140 I MÉDICAh4ENTS ET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE

BRÜCKNER Claudia Humboldt-Univ., Inst. f. Biol., Spez. Bot., §p%thstr.XW81 D-12437 BERLIN

RÉSUMÉ Les plantes galactagogues des Apiacece, des Fabaceœ, des Verbenaceœe,des Urticncea, des Renonculacele, des Lnnliacece, des Malvacece, des Polygalacece et des Cupressaceœ sont prksentees. Les plantes galactogogues prises en infusion ou dCcoction doivent être prises longtemps pour prksenter un effet.

Breast-feeding not only supplies the optimum forfood the in- era (BOCK H., 1577, FUCHS L., 1543, LONCEWUS A., fant but, in the past, offered theody guarantee for survival of 1564, MATTHIOLUS PA., 1562, and others). The largely the newborn. From earliest times of mankind a multitude of uncritical recommendation theof drugs listed in them has hith- plant galactagogueshas therefore been usedin the follc medi- erto lasted in folk rnedicinal publications (comments in cine of all human cultures.It must be assumed that a goodlot MARZELL, 1923). It is quite doubtful if al1 of them deserve of these drugs work but by sympatheticmagic. Strikingly, many their ascribed reputation. In some cases, however, the effi- galactagogues are obtained from plants containing&y sap.a eacy of the traditional empirical use has experimentally been This fact reminds of the medieval “Doctrineof Signatures” by checked in modern human and veterinary medicine. Andy- PARACELSUS, according to which the plants possesssigns ses of the active ingredients revealed a certain effect of vola- that indicate their use. Thoughthis doctrine cannot be scientifi-tile oils and saponins on gland secretion in general, thus also cally validated,there are indeed several latex-producing plant stimulating the mammary glands (GESSNER, 1953). There- species that are statedto be qnite efficient in promoting lacta- fore, several plant species supplying galactagogue drugs are tion. Examples are the North American Lygodesmin jzmcea worth to be discussed in the present survey. (Pursh) D. Don (Asteraceœ family), the“mi& medicine” of the Cheyenne Indians@VEINER 1988), and the esteemed Central1. APlilCEA3 FAMUY (UMBELLIFEM) American Euphorbiaceae species Eupkorbia lancifolia For millenia umbelliferous species havewidely been used Schlecht. (ROIGY MESA, 1974,ROSENGAF3EN. 1982) - for their lactation-promoting properties. The drugs, per- toxic drugs are skilfully adrninistered by the traditional heal- haps the best-known European galactagogues, consist of ers, so that their empirically gathered knowledgeof the exact the dried, ripe fruits (commonly but wrongly called dosage prevents dangerousside effects. “seeds”). The fruits are richin volatile oils, the amountof Galactagogues are mainly used as decoctions or infusions, which is still increasing upon storage. pressed sap of fresh plants, and admixturesto foods (e.g., broth TWo species comparableas to active principle andefkacy are of plant parts cooked with pork); less frequent applications Fœnicuhm vulgare Mill. (fennel) and Pimpinelln aniswn L. are cataplasms, adnlixtures to breast baths, and fun~gants. (anise). They have a long ofhistory medichal use (cp.ALBERT- The drugs are, in their majority, notexclusively employed to PULEO, 1980) andhave been recommended in innumerable increase the flow of breast mi& but serve as rnultifunctional pharmaceutical and popular-science papers(e.g. BQRNGEN, 1980). Their use occasionally finds a 1988, HOPPE, 1975. POPOVetaL, 1984, SMON efal..1984). parallel in popular veterinary practice to stimulate milli pro- The content of volatile oil in the drug is 2-6%, its main con- duction in cattle and other mammals. stituent being (50-9096). Anethole and its spontane- As regards European civilization, mentions of galactagogues ously forming polymers (dianethole, photoanethole) possess are already found in the antique works by the Greek physi- estrogenic activity.As SHAW& GOMAA ( 1971) found out cian DIOSCORIDES(c. 50 after Ch.)and the Roman officer experimentally, anise oil in a dose of O. 1 ml was as potent as and scholar PLN(27-79 after Ch.).These classic papers 0. 1 pg , andits estrogenic effect was antagonizedby provided the basis for the famous herbals of the Renaissance 3 mg of progesterone. stimulate the release of the

