General aspects of satellite injection ~satellite orbit transfer ~various cases ~orbit deviations due to injection errors ~special and general perturbations ~Co well s method and Encke s method ~method of variations of orbital elements ~general perturbations approach. Introduction to ballistic missile trajectories ~boost phase ~the ballistic phase ~trajectory geometry ~optimal flights ~time of flight ~re entry phase ~the posi tion of impact point ~influence coefficients. Space environment ~peculiarities of space environment ~effect of space environme nt on materials of spacecraft structure ~materials required for the construction of space craft ~TPS for re entry space vehicles. L 45, The solar system ~reference frames and coordinate systems ~terminology related t o the celestial sphere and its associated concepts ~Kepler s laws of planetary mot ion and proof of the laws ~Newton s universal law of gravitation ~the many body pr oblem ~Lagrange Jacobi identity ~the circular restricted three body problem ~lib ration points ~the general N body problem ~two body problem ~relations between p osition and time. Two dimensional interplanetary trajectories ~fast interplanetary trajectories ~t hree dimensional interplanetary trajectories ~launch of interplanetary spacecraf t ~trajectory estimation about the target planet ~concept of sphere of influence ~Lambert s theorem Configurations based on Torque reaction ~Jet rotors and compound helicopters ~Me thods of Control, rotor blade pitch control, Collective pitch and and Cyclic pi tch ~Lead ~Lag and flapping hinges Hovering performance ~Momentum and simple blade element theories ~Figure of meri t ~Profile and induced power estimation ~Constant Chord and ideal twist rotors. Induced, profile and parasite power requirements in forward flight ~Performance curves with effects of altitude ~Preliminary ideas on helicopter stability. Types ~Hover height, lift augmentation and power calculations for plenum chamber and peripheral jet machines ~Drag of hovercraft on land and water Applications of hovercraft. Various configurations ~propeller, rotor, ducted fan and jet lift ~Tilt wing and vectored thrust Performance of VTOL and STOL aircraft in hover, transition and forward motion. Compressible boundary layer equations, Recovery factor, similarity solutions, la minar supersonic Cone rule, shock boundary layer interaction Fundamental equations of viscous flow, Conservation of mass, Conservation of Mom entum Navier Stokes equations, Energy equation, Mathematical character of basic equations, Dimensional parameters in viscous flow, Nondimensionalising the basic equations and boundary conditions, vorticity considerations, creeping flow, bou ndary layer flow Laminar boundary layer equations, Flat plate Integral analysis of Karman ~Integr al analysis of energy equation ~Laminar boundary layer equations ~boundary layer over a curved body Flow separation~similarity solutions, Blasius solution for f lat plate flow, Falkner Skan wedge flows, Boundary layer temperature profiles fo r constant plate temperature Reynold s analogy, Integral equation of Boundary lay er ~Pohlhausen method ~Thermal boundary layer calculations Solutions of viscous flow equations, Couette flows, Hagen Poisuelle flow, Flow b etween rotating concentric cylinders, Combined Couette Poiseuille Flow between p arallel plates, Creeping motion, Stokes solution for an immersed sphere, Develop ment of boundary layer, Displacement thickness, momentum and energy thickness. Turbulence physical and mathematical description, Two dimensional turbulent boun dary layer equations ~Velocity profiles ~The law of the wall ~The law of the wa ke ~Turbulent flow in pipes and channels ~Turbulent boundary layer on a flat pla te ~Boundary layers with pressure gradient, Eddy Viscosity, mixing length , Turb ulence modeling Combustion in gas turbine combustion chambers ~recirculation ~combustion efficie ncy, factors affecting combustion efficiency, fuels used for gas turbine combust ion chambers ~combustion stability ~ramjet combustion ~differences between the d esign of ramjet combustion chambers and gas turbine combustion chambers~flame ho lders types ~numerical problems. Introduction to combustion in aircraft piston engines ~various factors affecting the combustion efficiency ~fuels used for combustion in aircraft piston engines and their selection ~detonation in piston engine combustion and the methods to prevent the detonation Introduction to supersonic combustion ~need for supersonic combustion for hypers onic airbreathing propulsion~supersonic combustion controlled by diffusion, mixi ng and heat convection ~analysis of reactions and mixing processes ~supersonic b urning with detonation shocks ~various types of supersonic combustors. Solid propellant combustion ~double and composite propellant combustion ~various combustion models ~combustion in liquid rocket engines ~single fuel droplet com bustion model ~combustion hybrid rockets L45, Thermo chemical equations ~heat of reaction~first, second and third order reacti ons ~premixed flames ~diffusion flames ~measurement of burning velocity ~various methods ~effect of various parameters on burning velocity ~flame stability ~def lagration ~detonation ~Rankine Hugoniot curves ~radiation by flames Galloping of transmission lines and flow induced vibrations of tall slender stru ctures and suspension bridges. Loss and reversal of aileron control ~Critical aileron reversal speed ~Aileron e fficiency ~Semirigid theory and successive approximations ~Lift distributions ~R igid and elastic wings. Non dimensional parameters ~Stiffness criteria Dynamic mass balancing ~Model exp eriments ~Dimensional similarity ~Flutter analysis ~Two dimensional thin airfoil s in steady incompressible flow ~Quasisteady aerodynamic derivatives ~Galerkin m ethod for critical speed ~Stability of distributed motion ~Torsion flexure flutt er ~Solution of the flutter determinant ~Methods of determining the critical flu tter speeds ~Flutter prevention and control. Simple two dimensional idealizations ~Strip theory ~Fredholm integral equation o f the second kind ~Exact solutions for simple rectangular wings ~Semirigid assum ption and approximate solutions ~Generalized coordinates ~Successive approximati ons ~Numerical approximations using matrix equations. Vibration of beams due to coupling between bending and torsion ~The aero elastic triangle of forces ~Stability versus response problems ~Aeroelasticity in Aircr aft Design ~Vertex induced vibration. Rayleigh ~Ritz, Galerkin Methods~Finite Difference Method ~Application to Recta ngular Plates for Static, Free Vibration and Stability Analysis. Basic Concepts of Shell Type of Structures ~Membrane and Bending Theories for Ci rcular Cylindrical Shells. Classical Plate Theory ~Assumptions ~Differential Equations ~Boundary Conditions ~Axi Symmetric Loading Navier s Method of Solution for Simply Supported Rectangular Plates ~Levy s Method o f Solution for Rectangular Plates under Different Boundary Conditions ~Annular P lates ~Plates of other shapes. Stability and Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plates. Avionics system architecture ~Databuses ~MIL STD 1553B ~ARINC ~420 ~ARINC ~629. Communications systems~Navigation systems ~Flight control systems ~Radar ~Electr onic Warfare ~Utility systems Reliability and maintainability ~Certification. Control and display technologies CRT, LED, LCD, EL and plasma panel ~Touch scree n ~Direct voice input (DVI) ~Civil and Military Cockpits MFDS, HUD, MFK, HOTAS. Digital computer ~Microprocessors ~Memories. Need for avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems ~Integrated a vionics and weapon systems ~Typical avionics subsystems, design, technologies. Approximate methods of evaluating the Eigen frequencies and the dynamics respons e of continuous systems ~Matrix methods of dynamic stress analysis. Constraints and Generalized coordinates ~Virtual work and generalized forces ~Fo rce ~Deflection influence functions ~stiffness and flexibility methods. Equations of motion for free vibrations solution of Eigen value problems ~Normal coordinates and orthogonality relations. Free and forced vibrations of systems with finite degrees of freedom ~Damped osc illations ~D" Alembert s principle ~Hamilton s principle ~Lagrangean equations of mo tion and applications. Rayleigh s principle ~Rayleigh ~Ritz method ~Coupled natural modes ~Effect of rota ry inertia and shear on lateral vibrations of beams ~Natural vibrations of plate s. Boundary layer equations for hypersonic flow ~hypersonic boundary layers ~self s imilar and non self similar boundary layers ~solution methods for non self simil ar boundary layers ~aerodynamic heating. Introduction to hypersonic aerodynamics ~differences between hypersonic aerodyna mics and supersonic aerodynamics ~concept of thin shock layers and entropy layer s ~hypersonic flight paths ~hypersonic similarity parameters ~shock wave and exp ansion wave relations of inviscid hypersonic flows. Introduction to the concept of viscous interaction in hypersonic flows ~Strong a nd weak viscous interactions ~hypersonic viscous interaction similarity paramete r ~introduction to shock wave boundary layer interactions. Local surface inclination methods ~Newtonian theory ~modified Newtonian law ~tan gent wedge and tangent cone and shock expansion methods ~approximate methods ~hy personic small disturbance theory ~thin shock layer theory. Nature of high temperature flows ~chemical effects in air ~real and perfect gase s ~Gibb s free energy and entropy ~chemically reacting mixtures ~recombination and dissociation. L 45, Low cycle and high cycle fatigue ~Coffin ~Manson s relation ~Transition life ~cycl ic strain hardening and softening ~Analysis of load histories ~Cycle counting te chniques Cumulative damage ~Miner s theory ~Other theories. Phase in fatigue life ~Crack initiation ~Crack growth ~Final Fracture ~Dislocati ons ~fatigue fracture surfaces. S.N. curves ~Endurance limits ~Effect of mean stress, Goodman, Gerber and Soderb erg relations and diagrams ~Notches and stress concentrations ~Neuber s stress con centration factors ~Plastic stress concentration factors ~Notched S.N. curves. Safe life and Fail safe design philosophies ~Importance of Fracture Mechanics in aerospace structures ~Application to composite materials and structures. Strength of cracked bodies ~Potential energy and surface energy ~Griffith s theory ~Irwin ~Orwin extension of Griffith s theory to ductile materials ~stress analysi s of "cracked bodies ~Effect of thickness on fracture tough "ness ~stress intens ity factors for typical geometries. Solar panels Silicon and Ga As cells, power generation capacity, efficiency ~Sp ace battery systems ~battery types, characteristics and efficiency parameters ~P ower electronics. Telemetry and telecommand systems Tm And TC functions, general ly employed communication bands (UHF/VHF, S, L, Ku, Ka etc), their characteristi cs and applications~Coding Systems ~Onboard computer~Ground checkout Systems. L4 Common satellite applications and missions ~Typical spacecraft orbits ~Definitio ns of spin the three axis stabilization Space environment ~Launch vehicles ~Sate llite system and their functions (structure, thermal, mechanisms, power, propuls ion, guidance and control, bus electronics). Control requirements attitude control and station keeping functions, type of con trol maneuvers ~Stabilization schemes spin stabilization, gravity gradient metho ds, 3 axis stabilization ~Commonly used control systems mass expulsion systems, momentum exchange systems, gyro and magnetic torquer ~Sensors star and sun senso rs, earth sensor, magnetometers and inertial sensors Fundamental of flight dynamics ~Time and coordinate systems ~Orbit determination and prediction ~Orbital maneuvers ~GPS systems and application for satellite/or bit determination ~Ground station network requirements. Satellite mechanical and structural configuration Satellite configuration choice s, launch loads, separation induced loads, deployment requirements ~Design and a nalysis of satellite structures ~Structural materials and fabrication ~The need of thermal control externally induced thermal environment ~Internally induced th ermal environment ~Heat transfer mechanism internal to the spacecraft and extern al heat load variations ~Thermal control systems active and passive methods. Buckingham Theorem ~Non dimensional numbers ~Scale effect ~Geometric Kinematic a nd Dynamic similarities. Classification ~special problems of testing in subsonic, transonic, supersonic a nd hypersonic speed regions ~Layouts ~sizing and design parameters. Smoke and Tuft grid techniques ~Dye injection special techniques ~Optical method s of flow visualization. Steady and Unsteady Pressure and velocity measurements ~Force measurements ~Thre e component and six component balances ~Internal balances ~Principles of Hotwire Anemometer. Test section speed ~Horizontal buoyancy ~Flow angularities ~Turbulence measureme nts ~Associated instrumentation ~Calibration of supersonic tunnels. Application of Galerkin, collection, least square methods of analysis for beams. Application of truss, bar, beam and two dimensional elements Application to statics, dynamics and stability analysis of beams and plates. Exact method versus approximate method ~Need for approximate methods ~Approximat e methods used in the solution procedure for equilibrium and eigen value problem s ~Numerical integration. Review of basic energy principles ~Application to statically determinate and ind eterminate structures. Free vibration and stability analysis ~Beams and columns ~Variational principle. Effects of Reynolds number on wake formation of bluff shapes, Vortex induced vib rations, Galloping and stall flutter. Horizontal axis and vertical axis machines, Power coefficient, Betz coefficient by momentum theory. Power requirements and drag coefficients of automobiles, Effects of cut back ang le, Aerodynamics of trains and Hovercraft. Pressure distribution on low rise buildings, wind forces on buildings. Environme ntal winds in city blocks, Special problems of tall buildings, Building codes, B uilding ventilation and architectural aerodynamics. Types of winds, Causes of variation of winds, Atmospheric boundary layer, Effect of terrain on gradient height, Structure of turbulent flows. Airframe components of rockets and missiles ~forces acting on a missile while pa ssing through atmosphere ~classification of missiles ~slender body aerodynamics ~method of describing forces and moments ~lift force and lateral moment lateral aerodynamic damping moment ~longitudinal moment ~drag estimation ~body upwash a nd body downwash in missiles ~rocket dispersion. Design philosophy behind multistaging of launch vehicles and ballistic missiles ~multistage vehicle optimization ~stage separation techniques in atmosphere and in space ~stage separation dynamics and lateral separation characteristics ~vari ous types of thrust vector control methods including secondary injection thrust vector control ~numerical problems on stage separation and multistaging. Ignition system in rockets ~types of igniters and igniter design considerations ~injection system and propellant feed systems of liquid rockets and their design considerations ~design considerations of liquid rocket thrust chambers ~combust ion mechanisms of liquid and solid propellants. One dimensional and two dimensional rocket motions in free space and homogeneous gravitational fields ~description of vertical, inclined and gravity turn trajec tories ~determination of range and altitude ~simple approximations to burn out v elocity and altitude ~estimation of culmination time and altitude. Selection criteria of materials for rockets and missiles ~materials for various airframe components and engine parts ~materials for thrust control devices ~vari ous adverse conditions faced by aerospace vehicles and the requirement of materi als to perform under these conditions. L 45, Characteristic features, operation and performance of low speed, transonic, supe rsonic and special tunnels ~Power losses in a wind tunnel ~Instrumentation and c alibration of wind tunnels ~Turbulence~Wind tunnel balance ~Wire balance ~Strut type ~Platform type ~Yoke type ~Pyramid type ~Strain gauge balance ~Balance cali bration. Experiments on Taylor Proudman theorem and Ekman layer ~Measurements in boundary layers ~Data acquisition and processing ~Signal conditioning ~Uncertainty analy sis ~Estimation of measurement errors ~External estimate of the error ~Internal estimate of the error ~Uncertainty calculation ~Uses of uncertainty analysis. OBJECTIVES of experimental studies ~Fluid mechanics measurements ~Properties of fluids ~Measuring instruments ~Performance terms associated with measurement sys tems ~Direct measurements ~Analogue methods ~Flow visualization ~Components of m easuring systems ~Importance of model studies. Pitot Static tube characteristics ~Velocity measurements ~Hot wire anemometry ~C onstant current and Constant temperature Hot Wire anemometer ~Pressure measureme nt techniques ~Pressure transducers ~Temperature measurements. Visualization techniques ~Smoke tunnel ~Hele Shaw apparatus ~Interferometer ~Fri nge Displacement method ~Schlieren system ~Shadowgraph ~Hydraulic analogy ~Hydra ulic jumps ~Electrolytic tank Airplane jacking and weighing and C.G. Location. Balancing of control surfaces ~ Inspection maintenance. Helicopter flight controls. Tracking and balancing of ma in rotor. Equipments used in welding shop and their maintenance ~Ensuring quality welds ~W elding jigs and fixtures ~Soldering and brazing.sheet metal repair and maintenan ce Selection of materials; Repair schemes; Fabrication of replacement patches; T ools power/hand; Repair techniques; Close tolerance fasteners; Sealing compounds ; Forming/shaping; Calculation of weight of completed repair; Effect of weight c hange on surrounding structure. Sheet metal inspection ~N.D.T. Testing. Hazardous materials storage and handling, Aircraft furnishing practices ~Equipme nts. Trouble shooting.Theory and practices. PLASTICSIN AIRCRAFT Review of types of plastics used in airplanes ~Maintenance a nd repair of plastic components ~Repair of cracks, holes etc., various repairs s chemes ~Scopes. ADVANCED COMPOSITES IN AIRCRAFT Cleaning of fibre reinforced pl astic (FRP) materials prior to repair; Break test; Repair Schemes; FRP/honeycomb sandwich materials; laminated FRPstructural members and skin panels; Tools/equi pment; Vacuum bag process. Special precautions ~Autoclaves. Trouble shooting and maintenance practices ~Service and inspection ~Inspection a nd maintenance of landing gear systems. ~Inspection and maintenance of aircondit ioning and pressurization system, water and waste system. Installation and maint enance of Instruments ~handling ~Testing ~Inspection. Inspection and maintenance of auxiliary systems ~Fire protection systems ~Ice protection system ~Rain remo val system Position and warning system ~Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). Responsibilities of operators / owners; Procedure of CAR issue, amendments etc. , OBJECTIVES and targets of airworthiness directorate; Airworthiness regulations and safety oversight of engineering activities of operators. C.A.R. SERIES 'B' ~ISSUE APPROVAL OF COCKPIT CHECK LIST, MEL, CDL Deficiency list (MEL And CDL); P reparation and use of cockpit check list and emergency list. Approval of organizations in categories A, B, C, D, E, F, And G; Requirements of infrastructure at stations other than parent base. C.A.R. SERIES 'F' ~AIR WORTH INESS AND CONTINUED AIR WORTHINESS Procedure relating to registration of aircraf t; Procedure for issue / revalidation of Type Certificate of aircraft and its en gines / propeller; Issue / revalidation of Certificate of Airworthiness; Require ments for renewal of Certificate of Airworthiness. Defect recording, reporting, investigation, rectification and analysis; Flight r eport; Reporting and rectification of defects observed on aircraft; Analytical s tudy of in fight readings And recordings; Maintenance control by reliability Met hod. C.A.R. SERIES 'D' ~AND AIRCRAFTMAINTENANCE PROGRAMMES Reliability Programme (Engines); Aircraft maintenance programme And their approval; On condition main tenance of reciprocating engines; TBO ~Revision programme; Maintenance of fuel a nd oil uplift and consumption records ~Light aircraft engines; Fixing routine ma intenance periods and component TBOs ~Initial And revisions. Flight testing of (Series) aircraft for issue of C of A; Fight testing of aircra ft for which C or A had been previously issued. C.A.R. SERIES 'X' ~MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS Registration Markings of aircraft; Weight and balance control of a n aircraft; Provision of first aid kits And Physician's kit in an aircraft; Use furnishing materials in an aircraft; Concessions; Aircraft log books; Document t o be carried on board on Indian registered aircraft; Procedure for issue of taxy permit; Procedure for issue of type approval of aircraft components and equipme nt including instruments. Issue of AME Licence, its classification and experience requirements, Complete S eries 'L'. C.A.R. SERIES 'M' MANDATORY MODIFICATIONS AND INSPECTIONS Mandatory M odifications / Inspections. Classification of piston engines ~Principles of operation ~Function of componen ts ~Materials used ~Details of starting the engines ~carburetion and Fuel inject ion systems for small and large engines ~Ignition system components ~spark plug detail ~Engine operating conditions at various altitudes ~Engine power measureme nts ~Classification of engine lubricants and fuels ~Induction, Exhaust and cooli ng system ~Maintenance and inspection check to be carried out. Inspection and ma intenance and trouble shooting ~Inspection of all engine components ~Daily and r outine checks ~Overhaul procedures ~Compression testing of cylinders ~Special in spection schedules ~Engine fuel, control and exhaust systems ~Engine mount and s uper charger ~Checks and inspection procedures. Propeller theory ~operation, construction assembly and installation Pitch chan ge mechanism Propeller axie system~Damage and repair criteria ~General Inspectio n procedures ~Checks on constant speed propellers ~Pitch setting, Propeller