Sydney. m from England.Atkins l99l:86 referencinsHainsworth CASEY, l98l TheSydney Traders p. 108. M., D. DONLON,J. HOPE and S. WELLFARE (eds) m$l 147 AONSWRoll 60534/1755:t88. 1998 Redefining archaeology; Feminist perspectives;, ResearchPapers in Archaeologyand Natural Hisiory, 148 Appendix2,8 and9. No. 29, ResearchSchool of pacific and Asian Siudies, ml 149 Evansl98l:48,47; Ford 1995:49. AustralianNational University, Canberra. 150 Higginbotham ffit[ 1987:10,nore 61. CASEY,M. in preparation.Excavation report, old DMR Site. l5l Evans1981: Appendix I, 152-153. Castlereagh,Campbell and pitt Streets.Sydney. reporr for Casey& Lowe 152 Higginbotham1987:10, fig.6; t7,frg. tt. Associatesand Meriton Apartments. CASEY 153 Mary Caseypersonal observations. & LOWE ASSOCIATES, 1993. Historical archaeologicalheritage study and assessmentof Old q![ WindsorRoad and Windsor Road, Rouse Hill, unpublished reporton behalfof BrayshawMcDonald pfy Ltd for Rouse Hill InfrastructureProject (Stage l) Works.Lodged at the FRYER,K. andA. SHELLEY 1997.'Excavation of a pit at l6 \SW Departmentof Planningand Urban Affairs Library, Tunsgate, Guilford, Surrey, l99l', Post-Medieval Sydney. Archaeologt3 I : I 39-230. ord C.{SEY & LOWE ASSOCIATES,1994a. Archaeological FUSSELL,G. 1966. The English dairy farmer, 1500-1900, assessment,old DMR Site,Castlereagh, Campbell and Pitt FrankCass & Co. Ltd. London, the Streets, Sydney, unpublished report for Meriton GIBB, J. and J. KING 1991. 'Gender activity areas,and (et. Apartments.Lodged at the NSW Departmentof Planning homelots in the l7'n-century Chesapeakeregion', ,aes andUrban Affairs Library,Sydney. HistoricalArchaeology 25 (4):109-13 l. :es. : {SEY & LOWE ASSOCIATES, 1994b. Historical GODDEN MACKAY HERITAGE CONSULTANTS, 1997. 19. archaeologicalsurvey, St. Marys, munitions factory, report Angel Place,Sydney, archaeological assessment, research ne, for AustralianDefence Industries and Brayshaw McDonald designand heritageimpact statement, unpublished report Pt) Ltd. for AMP InvestmentsPty Ltd. : \SLS OF NSIV,1828. GOLLAN, A. 1978. The tradition of Australian cooking, i68. :i- {RKE, P. and 1992. AustralianNational University Press, Canberra. of D. SPENDER Life lines,Australian \ omen'sletters and diaries I 788-I 840, Allen& Unwin,St. GRAHAM, M. 1979.Australian pottery of the I9th and early Leonards,Sydney. 20thcentury, David Ell Press,Sydney. trnS GREER, ilia, --O\\AH, G. 1994 (1996). 'Bagot's Mill: Genesisand G. c. 1981.American Stonewares, the art andcraft of revelation in an archaeological research project', utilitarianpotlers, Schiffer Publishing Ltd, Pennsylvania. .lustralasianHistorical Archaeology12. u5e HASLAM, J. 1984. Medievalpottery, Shire Publications, :OLONIAL SECRETARYMemorial to FrederickGoulburn Aylesbury. trom ThomasBall and associatedletters, SR, Colonial HIGGINBOTHAM, E. 1987.'Excavation of buildingsin the i sis Secretary'sletters, Reel 3059, 4/l 834:8I -88. early township of Parramatta,New South Wales, 1790-l820s', Australian Historical Archaeology 5:3-20. )tt! --II:ONIAL SECRETARY Petition of Mary Skinner to -achlanMacquarie, SR, ColonialSecretary's letters, Reel HUGHES, B. and T. 1968. The collector'sencyclopedia of : the )157,4t 1847:201. Englishceramics, Abbey Library, London. ;\'. --O\STABLES'NOTEBOOK 1822,411219, SR Reel 1254. HLNT, S. and P. CARTER 1999. Terre Napol1on,Australia -ER ,--ST,{NCE,J. 1883.'Dairy farming',Proceedings of the throughFrench eyes, 1800-1804, Historic Houses Trust of )eke .?otal .-lgricultural and Horticultural Society of South New South Wales in associationwith Horden House, rdry :ustralia,pp.20-36. 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28 :rs ln -\PPENDIX l: Extracts from a seriesof advertisements.editorials and observationsabout the various :hool potters and potteries operating in Sydney from 1803to 1852.Many of theseitems were found in Ford 1995 ional and Scholes1979 while others were found in State Records. xporl r. the l79l - early potters- 'goodred pan'.' l5 1843- King - be able to manufacturewhat retailersrequired, xcial 1803 - Samuel Skinner - Pitts Row, Sydney. Shapes: 'in brown, or yellow earthenware'and he was manufacturing florver pots, teapots, cups and saucers, slop basins, brown and black glazedearthenware.ls {IES rvash-handbasins, ewers, chamber vessels,cream jugs, l6 1843- King: making milk coolers,jars, dishes,wash-basins mugs, water jugs, butter tubs with covers, porringers, etc.Discusses the benefitsof clay milk coolersover metalor children's tea sets, salts, mustard-pots,and many more wooden ones and suggeststhat they are likely to produce ,ooks, items. Techniques: moulded. Uses: utility or ornament. more creamas they keep the milk cooler longer.Compares Comments: comparedfavorably with the 'Mother Country' this with 'home' whereonly earthenwarearticles were used and with 'any EuropeanManufactory'. Notes that a supply of in the home dairy.16 !ears colourswill arrive from England.' eq in t7 1844 - King - making a large assortmentof colonial 1804- Skinner: earthenware,tea and coffeesets and flower earthenware:'filters, wash-handbasins, monkeys, baking +. r uses.' dishesall sizes,bread pans,jugs, g]gs, pickle and preserve l8ll - Skinner: dishes, plates, basins,covers, cups and jars, milk pans,chamber utensils'." on of saucers,teapots, chimney ornamentsin a 'superiorstyle of l8 1844- editorialabout King and the Irawang Pottery- said rvorkmanship'.' to produce'a very superiorquality ofpermanence,compact, u ith l82l - Moreton & Leak: Eleven milk-dishesfrom the and well glazedearthenware, of an agreeablecane colour,' Jieval Pofter's,& stonebottles.5 also mentionsa jug, filter and other items.rs l82l Moreton: 12 milk pansfor the Major, 4 dozenstone - t9 1844 - King - acquired moulds from Staffordshire and rlrural bottles,4jugs and 4 bowls for washing.Later referredto as glazesfrom England. To supply stone and cane coloured 'A of EarthenMilk Dishes'.Also notedthat Major Jiet'al Quantity articles. Product the same as those imported but sold at Druitt received '3 Setts of Tea Servicesfrom the Pottery cheaperprices. To be sold in Sydneyby Mr Coatesat 350 made in Governmenttime which Jo Moreton ,isible and Jonathan GeorseStreet. '' 'orical Lakethe Pottersdoth Testify'.6 20 1844-- Moreton - Making earthenwarein Surry Hills at his 1823- Moreton: gardenpots, earthenware pots, large pans.7 pottery established20 years earlier. The advertisement 1826- Moreton: shippedpottery to Hobart.s mentionsacquiring the castsof two other men, Vigors and 1828- Cunningham: Leek's (sic) pottery madebricks and Burdett.'" coarse earthenwares:milk dishes,large butter and cream -jars 2l 1845- King - For salefrom the IrrawangPottery at Coates' uith jugs, covers,common brown Toby Philphot wine and StaffordshireWarehouse at 360 GeorgeStreet, opposite the rvatercoolers, glazing spruce beer bottles.Lithage or slat Markets.Selling: ewers, basins and chambers,quart pudding rl asthe common finish. ' bowls,wash basins, pie dishes,moulded jugs, pintjars, quart 1828 - Cunningham - Leek was shipping bricks to jars, water monkeys,flower pots, ginger beer bottles,milk Launceston.He could make 40 000 bricks weekly. He was pans,basins.'' l0 erporting'somecrockeryware'. 22 1852 - King - he was suspending manufacturing of 1833- Leak: pottery oppositethe new Cattle Market: malt earthenwaresand wished to sell stock:jars, jugs, and milk kiln tiles, oven tiles, common bricks, ginger beer bottle, dishes.22 bottle of every description, stone jars for pickling, ZJ 1889 Lithgow Catalogue advertises: teapots,Toby jugs, preserving;eadhenware of all sorts.' ' watermonkeys, bread trays, spittoons, pitchers, flower pots, l834 'At pottery - Leak: the of JonathanLeak, at the bottom miniature vase, variety of jars, safe stands,spirit barrels, of Elizabeth jugs, Street,near the New Bridge': stoneware, dutch pots, pipkins, jelly shapes,jam pots, mugs, tobacco gingerbeer bottles and all other kinds ofwares.'' barrels,yellow bakingware, patty pans,funnels, butter pots, 1835- J. Bird - retailer in York Street,Sydney - selling a creampans, milk pans,churns, lipped mixing bowls, round shipment from pottery at Williams River: brown mixing bowls, pudding bowls, shaving pots, bed pans; earthenware- milk pans of all sizes,cheese pans, washing Bristol ware: bottles, screw topped bottles, demijohns, pans,preserve jars of sizes,cream jars, coveredjars, jugs filters, spirit flasks, foot warmers, footbaths; saltglazed: ditto,,porouswater caraffs (sic) and plats (sic), cullenders hooded bird fountains, inverted bottle fountains, saucer lsic).'' This is thoughtto refer to JamesKing 'lrrawang fountains, Lithgow fountain (semi-porous), bread pans, Pottery'. screwtopped bottles, brewing jars; porousware: two butter 1835- King - two yearsexperimenting to produce'Brown coolers, water monkeys, garden flower pots, fern pans, and Black slazedeafthenware ofexcellent oualitv and neat miniature fern vases, seed pans, miniature flower pots, snapes. terracottavases and an Etruscanvase on a pillar."

29 APPET\DD( 2: Table illustrating the range of named vesselsmade by the known potters based on advertisementsand cataloguesand including commentsmade by various contempora"yobseruers.