Actes du 2eColloque EuropPen d’Ethnophmacologie et de la 11” Conférence internationale d’EthnomCdecine, Heidelberg,24-27 mars 1993. MfiDICAMEh’TS ET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARtvfACOLOGIQUE Il41 milk-producing hormone prolactin (PASTEELS, 1975j.The mals. Its generic name is possibly derivedfrom the Greek words influence on milk secretion might furtherbe explained by the ‘‘gala’’ = milk, and “agein” = to drive (SCHUBERT & structural similarityof anethole and dopamine. Dopamine actsWAGNER, 1984).Some feeding experiments withcattle occa- to inhibit the secretion of prolactin, but that effect could be sionally gave a 30-50% increase of milk amount within repressed bya successful competitionof anethole at the appro- 24 hours, some were less significant (cp. KOHLER, 1939, priate receptor sites(ALBERT-PULEO, Lc.). AUSTER & SC-R, 1954). Asto human folk medicine, a Formerly, fennel and anise were often employed in veteri- salad made of fresh leaves was eaten, or the dried herb was nary practice. A study on lactating goats (RINGSEISEN, infused (SCHULZ, 1.c.).In the first half of our century the ex- 1931) showed a certain but varying increase of milk volume tract of the drugwas employed in pharrnacy to produce several and fat content that lasted for weeks after ceasing of anise galactagogue preparations; list a is given in PEPLAU & SEEL oil application. Higher doses, however, resulted in a decline (1941). Clinical studies of a GaZega preparation (Galegran) of milk amount. A comparable effect is cited by SCHULZ showed convincing positiGeresults (TYPL, 1961. HEISS 1968). (1929), reporting on a nursing woman Who, after the appli- The increase inmilk volume was notdue to dilution but con- cation of a concentrated fennel infusion, experienced a total cerned also the amount of dry matter.The efficacy of the infu- drying up of lactation. sion (0.5-4 g on a cup of water; often combined with fennel and anise) is also verified (KREITMAIR, 1947). The active Two other well-known and widely useddrugs, whose volatile principle is apparently the contentof saponins. WEISS (1985) oil consists chiefly of carvone (40-80%), are provided by recommends the harmless tea to nursing mothers, whereas Carum carvi L. (common caraway) and Anethm graveolens mSEL(1985) points outto possible toxic effects caused by L. (dill). It must be questioned if “karos” of DIOSCORIDES the alkaloid galegin,if the therapeutic doseis not carefully ad- and “careum” of PLJNYcorrespond to the North andCentral hered to.He advises againsta long-time usage. European common caraway (HEGI, 1926). The Greeks and Romans employed the drug of Cunzinum cynlinltmL. (cumin) Trigonellnfœnum-graxum L. (fenugreek), a species of Medi- that is said to have similar galactagogue properties. The em- terranean origin, provides a seed drug said to be galactagogue pirical use of di11 is supported by extensive medical experi- (SIMON et aL, 1.c.). According