Bala ncing, Blade cuffs, Governor/Propeller operating conditions ~Damage and repair c riteria. Symptoms of failure ~Fault diagnostics ~Case studies of different engine system s ~Rectification during testing equipments for overhaul Tools and equipments req uirements for various checks and alignment during overhauling ~Tools for inspect ion ~Tools for safety and for visual inspection ~Methods and instruments for non destructive testing techniques ~Equipment for replacement of parts and their re pair. Engine testing Engine testing procedures and schedule preparation ~Online maintenance. Types of jet engines ~Fundamental principles ~Bearings and seals ~Inlets ~compr essors~turbines exhaust section ~classification and types of lubrication and fue ls~Materials used ~Details of control, starting around running and operating pro cedures ~Inspection and Maintenance~permissible limits of damage and repair crit eria of engine components~internal inspection of engines~compressor washingfield balancing of compressor fans~Component maintenance procedures ~Systems maintena nce procedures ~use of instruments for online maintenance ~Special inspection pr ocedures Foreign Object Damage ~Blade damage . Engine Overhaul ~Overhaul procedures ~Inspections and cleaning of components ~Re pairs schedules for overhaul ~Balancing of Gas turbine components. Trouble Shoot ing Procedures for trouble shooting ~Condition monitoring of the engine on groun d and at altitude ~engine health monitoring and corrective methods. Basic laws for a system in integral form ~Conservation of mass ~Newton s 2nd law ~Laws of thermodynamics ~Application of the basic laws for a control volume ~Kin ematics ~Motion of a fluid particle ~Fluid deformation ~Differential analysis of fluid motion ~Continuity equation ~Differential momentum equation ~The Navier S tokes equations Introduction ~Fluid properties ~Newton s viscosity law ~Classification of fluids and fluid motion ~Fluid statics ~Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces ~stabil ity of floating bodies ~Dimensional analysis ~The Buckingham Pi theorem ~Signifi cant dimensionless groups ~Flow similarity and model studies Introduction and classification of fluid machines ~Turbo machinery analysis ~Th e angular momentum principle ~Euler turbo machine equation ~Velocity triangles ~ Application to fluid systems ~Working principle of turbines, fans, blowers, pump s and compressors. Euler s equations of motion ~Bernoulli s equations ~Applications ~Methods of pressur e measurement ~Flow measurement ~Orifice plate ~Venturi meter ~Irrotational flow ~Stream function and velocity potential ~Laplace equation ~Elementary plane flo ws Fully developed laminar flow between infinite parallel plates ~Laminar and turbu lent flow through pipes ~Velocity profiles ~Energy considerations in pipe flow ~ Calculation of head loss Pipe flow problems ~Hydraulic and energy grade lines ~M oody s diagram Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet engines, Use of propeller and jets f or thrust production. Comparative merits, Principles of operation of rocket, typ es of rockets and typical applications, Exploration into space. Components of an airplane and their functions. Different types of flight vehicle s, classifications. Conventional control, Powered control, Basic instruments for flying, Typical systems for control actuation. Early airplanes, biplanes and monoplanes, Developments in aerodynamics, material s, structures and propulsion over the years. General types of construction, Monocoque, semi monocoque and geodesic constructi on, Typical wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non metallic materials, Us e of aluminium alloy, titanium, stainless steel and composite materials. Physical properties and structure of the atmosphere, Temperature, pressure and a ltitude relationships, Evolution of lift, drag and moment. Aerofoils, Mach numbe r, Maneuvers. Ductile and brittle materials ~maximum principal stress theory ~maximum principa l strain theory ~maximum shear stress theory ~distortion energy theory ~octahedr al shear stress theory. Euler s column curve ~inelastic buckling ~effect of initial curvature ~the Southwe ll plot ~columns with eccentricity ~use of energy methods ~theory of beam column s ~beam columns with different end conditions ~stresses in beam columns. Propped cantilevers ~fixed fixed beams ~Clapeyron s 3 moment equation ~moment dist ribution method. Statically determinate frames ~plane truss analysis ~method of joints ~method of sections ~3 D trusses ~the landing gear tripod ~beams of two materials. Strain energy evaluation in structural members ~energy theorems ~dummy load And unit load methods ~Maxwell s reciprocal theorem ~energy methods applied to statica lly determinate and indeterminate beams, frames, rings And trusses. Cauchy Riemann relations, Complex Potential, Methodology of Conformal Transform ation, Kutta Joukowski transformation and its applications, Karman Trefftz Profi les, Thin Airfoil theory and its applications. System and Control volume approach, substantial, local and convective derivativ e, Continuity, momentum and energy equations, Inviscid flow, Euler equation, inc ompressible Bernoulli s Equation. Circulation and Vorticity, Green s Lemma and Stoke s Theorem, Barotropic Flow, Kelvin s theorem, Streamline, Stream Function, Irrotati onal flow, Potential Function, Equipontential Lines, Elementary Flows and their combinations. Boundary layer and boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum th ickness, Energy thickness, Shape parameter, Boundary layer equations for a stead y, two dimensional incompressible flow, Boundary Layer growth over a Flat plate, Critical Reynolds Number, Clasius solution, Basics of Turbulent flow, Prandtl s m ixing length hypothesis, Free shear layers. L45 Ideal Flow over a circular cylinder, D Alembert s Paradox, Magnus effect, Kutta Jonk owski s Theorem, Starting Vortex, Kutta condition, Real flow over smooth and rough cylinder. Vortex Filament, Biot and Savart Law, Bound Vortex and trailing Vortex, Horse Sh oe Vortex, Lifting Line Theory and its limitations. Principle of operation of centrifugal compressor ~Work done and pressure rise ~ Velocity diagrams ~Diffuser vane design considerations ~Concept of prewhirl ~Rot ation stall ~Elementary theory of axial flow compressor ~Velocity triangles ~deg ree of reaction ~Three dimensional ~Air angle distributions for free vortex and constant reaction designs ~Compressor blade design ~Centrifugal and Axial compre ssor performance characteristics. L=45, T=15, Classification of combustion chambers ~Important factors affecting combustion ch amber design ~Combustion process ~Combustion chamber performance ~Effect of oper ating variables on performance ~Flame tube cooling ~Flame stabilization ~Use of flame holders ~Numerical problems. Illustration of working of gas turbine engine ~The thrust equation ~Factors affe cting thrust ~Effect of pressure, velocity and temperature changes of air enteri ng compressor ~Methods of thrust augmentation ~Characteristics of turboprop, tur bofan and turbojet ~Performance characteristics. Internal flow and Stall in subsonic inlets ~Boundary layer separation ~Major fea tures of external flow near a subsonic inlet ~Relation between minimum area rati o and eternal deceleration ratio ~Diffuser performance ~Supersonic inlets ~Start ing problem on supersonic inlets ~Shock swallowing by area variation ~External d eclaration ~Models of inlet operation. Theory of flow in isentropic nozzles ~Convergent nozzles and nozzle choking ~Noz zle throat conditions ~Nozzle efficiency ~Losses in nozzles ~Over expanded and u nder ~expanded nozzles ~Ejector and variable area nozzles ~Interaction of nozzle flow with adjacent surfaces ~Thrust reversal. Conventional Systems ~Power assisted and fully powered flight controls ~Power a ctuated systems ~Engine control systems ~Push pull rod system ~operating princip les ~Modern control systems ~Digital fly by wire systems ~Auto pilot system, Act ive Control Technology Hydraulic systems ~Study of typical workable systems ~components ~Hydraulic sys tems controllers ~Modes of operation ~Pneumatic systems ~Working principles ~Typ ical Pneumatic Power system ~Brake system ~Components, Landing Gear Systems ~Cla ssification ~Shock absorbers ~Retractive mechanism. Basic Air Cycle systems ~Vapour Cycle Systems, Boot strap air cycle system ~Evap orative vapour cycle systems ~Evaporation air cycle systems ~Oxygen systems ~Fir e protection systems, Deicing and anti icing system. Flight Instruments and Navigation Instruments ~Accelerometers, Air speed Indicat ors ~Mach Meters ~Altimeters ~Gyroscopic Instruments~Principles and operation ~S tudy of various types of engine instruments ~Tachometers ~Temperature gauges ~Pr essure gauge ~Operation and principles. Fuel systems ~Piston and Jet Engines ~Components ~Multi engine fuel systems, lub ricating systems ~Piston and jet engines ~Starting and Ignition systems ~Piston and Jet engines Bending of symmetric beams subject to skew loads ~bending stresses in beams of u nsymmetrical sections ~generalized k method, neutral axis method, principal axis m ethod. Bending of thin plates ~rectangular sheets under compression ~local buckling str ess of thin walled sections ~crippling strength estimation ~thin walled column s trength ~load carrying capacity of sheet stiffener panels ~effective width. Bredt ~Batho theory ~single cell and multi cell tubes subject to torsion ~shear flow distribution in thin walled single And multi cell structures subject to com bined bending torsion ~with walls effective and ineffective in bending ~shear ce ntre of closed sections. Loads on an aircraft ~the V n diagram ~shear force and bending moment distributi on over the aircraft wing and fuselage ~shear flow in thin webbed beams with par allel and non parallel flanges ~complete tension field beams ~semi tension field beam theory. Thin walled beams ~concept of shear flow ~the shear centre and its determination ~shear flow distribution in symmetrical and unsymmetrical thin walled sections ~structural idealization ~shear flow variation in idealized sections. Shock Boundary layer interaction, Wind tunnels for transonic, Supersonic and hy personic flows, shock tube, Gun tunnels, Supersonic flow visualization, Introduc tion to Hypersonic Flows, Numerical Analysis of one Dimensional flow. L Compressibility, Continuity, Momentum and energy equation for steady one dimensi onal flow, compressible Bernoulli s equation, Calorically perfect gas, Mach Number , Speed of sound, Area ~Mach number ~Velocity relation, Mach cone, Mach angle, O ne dimensional Isentropic flow through variable area duct, Static and Stagnation properties, Critical conditions, Characteristic Mach number, Area Mach number r elation, Maximum discharge velocity. Critical Mach number, Drag divergence Mach number, Shock Stall, Supercritical Ai rfoil Sections, Transonic area rule, Swept wing, Airfoils for supersonic flows, Lift, drag, Pitching moment and Centre of pressure for supersonic profiles, Shoc kexpansion theory, wave drag, supersonic wings, Design considerations for supers onic aircrafts. Normal shock relations, Prandtl s relation, Hugoniot equation, Raleigh Supersonic Pitot tube equation, Moving normal shock waves, Oblique shocks, * * * *M relatio n, Shock Polar, Reflection of oblique shocks, left running and right running wav es, Interaction of oblique shock waves, slip line, Rayleigh flow, Fanno flow, Ex pansion waves, Prandtl Meyer expansion, Maximum turning angle, Simple and non si mple regions, operating characteristics of Nozzles, under expansion, over expans ion. Potential equation for 2 dimensional compressible flow, Linearisation of potenti al equation, perturbation potential, Linearised Pressure Coefficient, Linearised subsonic flow, Prandtl Glauert rule, Linearised supersonic flow, Method of char acteristics. Introduction to hypersonic airbreathing propulsion, hypersonic vehicles and supe rsonic combustion~need for supersonic combustion for hypersonic propulsion ~sali ent features of scramjet engine and its applications for hypersonic vehicles ~pr oblems associated with supersonic combustion ~engine/airframe integration aspect s of hypersonic vehicles ~various types scramjet combustors ~fuel injection sche mes in scramjet combustors ~one dimensional models for supersonic combustion usi ng method of influence coefficients. Introduction to nozzleless propulsion and basic concepts ~Electric rocket propul sion ~Ion propulsion ~Nuclear rocket ~comparison of performance of these propuls ion systems with chemical rocket propulsion systems ~Solar sail. L = 45, Operating principle ~specific impulse of a rocket ~internal ballistics ~rocket p erformance considerations ~solid propellant rockets ~selection criteria of solid propellants ~propellant grain design considerations ~erosive burning in solid r ockets ~liquid propellant rockets ~selection of liquid propellants ~various feed systems for liquid rockets thrust control in liquid rockets ~cooling in liquid rockets and the associated heat transfer problems ~advantages of liquid rockets over solid rockets ~introduction to hybrid propulsion ~advantages and limitatio ns of hybrid propulsion ~static testing of rockets and safety considerations. Operating principle of ramjet engine ~various components of ramjet engines and t heir efficiencies ~Combustion in ramjet engine ~critical, subcritical and superc ritical modes of operation ramjet engine and its performance characteristics ~s ample ramjet design calculations ~flame stability problems in ramjet combustors integral ram rockets. Real flow in nozzles and nozzle efficiency ~losses in nozzles ~equilibrium flow and frozen flow in nozzles~two phase flow in nozzles ~Ejector and variable area nozzles ~Interaction of nozzle flow with adjacent surfaces ~thrust reversal. International Standard atmosphere, IAS, EAS, TAS, Propeller theory~Froude moment um and blade element theories, Propeller co efficients, Use of propeller charts, Performance of fixed and variable pitch propellers, High lift devices, Thrust a ugmentation Shallow and steep angles of climb, Rate of climb, Climb hodograph, Maximum Climb angle and Maximum Rate of climb~Effect of design parameters for propeller and j et aircrafts, Absolute and service ceiling, Cruise climb, Gliding flight, Glide hodograph UNITV ACCELERATD FLIGHT 9 Estimation of take off and landing distances , Methods of reducing landing distance, level turn, minimum turn radius, bank an gle and load factor, Constraints on load factor, Pull up and pull down maneuvers , maximum turn rate, V n diagram. Steady level flight, Thrust required and Power required, Thrust available and Po wer available for propeller driven and jet powered aircraft, Effect of altitude, maximum level flight speed, conditions for minimum drag and minimum power requi red, Effect of drag divergence on maximum velocity, Range and Endurance of Prope ller and Jet airplanes. Streamlined and bluff body, Types of drag, Effect of Reynold s number on skin fric tion and pressure drag, Drag reduction of airplanes, Dragpolar, Effect of Mach n umber on drag polar Stress ~Strain ~Stress Strain relationships ~Equations of Equilibrium, Compatib ility equations and strains, Boundary Conditions, Saint Venant s principle ~Princi pal Stresses Stress Ellipsoid ~Stress invariants. Airy s stress function, Biharmonic equations, Polynomial solutions, Simple two dim ensional problems in Cartesian coordinates like bending of cantilever and simply supported beams. Classical plate theory ~Assumptions ~Governing equations ~Boundary conditions ~N avier s method of solution for simply supported rectangular plates ~Levy s method of solution for rectangular plates under different boundary conditions. Equations of equilibrium, Strain displacement relations, Stress ~strain relation s, Airy s stress function, Axi ~symmetric problems, Kirsch, Michell s and Boussinesq ue problems ~Rotating discs. Navier s theory, St. Venant s theory, Prandtl s theory on torsion, The semi~inverse me thod and applications to shafts of circular, elliptical, equilateral triangular and rectangular sections. Fundamentals of NDT, Radiography, Ultrasonics, Eddy Current testing, Fluorescent Penetrant Testing, Acoustic Emission Technique, Introduction to Moiré techniques, Brittle coating methods and Holography Principle of operation and requirements, Types and their uses, Materials for str ain gauge, Calibration and temperature compensation, cross sensitivity, Rosette analysis, Wheastone bridge and potentiometer circuits for static and dynamic str ain measurements, strain indicators. Principles of measurements, Accuracy, Sensitivity and range of measurements, Mec hanical, Optical, Acoustical and Electrical extensometers and their uses, Advant ages and disadvantages. Two dimensional photo elasticity, Photo elastic materials, Concept of light ~pho toelastic effects, stress optic law, Transmission and Reflection polariscopes, I nterpretation of fringe pattern, Compensation and separation techniques, Introdu ction to three dimensional photo elasticity. Feedback control systems Block diagram representation of control systems, Reduct ion of block diagrams, Output to input ratios. Historical review, Simple pneumatic, hydraulic and thermal systems, Series and p arallel system, Analogies, mechanical and electrical components, Development of flight control systems. Laplace transformation, Response of systems to different inputs viz., Step impul se, pulse, parabolic and sinusoidal inputs, Time response of first and second or der systems, steady state errors and error constants of unity feedback circuit. Necessary and sufficient conditions, Routh Hurwitz criteria of stability, Root l ocus and Bode techniques, Concept and construction, frequency response. Z Transforms Introduction to digital control system, Digital Controllers and Dig ital PID controllers L 45, TOTAL45 PERIODS General concepts Degrees of freedom of a rigid body, Static and dynamic stabili ty, Need for stability in an airplane, inherently and marginally stable airplane s, Stability and Controllability, Requirements of control surfaces, criteria for longitudinal static stability, contribution to stability by wing, tail, fuselag e, wing fuselage combination, Total longitudinal stability, Neutral point Stick fixed and Stick free aspects, Free elevator factor, static margin, Hinge moment, Power effects on stability propeller and jet aircrafts, longitudinal control, M ovement of centre of gravity, elevator control effectiveness, elevator control p ower, elevator angle to trim, elevator angle per g, maneuver point, Stick force gradient and stick force per g, Aerodynamic balancing Aircraft Equations of motion, small disturbance theory, Estimation of longitudin al stability derivatives stability derivatives, Routh s discriminant, solving the stability quartic, Phugoid motion, Factors affecting the period and damping. Directional stability yaw and sideslip, Criterion of directional stability, cont ribution to static directional stability by wing, fuselage, tail, Power effects on directional stabilitypropeller and jet aircrafts, Rudder fixed and rudder fre e aspects, Rudder lock and Dorsal fin, Directional control, rudder control effec tiveness, rudder requirements, adverse yaw, asymmetric power condition, spin rec overy Dutch roll and spiral instability, Auto rotation and spin, Stability derivatives for lateral and directional dynamics. L45 Lateral stability Dihedral effect, criterion for lateral stability, evaluation o f lateral stability contribution of fuselage, wing, wing fuselage, tail, total s tatic lateral stability, lateral control, aileron control power, aileron effecti veness, strip theory estimation of aileron effectiveness, roll control by spoile rs, aileron reversal, aileron reversal speed Boundary conditions for various types of fluid flow conditions ~Introduction to mathematical properties of fluid dynamic equations and classification of partial differential equations ~General behaviour of different classes of partial diffe rential equations and their relation to fluid dynamics ~A general discussion on hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic equations ~well posed problems. Derivation of energy equation and the common form of all fluid flow governing eq uations ~The conservation forms of fluid flow governing equations and the variou s forms of energy equation ~Introduction and derivation of species equation and preliminary concepts on combustion modeling ~Governing equations for viscous and inviscid flows. Introduction to discretization of partial differential equations ~Derivation of elementary finite difference equations ~Basic aspects of finite difference equat ions ~Errors and analysis of stability ~Introduction to panel methods ~Basic asp ects of uniform, source and vortex flows ~Source panel method ~nonlifting flows over arbitrary two dimensional bodies ~Vortex panel method ~lifting flows over a rbitrary two dimensional bodies ~Applications of panel methods. Introduction to numerical fluid dynamics and the role of numerical methods in mo dern fluid dynamics ~Introduction to governing equations of fluid dynamics and m odeling of fluid flow ~Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches ~The substantial deriv ative and the physical meaning of divergence of a vector Introduction to numerical techniques for steady supersonic flows ~Philosophy of method of characteristics ~Determination of the characteristic lines ~two dimens ional irrotational flow ~Determination of the Compatibility equations and Unit p rocesses ~Regions of Influence and Domains of Dependence ~Supersonic nozzle desi gn using method of characteristics ~Application of method of characteristics for Axisymmetric Irrotational Flow and rotational flow ~Introduction to three dimen sional method of characteristics ~Description of Mc Cormack s Predictor ~Corrector technique ~Stability Criterion ~CFL criterion ~Shock capturing Vs Shock fitting techniques conservation Vs nonconservation forms of governing equations ~transo nic flows and transonic similarity ~Numerical solution to small perturbation vel ocity potential equation. L = 45 Basic design concepts of sandwich construction ~Materials used for sandwich cons truction ~Failure modes of sandwich panels ~Bending stress and shear flow in com posite beams. Generalized Hooke s Law ~Elastic constants for anisotropic, orthotropic and isotro pic materials ~Macro Mechanics ~Stress strain relations with respect to natural axis, arbitrary axis ~Determination of material properties ~Experimental charact erization of lamina. Governing differential equation for a unidirectional lamina and general laminate , angle ply and cross ply laminate, Failure criteria for composites. Introduction ~Advantages and application of composite materials ~reinforcements and matrices ~Micro mechanics ~Mechanics of materials approach, elasticity appro ach to determine material properties ~Fibre Volume ratio ~Mass fraction ~Effect of voids, hygro thermal effects on a lamina. Various open and closed mould processes, Manufacture of fibers, Types of resins, properties and applications, Netting analysis. 