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Introduction 1 Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History, (New York, 1997), 363. 2 Edwin T. Layton, Roger Pineau, and John Costello, “And I was There:” Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets, (Annapolis, Md., 2006), 596. 3 Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to U.S. Naval Attache, Tokio, Japan, February 5, 1919, Record Group 80, Office of the Secretary of the Navy, General Correspondence 1916–1925, 28612—36, National Archives and Records Administration. 4 William J. Sebald, With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation, (New York, 1965), 30. 5 Peter Mauch, Sailor Diplomat: Nomura Kichisaburo and the Japanese-American War, forthcoming. 6 Peter Mauch, “A Bolt from the Blue? New Evidence on the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Draft Understanding Between Japan and the United States, April 1941,” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 78 no. 1 (February 2009): 55–79. See also Peter Mauch, “Nihon Kaigun to Showa Jurokunen no Nichi- Bei Kosho: Shinshiryo Shokai” [The Japanese Navy and the Japanese-U.S. Negotiations, 1941: A New Documentary Discovery], Ritsumeikan Kokusai Kenkyu, vol. 21 no. 2 (October 2008): 201–209. 7 Nomura Tadashi, ed., Tsuioku Nomura Kichisaburo: In Memory of Kichisaburo Nomura, (Tokyo, 1965), 8. 8 Dean G. Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, (New York, 1969), 35. 9 Togo’s criticism of Nomura’s ambassadorship receive full airing in Shigenori Togo, The Cause of Japan, (New York, 1956). 10 Nomura, ed., Tsuioku Nomura, 3. 11 James E. Auer, The Postwar Rearmament of Japan’s Maritime Defense Forces, 1945–1971, (New York, 1971), 69–89. See also Hata Ikuhiko, Shiroku Nihon Saigumbi [A ’s Postwar Rearmament], (Tokyo, 1976), 175–178; take Hideo, Saigunbi to Nashonarizumu: Hoshu, Riberaru, Ō 225 07 Endnotes:Mauch 23/7/09 14:43 Page 226

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Shakaiminshushugisha no Bo# [Rearmament and Nationalism: The Conservative, Liberal, and Socialists’ Views on Defense], (Tokyo, 1988); Sado# Akihiro, Sengo Nihon no Bo#ei to Seiji [Postwar Japanese Defense and Politics], (Tokyo, 2003), 26 ff; Masuda Hiroshi, Jieitai no Tanjo# [Birth of the Self Defense Forces], (Tokyo, 2004), 104–122. For the principal exception, which concludes that Nomura was out of sync with policymakers in Tokyo, Washington, and London, see Shibayama Futoshi, “Nichi-Ei-Bei Sankokkan Paaspekutibu ni yoru Kaijo# Keibitai So#setsu no Bunseki, 1950–1951” [An Analysis of the Founding of the Maritime Security Force from Japanese, British, and U.S. Perspectives, 1950–1951], Gunjishi Gaku, vol. 39 no. 4 (March 2004): 21–39. 12 “Hoshina Memo,” reproduced in take Hideo, Sengo Nihon Bo#ei Mondai Shiryo#shu#: Dai 2-ken, Ko#wa to SaigunbiŌ no Honkakka [A collection of documents relating to the problem of postwar Japanese defense: vol. 2, the shaping of the peace treaty and rearmament], (Tokyo, 1992), 531. 13 Murakawa Ichiro#, ed., Teikoku Kempo# Kaiseian Gijiroku: Sumitsuin Teikoku Kempo Kaiseian Shina Iinkai Gijiroku (Tokyo, 1986), 188–189. For the text of the “MacArthur constitution,” see Theodore McNelly, The Origins of Japan’s Democratic Constitution, (Lanham, Md., 2000), 177–189. 14 “United States Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan,” and “Basic Initial Post-Surrender Directive to Supreme commander for the Allied Powers for the Occupation and Control of Japan,” reproduced in Political Reorientation of Japan, Report of the Government Section, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, (hereafter referred to as PRJ) (Washington, D.C., 1949), vol. 2: 423–426; 429–439. Regarding the policies of demilitarization and democratization, see Michael Schaller, The American : The Origins of the Cold War in Asia, (New York, 1985), 20–76. 15 Regarding the purge, particularly as it pertained to former officers of the Japanese army and navy, see Hans H. Baerwald, The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation, (Berkeley, 1959), 17. 16 “Interview with Press Correspondents, Primarily Concerning Plan for United Nations Administration of Japan,” March 19, 1947, in SCAP, ed., Political Reorientation of Japan (hereafter referred to as PRJ), (Washington D.C., 1949), vol. 2: 765–766. 17 “Daito#a Senso# Senkun Cho#sa Shiryo#” in Ito# Takashi, et al, eds., Takagi So#kichi Nikki to Jo#ho# [Takagi So#kichi diary], (Tokyo, 2000), vol 2: 955. 18 Schaller, American Occupation of Japan, 30–41. 19 Untitled, April 2, 1948, Nomura Papers. The contribution which Draper made to occupation policy receives treatment in Howard Schonberger, Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952, (Kent, Oh., 1989), 161–197. Regarding Kennan and occupation policy, see Wilson D.

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