Function andShape Skinner Leak Moreton King Edgedware BlueTransfer Field Bendigo Lithgou, 1803' 182't& 1821& 1835' 1803-1820. printedware 1857' Pottery 1889' 1804' 1828. 1835' 1843# 1820-1655# 1El6-1830. c'|870# 1EE4' 1811# 1E33# 1844# 1844 @ 1830-1850# 187s@ 1915# riuq 1845& 1851-1868@ 1852o/o ARCHITECTURE bricks chimneyomamentB * chimneypots #@ floortiles @ pavingtiles ridgetiles : roofingtiles water& drainpipes .#(a ALCOHOL banels- spirit botue- spirit # bottle- wine t flasks- spirit jars- breuring jars- Brislol demiiohns BEVERAGE bottles &,# & bottles- gingerbeer #@ knorrn & # examples bottles- handled # bottles- sprucebeer bottles- screwtooDed FOOD Condiment botues- paste mustard-oots Preparation Cooking bakers # @ basins # & # #@ # basin/bowl? bowl *@ bowls- mixing ,# bowls- pudding & '* bowls- Queenspudding basons- pudding # @ colander/cullenders dishes # @ # dishes- baking @ dishes- flat dishes- pie & # dutchpots funnels gourmetcooker # jellyshapeYcans '# jellypot ovalbakers '# pans # pans- bread @ pans- hamand tongue patly- pans pipkins sugarmoulds @ tiles- oven # @ tubs- largefor salting meat pan- meatsalting yellowbaking ware Dairy butlertubs with covers chums cooler- butter coolers- milk dishes- milk &' & o/o pans - cheese pans - cfeam pans - large pans- milk & & '@& pots - butter pots - cream Serving cfieese covers @vers cover dishes covered vegetable # dishes vegetabledishes * @ salad bowls # Toby Philpotjug tankards tureens ,# lureen - sauce # fureen - souo @, Sbrage botues - flat bottles- handled caraffs - water (porous) @olers - water # @olers - wine filters @ # lars # o/o iars - bung ,# |ars-Jam Jars- quan & Frs - tall Fci - squat covered Frs - globe covered Frs - straight covered ,ar - butter ,ars - covered # ,ar -cream iar - large Fr (stone)- pickling # @ Frs - pint & Frs - preserve ,@ pans - bread @ fibhers Poc:_!9!n T*rrare botrls handled breakfastbowls : & saucers hardled bowls & #@ sarrcers

bof,ls & saucers v beaKast bowls # dashes # #@ egg crip #@ nrrgS #@ |rr€s - porter dates '#@ bIeaktast plates butter plates # ctreeseplates # @ d6€rt plates dinner plates # @ Frenchdinner plates # French concave plates French plates f,at plates muffin plates @ pi€ plates @ soup plates # table sets servrce/sets - dinner '#@ dinnerware @ t\f,ifflers pepperca_ poningels salts Tablewarey'Serve butters #@ jugs '@ #lo # #@ '# jugs- covered #@ jug - cream # jugs- milk jugs- lrish @ jugs- moulded & jug - water monkeys-water @& muslads @ plate- Frenchpie # plate- Frenchcheese # plate- trifle # trifle cans # stands @ sugarboxes # carvedsugars # sugars @ traygplatters- bread Teawares tea bq rls #@ breakfaslcups & #@ saucers handledbreakfast & tea # cups& saucers breaKastteas @ coffeesets coffeepots cups # cupsand sau@rs .@ saucers tea sets && tea & breakfastservices # breakfastsets / services @ teas& saucers @ teacups and saucers # leaools #(a HOUSEHOLD Hygiene basins basins- plug @ basins- slop basins- wash #@& basins& chambers # bedpans # bowls- wash & & e!\'ers & # #@ ewers& basins @ chambers #@ # chamberbowls # chamberservice / sets # chambervessels & chamberutensils @ chamberware @ commodepans closetpans @vers # jugs- washing & & pans- washing pots- shaving safe stand sanitaryand hospital ware- panserc soapdishes #@ '# spittoons stoolpans urinals # '# toiletsets # Health eyebaths footwarmers '#

32 foot baths @ pots - ointments Lithtjng candlestick Maintenance bottles- blacking Omamental vases @ flower stands iardinieres minialurefern vases miniatureflower pots miniaturevase terra cotta vases Etruscanvases PERSONAL brush trays RECREATION banels - tobacco jar - tobacco and snuff children'stea sets toy cans * toy tea sets # CLERICAL bottle - ink # YARD/GARDEN llower pots '@ flower pots & saucers & cottage flower pots Dahliastands @ garden border tiles # garden flower pots @ garden pots gardentiles # fem pans/pots camelliapans seed pans @ fountains- bird '# baths - bird Canary seed pots fountain- inverted bottle buntains - saucer buntains- Lithgow (semi-porous) ooultrvtrouohs V\|cRK acid.iars # chemicalvessels '# drainpipes pots- extracts telegraphinsulators tiles- maltkiln #

Informationfor Skinner,Leak, Moreton and King is mostlybased on advertisementstranscribed in Appendixl. Theinformation for Fieldpottery is takenfrom Ford 1995:50,56. TheBendigo Pottery catalogue is publishedin Scholes1979:.179f. The Lithgow pottery catalogueispublished in Evansl98l: AppendixI, l4l-153.

JJ APPENDIX 3: Catalogue of lead-glazedearthenware and self-slippedware from the DMR site, Areas B and C and 20 Albion Street. Surrv Hills.