8 and 9 nodal quadrilateral elements, Stiffness matrix and consistent load vecto r, Gaussian integration Bar elements, uniform section, mechanical and thermal loading, varying section, truss analysis. Beam element ~problems for various loadings and boundary conditi ons ~longitudinal and lateral vibration. Use of local and natural coordinates. Heat transfer problems, Steady state fin problems, Derivation of element matrice s for two dimensional problems, Torsion problems Plane stress, Plane strain and axisymmetric problems, constant and linear strain , triangular elements, stiffness matrix, axisymmetric load vector, Review of various approximate methods ~Raleigh Ritz s, Galerkin and finite differe nce methods~Governing equation and convergence criteria of finite element method . Approximate methods ~Rayleigh s method ~Dunkerlay s method ~Rayleigh Ritz method, Ma trix Iteration method. Introduction to simple harmonic motion, D Alembert s Principle, Free vibrations ~Dam ped vibrations ~Forced Vibrations, with and without damping ~support excitation ~Vibration measuring instruments. Two degrees of freedom systems ~Static and Dynamic couplings ~vibration absorber ~Principal co ordinates ~Principal modes and orthogonal condition ~Eigen value p roblems ~Hamilton s principle ~Lagrangean equations and application. Vibration due to coupling of bending and torsion ~Aeroelastic problems ~Collars triangle ~Wing Divergence ~Aileron Control reversal ~Flutter ~Buffeting. Vibration of elastic bodies ~Vibration of strings ~Longitudinal ~Lateral and Tor sional vibrations Introduction to boundary layer equations and their solution ~Description of Pran dtl s boundary layer equations and the hierarchy of the boundary layer equations ~ Transformation of boundary layer equations and the numerical solution method ~Ch oice of discretization model and the generalized Crank Nicholson scheme ~Discret ization of the boundary layer equations and illustration of solution of a tridia gonal system of linear algebraic equations. Introduction to Finite volume Method ~Different Flux evaluation schemes, central , upwind, exponential and hybrid schemes ~Staggered grid approach ~Pressure~Velo city coupling ~SIMPLE, SIMPLER algorithms~pressure correction equation (both inc ompressible and compressible forms) ~Application of Finite Volume Method for 1~D and 2 D problems. L =45, Introduction to grid generation in computational fluid dynamics ~Structured grid generation techniques ~algebraic methods, conformal mapping and methods using p artial differential equations ~Basic ideas in numerical grid generation and mapp ing ~Boundary value problem of numerical grid generation~grid control functions~ branch cut ~The boundary conditions of first kind ~orthogonality of grid lines~b oundary point grid control ~Introduction to adaptive grids. Introduction to implicit methods and respective stability properties of explicit and implicit methods ~Stiff problems~absolute stability and stability of numeri cal methods for the integration of partial differential equations ~Construction of implicit methods for time dependent problems ~Linearization, choice of explic it operator and numerical dissipation aspects ~Choice of the linear system solut ion strategy ~one dimensional and two dimensional problems by implicit methods. Introduction to time dependent methods ~Explicit time dependent methods ~Euler, Backward Euler, One step trapezoidal, Backward differencing, two step trapezoida l, Leap Frog and Adams Bashforth Methods ~Description of Lax Wendroff Scheme and Mac Cormack s two step predictor ~corrector method ~Description of time split met hods and Approximate Factorization Schemes Concept of black body Intensity of radiation Laws of Black body Radiation Radiat ion from non black surfaces~real surfaces ~Radiation between surfaces Radiation shape factors Radiation shields. HEAT EXCHANGERS Types overall heat transfer coe fficient~LMTD~NTU method of heat exchanger Analysis. Convection fundamentals Basic equations, Boundary layer concept, Dimensional ana lysis Free Convention Laminar boundary layer equation Free convection in atmosph ere free convection on a vertical flat plate ~Integral method Empirical relation in free convection External flows. Forced convection Forced convection ~Lamina r and turbulent convective heat transfer analysis in flows between parallel plat es, over a flat plate and in a circular pipe. Empirical relations ~numerical tec hniques in problem solving. Heat transfer problems in gas turbine combustion chambers ~Rocket thrust chamber s ~Aerodynamic heating ~Ablative heat transfer. Modes of heat transfer Conduction ~Convection ~Radiation Steady and unsteady state heat conduction in solids ~Effect of variation of ther mal conductivity on heat transfer in solids ~conduction with heat generation ~He at transfer problems in infinite and semi infinite solids ~Critical radius of in sulation~Extended surfaces ~Application of numerical techniques. Evaluation of exploration and development projects, study of typical prefeasibil ity and feasibility reports. Exploration investment decision, exploration techniques and strategies, explorat ion targets. Introduction to important mineral resources in India and world wide, surface and aerial prospecting, reconnaissance, application of geochemical, geophysical and geostatistical methods. Preliminary and detailed exploration by boring, exploratory mining by shafts, dr ifts, cross cuts, collection and compilation of data for computer processing. Strategy and structure of the exploration group, government policies, aspects of exploration, role of exploration in the mining company. Concept of Petroleum Engineering; Regional Petroleum prospecting ~magnetic and G ravity methods, procedures for data collection, corrections, Interpretation; Sei smic reflection method data acquisition, seismic processing, display of seismic data interpretation, hot spots for oil and gas, 3D surveying Volumetric oil and gas reserve estimation ~Deterministic methods ~Monte Carlo method, parametric me thods, Three point estimates ~uncertainty of input to estimation. Drilling fluid, function, classification of drilling fluid, drilling complicatio n and mud importance, designing hydraulic programme for drilling operations, equ ations used in hydraulic programme, pump characteristics, calculation of system processor losses, selection of nozzle size, optimization of hydraulic programme. Logging operations, logging methods, interpretation calculation of saturation, g as saturation, water saturation, porosity, permeability, oil and gas findings, p erformation techniques, well completion, production tubing, well head x mas tree f ittings ~transportation ~oil to gas and water separator ~oil to stockyard Reserv oir Engineering ~concept and approach, oil recovery ~primary, secondary, enhance d oil recovery techniques. Offshore drilling technology, rigs of offshore drilli ng, general jacking procedures, drilling from a floating vessel. International o il business, management, economics. Rotary oil well rig, rotary drilling, basic operations for brakes, Betties Prote ctor, drill pipe wiper, Tong pull back, making up joints, breaking up joints, co nnecting and disconnecting Kelly And Hook, checking conditions of Rotary ships a nd Master Busting ~Operational practices for spudding in drill color and pipe co nnection, pulling out, running in stabilization tools and operation, fitting of well head, installation of blow out preventor (BOP) and testing drill stem assem bly, failure of drill pipes, drill stem design, tension loading, external fluid pressure~height on bit, drill collar bending, strength ratio, transition zone, q uick guide to solve drill stem failures ~directional drilling, inclinometer surv ey, horizontal drilling Tensile requirements for casing, API casing list, casing performance properties, types of casings, casing policy, casing and lines, calculation of fracture pres sure gradient, casing settings depth selection, casing design, specialization of casing, collapses pressure, tensile load, burst pressure, tension on collapse s trength of casing, design factors, casing design, cementation, cement properties , types procedures and purposes. Classification of rocks, distinction between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphi c rocks. Engineering properties of rocks. Description, occurrence, engineering p roperties, distribution and uses of Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Gabbro, Dolerite , Basalt, Sandstone, Limestone, Laterite, Shale, Conglomerate, Breccia, Quartzit e, Marble, Slate, Gneiss and Schist. Geological maps ~attitude of beds, study of structures ~folds, faults and joints ~relevance to civil engineering. Plate tectonics ~Earthquakes ~seismic zones in India. Geophysical methods ~Seismic and electrical methods for subsurface inves tigations ~prospecting for groundwater. Geology in civil engineering ~branches of geology ~structure of earth and its co mposition ~weathering of rocks ~landforms and processes associated with river, w ind and sea ~relevance to civil engineering. Physical properties of minerals. Study of the following rock forming minerals ~Q uartz group, Feldspar group, Pyroxene group, Amphibole and Mica group, Calcite G ypsum and Clay minerals. Remote sensing for civil engineering applications; Geological conditions necessa ry for design and construction of Dams and Reservoirs, Tunnels, Buildings and Ro ad cuttings. Investigation of Landslides, causes and mitigation. Classification ~Causes for natural hazards ~Mitigation ~Earthquakes ~Landslides ~Volcanism ~Tsunami ~Cyclones and Floods Geology for natural resources inventory ~Branches of geology ~Scope. Interior of the Earth, Weathering, Plate Tectonics, Structural geology and introduction to geological structures ~folds, faults, joints, lineaments Geophysical methods ~Seismic, Electrical, Gravity, and Magnetic ~Remote sensing techniques for Geological mapping ~Groundwater ~Mineral ~Hydrocarbon and Geother mal energy exploration. Landforms and geomorphic process ~Classification and description of Structural, Denudation, Fluvial, Aeolian, Glacial and Coastal landforms. Drainage pattern an d morphometry. Physical properties of important rock and ore forming minerals~Classification an d description of rocks ~Forms and mode of occurrence ~outline and distribution o f economic minerals Exercises on structural maps of geological site and interpretation of geological conditions; 3 point and 4 point bore hole problems to decipher the subsurface g eological conditions for mining of resources. Determination of stratal thickness . Dip and strike calculations. Identification and description of igneous rocks~plutonic, hypabyssal and volcani c type of rocks Sedimentary rocks~rudites, arenites, carbonates and argillites metamorphic rocks~gneiss, marble, slate, schist, quartzite, etc. Identification of physical properties of quartz, feldspar and its varieties, hor nblende, augite, mica, diopside, hypersthene, asbestos, barite, calcite, fluorit e, topaz, tourmaline, beryl, corundum. Study of Moh s scale of hardness. Practical field geological mapping and report preparation. Toposheets, Map scale~types, preparation and interpretation of contour maps, dra inage maps, outcrop maps, symbols, rock and geological structures, use of clinom eters, brunton compass and knowledge on GPS. Geophysical prospecting methods ~seismic, electrical, magnetic and gravity metho ds of mineral prospecting. Location of ore body, coal and petroleum reserves, su bsurface litho log and 3 D models. Introduction to aerial and satellite photos and satellite imageries, identificat ion of photo recognition elements; applications of remote sensing in geological mapping and mineral exploration, introduction to GIS. Metallic, non metallic deposits. Study of graphite, copper, zinc, lead, gold, ir on, manganese, asbestos, mica, gemstone~origin, mode of occurrence and distribut ion in India. Origin and occurrence of industrial minerals~ceramic, refractory, abrasive, glass and paint industry. Ore forming process, mineral deposits formed from magmatic, hydrothermal and vol canic process mechanical concentration, residual concentration, oxidation and su pergene enrichment. Origin, physical properties, processes, occurrence of coal and its types, petrol eum deposits. Fossil fuel distribution in sedimentary basins of India. 16 Electrical resistivity survey, seismic survey ~2 and 3 layer problems. Preparati on of panel diagrams. Determination of engineering properties of rocks, determin ation of porosity of rocks. Preparation of weathering profile, RMR, RQD. Geological mapping of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic terrains. Identificat ion of minerals and ores in the field site. Recognisition of geological structur es ~fault, fold joint etc. in the field. Identification of ores of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, copper, chrome, aluminum, graphite, asbestos, ochres, corundum, kyanite, garnet, silimanite, vermiculite, mica, silica. Ore reserve estimation ~ore assaying reserve calculation Study of aerial photographs and satellite imageries. Preparation of geological a nd structural maps. Concept and significance ~morphological characteristics ~elements ~delineation ~ codification ~basic factors influences watershed development. Concept of priority watersheds ~land capability classification ~engineering meas ures for erosion control in agricultural and non agricultural lands agro forestr y grassland management ~wasteland development ~case studies. Definition of watershed management ~strategies ~identification of problems ~wate rshed approach in Government programmes ~watershed development plan ~People s part icipation ~entry point activities ~evaluation of watershed management measures. Types of erosion ~wind erosion causes, factors, effects and control ~Water erosi on types, factors, effects and control ~Methods of gully control ~estimation of soil loss. Types of storage structures ~water yield from catchments ~farm ponds percolation ponds losses of stored water ~water conservation methods ~water harvesting meth ods and techniques. Definitions of drought ~NCA classification ~Economic, Environmental and social I mpacts of drought ~Meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought assessm ents ~IMD, Palmer, Herbst, Aridity Indices. Drought control ~Supply and demand oriented measures ~Drought Prone Areas Progra mme (DPAP) ~Criteria for identification of areas to be included/ excluded under DPAP. Estimation of design flood ~Empirical methods ~Statistical methods ~Frequency an alysis ~Unit hydrograph method ~Flood estimation in small watersheds and mountai nous region ~Estimation by lumped, distributed model Flood mitigation measures ~Storage methods ~channel improvement and soil conserv ation measures ~Levees and flood walls ~Data communication and warning ~Flood fi ghting Routing ~Lumped ~Distributed ~Hydraulic and hydrological routing ~Reservoir rout ing ~ISD method. Physical and chemical properties of water ~Suspended and dissolved solids ~ECand pH ~Trace constituents ~Principles of water quality. Water quality in irrigation systems ~Diffusion and dispersion processes ~Leachin g of agrochemicals ~Non Point Source (NPS) models ~Agricultural Non Point Source (AGNPS) pollution model. Water quality indices ~Agro ecosystems ~Sustainable agriculture ~Ecological farm ing principles ~Irrigation projects and environmental impacts. Water quality investigation ~Sampling design and samplers ~automatic samplers an d data collection platforms ~Field kits and investigations ~Water quality data s torage, analysis and inference ~Software packages ~Demonstration on the collecti on and use data on water quality parameters. Water quality standards ~Water quality for irrigation ~Salinity and permeability ~Irrigation practices with poor quality of water ~Waste water irrigation proble ms and prospects ~Saline water irrigation ~Future strategies. Classification ~Components of tanks, water distribution network, number of filli ng ~Cascade of tanks ~People s participation in tank irrigation and Maintenance ~T urn over Case studies. Definition ~Minor Irrigation through wells, tanks, ooranies and canals ~Minor Ir rigation development in India. Dug wells and Tube well irrigation, conjunctive use of ground water ~Operation a nd Maintenance ~Ground water market ~Tube well societies ~GECnorms Case studies. Institutional aspects ~Socio economic perspective ~Reclamation of salt affected soils ~Seepage loss in command area ~Water productivity. On farm structures ~Definition, policy ~On farm development organization, operat ion and maintenance and water management ~Farmer s participation ~Turn over ~Case studies. Canal network and canal regulation ~Design of irrigation canals ~Methods of dist ribution supply based and demand based ~Delivery of water to farms ~Measurement of water ~Scheduling of irrigation ~Criteria for scheduling ~Frequency and inter val of irrigation. Classification of irrigation methods ~Border irrigation design parameters, evalu ation and ideal wetting pattern ~Furrow irrigation design parameters, types of f urrows, evaluation, ideal wetting pattern and planting techniques ~Basin irrigat ion types of basins, suitable crops, soils and slopes, ideal wetting pattern, sh apes and size ~Efficiency of surface irrigation methods ~Land leveling and shapi ng. Drip irrigation components, suitable crops and land types ~Layout, design and ev aluation of drip irrigation systems ~Sprinkler irrigation types, components, and suitable crops, slope, soils and climate ~Design of sprinkler irrigation system s~Automated irrigation systems Subsurface irrigation systems. Importance of irrigation ~Impact of irrigation on development of humanity ~Need for irrigation in India ~Development of irrigation in India ~National Water Poli cy ~Future developments in irrigation ~Irrigation with canal, tank and ground wa ter ~Need for canal Irrigation management ~Inadequacy of canal irrigation manage ment ~OBJECTIVES of and criteria for good canal irrigation. Infiltration and movement of water in soil ~Soil water plant relationship ~Water requirement of crops ~Evapotranspiration (ET) and consumptive use ~Methods of e stimating ET ~Effective rainfall ~Irrigation requirement ~Duty of water ~Irrigat ion of low land and upland crops. Distribution of groundwater ~aquifers ~groundwater in various geological formati ons ~sources of groundwater ~springs ~wet lands ~work of groundwater ~groundwate r quality ~irrigation water quality ~estimation of irrigation return flow. Remote sensing methods ~identification of soil and rock types ~geological field methods ~geophysical methods ~seismic and electrical methods electrical resisti vity methods ~groundwater exploration. Scope of geology in irrigation engineering ~Minerals ~Physical properties ~Quart z ~Feldspars ~Mica ~Gypsum ~Calcite ~Clay minerals ~Igneous, sedimentary and met amorphic rocks ~Granite ~Synite ~Gabbro Basalt ~Sandstone ~Shale ~Limestone ~Co nglomerate ~Gneiss ~Schist ~Marble Soil genesis ~Soil mineralogy and geochemistry of soil types ~laterites, bauxite s, ardisols, vertisols ~geological sources of soil nutrients, nitrogen, phosphor us, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur in soil and their and its signific ance in plant growth, micronutrients. Types of rock weathering ~factors controlling weathering ~products of weathering ~methods ~soil formation ~types of soils ~soil profile ~Work of rivers ~river d eposition and its relevance to irrigation Biology and bioinformatics genomics and proteomics Homology and diversity DNA a nd protein sequencing Human genome project Biological databases sequence and str uctural analysis comparisons Internet resources. Genetic basis of biodiversity conservation and gene banks Microbiology of waste water treatment Genetically engineered microbes Biofertilisers and bio pesticide s Bioremediation methods Bioleaching of soils Biodegradation process Bioenergy f rom waste. Germplasm micropropagation organ culture and embryo rescue clonal propagation~Ha ploid production and application Hybridization gene transfer techniques disease resistance Mapping and cloning of plant genes. Sterile techniques cell culture Isolation and purification of enzymes Enzymes in food processing Enzyme immobilization and applications Basic modes of fermentat ion~Bioreactor design screening and isolation of industrially important bacteria l strains~Metabolic pathways and applications in food industry. Structure of Eukaryotic cell Cell organelles Chromosomes Structure of DNA and RN ADefinition of gene coding sequences Types and process of replication DNA repair . Agri business ~definition, scope, characteristics, types. Management ~importance , definition, management and administration, management thoughts, management app roaches. Small business ~characteristics and stages of growth ~Management functi ons ~planning, organizing, departmentation. Food products marketing promotion activities ~product pricing methods. District Industries Centre ~Consumer survey ~Market potential assessment ~Return on Inves tment~Agricultural inputs retailing ~Human Resource Management. Forms of agri business organizations. Role of lead bank in agribusiness finance. Business project scheduling of raw material procurement ~production management ~launching products (branding, placement) ~Input marketing promotion activities. Functional areas of Agri business Production and Operations management functions , planning physical facilities and managing quality. Agro inputs and products in ventory 63 management ~raw material procurement, inventory types, and costs. Per sonnel management. Recruitment, selection and training. Marketing management~Mar keting environment, marketing mix. Financial management. Acquiring capital~Budge t analysis. Concepts and determinants~Agricultural input marketing firms types a nd distribution channels. Management Information System. Concept and application s. ] Principles, forms of agri business organisations, staffing. Directing ~principle s, elements, supervision and motivation. Controlling ~types, performance evaluat ion and control techniques. Management approaches ~Profit Centered Approach, Man agement by OBJECTIVES and Quality Circles. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) Analysis. Definition ~Principles ~Classification ~Field and office work ~Scales ~Conventio nal signs ~Survey instruments ~Ranging and chaining ~Reciprocal ranging ~Setting perpendiculars ~well conditioned triangles ~Traversing ~Plotting ~Enlarging and reducing figures. Level line ~Horizontal line ~Levels and staves ~Spirit level ~Sensitiveness ~Ben ch marks ~Temporary and permanent adjustments ~Fly and check leveling ~Booking ~ Reduction ~Curvature and refraction ~Reciprocal leveling ~Longitudinal and cross sections ~Plotting ~Calculation of areas and volumes ~Contouring ~Methods ~Char acteristics and uses of contours ~Plotting ~Earth work volume ~Capacity of Reser voirs. Prismatic compass ~Surveyor s compass ~Bearing ~System and conversions ~Local attr action ~Magnetic declination ~Dip Traversing ~Plotting ~Adjustment of error ~Pla ne table instruments and accessories ~Merits and demerits ~Methods ~Radiation ~I ntersection ~Resection ~Traversing. Theodolite ~Vernier and microptic ~Description and uses ~Temporary and permanent adjustments of vernier transit ~Horizontal angle ~Vertical angles ~Heights and distances ~Traversing ~Closing error and distribution ~Gale s tables ~Omitted meas urements ~Electromagnetic distance measurements (EDM) ~Total station instrument ~Global Positioning System (GPS). Reconnaissance, preliminary and location surveys for engineering projects ~Layou t ~Setting out works ~Route surveys for highways and waterways ~Curve ranging ~H orizontal and vertical curves ~Simple curves ~Setting with chain and tapes, tang ential angles by theodolite, double theodolite ~Compound and reverse curves ~Tra nsition curves ~Functions and requirements ~Setting out by offsets and angles ~V ertical curves ~Sight distances. Important groups of field crops in Tamil Nadu and the generalized cultivation pr actices for each group cereal crops; grain legumes; oil seed crops; sugarcane; a nd fibre crops ~Special purpose crops, such as green manures, and their manageme nt. Important groups of horticultural crops in Tamil Nadu and the generalized cultiv ation practices for each group vegetable crops; fruit crops; flower crops, plant ation crops and others. L Introduction to agriculture and its crop production sub sectors agronomy and hor ticulture factors affecting crop growth and production ~Principles of crop produ ction crop selection; systems of cropping; field preparation; plant spacing and arrangement; nutrient management; water management; crop protection. OBJECTIVES and principles of tillage ~Practices for application and management o f organic manures, amendments, and chemical and bio fertilizers ~Plant protectio n chemicals and the methods of their application ~Weed management practices ~Har vest and post harvest processes. Soil physical and chemical properties of relevance to crop growth ~Soil water re lations ~Soil nutrient relations Soil and land degradation physical constraints , chemical constraints, erosion and methods of their prevention and reclamation. Classification of reservoirs, General principles of design, site selection, spil lways, surface area Vs elevation Vs storage relationship, life of reservoirs Can als Canal alignment, Cross drainage works Hydrological cycle~Meteorological measurements ~Requirements, types and forms of precipitation Rain gauges Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods~Interception~Evaporation. Horton s equation, pan evaporation mea surements and evaporation suppression~Infiltration Horton s equation double ring i nfiltrometer, infiltration indices. Natural Disasters Flood Estimation~Frequency analysis~Flood control~Definitions of droughts~Meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts~IMD method ND VI analysis~Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP). Origin~Classification and properties of aquifers Groundwater potential Darcy s law ~Importance~RWH in rural and urban areas~RWH from building roof and open areasdi rect storage sumps~RWH structures. Watershed, catchment and basin Catchment characteristics factors affecting runof f~Runoff estimation using empirical Strange s table and SCSmethods Stage discharge relationships flow measurements~Hydrograph~Unit Hydrograph Baking, Bread, Role of ingredients in baking, quality aspects, spoilage in bread ~Preparation of cake, biscuits and cookies ~Extrusion technology, development o f Extruded products, vermicelli, macraroni, noodles and spaghetti ~Confectionary ~Role of raw ingredients ~manufacture of crystalline and non, Crystalline candi es ~Processing of fruits and vegetables, principles and methods ~Preservation by sugar, Jam, Jelly, Marmalade ~Preservation by sugar, candies and preserve. 19 Energy ~estimation of food energy, total energy needs of the body BMR ~Carbohydr ates, classification, functions, digestion Carbohydrates, absorption, Sources, r equirements ~Assessing the quality of protein AA score, BV, PER, NPRand NPU, Sup plementary value of proteins and deficiency ~Lipids, classification, function, d igestion and absorption ~Lipids, sources and requirements, saturated and Unsatur ated fatty acids, rancidity. Fat soluble vitamins, vitamin A, D, E And K, importance, sources, deficiency and RDA ~Mid semester examination ~Vitamins, folic acid, Pyridoxine, pantothenic ac id and B12, importance, sources, deficiency and RDA ~Minerals, macronutrients im portance, sources, deficiency and RDA ~Minerals, micronutrients, importance , so urces, deficiency and RDA ~Germination technology, Preparation of Weaning foods. Food, Food groups and Food science ~OBJECTIVES ~Quality attributes ~size, shape, colour consistency, viscosity, texture, taste and flavour ~Sensor evaluation of foods ~Microorganisms in food spoilage ~Food laws and standards PFA, FPO, Agmar k, BIS International standards for export ~Food adulteration, definition, common adulterants effect of food adulteration ~Methods for detection of food adultera nts ~Nutrition definition characteristics of well and poorly nourished populatio n, relation of nutrition to good health. Preservation by chemicals, squash, Ready to serve beverage ~Preservation by ferm entation, wine, vinegar ~Canning, spoilage ~Drying and dehydration ~Rules and re gulations for setting up of fruit processing industry ~Food packaging, Definitio n, functions, requirements and methods of package. Aquifers ~types of wells and sizes ~pumps ~reciprocating pumps ~centrifugal pump s ~submersible pumps ~jet pumps ~airlift pumps ~selection of pumps ~operation an d their maintenance . Causes and effects of soil erosion ~water erosion ~causes ~erosivity and erodibi lity ~Universal Soil Loss Equation ~mechanics of water erosion ~splash, sheet, r ill and gully erosion ~Erosion control measures for Agricultural lands ~biologic al measures ~contour cultivation ~strip cropping ~cropping systems ~vegetative m easures ~mechanical measures ~contour bund ~graded bund ~mechanical measures for hill slopes ~bench terrace ~contour stone wall ~drainage structures ~surface an d sub surface drainage structures. Engineering properties of soils ~fundamental definitions and relationships ~inde x properties of soils ~classification ~permeability and seepage analysis ~shear strength ~Mohr's circle of stresses ~active and passive earth pressures ~stabili ty of slopes. Hydrological cycle ~measurement and analysis of precipitation data ~abstraction ~runoff ~hydrograph analysis ~stream flow measurement. Factors influencing wind erosion ~mechanics of wind erosion ~suspension, saltati on, surface creep control measures ~windbreaks and shelterbelts ~sand dunes and their stabilization. In situ soil moisture conservation ~micro catchments ~catchment yield ~rainwater harvesting ~methods ~storage and its use for domestic and groundwater recharge ~Farm ponds and percolation ponds. Bearing capacity of soils Shallow foundation Terzaghi s formula~BIS standards~Fact ors affecting Bearing Capacity~Slope stability Analysis of infinite and finite s lopes Simple method. Shear strength Mohr Coloumb strength theory Basic tests Compressibility~Assessme nt of seepage through flow net construction Permeability Darcy s law measurements~ Consolidation Coefficient of Compressibility Earth pressure theory Active and pa ssive conditions Soil ~definition ~major components ~soil forming processes~soil profile Physica l properties ~texture ~structure absolute specific gravity ~capillary and non ca pillary porosity ~soil colour ~soil consistency ~plasticity. Soil air ~soil temp erature ~soil water ~soil moisture constants ~classification of soil water. Soil water movement. Soil colloids ~organic ~inorganic. Ion exchange~soil organic ma tter ~pH ~nutrient availability. Soil classification soil taxonomy ~soils of Tamil Nadu and India. Soil survey ~ types and methods of soil survey ~soil mapping units ~base maps preparation of survey reports. Soil survey interpretation ~concepts and uses ~interpretative gr oupin Weight and Volume relationships~Gradation analysis~Atterberg Limits Classificati on of soil based on the above~Compaction theory~Lab and field compaction study. Classification of tractors ~transmission ~clutch ~mechanical and hydraulic ~gear box ~sliding mesh ~constant mesh. Differential, final drive and wheels. Steerin g geometry ~steering systems ~front axle and wheel alignment. Brake ~types ~syst em ~effort. Hydraulic system ~working principles, three point linkage ~draft con trol ~weight transfer, theory of traction. Mechanics ~stability ~longitudinal an d lateral. Controls ~visibility ~operators seat. Garage tools. Tractor fault dia gnosis and disassembly. Disassembly of tractor engine and study of engine subsys tems~their inspection ~repair ~assembly and adjustment. Tractor transmission ~di sassembly ~assembly and adjustment. Maintenance and adjustment of steering, brak es, tyres, and hitch and hydraulics. Farm power sources ~IC engines ~non conventional energy sources ~solar, wind, bi ogas and biomass ~merits and demerits. Farm mechanization benefits and constrain ts ~cost of operation of farm machinery and implements. Identification of compon ents of primary and secondary tillage implements. Identification of components o f seed drill ~34 calibration. Identification of components of intercultural impl ements. Identification of components of plant protection equipment. Identificati on of components of paddy. Power tiller ~special features ~clutch ~gear box ~steering and brake, Makes of t ractors and power tillers. Bulldozer ~special features of engine ~Tracks and sus pension ~steering ~operations using bulldozer ~shovel and its actuation. Bulldoz er track and blade adjustments. Tillage ~OBJECTIVES ~furrows terminology ~methods of ploughing ~field capacity ~ problems. Primary tillage implements ~components and functions ~indigenous ploug hs ~mould board, disc, rotary and chisel ploughs. Secondary tillage implements ~ components and functions of tillers, harrows, ridger, bund former, puddler, leve ller and green manure trampler. Sowing methods ~equipment used ~seed cum fertili zer drills and planters ~components ~functions. Plant protection equipment ~spra yers ~classification and uses. Dusters ~types and uses. Intercultural implements ~sweep ~junior hoe ~weeders ~types and uses. Harvesting equipment ~principles ~ components ~function. Threshers ~types ~principle of operation, combine ~functio ns ~advantages. Tractor engines ~constructional features and operation ~valve actuation system inlet and outlet valves ~air cleaner ~exhaust ~silencer ~cooling systems ~lubric ating systems ~fuel system ~governing and electrical system. Fuels ~combustion ~ chemical reaction ~air fuel ratio ~knocking. Agriculture census ~Agro economics ~Integration of GPS for Precision Farming ~Di sease Tracking and control ~Command area monitoring and management ~Subsidy Admi nistration ~Case studies. Data ~Spatial, Non Spatial ~Database models ~Hierarchical network, Relational an d Object Oriented Data Models ~Raster and Vector ~Methods of Data input ~Data Ed iting ~Files and formats ~Data structure ~Data compression Definition ~Map and their influences ~Characteristics of Maps ~Elements ~Map sca le, Projection, Coordinate systems ~Sources of spatial data ~History and develop ment of GIS ~Definition ~Components ~Hardware and Software. Introduction ~Measurements ~Queries ~Reclassification ~Simple spatial analysis ~ Buffering ~Neighboring functions ~Map overlay ~Vector and raster ~Spatial interp olation ~Modelling in GIS ~Digital Elevation Modelling ~Expert systems. 35 Types of output data ~Spatial and Non spatial ~Devices for output ~Multimedia ~D ata quality ~Source of errors ~Types of errors ~Modelling Errors ~Managing Error s. Basic concepts of ground water flow ~Subsurface flow into drains ~Static conditi on~Steady and unsteady state equations ~Seepage from river into aquifers ~Seepag e from open channels. Drainage materials ~Surface drainage systems, their components and applications in sloping areas ~Subsurface drainage systems ~Design of pipe drainage systems ~ Operation and maintenance of drainage systems ~Drain line performance ~Mole drai nage ~Tube well irrigation ~Design procedure. 36 Need for land drainage ~Progression of drainage from being an art to engineering science ~Factors to be considered for land drainage. Salinity in relation to irrigation and drainage ~Salt balance of the root zone ~ Leaching process ~Bio drainage ~Environmental aspects of drainage. Water balance ~Equations for water balance ~Drainage surveys ~Agricultural drain age criteria ~Effect of field drainage systems on agriculture ~Some examples of agricultural drainage criteria. Integer and parametric linear programming ~Applications to Irrigation water man agement Goal programming models with applications. Basic principles and concepts ~Random variate and random process ~Monte Carlo te chniques ~Model development ~Inputs and outputs ~Single and multipurpose reservo ir simulation models ~Deterministic and stochastic simulation ~Irrigation Schedu ling. 37 Bellman s optimality criteria, problem formulation and solutions ~Application to d esign and operation of reservoirs, Single and multipurpose reservoir development plans ~Applications in Irrigation management. Definition, classification, and characteristics of systems ~Scope and steps in s ystems engineering ~Need for systems approach to water resources and irrigation. Introduction to operations research ~Linear programming, problem formulation, gr aphical solution, solution by simplex method ~Sensitivity analysis, application to design and operation of reservoir, single and multipurpose development plans ~Irrigation water allocation~Cropping pattern optimization. Farm Financial Analysis. Balance sheet ~Income statement ~Cash flow analysis ~Ra tio analysis. Farm Investment Analysis ~Time comparison principles ~Discounted a nd undiscounted measures. Farm planning and control ~Elements of planning ~Farm level management information systems~Farm Budgeting partial, enterprise and comp lete budgeting. Preparation of Balance sheet and income statement ~Preparation o f cash flow statement and ratio analysis ~Estimation of 3Rs of credit ~Preparati on of Farm plan Enterprise budgeting ~Partial budgeting and complete budgeting. Farm Management ~definition and scope ~relationship between farm management and other sciences ~Characteristics and significance. Farm management decision makin g process. Basic concepts in farm management. Factor and Farm layout ~Farm recor ds and Accounts ~Farm Appraisal Techniques. Valuation and Depreciation ~Factor Principle of substitution ~isoquant, isocline. Expansion path, ridge line and le ast cost combination of inputs. Product ~Product relationship. Types of products . Production possibility curve, iso revenue line and optimum combination of outp uts ~Concepts of 39 Risk and uncertainty ~Product relationship ~Cost curves, opt imum input and output levels ~Factor ~Factor relationship least cost combination of inputs ~Product ~Product relationship ~Preparation of Interview schedule and visit to a farm for data collection ~Estimation of cost of cultivation and cost of production of annual and perennial crops. Product relationship ~Production function ~definition And types ~Impact of techn ology. Law of diminishing returns. Equi marginal returns and Opportunity cost co mparative advantage. Cost concepts And interrelations. Optimum level of input us e and optimum production. ~Economies of scale external and internal economies an d diseconomies. Returns to scale ~Economies of size. Factor ~Factor relationship . Types of uncertainty in agriculture ~Managerial decisions to reduce risks in pro duction process. Management of resources ~Types of resources ~land, labour, capi tal, and measurement of their efficiencies ~mobilization of farm resources. Cost of maintenance of machinery and break even analysis ~Estimation of cost of prod uction. Dairy and poultry products ~Investment analysis. Undiscounted and Discou nted methods. Assessment of light and wash fastness; methods to improve light and wash fastnes s Different methods of washing; application of friction by hand rubbing and scrubb ing; tumble wash; study of different types of house hold / industrial washing ma chines ~rotary, swirling, pressure, tumble wash etc. Mechanism of drying and different methods of drying garments Principles of laundering; stain removal; various solvents for removing blood, te a, rust, oil / grease strain etc. Study of laundry equipment and laundry reagents ~soaps, detergents; cleaning act ion of soaps; indigenous cleaning agents ~rita nut, shikkai, green gram, bran so lution; study of modern and industrial cleaning agents Use of care labels and standards / norms for care labels; measures to preserve t extiles Fashion origin; evolution; fashion of different eras; fashion theories; traditi onal fashion adoption; reverse adoption; mass dissemination Introduction to fashion illustration Elements of fashion ~fashion, style, change, acceptance, taste, fads, classics, boutique, croquis, fashion trend, couture, designer, pret ~a ~porter, and silhou ette Fashion model drawing; basic human proportion; body figures and shape sketching postures Fashion psychology ~clothing, first impression, role of socio ~psychological asp ects of clothing Combining of motifs; placement and repeats of all over patterns; creating design and its application on garments using various techniques either by weaving, kni tting, painting and embroidery 38 Designing elements of Indian ethnic design; source for basic sketching; religion and mythology; arts and crafts; architecture; historical textiles Ethnic design for hand embroidery, hand painting, and printing computed aided et hnic design. Painting ~ancient paints and cave painting; designer tools and workspace; painti ng tools and techniques; equipment for design generation Process of design ~motif development, geometrical, simplified, materialized, sty lized; ornamental enlargement and reduction of motifs; color harmony; color sche mes and combinations Basic design development measurements / sizing chart for men, women and children ; adaptation of styles to basic blocks; pattern development for leather goods, p attern grading for leather garments; CAD application for leather goods and garme nts design and production. Classification of leather goods and garments; selection of materials, grading an d assorting of leathers for leather goods and garments; property requirements fo r leather and lining materials; accessories for Leather goods and garments Feasibility reports for leather goods and garments production; machinery require ment/plant layout, process scheduling and line balancing; quality control measur es in leather products manufacture; packaging methods and practices; costing, pr icing and marketing proceduresfor domestic, international markets. Introduction of hand cutting; preparation of knives And tools; clicking machines mechanical and pneumatic / hydraulic; pattern interlocking / nesting for materi al optimization Introduction to various sewing machines flat bed, cylinder bed And special type m / c; different feed mechanisms; basic sewing practice; various types of assemb ly techniques for leather goods and garments Introduction to garment accessories Introduction to traditional embroideries of India; basic embroidery stitches ~c hain stitch, button hole stitch, herringbone stitch, feather stitch, lazy daisy, double knot stitch, interlacing stitch, stem stitch, French knot stitch Garment value addition ~importance and types; market survey of value addition an d surface ornamentation; samples and prices and their use in boutiques Hand embroidery; different types of embroidery machines; history and origin; col ors used; motifs used; fabrics used; stitches used; limitations of hand embroide ry; kaustic embroidery; kasida, kathiwar; Sind; chickankari; zardosai; tribal em broideries Printing ~introduction; different methods ~block printing, roller, screen, disch arge, resist and pigment; styles of printing ~batik, tie and dye, patch work, ap pliqué work, bead work Definition of merchandising; functions of merchandising division; role and respo nsibilities of a merchandiser; different types of buyers; communications with th e buyers; awareness of current market trends; product development line planning ~line presentation Functional organization of an apparel firm; responsibilities of a marketing divi sion; marketing OBJECTIVES and strategies; marketing research; types of markets; Retails and wholesale strategies for merchandise distribution; retailers sourcin g flows and practices; marketing plan; labeling and licensing Introduction to apparel industry; organization of the apparel industry; types of exporters; business concepts applied to the apparel industry; international tra de Need for sourcing; sourcing materials; manufacturing resources planning; princip les of MRP; overseas sourcing; sourcing strategies; supply chain and demand chai n analysis; materials management for quick response; JIT technology Order confirmation; various types of export documents; pre shipment and post shi pment documentation; terms of sale, payment and shipment; export incentives; for eign exchange regulation acts; export management risk; export finance Chemical processing ~singeing, preparatory, dyeing and finishing for sewing thr ead; chemical processing of fancy yarns Effect of quality of sewing thread on sewing performance; testing of sewing thr eads Fancy yarns ~definition, classification; basic principles; production plying te chnique, spinning technique; design and construction of profiles ~spiral, gimp, loop, snarl, knop, cover, slub, chenille, combination of profiles. 