to SHARAF & GOMAA (l.c.), ence (BERGER, 1952). Further umbelliferous drugs come the seed oil seems to possess an estrogenic activity. Experi- from Myrdzis odorata (L.) Scop. (sweet cicely, myrrh) and ments withlactating rats to find out a “lactation factor” within Coriandrunz safivum L. (coriander). The latter has scarcely the oil constituentsgave no positive resultsof fenugreek com- been applied as galactagogue in Europe but is applied for that pared to other oils (cp. BERGER, 1954). Trigonella and purpose at the Malay Peninsula (PERRY, Lc.). Galega share the property to act slightly insulin-like. Al1 mentioned drugs are commonly administered in the form A species common to Central Europe, vicia cracca L. (tufted of an infusion (c. 2 teaspoonsful on acup of boiling water let vetch), is employed not here but in China to stimulate lacta- stand for 10-15 min). They may be used singly or in a mix- tion. For this purpose, it is administered in form of a broth ture. The fruits must be crushed to release the volatile oil. cooked with pork and mixed with wine(PERRY, 1.c.). Caraway is also addedto food, e.g. bread, or boiled in cream (POPOV, 1967). III. VERBENACEE FAMILY Seldom employed species are Pirnpinella major (L.) Huds. This family includes important galactagogues. Folk medicine and P. saxifi.aga L. (burnet saxifrage). Their root drugs are had used Verbena oflcinalis L. (vervain) as a magic plantfor occasionally mentioned to be galactagogue (cp. ECKSTEIN a multitude of purposes since the Middle Ages, one of them &F%AMM, 1933, HOCKING, 1955).In the past, magic prop- to stimulate lactation. The efficacy of this empirical employ- erties were ascribed to burnet saxifrage. LOSCH (1914) cites ment was proved by experiments with lactating rabbits “from herbals” that the herb, just being kept at the nursing (KUWAJIMA, 1939). It was found that the glucoside verbenin mother’s bosom,causes an enormous flow of milk withinsix (= verbenalin) caused, if applicated intravenously,an increase hours, so that it has to be removed. Alsothe popular opinion of milk volume by up to 7 1%, with thedry matter but hardly that eating salad of celery roots (Apium graveolerzs L. var. diminished. Vervainis probably scarcely used at al1 in mod- rapaceurn (Mill.) Gaud with turnip-like roots) increases lac- ern times; besides, the species has become quite rare. tation did notprove true. An effective galactagogueis obtained fromvitex agnus-castzls L. (chaste tree, agnus castus, monk’s pepper tree), a shrub II. FABACEE FAMLLY (PAPILIONACEAZ) growing in the Mediterranean region and the Crimea. Since the Middle Ages herb and seedof Galega oflcinalis L. DIOSCORIDES recommendedan extract of crushed fruits in (common goat’s rue) have been usedfolk medicinein to stimu- wine to increase the flow of mi&. This statement was repeated late mik flow in nursing womenas well as in domestic ani- in the herbals by LONICERUS andMATTHIOLUS (HOPPE,