Group 1: Pan-l 20 Albion Street, Surry Hills

DMRB 631/0f pan-1,profile, rim dia.:440,base dia:260, height:109; thickness - rim:20mm; 301/26pan-1, rim, dia. of rim: 290, thickness - body: 24 mm. Figure 6:3. body:12-20mm; base:10-19.Figure 7:l. Shape: large lead-glazedearthenware basirVbowl with brown Shape:medium lead-glazedearthenware basin with flangedrim and interior, rolled rim and indented base. Shaped like an everted angledsides (120 degrees),with mulberry colouredinterior glaze truncatedcone with flared sides(135 degrees)and rolled rim with and exteriororange slip. someconsiderable thickening atjunction ofbase andbody (20 mm). Fabric/Slip/Glaze: pale orange (7.5 YR 8/4 'pink'); ext. slip: Fabric/Slip/Glaze:orange fabric (2.5 YR 6/8 'light red'); int. glaze: orange(5YR 7/8 'reddish yellow'); int. glaze: mulberry (l0R 3/6 brown (7.5 YR 5/8 'strong brown'); ext. slip: close to (2.5Y 6/8 'dark red'). Technique. wheel-made.Function: food./preparation. 'light red'). Technique: Wheel-made.Function: food/preparation. pan-1, 301/28 base,dia. of base:I 80; thickness- body: 8 mm, base:8 mm. 631.2/01pan-1, rim, rim dia.:410,thickness - rim:l3 mm; body:5-7mm. Figure615. Figure7:3. Shape: large lead-glazedearthenware basin with flat base with Shape:large lead-glazed earthenware basin with yellow interiorand interiororange glaze and exteriorwith orangeslip. thickenedbevelled rim. Shaoedlike an evertedtruncated cone with Fabric/Slip/Glaze: biscuit (lOYR 8/6 'yellow'); ext. slip: orange flared sides. I (5YR 7/6 'reddish yellow'); int. glaze: glossy orange(7.5 YR 6/8 Fabric/Slip/Glaze: cream/whitefabric; int. glaze: yellow (mix of t 'reddish yellow'). Markings: regularly spaced internal ribbing. light 5Y 8/6 'yellow' andbright 5 Y 8/8 'yellow');ext. slip: (l0YR Technique: wheel-made, high firing temperature. Function: 8/4 'very pale brown'). Technique: wheel-made.Function: food/preparation. food/preparation. 305/10pan-1, rim, dia.of rim: 370;thickness - body: l 5-l 8 mm, base:l3 657/0f pan-1,profile, rim dia:440,base dia:210, height:l l9; rhickness- mm. Figure 6:2. rim:13mm; body:8-10mm; base:7.FigureT:2. Shape: large lead-glazedearthenware bowl, evertedcone shaped Shape: large lead-glazedearthenware basin with interior/exterior steeply flared sides with thick bevelled out flaring rim, interior glaze of pale green with blue flecks. Shaped like an everted truncatedcone with flared sides(130 degrees),thinner walls, flat yellow glazeand exteriororange slip. il baseand a flat toppedrim. Thereis no or little thickening Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream (lOYR 8/3 'very pale brown'), ext. slip: ofthe body nearthe base. orange(2.5YR 6/6 'light red');int, glaze: yellow (l0R 7/6 'yellow'). Fabric/Slip/Glaze: white fabric, close to (10 YR 8/l 'white'); Technique: wheel-made.Function: food/preparation/storage. int./ext. glaze: pale apple green. Technique: wheel-made. pan'1, 350/14 rim,/base,rim dia..440,base dia.l70, height:168?; thickness Fu nction: lood/preparation. -rim.20-32 mm; body:6-10mm. Figure6:1. Shape:large lead-glazed earthenware mulberry coloured bowl with Group 2: Pan-2 rolled rim. Shapedlike an evertedtruncated cone with flared sides DNIR B and rolled rirn with some slight thickeningat junction of baseand 305/09pan-2, rim, dia. of rim: 400 mm; thickness- body (l I mm). Basethins towardscentre of interiorof bowl. rim: 24 mm; body: l2 mm. Figure8:l. Fabric/Slip/Glaze: fabrrc (5 YR 6/6 'reddish yellow'), int. glaze: Shape:large lead-glazedearthenware pan, rolled rim with near flat mulberrycoloured(10 YR 3/4 'dusky red'); ext.slip: (2.5Y 6/6 'light topped,sharp carination inside under rim, lrttleevidence for shapeof o red'). Technique: wheel-made.Function: food/preparation. body. ,il 350/16pan-1, rim, rim dia.:280;thickness - rim:8-12mm; body:8.5-lI Fabric/Slip/Glaze: biscuit (loYR 8/3 'very pale brown'); ext/int. N mm. Figure6.4. glaze:uneven colouring (from lOYR 6/8 'brownishyellow'to lOYR Shape: medium sized lead-glazed earthenwarebowl, everted 313 'dark brown'). Technique: wheel-made. Function: truncatedcone shapewith slightly thickenedrim, interior mustard food/preparation. colouredglaze and exterior orange slip. Decoration: two incised Comments: This is only a small sherd and it does not provide lines aroundthe upper body, below the rim. evidenceto understandifthe fabric body was slippedor glazed. 'pink'); Fabric/Slip/Glaze'.fabric'. biscuit (7.5 YR 8/4 int. glaze: 339/03pan-2, base, base dia.: 230 mm; thickness- body: 20 mrn; base:I 8 ( l0 YR 6/6 'brownishye llow'); ext.slrp: uneve n colouring(2.5 YR mm. Figure9:2. 