42 Sewing thread ~characteristics required for different applications in the garme nt industry; types of sewing thread and their production method; specifying sewi ng threads Alternative dyes and chemical and their structures; identification by chromatogr aphic techniques Application areas of eco friendly dyes and chemicals Constitution of dyes and finishing agents; German legislation; list of banned dy es and chemicals Eco friendly dry cleaning agents, pigments, bleaching agents and solvents; guide lines to dyestuff manufacturers Finishes ~banned items and allowable dosages; alternatives to finishes Description of color; various color order systems; CIE system and its components ; illuminants; standard observer; chromaticity diagram Illuminant metamerism; observer metamerism; geometric metamerism; assessment of metamerism; metamerism in textiles Reflectance curves of dyed samples; application of the Kubelka Munk theory to co lor matching; techniques of computer color matching; prediction of color recipe; limitations of computer color matching The perception of color ~mechanism of color vision, color vision theories, defec ts in color vision, color vision tests; additive and subtractive color mixing; c onfusion in color perception; Beer s Law, Lambert s Law and Kubelka and Munk s simplif ied model of theory of interaction of matter and radiation Visual colour assessment; variables, standard conditions and methods of visual a ssessment; instrumental colour assessment; colour difference equations and measu rements (Lab/Luv scales); pass fail standards Exim policy of India ~introduction, customs act, other acts relating to export/ import; customs formalities; export documentation; import documentation; benefit s 100% export oriented units, export processing zones, special economic zones; export incentives, duty drawback; import licenses. Foreign exchange ~concept; Methods of International Payment Settlement ~Interna tional Commercial Terms, Letter of Credit, Demand Guarantees and Standby Letter of Credit, Exchange Control Regulations for imports and exports; Export Financin g ~Pre Shipment finance ~Post Shipment Finance; EXIM Bank of India Shipping ~general information, insurance, documentation, types of containers and ships; air transportation ~documentation; packaging ~types, cost 48 Textile policy ~ready made garments; export statistics; testing and certificatio n of goods; international care labelling code; marketing ~identifying customers, role of export promotion councils. Analysis of techniques for material utilization and cutting of raw materials for all types of sewn products; principles and methods of costing; evaluation of eq uipment for examining; spreading, cutting, marking and ticketing; solution of pr oduction problems in spreading, cutting and cost control. General approach for making a time and motion study~preliminary data for time an d motion study sheet; sewing work study; principles of work cycle timing methods , OBJECTIVES of time study, statistical approaches, statistical calculation of t ime study; operator efficiency distributions; evaluating motion study data; prin ciples for improving sewing and pressing operations. Industrial engineering concepts; development and application of standard data fo r precosting and factory scheduling; basic production systems; production contro l charts; manufacturing information system ~systems and procedures. Relationship between quality and construction of a sewn product; geometric princ iples of draping, drafting and industrial patterns; product specifications Types of production layout; criteria for evaluation of a plant layout; determini ng minimum space requirement, calculation grid, plant size location; basic produ ction line layout; Government regulations for plant layout. Client/Server architecture; technology choices; SCM, CRM ~concepts Enterprise Resource Planning ~principle, framework, application and suitability in garment industry ERPimplementation strategies ~organisational and social issues; ERPimplementatio n in a garment factory ERPprocurement issues ~market trends ~outsourcing ERP~economics ~hidden cost iss ues ~ROI. ERPsystem packages ~SAP, People soft, BAAN and Oracle ~comparison; integration o f different ERPapplications; integration of ERPand internet Import Export logistic management; export shipping, air transportation manageme nt ~documentation, insurance, packaging and others; Foreign exchange ~concept; M ethods of International Payment Settlement; International Commercial Terms; Exch ange Control Regulations for imports and exports Role of Supply Chain Management ~scope and importance, customer driver strategi es, logistics and competitive strategy Coordination and management of transportation ~inventory, order processing, purc hasing,warehousing, materials handling, packaging, customer service management; marketing and supply chain interface; finance and supply chain interface CRM ~concept, technology considerations, operational, analytical, collaborative; implementation strategy; CRM software packages Distribution network planning and warehouse location; integrated supply, product ion, distribution policies and plans 51 Database Management Systems ~introduction, components, data models; developing data base for various functions of spinning, weaving and garment industry; advan tages and disadvantages of DBMS; analysis and design of information systems. Decision making process ~information required, models for decision making; types of information ~spinning, composite textile and garment industry Information resources; data communication concepts; overview of telecommunicatio ns ~use; features of LAN, WAN, internet and modern systems Information system vs. management activities; strategy planning; information sys tems for operational control in spinning, weaving and apparel industry Introduction to garment fusing; types of fusing materials; methods and componen ts of fusing machinery; garment dyeing; printing; finishing; pressing and packin g. Labels; linings; interlinings; wading; lace braids; elastics; hook and loop fas tening; shoulder pads; zip fasteners; buttons. Introduction to Indian apparel industry; past and present trends; organizational structure and sectors of the garment industry. Pre ~production planning; types of samples and sample approval; types of pattern s; inspection of patterns; procurement of garment accessories; grading, marker p lanning, spreading and cutting. Types of apparel products; basic garment components; stitch/seam identification; stitch types and uses; seam types and uses; sewing machinery and its working ai ds. Basic operations of yarn formation; yarn numbering; description and working of d ifferent types of gins; ginning performance on yarn quality; objects of blow roo m machines, principle and description of opening, cleaning and blending machines , contamination clearers and other accessories used in blow room; chute feed, sc utcher system, settings and efficiency. Comber preparation; objects and principle of combing, sequence of combing operat ion, combing efficiency and production calculation; objects of speed frame; work ing of speed frame; bobbin builder mechanism; draft, twist and production calcul ation. Objects and principles of carding detailed study of flat card; card clothing; se ttings; drives, draft and production calculation; tasks of draw frame; drafting system used in modern draw frames; settings; draft and production calculation. Objects of ring frame; working of ring frame; cop building; design features of i mportant elements used in ring spinning; draft, twist and production calculation in ring frame; principles of condensed spinning; merits of condensed spun yarn; merits of two folding of yarns, methods followed for two folding; twist, produc tion and resultant count calculation; fancy yarn; sewing threads production. Principles of yarn production in rotor, friction and air jet spinning machines; self twist, wrap, twist less spinning system. L Defects in woven fabrics, their causes and remedies; point system of grading. Objects of warping, material flow in beam warping and creels used in warping mac hines; sectional warping machines; objects of sizing; sizing materials and recip e used for different types of fibres; overall view of size preparation equipment ; sizing machines; combined dyeing and sizing; need for drawing in operation; ma nual and automatic drawing in, leasing, knotting and pinning machines. Principle of weaving with hand and power looms; passage of material; various mot ions ~primary, secondary and auxiliary motions; plain power loom driving; timing of motions; principles of tappet, dobby and jacquard shedding mechanisms; limit ations of various shedding mechanisms; types of shed; shedding by dobby and jacq uard; principles of weft insertion by shuttle, projectile, jet and rapier; selve dges used in shuttle less looms; centre selvedge mechanisms; multi phase weaving systems; beat up mechanism, sley eccentricity. Process flow diagram for different types of fabrics; objects of winding principl es of cheese and cone winding machines; yarn clearing ~mechanical, optical and e lectronic clearers; knotters and splicers; faults in wound packages; winding sew ing threads; classification of faults. Take up and let off motions used in power looms; warp protectors; warp and weft stop motions; automation in weaving machines. Basic sewing machine ~primary and secondary parts of the sewing machine; machin e beds ~flat, raised, submerged; feed of arm; mode of operation ~handle, peddle, electric current, computerized machine, computer and electronic based machine; types of stitches ~lock and chain stitch machine; types of motor ~eddy current, clutch motor, induction motor, DC servo motor; lubrication systems ~manual, auto matic, semi automatic, centralized wick system, greasing; different types of bel ts and pulleys. Introduction to spreading machines; spreading surfaces, spreading machines ~man ual, automated; fabric control devices ~tensioning, positioning devices, width i ndicators, end treatment devices. Different types of loppers ~blind loppers, dummy loppers; shuttles ~types; shutt le direction ~clock wise and anti clock wise direction; feed mechanisms; needles ~types, pressure foot, folder, guides; analyzing and comparing the different ty pes of industrial sewing machines. Introduction to cutting; cutting equipment ~cutting table, shears and scissors; cutting machine ~portable cutting knives, vertical reciprocating straight knives , round knives, basic components of portable knives; power system; stationary cu tters ~band knives, die cutting, servo cutters; specialized cutting machines ~st rip cutters; transferring marks ~edge marks, hot notcher, internal marks; automa tic electronic controlled cutter. 17 Pressing machinery ~introduction, in process pressing, finish pressing; elements of pressing~steam, pressure; types of pressing equipment ~buck presses, iron pr essing, block or die pressing, form pressing, steamers, steam tunnels; boilers, steam tunnels, vacuum systems; advanced pressing equipments. Anthropometry measurement; size chart preparation; figure analysis; body ideals ~body proportions, height and weight distribution Commercial patterns ~definition ~merits ~demerits and study of different sizes; fabric and its relationship on pattern making Fundamentals of pattern making and terminology ~notches, grain, grain line, cons truction line, perforations, centre front line, front to back bias, true bias, b reast line, waist line, seat line, seam allowance, jog seam, dart , dart points, distinction of dart excess, dart shape at pattern edge Principles of pattern constructions ~drafting, draping and flat pattern Study of body measurement for all age groups ~infant, children, women and men Garment construction ~Introduction to inter, intra and interlacement loops; sti tches and seams ~definitions and classifications as per ISO standards, method of making the stitch classes; different types of machine beds; types of motors; ty pes of loopers; shuttles; feed mechanisms; needles and work aids; quality of sea ms and stitches. Introduction ~lay planning, marker making and methods, types of marker; spreadi ng ~types and modes, fabric design concepts, effect of fabric parameters; record keeping in cutting room; cutting equipment~cutting table, cutters, marking equi pment. Operation break down chart ~machines, man power and material flow for shirts, t rousers, jackets, blouses, skirts and T~shirts. Pressing ~need, types and means; pressing equipment; methods of pressing ~pleat ing, permanent press; types of folding ~dead man folding stand; packing ratio; p acking specifications; multi model transport. Production tools ~cost, labour, supervision, quality control, productivity and production and floor layout; manual system ~make through system, batch system, s ection and process system, progressive bundle system, straight line, zigzag syst em; mechanical system ~selective conveyor belt system, unit production system, q uick response system, just in time. Flat pattern techniques ~pivot and slash spread methods, single dart series, dou ble dart series, parallel dart, graduating dart; conversion of darts to tucks; p leats and gathers 25 Grading of pattern ~definition, principle, types and importance; grading to one size up or down; grading to four size up or down; grading of interlinings; inter facing materials ~types and properties Pattern making ~methods and preparation; basic blocks for men, women, infants an d children Pattern making for special fabrics ~inner garments and sports wear; pattern alte ration techniques for shirt, skirt, trousers ~length, width, front and back Planning, drawing and reproduction of marker; methods of marker planning; marker planning for special fabrics ~knit, check, stripe, printed, plain, velvet, lace and stretch fabrics Analysis of the components of various types of men, women and children garments Children s wear ~sizes, measurements, garments for infants, children s and teens Different measuring systems; standard measurement charts; specifications sheet; draping methods; advanced pattern making ~3D body scanner; eight head theory ~in troduction, applications Men s wear ~shirts, pants, trousers, jeans, jackets and jerkins, blazers and coats Women s wear ~ladies blouses, shirts, pants, trousers, and jeans, casual wear Bundle tickets~guidelines for bundle ticket design, functions of bundle tickets, bundle ticket control; different manufacturing systems; make through and assemb ly line manufacturing ~advantages and disadvantages; lay lot planning ~numerical exercises on lay lot planning to optimize cutting cost; bundling, ticketing and cutting room control formats. Control parameters; apparel production parameters; planning and lead time; produ ct development; steps from prototype to production model; importance of pre prod uction activities; introduction to timetable concepts; product data management; understanding and interpretation of specification sheet Operation sequence development; garment breakdown with machine and attachment de tails; development of production grid for garment construction; development of p roduction flowchart Production planning and control; capacity calculation for cutting, sewing and fi nishing; determination of machine requirements for new factory; line balancing ~ determination and allocation of manpower, machine for balanced production in exi sting plant for a given target Quality in product development; quality assurance during product development ~me thods to avoid problems during pattern making, garment construction and other ar eas; inspection procedures; work study in garment industry ~methods to control t ime and cost Double integration method ~Macaulay s method ~moment area method ~conjugate beam m ethod ~principle of superposition ~Strain Energy in axial, bending, torsion ands hear loadings. Castigliano s theorems and their applications. Shear force And bending moment diagrams ~bending stresses ~shear stress variatio n in beams of symmetric sections ~beams of uniform strength. Stresses and strains ~Hooke s law ~stress and strain diagrams ~elastic constants statically determinate and indeterminate problems in tension And compression ~th ermalstresses ~impact loading. Stresses in thin walled pressure vessels ~combined bending, torsion and axial lo adingof circular shafts ~Mohr s circle and its construction ~determination of prin cipalstresses. Torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts ~shear stress variation ~power trans mission in shafts ~open and closed coiled helical springs ~stresses in helical s prings classification of columns ~Euler buckling ~columns with different end co nditions. Introduction, principle of wind tunnel technology, limitation of simulation, st ress with scale models, full scale wind tunnels, measurement techniques, equipme nt and transducers, road testing methods, numerical methods. Cars as a bluff body, flow field around car, drag force, types of drag force, an alysis of aerodynamic drag, drag coefficient of cars, strategies for aerodynamic development, low drag profiles. Front end modification, front and rear wind shield angle, boat tailing, hatch ba ck, fast back and square back, dust flow patterns at the rear, effects of gap co nfiguration, effect of fasteners. Scope, historical developments, fundamental of fluid mechanics, flow phenomenon related to vehicles, external and Internal flow problem, resistance to vehicle m otion, performance, fuel consumption and performance potential of vehicle aerody namics, The origin of forces and moments on a vehicle, lateral stability problems, metho ds to calculate forces and moments ~vehicle dynamics under side winds, the effec ts of forces and moments, characteristics of forces and moments, dirt accumulati on on the vehicle, wind noise, drag reduction in commercial vehicles. Availability of CNG, properties, modification required to use in engines ~perfor mance and emission characteristics of CNG and LPG in SI And CI engines. Performa nce and emission for LPG ~Hydrogen ~Storage and handling, performance and safety aspects. Estimation of petroleum reserve "World Energy Scenerio, Energy Survey of India" ~Need for alternate fuel ~Availability of alternate fuels. Layout of an electric vehicle ~advantage and limitations ~Specifications ~System component, Electronic control system ~High energy and power density batteies ~H ybrid vehicle ~Solar powered vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles. Properties as engine fuels, alcohols and gasoline blends, performance in SI engi ne. Methanol and gasoline blends ~Combustion characteristics in engines ~emissio n characteristics. Various vegetable oils for engines ~Esterification ~Performance in engines ~Perf ormance and emission characteristics. Construction layout, capacity and applications of earthmovers like dumpers, fro nt end loaders, bulldozers, excavators, backhoe loaders, scrappers, motor grader s etc. criteria for selection of prime mover fro dumpers and front end loaders b ased on vehicle performance characteristics. Brake system and actuation ~OCDB and dry disc caliper brakes. Body hoist and buc ket operational hydraulics. Hydro pneumatic suspension cylinders. Power steering system. Kinematics for loader and bulldozer operational linkages. Safety featur es, safe warning system for dumper. Design aspects on dumper body, loader bucket and water tank of sprinkler. Constructional features, capacity and stability of jib cranes. Vibratory compact ors. Engine ~converter match curves. Hauling And cyclic type transmissions. Selection criteria for universal joints. Constructional details of steerable and drive ax les of dumper. Ride and stability characteristics, power take off, special implementations. Spe cial features and constructional details of tankers, gun carriers and transport vehicles. Classification of tractors ~Main components of tractor ~Safety rules. Cooling system ~Classification ~Liquid cooling system ~Components, Lubricating s ystem servicing and troubles ~Air cleaner and turbo charger ~Fuel tanks and filt ers ~Fuel pumps. Cylinder and pistons ~Connecting rods and crankshafts ~Engine balancing ~Constru ction and operation of the valve mechanism ~Valve mechanism troubles. Tractor controls and the starting of the tractor engines ~Basic notions and defi nition ~Engine cycles ~Operation of multicylinder engines ~General engine design ~Basic engine performance characteristics. Working attachment of tractors ~Farm equipment ~Classification ~Auxiliary equipm ent ~Trailers and body tipping mechanism. Basic air conditioning system ~Components ~types of Compressor, Condenser, Expa nsion devices and Evaporators. Location of air conditioning components in a car ~Schematic layout of a air conditioning system. Compressor components ~Thermosta tic expansion valve And orifice tube ~Expansion valve calibration ~Evaporator te mperature controls for TXV And CCOT systems. OBJECTIVES ~Evaporator case air flow through the Dash