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1969).The Hungarian follr medicine applied the todrug stimu- Ages. MATTHIOLUS and BOCKrecommended a decoction late lactation and cure irregularmenstruation (MADAUS, 1938).in wine. There are also galactagogue homeopathic prepara- The active principlesof agnus castusare well investigated.A tions (KROEBER, 1935). An infusion is made of one tea- combination of iridoids (aucubin. agnusid), (casticin,spoonful of seeds on a cup of boiling water let stand covered etc.), and volatileoil have antiestrogenic properties andcause for 15 min. The empirical efficacy could be due to volatile oil an indirectly luteotropous effect by influencing pituitary glandand saponins. The seeds are also utilized as a condiment. and diencephalon (ORZECHOWSIQ 1962,KARTNIG, 1986 One commercial preparation of agnus castus is Agnolyt VI. LAMIACEB FAMILY liquidum (100g contain extr. fructus agni casti siccum0.2 g). The employment of Ocimum basilicwll L. (sweet basil) as a Several clinical studiesof Agnolyt and its precursor Alyt, in- galactagogue in folk medicine is already documented by cluding about 1000 nursing mothers altogether, documentthe IWATTHIOLUS. The same indication is listed in some mod- statistically proven efficacy (JANME, 1941, HOFMEIER & en1 works (STEINMETZ, 1959, SCHULZ, Lc., HOCIWG, NOACK, 1942, NOACM, 1943, BAUTZE, 1953, MOHR, 1. c., HOPPE,1. c.j. The drug, consisting of the dried leaves, is 1954). The maximum response to the preparation is reached administered in the form of an infusion. The fresh plant con- within two weelts after the beginning ofits application. As an tains a volatile oil up to 0.5%; its amount increases during the early application before delivery causemay galactorrhoea, it is process of withering and measures up to 1.§% in the drug. recommended to start talcing some days before the expected Sometimes the drug obtained from Majorarza hortensis date of delivery (AMANN& MEWRES, 1966). The results of recent studies makeit probable thatthe drug inhibits synthesis Moench (sweet marjoram)said is to have a galactagogue prop- and the release of prolactinvia dopamine receptors. Seenfrom erty (BERGER, 1952. BASSLER, 1955). Its active principle this angle, a general positive influence on lactation is ques- is a volatile oil. As for sweet basil, there is no scientific veri- tioned and, at most, supposedbe dueto to local mechanismsor fication of a possible positive effect. individual dosage(WUDOLF, in A.F., 1992).Thus, a biochemi- cal explanation of the indubitable galactagogue property of VII. MALVACEB FAMILY agnus castusis still wanting. WILLFORT (1969) cites “from old herbals” that herb and root of Malva silvestris L. (common mallow) and Malva IV. URTICACE-lE FAMILY neglec&z Wallr. (dwarf mallow) were formerly employed in folk medicine to increase breast millr volume. The plant ma- Several representativesof the Urticaceae have areptation to terial was cooked in wine; however, it was used in combina- promote millr secretion. In Europe the common speciesUrtica tion with fennel and anise. The latter ingredients are more dioica L. (large stinging nettle) andU. urem L. (small nettle, likely to be responsible for a positive influence on lactation. dwarf stinger) have been employedin popular practice. Though this usage is stated in many works on medicinal plants, there A well documentedeffcacy was displayed bydry a extract from are apparently no scientific tests made to verify efficacy. Cotton seed meal (species of Cossypiunz L.). This high-protein prepmtion called ‘Zactagol”played some role in human as well SCHULZ (1.c.) cites an older report on a womanWho drank an extremely strong decoctionof fresh leaves that resulted, besideas veterinary practice in the first half of OUT century. Feeding in several health irritations, in a strong milk secretion lastingexperiments on cattle (10-150 g per day) proved a substantial for eight days(the last delivery was several years ago). Popularincrease in millc amount by30-609’0, concermingalso fat and pro- tein contents(BECI-, 1903, FENGLER, 1936).A simi- applications of the drug are thein form of an infusion (1 table- spoonful of cut herb on cupa of boiling water let standfor 10- lar positive effect was seen in nursing mothers(BECIWN, 15 min)or some spoonsfulof freshly pressedSap per day. The Z.C., VARGES, 1905, cp. ENGLER, Z.C., for further lit.). An fresh Sap has a considerable diuretic property (WEI§§, Le.) amount of 10-12 gof the extract (= 3-4 teaspoonsful) was ad- ministered ddy. There were no undesirable side effects; a good that could causean effect on lactation.An application of seed thriving and root drugsis eventually more efficientthan that of the herb of the babieswas noted. Nevertheless, the clinicalutiLi- (KROEBER, 1934). As an infusion, especially when madeof zation of Cottonseed extractas a galactagogue abruptly declined. dried leaves, seemingly acts not very strongly, a combinationThe seeds are eaten by breast-feeding women in South Arnerica with fennel and anise shouldbe prefen-ed. (WATT & BREYER-BRANDW, 1962) and serve as valu- able food rich in proteins in several countries.The seed oil is used for nutritionas well. Atoxic phenolic substance., gossypol, V. RANUNCULACEB FAMILY which occursin secretory cellsscatkred through thecotykdons The seed drugs of the Mediterranean species Nigella (YOUNGKEN, 1950) must first be oxidized by the process of damascena L. (love-in-a-mist) and N. sntiva L. (black cara- boiling. Whetherthis utilization is correlated with effective lac- way) have been used to stimulate lactation since the Middle tation bas not been documented.