6/6 'light red' to 7.5 YR 7/6 'reddrsh yellow'). Technique: Shape:lead-glazed earthenware basin with llat baseand thickening wheel-made.Function. food/preparation. body (27 mm) at basewith well around inner perimeterof base. Interior haspale yellow glazewith exteriororange slip. DMR C Fabric/Slip/Glaze: uneven colouring from biscuit to orange :t 522.1106pan-I, rim, rim dia.: 272 nm. thickness- rim: ll-15 mm. (light:l0YR 8/3 'very pale brown'; orange:7.5 YR 7/6 'reddish body:9-10mm. Figure7:4. yellow'); int.glaze. (closest to 2.5 YR714'pale yellow');ext. slip: Shape: rim of large lead-glazedearthenware basin wrth yellow (5YR 6/6 'reddishyellow'). Technique.wheel-made. Function. interiorglaze, slightly thickenedrim and slippedexterior. Sides are tbod/preparatron. uncertainalthough drawn as tlared may possiblybe concave.There 350/15pan-2, rim, rirn dia.:300tthickness - rim:13 mm; body.l I mm. are wheel ridges on the exterior. The fabrtc is well made but the Figure8:5. glazehas small lumps in it andthere are splashes on the rim. The slip Shape: medium sized lead-glazedearthenware bowl, steepsided hassome colour variationon the rim and the body. with rolledrim, interiorkhaki brown glazeand exterior orange slip. Fabric/Slip/Glaze: pale fabric (7.5 YR 8/3 'pink'); int. glaze: Fabric/Slip/Glaze:fabric ( l0 YR 7/3 'very palebrown'); int. glaze: yellow (5Y 7/8'yellow'), ext. slip: (l0YR 8/3'pink'), on rim very glossyglaze ( I 0 YR 4/6 'dark yellowishbrown' to khaki colour 'light g (lOYR 8/4 'very palebrown'. Technique: wlreel-made. Function: (7.5 YR 5/8 'strongbrown'); ext. slip: (2.5 YR 6i8 red'). tbodipreparation. Technique:wheel-made. Function : food/preparation. n Comments:close to 522.l/07in thefabric and the wheel ribbing but 350/17pan-2, base, base dia:220 mm, thickness- body:I 7-2I mm; base:I 3 the glaze is dilTerent. mm. Figure9:l. m

34 Shape: large lead-glazedearthenware bowl with steepsides, interior innerlip for lid andconcave sides, interior with red-khakiglaze and brown glaze and exterior orange slip. The fabric ofthe walls is the exteriororange slip. thickest ofthe examples included in this report as is the thickness of Fabric/Slip/Glaze:biscuit (lOYR 8/3 'very pale brown'); ext. slip: the fabric at thejunction ofthe body and base(30 mm). The base orange(5YR 7/8'reddish yellow'); int. glaze: uneven with red (l0R probably thins towards the centre ofthe bowl. The fabric is evenly 3/6 'darkred') and lchaki(2.5Y 4/3 'olive brown').Technique: fired and the glaze is ofa good quality. wheel-made.Function: food/preparation/storage. JESS _ Fabric/Slip/Glaze:(lOYR 8/3 'very palebrown'); int. glaze:brown 35028pot-1, rim, rim dia.:255mm; thickness - rim:10-16mm; body:8-9 t7.5YR 5/8 'strongbrown'), exl slip:(5 YR 7/6'reddishyellow'). brown mm.Figure 8:12. Technique: wheel-made.Function : food/preparation. rerted Shape:medium sized vessel, thickened everted rim withflat top and :n nith i50 l9 pan- 2, rim, rim dia.:320:thickness - rim:15 mm; body:9-12mm. smallledge for lid andconcave sides ofvessel. . mm). Frgure8:3. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:fabric: two-tone from creamto biscuit(lOYR . glaze: Shape: large lead-glazed earthenwarebowl, steep sided with 8/3'very pale brown' to 7.5YR7/6 reddish yellow); int. glaze: mid green yellow, :\'618 slightly thickened rim, interior mottled and with brown(7.5YR 5/8 'strong brown'), ext. slip: pale orange (2.5YR 4/4 erterior rim ration. and orangeslipped. 'reddish brown'). Technique: wheel-made. Function: Fabric/Slip/Glaze: fabric: biscuit (7.5YR 8/4 'pink'); int. glaze: food/preparationor food/storage. - mm. tlOYR 6/6 'brownish yellow'); ext. slip: unevencolouring (2.5YR Group5-Basin/bowl-2 6'6'light red'to 7.5YR 7/6'reddish yellow'). Technique: ror and rrheel-made. Function : food/preparation. DMRB rr *'ith D}IR C 315/10basin, rim, dia.of rim: 230;thickness - rim:9mm; body:8 mm. mir of Figure9:5. ii{ 05pan-2. rim, rim dia:310;thickness - rim:l l-16 mm; body:l L Figure r lOYR Shape:lead-glazed earthenware basin with flangedand angled rim. 8:J Lnction: Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream (l0YR 7/6'very pale brown'); ext. slip: Shape:rim of lead-glazedearthenware bowl with yellowinterior orange(7.5 YR 7/6'reddish yellow'), possibly with clear glaze, int. elazervith flat thickenedrim andsteep sides. glaze: yellow (close to 2.5 Y 718 'yellow'). Technique: tness - Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream, even coloured fabric; int. glaze: uneven wheel-made.Function : food/preparation. :nd splotchyyeltow (5 Y 7/8 'yellow');ext. slip: uneven slip from a\tenor ;reamto paleorange (7.5 YR 8/6 'reddishyellow'). Technique: 339/05bowl, rim, rim dia.:220',thickness - rim:10mm; body:6-7mm. crerted r heel-made.Function : food/preparation. Figure9:7. rils. flat Shape:medium sized lead-glazed earthenware yellow bowl with pan-2.rim, rim dia:350;thickness - rim:8-15mm; body:7 mm. re body concavesides and slight carination on outside ofthickened bevelled -1{:r-ireure 8:2. nm. Shape.rim oflargelead-glazed earthenware bowl with dark red slip * hrte'); Fabric/Slip/Glaze:fabric (10 YR 8/4'verypale brown'); int. glaze: .:l..tchedwith caramel brown glaze. lt is a widedeep concave bowl :l-made. brownwith glassyfinish (7.5 YR 5/8 'strongbrown'); ext. slip: rrjr thickenedflat angledrim and shallowinternal incised line (2.5Y 6/8 'light red'). Technique: wheel-made.Function: :eneaththe rim. food/preparation. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:uneven fabric - light (10 YR 8/2 'very pale ::..