recirculating unit ~Autom atic temperature control ~Ducting system in Passenger car and Bus~Controlling fl ow ~Vacuum reserve ~Testing the air control and handling systems~Load calculatio ns ~Psychrometry Air conditioner maintenance and service ~Servicing heater system. Removing and r eplacing components. Trouble shooting of air conditioner ~heating system ~Compre ssor service. Manually controlled air conditioner ~Heater system ~Ford automatically controlle d air conditioner ~heater systems ~Chrysler automatically controlled air conditi oner ~Heater system, General Motors automatically controlled air conditioner ~He ater system ~Flushing And Evacuating. Requirements for refrigerants ~Classification of refrigerants~Refrigerant select ion~Storage of refrigerants ~Handling refrigerants ~Discharging, Charging And Le ak detection ~Refrigeration system diagnosis ~Diagnostic procedure ~Ambient cond itions affecting system pressures. Active safety driving safety, conditional safety, perceptibility safety, operati ng safetypassive safety exterior safety, interior safety, deformation behaviour of vehicle body, speed and acceleration characteristics of passenger compartment on impact. Collision warning system, causes of rear end collision, frontal object detection , rear vehicle object detection system, object detection system with braking sys tem interactions. Design of the body for safety, energy equation, engine location, deceleration of vehicle inside passenger compartment, deceleration on impact with stationary an d movable obstacle, concept of crumble zone, safety sandwich construction. Seat belt, regulations, automatic seat belt tightener system, collapsible steeri ng column, tiltable steering wheel, air bags, electronic system for activating a ir bags, bumper design for safety. Steering and mirror adjustment, central locking system , Garage door opening sys tem, tyre pressure control system, rain sensor system, environment information s ystem Identification of plastics / rubber components in automobiles ~function ~selecti on criteria. Principle of vibration isolation ~rubber mounts ~spring design ~comparison with metallic springs ~shape factor and its effect ~forced and free vibrations with d amping ~typical mounts, compounding and manufacture. Resilience, creep, hysteresis and damping, stability, set and stress relaxation, behaviour in dynamic applications. Seals for static and dynamic applications ~effect of heat / oil ageing ~friction al behaviour ~fundamental of sealability. Types of couplings ~specification and selection ~torque vs deflection relationsh ips ~brake fluid / hydraulic hoses, materials and manufacture. Basic principles of supervising. Organising time and people. Job instruction tra ining ~Training devices and techniques ~Drive and mechanic hiring ~Driver checkl ist ~Lists for driver and mechanic ~Trip leasing ~Vehicle operation and types of operation. Cost of inventory ~Balancing inventory cost against downtime ~Parts control ~Bin tag systems ~Time management ~Time record keeping ~Budget activity ~Capital exp enditures ~Classification of vehicle expenses ~Fleet management and data process ing ~Data processing systems ~Software. Models ~Computer controlling of fleet ac tivity ~Energy management. Route planning ~Scheduling of transport vehicles ~Preparation of timetable, Cost s, fare structure ~Methods of fare collection ~Preparation of fare table. Scheduled and unscheduled maintenance ~Planning and scope ~Evaluation of PMI pro gramme ~Work scheduling ~Overtime ~Breakdown analysis ~Control of repair backlog s ~Cost of options. Schedules and sections ~Registration of motor vehicles ~Licensing of drivers ~Co ntrol of permits ~Limits of speed ~traffic signs ~Constructional regulations ~De scription of goods carrier, delivery man, tanker, tipper, Municipal, fire fighti ng and break down service vehicle. I.S Code for Engine testing ~Instrumentation for performance testing of engine, Instrumentation for Research and development, Instrumentation for noise, vibrati on, in cylinder gas flow, flame temperature Dynamic Cylinder pressure measuremen ts Instrumentation for Measuring Weight, Force, torque, pressure power, temperature , fluid flow, vibration, rotational speed, velocity, acceleration and angular mo tion. Laboratory tests ~test tracks ~Endurance Tests ~crash tests ~wind tunnel tests ~ Brake tests. Static and Dynamic Measurement systems~Requirements and characteristics ~Analysi s of experimental detail. Transducers for Automotive Applications ~Amplifiers~filters data Acquisition~In dicators, Printers and displays Signal Analyzing. Different methods of Gear manufacture ~Gear hobbing and gear shaping machines sp ecifications ~gear generation ~different methods ~gear finishing and shaving ~Gr inding and lapping of hobs and shaping cutters ~gear honing ~gear broaching. NC, CNC And DNC ~types of CNC ~constructional features ~drives and control syste ms ~feed back devices ~manual part programming ~steps involved ~sample program i n Lathe And milling. Powder injection moulding ~Shotpeen hardening of gears ~Production of aluminium MMC liners for engine blocks ~Plasma spray coated engine blocks and valves ~Rece nt developments in auto body panel forming ~Squeeze casting of pistons ~aluminiu m composite brake rotors. Process flow chart ~Production of metal powders and their raw materials ~Manufac ture of friction lining materials for clutches and brakes ~Testing and inspectio n of PM parts. UNITII FORMING PROCESS 15 Forging ~process flow chart, forging of valves ~connecting rod, crank shaft, cam shaft, propeller shaft, transmission g ear blanks, foot brake linkage, steering knuckles. Extrusions Basic process step s, extrusion of transmission shaft, steering worm blanks, brake anchor pins, rea r axle drive shaft, axle housing spindles, piston pin and valve tappets. Hydrofo rming Process, hydroforming of manifold and comparison with conventional methods ~Hydro forming of tail lamp housing. Stretch forming ~Process, stretch forming of auto body panels ~Super plastic alloys for auto body panels. Photographic studies of combustion processes ~P~*diagrams in SI and CI engines, Assembly ~Temperature measurement in piston ~cylinder liner ~Cylinder head and engine valves. TOTAL45 PERIODS Definition for Fuel and Oxidizer ~types ~Various combustion modes~Combustion in premixed laminar and premixed turbulent combustion ~Flame Speed ~Burning Velocit y ~diffusion flames ~Combustion process in IC engines. Droplet and spray combustion theory ~delay period ~Peak pressure ~Heat release ~ Gas temperature ~Diesel knock. Basic definitions ~Convective heat transfer ~Radi ative heat transfer ~Heat transfer, temperature distribution and thermal stresse s in piston ~Cylinder liner ~Cylinder head ~fins and valves. Stages of combustion ~Flame propagation ~Flame Limits Flame Extinction Rate o f pressure rise ~Cycle to cycle variation ~Abnormal combustion ~Theories of deto nation ~Effect of engine operating variables on combustion Example problems. Thermodynamics of combustion ~Thermodynamic Properties ~Ideal gas law ~Gas mixtu re combustion ~Stoichiometric combustion ~Thermochemistry ~Hess s law~Adiabatic fl ame temperature ~Physics of combustion ~Fick s law of species diffusion ~Conservat ion equations ~Boundary layer concept Adiabatic and L.H.R. engines ~Variable compression ratio engine ~Wankel rotary c ombustion engine ~Free piston engine ~MAN combustion chamber and multi fuel engi nes ~Stratified charge and lean burn engines ~Locomotive and marine engines. Basic concepts of engine simulation, governing equations, simulation of various engine processes for SI and CI engines. Adiabatic flame temperature, Heat releas e calculations. Thermodynamic and Fluid mechanic based models. Combustion Stoichiometry of petrol, diesel, alcohol and hydrogen fuels ~Chemical energy and heating values ~Chemical equilibrium and maximum temperature ~SI eng ine combustion ~Flame velocity and area of flame front performance number ~CI e ngine combustion. Fuel spray characteristics ~droplet size, penetration and atom ization. Fuel air cycle and Actual cycle analysis, Properties of IC engine fuels, Refinin g process, chemical composition and molecular structure of fuels, octane number, cetane number. Knock rating of SI engine fuels. Photographic studies of combustion processes ~P~*diagrams in SI and CI engines, Rate of heat release ~hot wire and laser Doppler anemometry and velocimetry for flow and combustion analysis in IC engines TOTAL45 PERIODS Basics of numerical control ~Types of NC systems ~CNC and DNC machines ~Machinin g centre ~Tool magazine ~NC tape format ~Programming ~Manual part programme ~Sim ple programmes ~Computer assisted part programming ~APT language ~Simple example s Computers in manufacturing ~Automated manufacturing systems ~Work piece handling ~Types of transfer ~Continuous, Intermittent and Non synchronous walking beam ~ Computer aided process planning ~Computer aided inspection ~Computer aided quali ty control ~Basic model of CIMS ~Interfacing methods of CAD and CAM ~Computer Pr ocess Monitoring. Fundamental concepts in manufacturing and automation ~Need for automation ~Autom ation stages ~Economic analysis and production ~Fundamentals of CIMS. Elements o f CAD system ~Graphics hardware ~ALU ~CPU ~Input/Output devices ~Geometric model ing ~Automated drafting Group technology ~Part families ~Part classification and coding ~Production flow analysis ~Machine cell design ~Description of FMS ~Equipment, Tooling and fixtu re. Design for Manufacturing and Assembly ~Process Planning Techniques ~Total ap proach to product development ~Concurrent Engineering ~Rapid prototyping Introduction to production planning and control ~Shop Floor Control Systems ~Jus t in time approach ~Emerging Challenges in CAD / CAM, Product Data Management ~P roduct Modeling ~Assembly and Tolerance Modeling. Definitions of Jigs and Fixtures ~Principles of Jigs and Fixtures design ~Prelim inary analysis and planning of jigs and fixture parts and their materials ~Basic steps in the design of jigs and fixtures ~Different types of locating devices ~ different types of clamps ~Drill bushes ~types ~Elements of fixtures ~Advantages of Jigs And Fixtures. Degrees of freedom ~3 2 1 location principle ~Radial location and diamond pin lo cation ~Principle of pin location ~location from plane surfaces ~location from a profile ~location from a cylinder ~Circular location ~Jamming and remedies ~V l ocation ~Adjustable locators ~Redundant locators ~Fool proofing ~Adjustable supp orters and centralizers Strap clamp ~cam clamps ~screw clamping ~latch clamps ~w edge clamps ~pivoted clamps ~eccentric operator clamp ~power clamps ~quick actin g clamps ~equalizers. Loading ~Entering, locating and clamping, symmetric consideration. Unloading ~Bu r clearance, ejectors, receivers, chip problems, relief and projection, shields and seals. Three construction principles ~Built up type, casting and weldment. Practising t he various types of jigs ~Practising the various types of milling fixtures ~broa ching fixtures ~function of broaching fixtures ~Internal and external broaching fixtures. Various types of setting blocks ~Press fit bushes ~Renewable bushes ~Slip bushes ~Threaded bushes ~Special bushes ~Drills with attached bushing for small holes. Basic requirement of pneumatic system. Elements of pneumatics, constructional de tails of air compressors, air motors, control valves, actuators and mountings, f ilter, lubricator, regulator. General approach of system design, travel step dia gram. Types ~sequence control, cascade, step counter method. K.V.Mapping for min imization of logic equation. Simple circuits. Electro pneumatics, ladder diagram. Servo and Proportional valves ~types, operat ion, application. Hydro Mechanical servo systems. PLC construction, types, opera tion, programming. Hydraulic tipping mechanism, power steering, fort lift hydraulic gear, hydro pne umatic suspension, air brake and maintenance and trouble shooting of pneumatic c ircuits. TOTAL45 PERIODS Introduction to fluid power, properties ~hydraulic fluids, air. Selection of hyd raulic fluids, comparison between hydraulics and pneumatics. Symbols of pneumati c elements and hydraulic elements. Pumps and motors~types, characteristics. Cylinders, types, construction details. Valves for control of direction, flow and pressure, types, construction details . Power pack elements, design. Pipes~material, pipe fittings. seals and packing. Maintenance of hydraulic systems. Selection criteria for cylinders, valves, pip es. Conduction in parallel, radial and composite wall ~Basics of Convective heat tra nsfer ~Fundamentals of Radiative heat transfer ~Flow through heat exchangers. Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion and Brayton cycles. Air standard efficiency . Mean effective pressure, Reciprocating compressors. Principles of Psychrometry and refrigeration ~Vapour compression ~Vapour absorpt ion types ~Co efficient of performance, Properties of refrigerants ~Basic Princi ple and types Air conditioning. Properties of steam ~Rankine cycle ~Steam Nozzles ~Simple jet propulsion system ~Thrust rocket motor ~Specific impulse. Systems, Zeroth low, First law. Steady flow energy equation. Heat and work trans fer in flow and non flow processes. Second law, Kelvin Planck statement ~Clausiu s statement ~Concept of Entropy, Clausius inequality, Entropy change in non flow processes. Properties of gases and vapours. Conduction in parallel, radial and composite wall ~Basics of Convective heat tra nsfer ~Fundamentals of Radiative heat transfer ~Flow through heat exchangers. Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion and Brayton cycles. Air standard efficiency . Mean effective pressure, Reciprocating compressors. Principles of Psychrometry and refrigeration ~Vapour compression ~Vapour absorpt ion types ~Co efficient of performance, Properties of refrigerants ~Basic Princi ple and types Air conditioning. Properties of steam ~Rankine cycle ~Steam Nozzles ~Simple jet propulsion system ~Thrust rocket motor ~Specific impulse. Systems, Zeroth low, First law. Steady flow energy equation. Heat and work trans fer in flow and non flow processes. Second law, Kelvin Planck statement ~Clausiu s statement ~Concept of Entropy, Clausius inequality, Entropy change in non flow processes. Properties of gases and vapours. Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion and Brayton cycles. Air standard efficiency . Mea n effective pressure, Reciprocating compressors. Intercooling ~Minimum work requ irement Conduction in parallel, radial and composite wall ~Basics of Convective heat tra nsfer ~Fundamentals of Radiative heat transfer ~Flow through heat exchangers. L = 45, T = 15, Conduction in parallel, radial and composite wall ~Basics of Convective heat tra nsfer Fundamentals of Radiative heat transfer ~Flow through heat exchangers. Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion and Brayton cycles. Air standard efficiency . Mean effective pressure, Reciprocating compressors. Principles of Psychrometry and refrigeration ~Vapour compression ~Vapour absorpt ion types ~Co efficient of performance, Properties of refrigerants ~Basic Princi ple and types Air conditioning. Principles of Psychrometry and refrigeration ~Vapour compression ~Vapour absorpt iontypes ~Co efficient of performance, Properties of refrigerants ~Basic Princip le and typesAir conditioning. Properties of steam ~Rankine cycle ~Steam Nozzles ~Simple jet propulsion system ~Thrust rocket motor ~Specific impulse. Properties of steam ~Rankine cycle ~Steam Nozzles ~Simple jet propulsion system Thrust rocket motor ~Specific impulse. Systems, Zeroth low, First law. Steady flow energy equation. Heat and work trans fer in flow and non flow processes. Second law, Kelvin Planck statement ~Clausiu s statement ~Concept of Entropy, Clausius inequality, Entropy change in non flow processes. Properties of gases and vapours. Systems, Zeroth low, First law. Steady flow energy equation. Heat and work trans fer inflow and non flow processes. Second law, Kelvin Planck statement ~Clausius statement ~Concept of Entropy, Clausius inequality, Entropy change in non flowpr ocesses. Properties of gases and vapours. Stresses and strains ~Hooke s law ~stress and strain diagrams ~elastic constants ~statically determinate and indeterminate problems in tension And compression ~t hermal stresses ~impact loading. Stresses and strains ~Hooke s law ~stress and strain diagrams ~elastic constants ~statically determinate and indeterminate problems in tension And compression ~t hermal stresses ~impact loading. Stresses and strains ~Hooke s law ~stress and strain diagrams ~elastic constants ~statically determinate and indeterminate problems in tension And compression ~t hermal stresses ~impact loading. Stresses in thin walled pressure vessels ~combined bending, torsion and axial l oading of circular shafts ~Mohr s circle and its construction ~determination of pr incipal stresses. Double integration method ~Macaulay s method ~moment area method ~conjugate beam m ethod ~principle of superposition ~Strain Energy in axial, bending, torsion and shear loadings. Castigliano s theorems and their applications. Shear force And bending moment diagrams ~bending stresses ~shear stress variatio n in beams of symmetric sections ~beams of uniform strength. Shear force And bending moment diagrams ~bending stresses ~shear stress variatio n in beams of symmetric sections ~beams of uniform strength. Shear force And bending moment diagrams ~bending stresses ~shear stress variatio n in beams of symmetric sections ~beams of uniform strength. Stresses in thin walled pressure vessels ~combined bending, torsion and axial lo ading of circular shafts ~Mohr s circle and its construction ~determination of pri ncipal stresses. Stresses in thin walled pressure vessels ~combined bending, torsion and axial lo ading of circular shafts ~Mohr s circle and its construction ~determination of pri ncipal stresses. Torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts ~shear stress variation ~power trans mission in shafts ~open and closed coiled helical springs ~stresses in helical s prings ~classification of columns ~Euler buckling ~columns with different end co nditions. Torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts ~shear stress variation ~power trans mission in shafts ~open and closed coiled helical springs ~stresses in helical s prings ~classification of columns ~Euler buckling ~columns with different end co nditions. Torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts ~shear stress variation ~power trans mission in shafts ~open and closed coiled helical springs ~stresses in helical s prings ~classification of columns ~Euler buckling ~columns with different end co nditions. 4 stroke engine ~Constructional details, working principle. Otto cycle, Actual i ndicator diagram. Fuel air cycle. Cylinder layout and configurations. Firing ord er and its significance. Engine balancing. Materials of engine components. Carburettor working principle. Requirements of an automotive carburetor ~startin g, idling, acceleration and normal circuits of a carburetor ~Compensation ~Maxim um power devices ~Constant choke and constant vacuum carburetor, multi barrel an d multiple venturi systems ~Fuel feed system ~Mechanical and electrical pumps ~P etrol injection. Combustion in SI engine ~Stages of combustion ~Flame propagation ~Rate of pressu re rise ~Abnormal combustion ~pre ignition and knock ~effect of engine variables on knock ~Combustion chambers ~Different types ~Factors controlling combustion chamber design. Need for cooling. Types of cooling system ~air cooling and Liquid cooled systems . Forced circulation system, pressure cooling system ~Need for Lubrication syste m. Mist lubrication system, wet sump lubrication ~Properties of lubricants, prop erties of coolant. Two stroke engine ~types, terminologies, definitions, construction and operation . Comparison of four stroke and two stroke engine operation. Theoretical scaveng ing methods. Scavenging pumps ~Types of scavenging. Automotive and stationary diesel engine testing and related standards ~Engine po wer and efficiencies ~performance characteristics. Variables affecting engine pe rformance ~Methods to improve engine performance ~Heat balance ~Performance maps . Diesel engine construction and operation. Two stroke and four stroke diesel engi nes. Diesel cycle ~Fuel air and actual cycle analysis. Diesel fuel. Ignition qua lity. Cetane number. Laboratory tests for diesel fuel. Standards and specificati ons. Importance of air motion ~Swirl, squish and turbulence, Swirl ratio. Fuel air mi xing. Stages of combustion. Delay period ~factors affecting delay period. Knock in CI engines. Comparison of knock in CI And SI engines. Direct and indirect inj ection combustion chambers. Air cell chamber. Combustion chamber design ~OBJECTI VES ~Different types of combustion chamber. M.Combustion chamber. Combustion cha mbers for Homogeneous charge compression ignition systems ~Dual and alternate fu eled engine systems. Necessity and limitation ~Charge cooling. Types of supercharging and turbochargi ng ~Relative merits. Matching of turbocharger. Requirements ~solid injection. Function of components common rail direct inject ion ~Jerk and distributor type pumps. Pressure waves, Injection lag. Unit inject or. Mechanical and pneumatic governors. Fuel injector, Types of injection nozzle , Nozzle tests. Spray characteristics. Injection timing. Pump calibration. Pilot injection. Need for Suspension System, Types of Suspension Springs, Constructional details and characteristics of Single Leaf, Multi Leaf, Coil, Torsion bar, Rubber, Pneu matic and Hydro ~elastic Suspension Spring Systems, Independent Suspension Syste m, Shock Absorbers, Types and Constructional details, Design of Leaf and Coil Sp rings. Construction and Design of Drive Axles, Types of Loads acting on drive axles, Fu ll ~Floating, Three Quarter Floating and Semi Floating Axles, Axle Housings and Types, Types and Constructional Details of Different Types of Wheels and Rims, D ifferent Types of Tyres and their constructional details. Effect of Driving Thrust, torque reactions and side thrust, Hotchkiss drive, tor que tube drive, radius rods and stabilizers, Propeller