Actes du2e Colloque EuropCen d’Ethnopharrnacologie et dela 1 leConférence internationale d’Ethnomedecine, Heidelberg,24-27 mars 1993. MÉDICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE N 143

VIII. POLYGALACELE FAMILY XI. NUTRIENTS INFLUENCING LACTATION The generic name “Polygala” occurring already in PLINY’s High-energy nutrients increase quantity and qualityof breast works means “muchmilk”. The genus comprises several spe- milk, especially in malnourished mothers (JELLIFFE, 1976). cies that are said to give rise to strong increase of cow milk Herbal galactagogues added to meat broth can at last partly yields. Representatives are PolygaZa amara L. (bitter milk- be counted among such nutxients. Others are mush from wort) and P. vulgaris L. (cross-flower). DIOSCORIDES barleycom cooked in milk (WILLFORT, I.c.), and grue1 attributes PoZygaZa galactagogue properties. BOCK recom- (SIEGMUND, 1880). Probably,the same applies to a kind of mends a decoction of the flowers in wine or an application porridge cookedfrom the lichen Cetraria islandica(L.) Achar. in the form of a cataplasm (HOPPE, Z.C.). Folk medicine (Iceland moss) that has been utilized in Iceland to promote chiefly used bitter milkwort. The whole plant was collected milk production in pregnant womenafter delivery (LUDWIG, when flowering, dried, and used to prepare an infusion. The 1986). Iceland moss is reported to have a strong effect on the drug contains saponins and some volatile oil. Its use in mod- milk volume in cattle. BOHN (1913) and KROEBER(1935) em times has greatly declined, the quite rare species being recommend the employment of the drugas a nutrient and tonic of only historical interest. for breast-feeding mothers. Summarizing it may be said that herbal galactagogues applied M. CUPRESSACELE FAMILY as infusions or decoctions do not act very noticeably. There- The dried, berry-like galbuli of the gymnospenn Juniperus fore they shouldbe used for a longer period (several weeks)to cownzrnis L. (common juniper tree) ranged amongthe milk- develop their full effect. Since lactation is a highly complex promoting mixtures used in veterinary practice of the past, process dependent on an intricate combinationof hormonal, thoughtherewas no verified efficacy (FROHNER, 1946,1952).neural, and psychological factors, differences in efficacymay POPOV et al. (Lc.) point outapossible effkacy also in nursing well be expected as to different women. JELLIFFE & women. A quantity of 10-12 “berries” is infused by a cupof JELLIFFE (1977, cit. afterWHO Report, Z.C.) suggest that part boiling water;3-4 tablespoonsfui are drunk daily. Care shouldof the effectiveness of many galactagogues cornes from the be taken in the case of kidney diseases, theas drug is irritant.A soothing belief that they will thuswork, dowing the motherto lasting application shouldbe avoided (BORNGEN,Lc.). relax and facilitating the stimulationof the milk-let-down re- flex. No matter how breast-feeding is made easier, herbal X. RARELY USED GALACTAGOGUES galactagogues do not deserve tofall into oblivion. The crushed seed ofBorago oficinalis L. (borage, Boraginacete This survey is based on two papers by the author herself family), drunken in wine, was formerly claimed to act as a (BRÜCKNER, 1989~b). galactagogue(LOSCH, Lc., SIMON et al., Z.C.). In modem times, borage is mainly used as a condiment.It contains saponins that could ilffluence lactation, butWoids also that causedliverdam- age and cancerin laboratory animals (SIMONet al, Z.C.). The flower drug of Sanzbucus nigra L. (black elder, Caprifoliaceœ family) is very efficient in causing perspira- tion and is also said to increase the flow of breast milk (LOSCH, Lc., LECLERC, 1954). In the past, the root of Tragopogonpratensis L. (yellow goat’s beard, Asternceœ family) was cookedin a meat broth and eaten to promote lactation (LOSCH, Z.C.). The species belongs to subfamily Cichorioideae possessing white latex. The related, common Taraxacum ofJicinale Wiggers (dandelion) is used as a galactagogue not here but in China (PEIU2Y, Z.C.). Lactation-stimulahg properties are ascribedto the unripefruit of Phœnix dactylifera L. (date palm, Arecaceœ family) (KAHNT, 1900). In several countries beer is recommended to be galactagogue (WHO Report, 1985).

Actes du2e Colloque EIKO~&Rd’Ethnopharmacologie et dela 1le Conférence internationale d’EthnomCdecine, Heidelberg,24-27 mars 1993. 144 Il%f&DICAII-IENTS ET ALIMENTS :L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE

REFEFtENCES HOPPE HA., 1975, Drogenkunde, Vol. 1: Angiospermen. 8th ed., Ber- lin. New York, Walterde Gruyter. A. F., 1992, Wie wirktAgnus casfus bei Ovarialinsuffizienz?, Selecta, JANICE G., 1941, Agnuscastus Oligoplex alsLjktagogum, Fortschs d. A4ed. Akt., 17.44-45. Thes. 17,198-200. ALBERT-PULEO M., 1980, Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents, J. JELLIFFE D.B., ELLIFFE E.F.P., 1977, Human mi& in the modern Etl~nophannacoL,2, 337-344. world, London, Oxford University Press. AMAE\TW W., KERW H., 1966. Besserung derStilleistung nach Gabe JELLIFFEE.FP., 1976, Maternal nutritionandlactation, in Breast-feed- von Agrzzcs Castus, Med. heute, 15, 90-9 1. ing and the mother, Ciba Foundation Symposiunl 45 (new series), AUSTER F., SC-R J., 1954, Awzeipflarzzen, 5th instalment, 12, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 119-143. Galega ofJicinalis L., Leipzig, VEB Georg Thieme. KAHNT K., 1900, Die Phytotherapie, 2nd ed., Berlin, anthor'sedition. 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