*n'). dark(5YR 7/6 'reddish yellow'); int. glaze caramel brown 350/29basin&owl-2, rim, rim dia.:210mm; thickness- rim:7-8.5mm; : .,\-R55/6 'brownish yellow'); ext. slip: red (2.5YR 6/6 'reddish body:5-7mm. Figure 9:6. rrdr': l2 ::..nn').int. slip: (close to 2.5YR414 'reddish brown'). Technique: Shape:medium sized lead-glazed earthenware bowl, steepsided r heel-made. Function : food/preparation. with slightly thickenedout-turned rim, interiorbrown glazewith exteriororange slip of unevencolour. The glazehas wom off the near flat {,rlup 3: basin/bowl-1 interiorwheel ridges. shapeof :'UR,B Fabric/Slip/Glaze:fabric: biscuit (7.5YR 8/4 'pink'); int. glaze: (7.5YR5/8 'brownish yellow'); ext. slip: uneven colouring (7.5YR . erVrnt. '- -11 l.{ :ssrnbo$l-1,base, dia. of base:200; thickness - body:9-15 mm, 7/6 'reddishyellow' to 7.5YR6/6 'reddishyellow'). Technique: to IOYR ::se I I mm.Figure 9:3. wheel-made.Function : food/preparation. unction: :bape.medium lead-glazed earthenware basin/bowl with flat base, r:_:ledsides and thickening ofbody at base (l 9 mm),interior yellow DMR C : provide : .lzeand exterior orange slip. 501/05basin/bowl-2, base, base dia:145; thickness - body:7 mm; base:5-8. -azed. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:uneven, (7.sYR 8/4 'pink'); ext.slip: orange, Figure9:8. . base:I 8 - 'pink'); i 8 I int. glaze:yellow (5Y 7/6 'yellow').Markings: Shape:base of lead-glazedearthenware bowl with red brownand -:erl rrdgeson exterior.Technique: wheel-made. Function: oliveyellow interior glaze with bevelled underside ofbase. Sides are :rckening : -,:\1preparation. Joins: #305/06. at a steepangle and the base thins towards the centre on the inside of ' r.f base. Crrmments:probably a cookingpot. the bowl with someconsiderable thickening of thebase (15 mm) I l- ::s:nbo*l-I, base,dia. of base:180; thickness - body: 13 mm, nearthe junction with thebody. r orange -11 (10 'verypale int. 'reddish :-: l-1mm. Figure 9:4. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream fabric YR 8/2 brown'); Shrpe: largelead-glazed earthenware basin with flat base,angled glaze:red/brown (2.5Y 414'reddish yellow') and (2.5 Y 6/6 'olive ert. slip: ;:es $rrh a thickeningof the bodyat the base(17 mm),interior yellow') to ext. slip: orange(5 YR 7/8 'reddishyellow'). Function: ::--un slazeand exterior orange slip. Technique:wheel-made. Function : food/preparation. FrbriciSlip/Glaze:uneven colour from biscuitto orange(lighter Group 6 - Lid i ll mm. .:\'R. 8 6 '1'ellow';darker 5YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'); ext. slip: ,:*_ge*ith burnishing(2.5 YR 6/8 'light red');int. glaze:brown DMRC =p sided - : \'R 6/8 'reddishyellow'). Markings: blackened base, some 509/06lid, rim, rim dia:194; thickness - rim:6 mm; body:5 mm. Figure 9:9. n_eeslip. :::mal ribbing. Technique: wheel-made. Function: Shape:rim of lead-glazedearthenware bowl with honeygold :nt glaze: ::,:*ipreparation. .akrcolour exteriorglaze with slightlythickened rim andflared sides. il;r,!,up :lht red'). {: Pot-l Fabric/Slip/Glaze:pale fabric (7.5 YR 8/3 'pink'), ext. slaze: glassy(7.5YR 6/8 'reddishyellow'); int. slip: unevenslip from E1URB cream(7.5 YR 8/4 'pink') to paleorange (2.5YR 6/8 'light red'). r- base:I 3 -{ I lr :n-:- I . nm.dia. of rim:300; thickness - body: 6-l5 mm. Figure 8:6. Technique:wheel-made. Function: food/store. Sbrpe largelead-glazed earthenware bowl, flat toppedrim with Comments:One of theedges of thissherd has had glaze spill onto 35 theface ofthe break.This wouldsuggest that this bowl wasbroken Shape:unglazed jug with slightlyout-flaring rim andconvex body. duringfiring andmay in fact be kiln waste.The fabricand glaze is Thereis anincised line atthe narrowest point ofthe neckand another closeto 521/10which is not includedin this report. onefurther down the body. They are | 5 mm apart.There is extensive blackening,possibly from burning,on therim. Group 7 - Candlestick Fabric/Slip/Glaze:motrled white with brown specks(close to DMR B lOYR 8/2); self-slip. Technique: wheei-made.Function: food/table/serve/store.As indicated in the text it is not certainthat 334/07candlestick, profile, dia. socket: 33- 85mm; dia.saucer: 126+ mm: this is ajug but theclosest parallel is with an ewer. thickness- body:7-14 mm. Figure 8:9. Shape: lead-glazedearthenware candlestick, saucer style, with Fine Wares hollow socketfor candleset in middleof saucer,flat base.Made in 305/08bowl, base, dia. ofbase: I I 8; thickness- body: 6 mm,base: 5 mm. one piece with diagonalstrengthening ridge appliedto internal Figure6: I l. hollow.Exterior glaze and interior slip, blackeningon base. Shape:small glazedearthenware bowl, flat baseand steepsides, FabriclSlip/Glaze:biscuit (lOYR 8/3 very pale brown); ext. slaze: bodythickens at base,with tlrickglassy black interior glaze and dark reddishbrown, near to (2.5YR 4/6 'red') with yellowsplotches; int. orangeexterior slip. slip:(5YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'), the slip hasbe stightly absorbed Fabric/Slip/Glaze:orange (5YR 7/6 'reddish yellow'); ext. slip: red intothe fabric. Technique: wheel-made. Function: household/light. (2.5 YR 5/6 'red'); int. glaze:thick glossyblack. Technique: wheel-made.Function : food/table/serve. Group 8 - Jar-l Comments:Similar sherds, from two or threeother vessels, were foundin 30l, 303,3 I 5,326 and 350. The exterior ofa bowlor cupis DMR C glazedblack on both sidesand a bowl hasan exteriorwith black 521/09ju, base/rim,base dia:100; rim dia.:105; thickness - rim: 4.5-5 glossand slip (probablyat the base).It is possiblethat this wareis mm,body:3-5 mm; base:8-13 mm. Figure 8:8. not locallymade? Shape:base of red brown lead-glazedearthenware jar red fabric 305/ll & 306/03bowl, rim, body,dia. of rim: 165mm; height: 46 mm?; which is very evenmixed and fired. Sidesare vertical and there is basedia. ofbase: 78; thickness - body:3-4 mm; base:3.5-5. Figure somethickening of the indentedbase (15 mm) at thejunction with 6:6. thebody. This is well madeand well firedwith a glassyfinish to the Shape:fine lead-glazedearthenware bowl, concavesides with ring glaze. base,exterior and interior pale yellow glaze. Decoration: 5 incised Fabric/Slip/Glaze:red fabric(2.5 YR 7/8 'light red'); int./ext. spacedbands highlighted in palegreen. glaze:glassy red/brown (close to 2.5YR416'red') to ext.slip on Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream/white (no Munsell match);ext. glaze: base:close to (l0R 4/6 'red').Technique: wheel-made. Function: pafeyellow (2.5Y 8/3'pale yellow');int. glaze:glossy cream to food/store. green(5Y 8/3 'paleyellow') someyellow and orangeflecking. Comments:the base is muchthicker than the body with fairlyfine Technique:wheel-made. Function: food/tableware. rim. Theshape is reminiscentof 'jam' jars thatwere made in thelater Comments:finish of exteriorglaze has grains of sand,or other nineteenthcentury but there is no evidenceofthe indentedrim for impurity,caught under the glaze. sealingthejar.2a This vessel is atypical ofthose found at DMR B and 306/04cup, rim, dia.of rim: 120mm; thickness- rim: 2-3;body: 2 mm. C.Ford described two bungjars from 'orange theI 850sas red,clear Figure6:8. glazeover terracotta'which is very similarto thisjar.25 Note: the Shape: fine lead-glazedearthenware cup with thin fabric, rim wasnot drawas the sherdswere very smalland fragmentary. hemisphericalshape and narrowedrim finish.Decoration: four Group 9 - Plate neatlyincised bands highlighted in darkgreen. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream/white; ext. glaze: pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3 DMRB 'pale yellow'); int. glaze:5Y 8/3 'pale yellow'). Technique: Salt-glazedVessel wheel-made.Function: food/teaware. Comments:similar to 306/3. 371/05plate, rim andpart of body,rim dia.:225mm; thickness - rim/body: 4 mm;base: 2 mm.Figure 8: I l. 330/03bowl, base, dia. ofbase: 90; thickness - body: 2.5-3.5 mm, base:3-6 Shape:flanged rim andpart ofcurved body ofsalt-glazed stoneware mm.Figure 6:7. plate with interior mid grey glazeand mottledgrey and orange Shape:small fine lead-glazed earthenware bowl with flatring base exteriorglaze. with brightyellow glaze. Decoration: 4 incisedlines on interiorof Fabric/Slip/Glaze:vitrified stoneware with unevencolouring of baseof bowlwith bright green highlights. (no mid grey coreand brown outer edge; int. glaze:mid greywith salt Fabric/Slip/Ghze:white Munsellequivalent); int./ext. glaze: lithage;ext. glaze: uneven mottled colour ofgrey andorange, beige brightyellow (5Y 7/6 'yellow');base slip: (7.5 YR 8/3 'pink'). to orange(5YR 7/6 'reddish yellow'). Function: food./tableware. Joins: #350/12. Technique: wheel-made. Function: food/tableware/serve. DMRC 330/06saucer, rim, dia.of rim: 140;thickness - rim: 3 mm; body:4mm. 521/08plate, rim, rim dia:230mm, thickness - rim:5-10mm; body:7 mm. Figure6:9. Figure8:10. Shape:upper body ofa smallfine lead-glazedearthenware saucer Shape:flanged rim of lead-glazedearthenware plate with interior with concavesides, pale yellow glaze, even body thickness with yellowglaze with greenspeckles. There is anincised line near the slightouward bevelling of rim.Fabric is evenly mixed. Finish under slightlythinner outer rim of theplate. There is someglaze on the glazeis roughbecause grains of and arecauglrt under the glaze. backon theorange slip. Decoration:int: row of darkbrown glazed leaves with a simpleline Fabric/SlipiGhze:fairly even fabric, closest to (5YR 8/4 'pink'); aroundrim. int.glaze: nature of colourmakes it toodiflcult to Munsell,similar Fabric/Slip/Ghze:cream/white (no Munsellequivalent); int./ext. to anolive yellow moftle; ext. slip: uneven colour, beige to orange glaze:(2.5 YR 8/3'pale yellow'). lnconsistencies in colour of brown (5YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'). Technique: wheel-made. Function: decorationthrough dilatation made it too difficult to Munsell. food/tableware. Technique:Wheel-made. Function: food/tea. 330/07jug, rim, dia. of rim:70; thickness - rim: 5 mm;body: 5 mm.Figure Group 10 - Jug 6:10. 367/02 jug,rim dia.: I I 5 mm;thickness: rim - 3-4;body- 4- 4.5 mrn.Figure Shrpe:reains of lead-glazedearthenware yellow jug withtwo thick 8:7. dotsofglaze. Decoration: ext: two thickbrown dots ofglaze. 