Shaft, Universal Joints, Constant Velocity Universal Joints, Front Wheel drive, Final drive, different ty pes, Double reduction and twin speed final drives, Multi axled vehicles, Differe ntial principle and types, Differential housings, Non Slip differential, Differe ntial locks, Final drive of Crawler Tractors. Theory of Automobile Braking, Stopping Distance Time and Braking Efficiency, Eff ect of Weight Transfer during Braking, Theory of Drum Brakes, Loading and Traili ng Shoes, Braking Torque, Constructional Details of Drum Brake and its Activator s, Disc Brake Theory, Types and Construction, Hydraulic Braking System, Mechanic al Braking System, Pneumatic Braking System, Power Assisted Braking System, Serv o Brakes, Retarders, Types and Construction, Anti Lock Braking System, Construct ional Details. TOTAL Types of Chassis layout, with reference to Power Plant location and drive, vario us types of frames, Loads acting on vehicle frame, Constructional details and ma terials for frames, Testing of frames, Types of Front Axles and Stub Axles, Fron t Wheel Geometry, namely, Castor, Camber, King Pin Inclination and Toe in, Condi tion for True Rolling Motion of Wheels during Steering, Ackerman s and Davis Steer ing Mechanisms, Steering Error Curve, Steering Linkages, Different Types of Stee ring Gears, Slip Angle, Over Steer and Under Steer, Reversible and Irreversible Steering, Power Assisted Steering. Insulated And earth return systems. Positive And negative earth systems. Detail s of head light And side light. Head light dazzling And preventive methods. Elec trical fuel pump, Speedometer, Fuel, oil And temperature gauges, Horn, Wiper sys tem, Trafficator, wiring system. TOTAL Condition of starting Behavior of starter during starting. Series motor and its characteristics. Principle And construction of starter motor. Working of differe nt starter drive units. Care And maintenance of starter motor, Starter switches. Function, Components of DC and AC Charging System for Automobile, construction, operating principle, characteristics, charging circuit controls ~cut out, relays , voltage and current regulators, troubleshooting Principle and construction of lead acid battery. Characteristics of battery, rat ing, capacity and efficiency of batteries. Various tests on battery condition, c harging methods. Details of modern storage batteries. Types, construction And working of battery coil and magneto ignition systems. Re lative merits, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms. Types and construction of spark plugs, Electronic Ignition system. Digital ignition system. Bourden tube, diaphragm, bellows and pressure capsules Transducers used in press ure measurement~potentiometer, strain gauges, LVDT, capacitive and variable relu ctance type transducers. Dynamic pressure measurement piezo electric and piezo r esistive transducers. Farnboro engine indicator. Low pressure measurement Mc leo d gauge, Pirani gauge,, thermal conductivity type pressure measurement. Force measuring devices~Balances, platform scales, weigh bridges, load cells, pr oving ring. Torque measurement ~prony brake, rope brake and fan type brakes. Dyn amometers ~hydraulic, electric cardle and eddy current dynamometers. Transmissio n dynamometers. Chassis dynamometers. Obstruction type flow meter~orifice plate, venturimeter, flow nozzles, pitot tub e, rotometer. Positive displacement flow meters ~turbine flow meter, flouted tub e flowmeter, anemometer, ultrasonic flow meter, magnetic flow meters. Alcock vis cous air flow meter. Temperature scales ~mechanical temperature sensors, liquid in glass, vapour pres sure, bimetal temperature gauges. Resistance type temperature sensors. Thermisto rs, thermocouples, Laws of thermocouple, types of thermocouples. Construction an d circuits for thermocouples. High temperature measurement pyrometers. Units and standards, terminology and measurement errors. Linear measuring instru ments, dial gauges, comparators and linear measuring machines. Angular measuring instruments~measurement of straightness flatness and surface finish. Profilogra phs.. Classification of design ~Engineering materials and their physical properties as applied to design ~Selection of materials ~Factors of safety in design ~Enduran ce limit of materials ~Determination of endurance limit for ductile materials ~N otch sensitivity Principle of design optimization ~Future trends ~CAD Euler's fo rmula ~~Rankine's formula ~Tetmajer's formula ~Johnson formula ~Design of push r ods and eccentricity loaded columns ~Reduction of stress concentration. Design considerations ~strength of gear teeth ~Lewis equation ~Terminology of ge arsDynamic tooth load ~Design of spur gears ~helical gears ~herringbone gears ~b evel gears and worm gears. . Design of journal bearings ~Ball and Roller bearings ~Types of Roller bearings ~ Bearing life ~Static load capacity ~Dynamic load capacity ~Bearing material ~Bou ndary lubrication ~Oil flow and temperature rise. Determination of the mass of a flywheel for a given co efficient of speed fluctu ation. Engine flywheels stresses of rim of flywheels. Design of hubs and arms of flywheel ~Turning moment diagram. Introduction ~Material and design stresses ~Design of axles ~Design of shafts on the basis of strength ~Design of shaft on the basis of rigidity ~Design of holl ow shafts ~Design of close coiled helical spring subjected to axial loading ~Tor sion of helical springs. Need for automatic transmission, Principle of operation. Hydraulic control syst em for automatic transmission. Chevrolet "Turboglide" Transmission, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) ~Types ~Operations. Construction and operation of Ford ~T model gearbox, Wilson Gear box and Cotal e lectromagnetic transmission. Fluid coupling ~Principle of operation, Constructional details, Torque capacity, Performance characteristics and Reduction of drag torque. Hydrodynamic Torque c onverter ~Principle of operation, Constructional details and Performance charact eristics. Multistage torque converters. Polyphase torque converters. Converter c oupling Hydrostatic drive ~Various types of hydrostatic systems, Principles of Hydrostat ic drive system. Advantages and limitations. Comparison of hydrostatic drive wit h hydrodynamic drive, Construction and Working of typical Janny hydrostatic driv e. Electric drive ~Principle of operation of Early and Modified Ward Leonard Con trol system, Advantages And limitations. TOTAL60 PERIODS Problems on performance of automobile ~such as resistance to motion, tractive ef fort, engine speed, engine power and acceleration. Requirement of transmission s ystem. Different types of clutches, principle, Construction and torque capacity. Determination of gear ratios for vehicles. Different types of gearboxes such as Sliding mesh gearbox, Constant mesh gearbox and Synchromesh gearbox. Case study of Auto rickshaws, Pick up van, Delivery van and Trailer. Servicing a nd maintenance. Case study of motor cycles, scooters and mopeds. Servicing and maintenance. Drum brakes, Disc brakes, Front and rear brake links lay outs. Spoked wheel, cas t wheel. Disc wheel. Disc types. Tyres and tubes. Main frame, its types. Chassis and shaft drive. Single, multiple plates and cent rifugal clutches. Gear box and gear controls. Front and rear suspension systems. Shock absorbers. Panel meters and controls on handle bar. Two stroke and four stroke SI engine, merits and demerits, Symmetrical and unsym metrical port timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes, merits and demerit s, scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps. Rotary valve engine. Fuel system. Lu brication system. Magneto coil and battery coil spark ignition system. Electroni c ignition System. Starting system. Kick starter system. Criteria of selecting materials for automotive components viz cylinder block, Cy linder head, piston, piston ring, Gudgeon pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, cran k case, cam, cam shaft, engine valve, gear wheel, clutch plate, axle, bearings, chassis, spring, body panel ~radiator, brake lining etc. Application of non meta llic materials such as composite, ceramic and polymers in automobile. Elasticity forms ~Stress and strain relationship in engineering materials ~Defor mation mechanism Strengthening material ~Strain hardening, alloying, polyphase mixture, martensitic precipitation, dispersion, fibre and texture strengthening ~iron carbon diagram. Heat treatment of steel ~Annealing ~Types, normalising, Types, hardening and tem pering with specific relevance to automotive components, surface hardening techn iques, Induction, flame and chemical hardening, coating of wear and corrosion re sistance, Electroplating. Phosphating, Anodizing, hot dipping, thermal spraying, hard facing and thin film coatings. Machining of connecting rods ~crank shafts ~cam shafts ~pistons ~piston pins ~pi ston rings~valves ~front and rear axle housings ~fly wheel ~Honing of cylinder b ores ~Copy turning and profile grinding machines ~Materials and properties. Sand casting of cylinder block and liners ~Centrifugal casting of flywheel, pist on rings, bearing bushes, and liners, permanent mould casting of piston, pressur e die casting of carburetor and other small auto parts. Design of engine, optimum selection of operating variables for control of emissi ons, EGR, Air injector PCV system, Thermal reactors, secondary air injection, ca talytic converters, catalysts, fuel modifications, fuel cells, Two stroke engine pollution control. NDIR, FID, Chemiluminescent analyzers, Gas Chromatograph, smoke meters, emission standards, driving cycles ~USA, Japan, Euro and India. Test procedures ECE, FT P Tests. SHED Test ~chassis dynamometers, dilution tunnels. Pollutant formation in CI engines, smoke and particulate emissions in CI engines , effects of design and operating variables on CI engine emissions. Nox formatio n and control. Color and Aldehyde emissions Noise pollution from automobiles, me asurement and standards. Pollutant formation in SI Engines, mechanism of HC and CO formation in four stro ke and two stroke SI engines, NOx formation in SI engines, effects of design and operating variables on emission formation, control of evaporative emission. Two stroke engine pollution. Vehicle population assessment in metropolitan cities and contribution to polluti on, effects on human health and environment, global warming, types of emission, transient operational effects on pollution. Instruction format ~addressing modes ~instruction set ~Construct of the languag e programming ~Assembly directive ~programs like addition, subtraction, multipli cation, division, code conversion, lookup tables etc. 8085 architecture ~Functional block diagram ~pin function ~Registers, ALU, Bussy stems ~Timing and control signals, stack. Data acquisitions ~temperature control ~stepper motor control ~engine control ~C asestudies Need ~Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converter ~selection criteria for ADC/DAC Interfacing ADC0801~DAC0800. Simple I/O ports ~Programmable peripheral interface (8255) ~Interfacing of switc h, LED's, ROM and RAM, keyboard ~display. Interrupt feature ~Need for interrupts ~Characteristics and Types of interrupts ~Interrupt structure ~Methods of servi cing interrupts ~Development of interrupt service subroutines ~DMA. Calculation and plotting the curves of Air and Rolling resistances. Driving for ce. Horse poweer, Rear axle ratio. Engine speed. Torque and mechanical efficienc y for different vehicle speeds. Pressure volume diagram. Frictional mean effecti ve pressure. Engine capacity. Bore and stroke length. Connecting rod length to c rank radius ratio. Piston velocity and acceleration against crank angle. Gas for ce, inertia force and resultant force against crank angle. Turning moment, side thrust against crank angle on cylinder wall. Determination of gear ratios. Accel eration and gradability. Typical problems on vehicle performance. Resistance. Power and torque curves. Driving force against vehicle speed. Accel eration and gradability in different gears for a typical car or truck plotted fr om specifications available in Automobile Journals. Getting into Auto CAD. Drawing Editor, Menus, Co ordinator systems, Creating a d rawing. Line input methods, Angle measures, Circle~methods, Unity commands. Orga nising a Drawing Area Limits, Zoom all, Drawing Aids, Grid, Shape, Ortho, Functi on keys, Entity creation, Arc, Point, Polygon, Donut, Trace, Ellipse. Editing Co mmands Erase, Object selection methods, U, Oops, Redo, Move, Copy, Mirror, Rotat e, Scale, Array. Two Dimensional geometrical construction curves ~Projection of points ~Projection of solids ~Three dimensional views of simple solids. Introduction of Modelling Software, Formatting of 2D and 3D objects. 3D Part Mod eling ~Protrusion, cut, sweep, draft, loft, blend, rib, round, chamfer Editing~M ove, Pattern, Mirror Assembly~Creating assembly from parts assembly constrains C onversions of 3D solid model to 2D drawing ~different views, sections, isometric view and dimensioning Introduction to Surface Modeling Introduction to File imp ort, Export ~DXF, IGES, STL, STEP 3D Modeling of machine elements like Flanged c oupling, screw, jack etc., NOTE: Any one of the 3D MODELING softwares like Pro/E , IDEAS, CATIA UNIGRAPHICS, AutoCAD to be used Analysis of loads ~moments and stresses at different sections of front axle. Det ermination of bearing loads at Kingpin bearings. Wheel spindle bearings. Choice of bearings. Determination of optimum dimensions and proportions for steering li nkages ensuring minimum error in steering. Design of Front Axle Beam. Design of propeller shaft and types of propeller shaft. Design details of final drive gearing. Design details of full floating. Semi floating and three quarter floating rear shafts and rear axle housings. Design aspects of final drive. Gear train calculations, layout of gear box constant mesh and synchrono mesh gea r box. Design of three speeds and four speed gear boxes. Study of loads ~moments and stresses on frame members. Design of frame for passe nger and commercial vehicle ~design of leaf springs ~Coil springs and torsion ba r springs. Torque capacity of single plate, multi plate and cone clutch. Design of clutch c omponents, Design details of roller and sprag type of clutches .. Cold start and warm up phases, idle speed control, acceleration and full load en richment, deceleration fuel cutoff. Fuel control maps, open loop control of fuel injection and closed loop lambda control ~Integrated engine control system, Exh aust emission control engineering, Electromagnetic compatibility ~EMI Suppressio n techniques ~Electronic dash board instruments ~Onboard diagnosis system. Components for electronic engine management system, open and closed loop control strategies, PID control, Look up tables, introduction to modern control strateg ies like Fuzzy logic and adaptive control. Parameters to be controlled in SI and CI engines. Fuel injection system parameters affecting combustion, noise and emissions in CI engines. Pilot, main, advanced post injection and retarded post injection. Elec tronically controlled Unit Injection system. Layout of the common rail fuel inje ction system. Working of components like fuel injector, fuel pump, rail pressure limiter, flow limiter, EGR valve. Inductive, Hall Effect, hot wire, thermistor, piezo electric, piezoresistive, ba sed sensors. Throttle position, mass air flow, crank shaft position, cam positio n, engine and wheel speed, steering position, tire pressure, brake pressure, ste ering torque, fuel level, crash, exhaust oxygen level (two step and linear lambd a), knock, engine temperature, manifold temperature and pressure sensors. Three way catalytic converter, conversion efficiency versus lambda. Layout and w orking of SI engine management systems like Bosch Monojetronic, L Jetronic and L H Jetronic. Group and sequential injection techniques. Working of the fuel syste m components. Advantages of electronic ignition systems. Types of solid state ig nition systems and their principle of operation, Contactless electronic ignition system, Electronic spark timing control. OBJECTIVES. Vehicle drag and types; various types of forces and moments, effects of forces and moments, side wind effects on forces and moments, Various body op timization techniques for minimum drag, wind tunnel testing flow visualization t echniques, scale model testing, component balance to measure forces and moments. Steel sheet, timber, plastic, GRP, properties of materials; Corrosion, anticorro sion methods. Selection of paint and painting process. Body trim items. Body mec hanisms. Types mini bus, single decker, double decker, two level and articulated bus. Bus body layout; floor height, engine location, entrance and exit location, seating dimensions. Constructional details frame construction, double skin construction , types of metal sections used, Regulations, Conventional and integral type cons truction. Types of body; flat platform, drop side, fixed side, tipper body, tanker body, L ight commercial vehicle body types. Dimensions of driver s seat relation to contro ls. Drivers cab design. Types saloon, convertibles, limousine, estate car, racing and sports car. Visibi lity regulations, driver s visibility, tests for visibility, methods of improving visibility and space in cars. Safety safety design, safety equipments for cars. Car body construction; design criteria, prototype making, initial tests, crash t ests on full scale model, Dummies and Instrumentation Active suspension systems, requirement and characteristics, different types, Veh icle Handling and Ride characteristics of road vehicle, pitch, yaw, bounce contr ol, power windows, thermal management system, adaptive noise control. Airbags, seat belt tightening system, collision warning systems, child Lock, ant i lock braking systems, Vision enhancement, road recognition system, Anti theft technologies, smart card system, number plate coding. Components of chassis management system ~role of various sensors and actuators p ertain to chassis system ~construction ~working principle. Speed control ~cylinder cut~off technology, Gear shifting control ~Traction / br aking control, brake by wire ~Adaptive cruise control, throttle by wire. Steerin g ~power steering, collapsible and tiltable steering column ~steer by wire. Traffic routing system ~Automated highway systems ~Lane warning system ~Driver I nformation System, driver assistance systems ~Data communication within the car, Driver conditioning warning ~Route Guidance and Navigation Systems ~In Vehicle Computing ~Vehicle Diagnostics system ~Hybrid / Electric and Future Cars ~Case s tudies. Approximate methods for determining fundamental frequency, Dunkerleys lower boun d, Rayleighs upper bound, Holzer method for closed coupled system and branched s ystems. Closed and far coupled system, eigen value problems, orthogonality of mode shape s, modal analysis, forced vibration by matrix inversion. Fundamentals of vibration, single degree of freedom, two degree of freedom, mult idegree freedom, free, forced and damped vibrations, modeling and simulation stu dies, model of an automobile, magnification factor, transmissibility, vibration absorber. Load distribution, calculation of acceleration, tractive effort and reactions fo r different drives, stability of a vehicle on a curved track, slope and a banked road. Oversteer, under steer, steady state cornering, effect of braking, drivin g torques on steering, effect of camber, transient effects in cornering. Requirements, sprung mass frequency, wheel hop, wheel wobble, wheel shimmy, choi ce of damper characteristics and suspension spring rate, calculation of effectiv e spring rate, vehicle suspension in fore and aft direction, roll axis and vehic le under the action of side forces. Tyre ~Requirements, types, testing, dynamics , ride characteristics, power consumed by a tyre. Dismantling of engine components and cleaning, cleaning methods, visual and dime nsional inspections, minor and major reconditioning of various components, recon ditioning methods, engine assembly, special tools used for maintenance overhauli ng, engine tune up. Importance of maintenance, preventive (scheduled) and breakdown (unscheduled) ma intenance, requirements of maintenance, preparation of check lists. Inspection s chedule, maintenance of records, log sheets and other forms, safety precautions in maintenance. Mechanical and automobile clutch and gear box, servicing and maintenance, mainte nance servicing of propeller shaft and differential system. Maintenance servicin g of suspension systems. Brake systems, types and servicing techniques. Steering systems, overhauling and maintenance. Wheel alignment, computerized alignment a nd wheel balancing. Servicing and maintenance of fuel system of different types of vehicles, calibra tion and tuning of engine for optimum fuel supply. Cooling systems, water pump, radiator, thermostat, anticorrosion and antifreeze additives. Lubrication mainte nance, lubricating oil changing, greasing of parts. Vehicle body maintenance, mi nor and major repairs. Door locks and window glass actuating system maintenance. Testing methods for checking electrical components, checking battery, starter mo tor, charging systems, DC generator and alternator, ignitions system, lighting s ystems. Fault diagnosis and maintenance of modern electronic controls, checking and servicing of dash board instruments. Deviation between actual and ideal cycle ~Problems, SI engine simulation with ad iabatic combustion, temperature drop due to fuel vaporization, full throttle ope ration ~efficiency calculation, part throttle operation, super charged operation . Intake, Exhaust, Charging and Combustion Simulation Introduction ~Heat of reaction ~Measurement of URP~Measurement of HRP~Adiabatic flame temperature Complete combustion in C/H/O/N Systems, Constant volume adiaba tic combustion, constant pressure adiabatic combustion. Calculation of adiabatic flame temperature ~Isentropic changes of state. SI Engines simulation with progressive combustion with gas exchange process, Hea t transfer process, friction calculation, compression of simulated values, valid ation of the computer code, engine performance simulation, pressure crank angle diagram and other engine performance. Zero, one and multi zone model for combustion, different heat release and heat t ransfer models, equilibrium calculations, simulation of engine performance. Basic of feedback system (block diagram approach) ~Types of feedback amplifier ~ Basic principles of oscillator. Audio oscillators ~RC phase shift and wein bridg e oscillator. RF oscillators ~Heartly and Collpit oscillator ~Crystal oscillator Definition ~Types of power amplifiers ~Class A (series fed ~transformer coupled )~Class B amplifier ~Class B push pull amplifier ~Complimentary symmetry type ~C lass C amplifier ~Heat sinking . Rectifiers ~HWR, FWR, Bridge rectifier with and without capacitor and pie filter . Clipper~clampers ~voltage multiplier circuits ~Operating point of the bi polar junction transistor ~Fixed bias circuit ~Transistor on saturation ~Emitter stab ilized Bias Circuit ~Voltage divider bias ~Transistors switching network ~Troubl e shooting the Transistor (In circuit testing)~practical applications. Biasing t he FET transistors ~CMOS devices ~MOSFET handling. Shunt voltage regulator ~Series voltage regulation ~current limiting ~foldback t echnique ~SMPS (Block diagram approach) ~DC to DC converter ~Three terminal IC r egulators (78XX and 79XX) Two port network, h parameter model ~small signal analysis of BJT (CE and CC con figurations only) ~high frequency model of BJT ~(CE configuration only) ~small signal analysis of JFET (CSconfiguration only) ~Frequency response of BJT and FE T. Mechanical properties of cartilage, diffusion properties of Articular cartilage , mechanical properties of bone, kinetics and kinematics of joints, lubrication of joints. Cardiovascular system. Mechanical properties of blood vessels arteries, arteriol es, capillaries and veins. Blood flow Laminar and Turbulent, Physics of cardiova scular diseases, Prosthetic heart valves and replacements. RESPIRATORY MECHANICS Alveoli mechanics, Interaction of Blood and Lung P V curve of Lung, Breathing m echanism, Airway resistance, Physics of Lung diseases. 