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American Biblical Archaeologists and Zionism: the Politics of Historical Ethnography Brooke Sherrard

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American Biblical Archaeologists and Zionism: the Politics of Historical Ethnography Brooke Sherrard Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 American Biblical Archaeologists and Zionism: The Politics of Historical Ethnography Brooke Sherrard Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AMERICAN BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND ZIONISM: THE POLITICS OF HISTORICAL ETHNOGRAPHY By BROOKE SHERRARD A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Brooke Sherrard defended this dissertation on October 21, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Amanda Porterfield Professor Directing Dissertation Peter Garretson University Representative John Corrigan Committee Member Matthew Goff Committee Member Adam Gaiser Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my parents, Cindy and Steve Sherrard, for everything, but especially for letting me write most of this at their kitchen table more than a decade after I thought I had left home for good. As it turns out, we never do. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At FSU, I learned a tremendous amount from my faculty that shaped this project. My adviser, Dr. Amanda Porterfield, was consistently encouraging and supportive during my five years in Tallahassee. Dr. John Corrigan, Dr. Amy Koehlinger, and Dr. Curtis Evans prompted me to think through difficult questions about race, religion, ethnography, and history, questions without which this project could not have been written. Dr. Matthew Goff, Dr. Adam Gaiser, and Dr. Peter Garretson were not only knowledgeable in related subject areas, they were kind enough to serve on my committee. Dr. David Levenson and Dr. Aline Kalbian offered a special and unexpected insight into my topic owing to their personal connections to some of the individuals discussed here. The entire American religious history colloquium at Florida State University aided in this project by reading a chapter and commenting on it. I would especially like to thank Cara Burnidge and Lauren Gray for their prepared comments. While at FSU, my fellow graduate students Monica Reed, Joshua Fleer, Nahed Artoul Zehr, Shannon Dunn, Rosemary Kellison, Jennifer Collins-Elliott, and James Broucek endured multiple conversations about my topic and responded cheerfully and helpfully. Susan Minnerly and Jon Bridges, from their offices on the M floor of Dodd Hall, helped make graduate school a little less harrowing for all of us. At the University of Iowa, I was fortunate to develop relationships with Dr. Ralph Keen, Dr. J. Kenneth Kuntz, and Dr. T. Dwight Bozeman. Dr. Shira Robinson taught at the University of Iowa only briefly, but by an accident of fate I signed up for her graduate readings course on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In Iowa City I also started ongoing conversations about religious studies with Denise Kettering, Eric Dickman, and David Howlett. Three religion faculty at my undergraduate institution, Truman State University, have supported my aspirations in religious studies: Dr. Mark Appold, Dr. Mike Ashcraft, and Dr. Dereck Daschke. I would especially like to thank Dr. Appold for inviting me to tag along on his study abroad trip to the Middle East last summer, where I participated in my first and only biblical archaeology dig, the Bethsaida excavation’s twenty-fifth consecutive season. As all historians know, archivists are some of our most helpful allies. I would like to thank Batya Kaplan, librarian at the Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem, for pulling folders related to Nelson Glueck’s presidency. I would also like to thank Frances O’Donnell, the curator of manuscripts and archives at Harvard Divinity School, who provided access to George Ernest iv Wright’s papers. Cynthia Rufo guided me through the archival materials of the American Schools of Oriental Research, both those held at the organization’s offices in Boston and those housed at the Semitic Museum at Harvard University. I would like to thank Florida State University for a dissertation research grant that allowed me to travel to the American Jewish Archives in Cincinnati, Ohio. While there, I benefited from the expertise of Elise Nienaber, assistant to archivists; Kevin Proffitt, the senior archivist for research and collections; and Dana Herman, academic associate. I would like to especially thank Dana for introducing me to Jason Kalman, a faculty member at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, who shares an interest in Glueck’s career and provided valuable citations. I would also like to thank the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia for a generous one-month Library Resident Research Fellowship that allowed me to spend time with the papers of William Foxwell Albright. I would especially like to thank Charles Greifenstein, manuscripts librarian; Earle Spamer, reference archivist and library programs coordinator; Roy Goodman, assistant librarian and curator of printed materials; and Lydia Vazquez-Rivera, library access officer, for their assistance with the logistics of the archive and for their insight into the project. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………. vii Abstract …….……………………………………………………………………………… viii INTRODUCTION ….……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. WILLIAM FOXWELL ALBRIGHT AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOLARLY OBJECTIVITY AND POLITICAL ZIONISM …………………………… 35 2. WILLIAM FOXWELL ALBRIGHT, MILLAR BURROWS, AND CONFLICTING VIEWS OF ANCIENT CULTURES AMONG ASOR LEADERS … ………………….... 89 3. “THE COMPULSION OF GEOPOLITICS”: NELSON GLUECK’S SHIFT FROM FAVORING CULTURAL HYBRIDITY TO JEWISH NATIONALISM ………………. 110 4. “THE OLD TESTAMENT AGAINST ITS ENVIRONMENT”: TRUE RELIGION VERSUS FALSE RELIGION IN GEORGE ERNEST WRIGHT’S THEOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………... 134 5. PAUL LAPP AND ALBERT GLOCK: THE NEXT GENERATION’S REBELLION AGAINST OBJECTIVITY AND ZIONISM …………………………………..………… 159 CONCLUSION: AVRAHAM BIRAN AND WILLIAM DEVER: THE DEFENSE OF NEUTRAL, NON-POLITICAL SCHOLARSHIP ………………..………………….…... 178 EPILOGUE …………………………………………………………………………….…. 192 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………....…. 200 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ……………………………………………………………... 227 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AJA: American Jewish Archives APJI: The Archives of Progressive Judaism in Israel at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem APS: American Philosophical Society ASOR: The American Schools of Oriental Research FSAC: From the Stone Age to Christianity HDS: Harvard Divinity School HUC/BAS: Hebrew Union College/Biblical Archaeology School SBL: Society of Biblical Literature YDS: Yale Divinity School vii ABSTRACT This project explores the relationship between American biblical archaeologists in the mid- twentieth century and the most pressing political issue of the context in which they lived and worked, Zionism. It focuses on a set of American religious studies scholars who engaged the rapidly changing Middle East from the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem during a time when the area changed from British to Jordanian to Israeli rule. While much recent scholarship historicizes academics and critiques the politics of scholarship, very little work has been done to understand these scholars’ positions in the history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, thus allowing the aura of scholarly objectivity, neutrality, and commitment to value-free science that has long surrounded them to continue. But as I show here, archaeologists did enter the debate over Palestine in a substantial way, with their positions on the conflict during the decades before and after the state of Israel’s founding weaving their way explicitly and implicitly through both their personal papers and publications. I draw on theoretical insights about history, ethnography, and historical ethnography that have engaged the field of North American religions in recent decades to reconstruct the archaeologists’ cultural theories and how these theories underpinned their political desires for the area they considered the Holy Land. The defining difference in their arguments was their understanding of culture. I argue that those archaeologists who envisioned the ancient world as replete with cultural change and hybridity opposed the establishment of a Jewish state, while those who envisioned the ancient world’s ethnic boundaries as rigid and impermeable favored it. I support this argument by combining readings of the archaeologists’ writings with archival research documenting their heretofore almost unknown political involvement either for or against the establishment of an ethno-national state in Palestine. Many of the scholars in the latter group belonged informally to the “Baltimore school,” founded by William Foxwell Albright, who held that biblical archaeology was corroborating the Hebrew Bible’s historicity and showing how different the ancient Israelites and Canaanites had been, as discussed in Chapter One. During the 1940s, Albright also lectured frequently on behalf of a Jewish state. Others, most prominently Millar Burrows, discussed in Chapter Two, held a more cautious view of the Bible’s historicity and believed the archaeological data showed that the ancient Israelites and Canaanites were culturally similar, not different. Burrows resigned his positions in scholarly
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