36 Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream/white (no Munsellequivalent); int. glaze: NOTESTO THE APPENDICES body, (2.5 YR 8/6 'yellow'); ext. glaze:(2.5Y 8/6'yellow'); brown glaze nother doa: (tOYR 6/6 'brownish yellow'). Technique: wheel-made. I Fahy 1967:42. :nsive Function: food/serve. 2 SydneyGazette 2, 9 October1803. 22 January1804. .}se to Slipped 3 SydneyGazette rclion: 4 Mannl8ll (1979):43. i03118pot, base, dia. ofbase: 150; thickness - body: 6'7 mmmm, base: 8 i.ln that mm.Figure l0:4. 5 AONSWReel 6053 411754:7. Shape:medium slipped earthenware garden po! flat baseand steep 6 AONSWReel6053411754:81,191;4/1755:188' sides(105 degrees). Decoration: two setsof incisedlines, upper 7 SydneyGazette 9 June1823. groupofsix andlower group offive (plus). 5 mm. 8 Ford1995:18. Fabric/Slip/Glaze:fabric: biscuil (10 YR 8/3 'verypale brown'); ext.slip: self-slipped (10 YR 8/3 'verypale brown'). Technique: 9 Cunningham1828, quoted in Ford1995:15. l srdes, rvheel-made.Function: yard/garden. l0 Ford1995:15-16. from TheAustralian 4 October1828. d dark 3:|512pot,rim,dia.of rim: 180;thickness-rim: l0mm; body:3mm 1I SydneyMorning Herald l0 October1833. Figurel0:6. 12 SydneyGazette8 September1834. Shape:garden pot, self-slippedwith foldedthickened rim with rnique: 13 SydneyMorning Herald 14November 1835. concavesides. Decoration: possibly a redpainted band on interior 28 October1835. s- \\'ere of rim. 14 Australian :r cup is Fabric/Slip/Glaze:orange (7.5 YR 5/8 'strongbrown'); slip - l5 SydneyMorning Herald 10,20 April 1843' ir black ext/int:self-slippe.0d (7.5 YR 7/4'pink') with red painted band (2.5 16 Maitland Merarry, 8 October1843. s YR 4/6 'red')on exteriorrim. Technique: wheel-made. Function: ale ts l7 Maitland Mercury 4 July 1844. l ard/garden.Comments: fabric is verycoarse and very thin. pot is mostunusual, it hasflakey l8 SydneyMorning Herald20 July 1844. 6 mm?; Comments:The fabricof this possibly from burningor Figure surfacelike driedcakey mud. It suffered 19 SydneyMorning Herald l2 August 1844 highheat prior to disposal. 20 SydneyMorning Herald l5 August 1844. ifih nng i l5 l{ pot,rim, dia. of rim: 185;thickness - rim: 9; body:8-9 rnm. Figure 2l Australian7 October1845. ; rncised l0:5. 22 MaitlandMercary; l3 November1852. Shape:earthenware slipped garden pot with steep sides and bevelled : glaze: rim. 23 Evansl98l: AppendixI, 152-153. ream to Fabric/Slip/Glaze:cream (7.5YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'); int. slip: 24 Ford 1985:52,fig. 35. It should be noted that the :1ecking. orange(5 YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'); ext. slip: (5 YR 7/6 'reddish publishedversions of thejam jars, all madein the late lellow').Technique: wheel-made. Function: yard/garden. nineteenthcentury, are invariable white/cream. Jr other i1603 pot.rim, dia. of rim:128; thickness-body: 7.5 mm, base:7.5 mm. 25 Ford1985:24, figs. Figurel0:7. . lmm. Shape:orange slipped earthenware garden pot, steepsided with bevelledrim. The fabric has some slight colour variation. r t-abric, Fabric/Slip/Glaze:creiun (7.5YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'); int. slip: on: four ,.range(5 YR 7/6 'reddishyellow'); ext. slip: (5 YR 7/6 'reddish yellorv').Technique: wheel-macic. Function: yard/garden. I 5Y 8/3 i-il,{X basin/bowl,profile, dia. of rim:230; dia. of base:180 mm; height: chnique: 96 mm;thickness - body:6-10 mm. Figure l0:2. Shape:medium sized self-slipped earthenware bowl with bevelled nm. steepsides that thicken towards the base (17 mm) anda flat base:3-6 !ase. Frbric/Slip/Glaze:generally evenly coloured (5 5 YR 8/3 'pink'; nng base slip.(7.5 YR 8/3'pink'). Joins: #313/8. Technique: wheel-made. .nteriorof Function: food/preparation/serve. lii'rl5 llrl. rim, dia.of rim: 270;thickness - rim: l5 mm; body:10-12 :\1 glaze: :rm.Figure l0:1. i'pink'). Shape:medium sized self-slipped earthenware bowl with slightly Function: :r;kenedrim, steep sides (l l0 degrees). Fabric/Slip/Gtaze:generally evenly coloured (5.5 YR 8/3 'pink'); :1 d\ mm. :lrp: (7.5 YR 8/3 'pink').Technique: wheel-made Function: :-"rrdlpreparati o n/serv e. 3te saucer profile,rim dia.:230,base dia.:160, height:60 mm; ;rrss with iilr ?l basin/bowl, - rim:15mm; body:-12 mm Figurel0:3. :lrshunder :r;kness sized,shallow self-slipped garden pot, everted $e glaze. Shape:medium inwardbevelled rim. line ::-.rncatedcone shdped with 'rmple Fabric/Stip/Glaze:fabric: biscuit (lOYR 812'very pale brown'); 'very pale brown'). Technique: :'. lnt./ext. rt ert. slip: (lOYR 8/3 yard/garden. : ofbrown r heel-made.Function: : \lunsell. \:rc: lt rscan be difficult to matchsome of thelead glazes or slipswith \lunsell colours:where there is deliberateor accidentalcolour firing of the vessel;perhaps :r.n. Figure :Jnling; wherethere was uneven :,e;ausethe glazewas applied unevenly in thefirst place;where the ;uaJiryof theglaze is questionableand there were impurities or it "r rri o thick '.ra; :iaze. ooorlvmixed.

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