38 Newton s laws, Stress, Strain, Elasticity, Hooks law, viscosity, Newtonian fluid, Non~Newtonian fluid, Viscoelastic fluids, vascular tree, Relationship between di ameter, velocity and pressure of blood flow, Resistance against flow. BIOVISCOEL ASTIC FLUID Viscoelasticity ~Viscoelastic models, Maxwell, Voigt and Kelvin Mode ls, Response to Harmonic variation, Use of viscoelastic models, Bio Viscoelastic fluids Protoplasm, Mucus, Saliva, Synovial fluids. Physical, Chemical and Rheological properties of blood. Apparent and relative vi scosity, Blood viscosity variation Effect of shear rate, hematocrit, temperature , protein contents of blood. Casson s equation, Problems associated with extracorp oreal blood flow. RHEOLOGY OF BLOOD IN MICROVESSELS Fahraeus Lindquist effect a nd inverse effect, distribution of suspended particles in a narrow rigid tube. N ature of red blood cells in tightly fitting tubes, hematocrit in very narrow tub e. Pseudo elasticity, non linear stress strain relationship, Viscoelasticity, Struc ture, function and mechanical properties of skin, ligaments and tendons. Introduction, Components, Facial Scan Technologies, Face Detection, Face Recogn ition Representation and Classification, Kernel~based Methods and 3D Models, Lea rning the Face Spare, Facial Scan Strengths and Weaknesses, Methods for assessin g progress in Face Recognition. History, Components, Application of Fingerprints, The Technology~Finger Scan Str engths and Weaknesses, Criminal Applications, Civil Applications, Commercial App lications, Technology Evaluation of Fingerprint Verification Algorithms. Introduction, Anatomical and Physiological underpinnings, Components, Sensing, I ris Scan Representation and Matching, Iris Scan Strengths and Weaknesses, System Performance, Future Directions. Introduction, Components, Features and Models, Addition Method for managing Vari ability, Measuring Performance, Alternative Approaches, Voice Scan Strengths and Weaknesses, NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation Program, Biometric System Integ ration. Key Biometric terms and Processes ~Definitions verification and identification ~ matching, Accuracy in Biometric Systems ~False match rate ~False nonmatch rate ~ Failure to enroll rate ~Derived metrics ~An Introduction to Biometric Authentica tion Systems~a taxonomy of application environment, a system model, biometrics a nd privacy. Characteristics of physiological feedback systems, stability analysis of systems . Simulation of thermal regulation, pressure and flow control in circulation, occu lo motor system, endocrinal system, functioning of receptors. System concept, system properties ~Resistance, storage, compliance, piece wise l inear approximation, electrical analog for compliance, thermal storage, step res ponse of first order systems ~resistance~compliance systems, and pulse response of first order systems Transfer function with impedance concept, prediction of performance, identificat ion of the system from impedance function, periodic signals, relationship betwee n transfer function and sinusoidal response, evaluation of transfer function fro m frequency response. Transfer functions and its use, Study of transfer function of first order and se cond order systems, engineering concept in coupled system, example of Transforme d signals. Moist air behaviour, Psychrometric chart, Different Psychrometric process analys is. Pressure and Temperature controls. Range and Differential settings. Selection an d balancing of system components ~Graphical method. Refrigerant Compressors ~Reciprocating Open and Hermetic type, Screw Compressors and Scroll Compressors Construction and Operation characteristics. Evaporators ~DX coil, Flooded type Chillers Expansion devices Automatic Expansion Valves, Capillary Tuber and Thermostatic Expansion Valves. Condensing Units and Cooling Towers. 47 Summer and Winter Airconditioning, Cooling Load Calculations, Air Distribution P atterns, Dynamic and Frictional Losses in Air Ducts, Equal Friction Method, Fan Characteristics in Duct Systems. Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle Simple saturated vapour compression Refri geration cycle.Thermodynamic analysis of the above. Refrigerant Classification, Designation, Alternate Refrigerants, Global Warming Potential and Ozone Depletin g Potential aspects. Pentium Architecture~Memory Management~New Pentium instructions ~Pentium Pro mi croprocessors ~Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium Special Features and Software ch anges. 80186, 80286~Architecture, Programming enhancements, 80c188EB interfacing. 80386~Introduction, Special 80386 registers, Memory management, Protected mode, virtual 8086 mode, memory paging mechanism, 80486 Microprocessor ~Introduction a nd architecture Functional Units And Interconnection, New Generation Mother Boards 286 to Pentiu m 4 Bus Interface~ISA~EISA~VESA~PCI~PCIX., Memory and I/O Port Addresses, Periph eral Interfaces and Controller. Plug in data acquisition and control boards and programming ~ADC, DAC, Digital I /O board and Timing board, Serial port and parallel port programming. Data acqui sition and programming using serial interfaces ~PC and microcontroller serial po rts, USB and IEEE 1394. CAD for MEMs, Drug delivery, micro total analysis systems (MicroTAS) detection a nd measurement methods, microsystem approaches to polymerase chain reaction (PCR ), DNA hybridization Fluid dynamics, continuity equation, momentum equation, equation of motion, lami nar flow in circular conduits, fluid flow in microconduits, in submicrometer and nanoscale. Microscale fluid, expression for liquid flow in a channel, fluid act uation methods, dielectrophoresis, microfluid dispenser, microneedle, micropumps continuous flow system Fundamental principle of MOEMS technology, light modulators, beam splitter, micr olens, digital micromirror devices, light detectors, grating light valve, optica l switch Mechanics for MEMs design~static bending of thin plates,mechanical vibration, th ermomechanics, fracture and thin film mechanics. Mechanical sensors and actuator s ~beam and cantilever ~microplates, strain, pressure and flow measurements, gyr oscope, piezoactuator.Thermal sensors and actuators~micromachined thermocouple p robe, Peltier effect heat pumps, thermal flow sensors 51 Typical MEMs and Microsystems, , materials for MEMS ~active substrate materials~ Silicon and its compounds, Silicon piezoresistors, Gallium Arsenide, quartz, pol ymers. Micromachining~photolithography, thin film deposition, doping, etching, b ulk machining, wafer bonding, LIGA Physics of thermography ~imaging systems ~pyroelectric vidicon camera, clinical thermography ~liquid crystal thermography. Priniciples of MRI pulse sequence ~image acquisition and reconstruction techniqu es ~MRI instrumentation, magnetic gradient system, RF coils ~receiver system fun ctional MRI ~Application of MRI . Priniciples of sectional imaging ~scanner configuration ~data acquisition system ~image formation principles ~conversion of x ray data to scan image ~2 D image reconstruction techniques Iteration and Fourier method ~types of CT scanners. 5 2 Production of ultrasound ~properties and principles of image formation, capture and display ~principles of A mode, B mode and M mode display ~Doppler ultra soun d and colour flow mapping ~applications of diagnostic ultra sound. Rectilinear scanners ~linear scanners ~SPECT ~PET, Gamma camera, radio nuclides for imaging ~emission computed CT. AC and DC Bridges wheat stone bridge, Kelvin, Maxwell, Hay, Scherring Preampli fier ~impedance matching circuits ~isolation amplifier. Spectrum analyzer. Digital voltmeter ~Multi meter ~CRO ~block diagram, CRT ~vertical and horizontal deflection system, DSO, LCD monitor, PMMC writing systems, servo recorders, pho tographic recorder, magnetic tape recorder, X Y recorder, thermal recorder. Measurement System ~Instrumentation ~Classification and Characteristics of Trans ducers ~Static and Dynamic ~Errors in Measurements ~Calibration ~Primary and sec ondary standards. Phototube, scintillation counter, Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT), photovoltaic, pho toconductive cells, photo diodes, phototransistor, comparison of photoelectric t ransducers, spectro photometric applications of photo electric transducers. Piez oelectric active transducer and biomedical applications as pressure and Ultrasou nd transducer. Strain Gauge Gauge factor, sensing elements, configuration, unbounded strain gag e, biomedical applications; strain gauge as displacement and pressure transducer s force summing devices, capacitive transducer, inductive transducer, LVDT, Pass ive types RTD materials and range, relative resistance vs. temperature character istics, thermistor characteristics, biomedical applications of Temperature senso rs. Active type Thermocouple ~characteristics. Classification of Enzymes, Chemical nature, Active Site, Specificity of Enzyme catalyzed reactions, Regulation Feedback , Allosteric , Covalent modification , Hormonal regulation, co enzymes. Assay of enzymes, enzymes in clinical diagnosi s of diseases. Introduction to Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis Li pid metabolism fatty acid, beta oxidation , ketogenesis and cholesterol metabol ism. TCA cycle Structure of biological membranes, electron transport and Oxidat ive phosphorylation. Introduction to biochemistry ~Biomolecules, structure of water And its importan ce ~Important noncovalent forces ~Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, hydrophobic and vanderwaals forces ~Acid, base and buffers ~pH, Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Biological buffers and their significance ~Principle of viscosity ~surface tens ion , adsorption, diffusion, osmosis and their applications in biological system s. Analytical techniques Principle and applications of electrophoresis ~PAGE, SDS P AGE, Isoelectric focusing , Two Dimensional Electrophoresis. Chromatography Prin ciple of adsorption and partition chromatography, Size exclusion , Ion exchange and affinity chromatography. Spectro photometry, fluorimetry, flame photometry, manometry , microcalorimetry , electrochemical methods, biosensors , automation in clinical laboratory , use of radio i s o t o p e s i n b i o c h e m i s t r y . Classification, structure and properties of carbohydrates ~mono, di , oligo and polysaccharides. Classification, structure and properties of amino acids and pro teins. Classification, structure and properties of Lipids ~Simple lipids , Phosp holipids , glycolipids and steroids . Transport of lipids Lipoproteins Structure and functions of nucleic acids ~Nucleosides , nucleotides ~Cyclic AMP , cyclic GMP , ATP , GTP ~DNA and RNA Liver function and liver function tests, Kidney function and kidney function tes ts, normal and abnormal constituents of urine and their clinical significance. G eneral characteristics of hormones. Structure, functions and disorders of thyroi d, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal and pancreatic hormones. Hormones as chemical messengers General assay of hormones ~Bio assay, chemical assay and immuno assa ys. Biosignals characteristics ~frequency and amplitude ranges. ECG ~Einthoven s tria ngle, standard lead system. EEG ~10 20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar and a verage mode. EMG, ERG and EOG ~unipolar and bipolar mode. Biochemical sensors ~pH, pO2 and pCO2, Ion selective Field effect Transistor (IS FET), Immunologically sensitive FET (IMFET), Blood glucose sensors ~Blood gas an alyzers, colorimeter, flame photometer, spectrophotometer, blood cell counter, a uto analyzer (simplified schematic description). Need for bio amplifier ~single ended bio amplifier, differential bio amplifier ~ right leg driven ECG amplifier. Band pass filtering, isolation amplifiers ~trans former and optical isolation ~isolated DC amplifier and AC carrier amplifier. Ch opper amplifier. Power line interference. Origin of bio potential and its propagation. Electrode electrolyte interface, el ectrode~skin interface, half cell potential, impedance, polarization effects of electrode ~nonpolarizable electrodes. Types of electrodes ~surface, needle and m icro electrodes and their equivalent circuits. Recording problems ~measurement w ith two electrodes. Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate measurements. Blood Pressure indire ct methods ~auscultatory method, oscillometric method, direct methods electronic manometer, Pressure amplifiers ~systolic, diastolic, mean detector circuit. Blo od flow and cardiac output measurement Indicator dilution, thermal dilution and dye dilution method, Electromagnetic and ultrasound blood flow measurement. Cell injury and Necrosis, Apoptosis, Intracellular accumulations, Pathological c alcification, cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation, Inflammation a nd Repair including fracture healing, Neoplasia, Classification, Benign and Mali gnant tumours, carcinogenesis, spread of tumours. edema, normal hemostasis, thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, em bolism, infarction, shock. Hematological disorders Bleeding disorders, Leukaemia s, Lymphomas. General Structural Organisation of bacterial and viral cell~growth and identific ation of bacteria, observation of culture. Microscopy Light microscopy, dark fie ld microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Identification of disease producing organisms, simple stain, Gram stain, AFB sta in, Fluorescent techniques, antigen antibody techniques. Mutations, Autosomal and X linked disorders, Mendelian disorders, types of immun e response, hypersensitivity disorders, Immune deficiency syndrome, Viral diseas e, Chlamydial ,Bacterial, Mycoplasma, Rickettsial, Fungal, protozoal and helmint hic disease. Amplitude Modulation ~AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB ~PSD, modulators and demodulators ~A ngle modulation ~PM and FM ~PSD, modulators and demodulators ~Superheterodyne re ceivers Low pass sampling theorem ~Quantisation ~PAM ~Line coding ~PCM, DPCM, DM, ADPCM and ADM, Channel Vocoder,~Time Division Multiplexing, Frequency Division Multipl exing Measure of information ~Entropy ~Source coding theorem ~Shannon Fano coding, Huf fman Coding, LZ Coding~Channel capacity ~Shannon Hartley law ~Shannon s limit~Erro r control Codes ~Cyclic codes, Syndrome calculation ~Convolutional Coding, Seque ntial and Viterbi decoding Phase shift keying ~BPSK, DPSK, QPSK ~Principles of M ary signaling M ary PSK An d QAM ~Comparison, ISI ~Pulse shaping ~Duo binary encoding ~Cosine filters ~Eye pattern, equalizers PN sequences ~properties ~m sequence DSSS Processing gain, Jamming ~FHSS Sync hronisation and tracking ~Multiple Access ~FDMA, TDMA, CDMA Linear model of respiratory mechanics, model of chemical regulation of ventilat ion, linear model of muscle mechanics, model of regulation of cardiac output, mo del of Neuromuscular reflex motion. Block diagram representation of the muscle stretch reflex, difference between en gineering and physiological control systems, generalized system properties , mod els with combination of system elements, introduction to simulation. Frequency response, Nyquist stability criterion, Nyquist plot and determination of closed loop stability, definition of gain margin and phase margin, Bode plot, determination of gain margin and phase margin using Bode plot, use of Nichol s ch art to compute resonance frequency and band width. Step and Impulse responses of first order and second order systems, determinatio n of time domain specifications of first and second order systems from its outpu t responses. definition of steady state error constants and its computation, def inition of stability, Routh Hurwitz criteria of stability, root locus technique, construction of root locus and study of stability, definition of dominant poles and relative stability . Terminology and basic structure of control system, example of a closed loop syst em, transfer functions, modeling of electrical systems, translational and rotati onal mechanical systems, electromechanical systems, block diagram and signal flo w graph representation of systems, conversion of block diagram to signal flow gr aph, reduction of block diagram and signal flow graph. Clinical significance of EEG, Multi channel EEG recording system, Epilepsy, Evok ed Potential Visual, Auditory and Somatosensory, MEG (Magneto Encephalon Graph) .EEG Bio Feedback Instrumentation. Electrocardiograph, Normal and Abnormal Waves, Heart rate monitor, Arrhythmia Si mulator, Holter Monitor, Phonocardiography, Plethysmography. Cardiac Pacemaker~I nternal and External Pacemaker Batteries, AC and DC Defibrillator~Internal and E xternal. Instrumentation for measuring the mechanics of breathing ~Spirometer Lung Volume and vital capacity, measurements of residual volume, pneumotachometer ~Airway r esistance measurement, Whole body plethysmography, Intra Alveolar and Thoracic p ressure measurements, Apnea Monitor. Types of Ventilators ~Pressure, Volume, Tim e controlled. Flow, Patient Cycle Ventilators, Humidifiers, Nebulizers, Inhalato rs. Psycho Physiological Measurements ~for testing sensory Responses, Electro occulo graph, Electro retinograph, Audiometer Pure tone, Speech. EGG (Electrogastrograp h), galvanic skin resistance(GSR). Sliding theory of contraction, recording and analysis of EMG waveforms, fatigue characteristics , Muscle stimulators, nerve stimulators, Nerve conduction veloci ty measurement, EMG Bio Feedback Instrumentation. [ Artificial Heart, Prosthetic Cardiac Valves, Artificial lung (oxygenateor), Arti ficial Kidney ( Dialyser membrane) , Dental Implants. Definition and classification of bio materials, mechanical properties, visco ela sticity, wound healing process, body response to implants, blood compatibility. Metallic implant materials, stainless steels, co based alloys, Ti based alloys, ceramic implant materials, aluminum oxides, hydroxyapatite glass ceramics carbon s, medical applications. Polymerization, polyamides, Acryrilic polymers, rubbers, high strength thermopla stics, medical applications. Bio polymers Collagen and Elastin. Soft tissue replacements, sutures, surgical tapes, adhesive, Percutaneous and sk in implants, maxillofacial augmentation, blood interfacing implants, hard tissue replacement implants, internal fracture fixation devices, joint replacements. 8085 ~Functional Block Diagram~Description ~Addressing Modes, Timing diagrams. 8 086~Architecture, Instruction set, Addressing Modes. Introduction to 8087 ~Archi tecture. Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller~Instruction Set ~Assembly Language Programm ing ~Branching, I/O and ALU Instructions. Programming 8051 ~Timers, Serial Port, Interrupts Interfacing with External Memory and C programming for 8051. Design and interfacing ~LED, LCD And Keyboard Interfacing, ADC, DAC, Sensor Inte rfacing, External Memory Interface Traffic light controller, Washing machine, RT C Interfacing using I2C Standard, Motor Control, Relay, PWM, DC, Stepper Motor M ultichannel biomedical data acquisition system. Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255), keyboard display controller (8279), AD C, DAC Interface, Programmable Timer Controller (8254), Programmable interrupt c ontroller (8259), Serial Communication Interface (8251). Simple Assembly Language Programming, Strings, Procedures, Macros, Assembler Dir ectives~Interrupts and Interrupt Applications. 25 Different Departments of Hospital, Recruitment, Selection, Training Guidelines ~ Methods of Training ~Evaluation of Training ~Leadership grooming and Training, P romotion ~Transfer. 26 Distinction between Hospital and Industry, Challenges in Hospital Administration ~Hospital Planning ~Equipment Planning ~Functional Planning. Medical Records Department ~Central Sterilization and Supply Department ~Pharmac y ~Food Services ~Laundry Services. Principles of HRM ~Functions of HRM ~Profile of HRD Manager ~Tools of HRD ~Human Resource Inventory ~Manpower Planning. Purposes ~Planning of Communication, Modes of Communication ~Telephone, ISDN, Pu blic Address and Piped Music ~CCTV. Security ~Loss Prevention ~Fire Safety ~Alar m System ~Safety Rules. Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance~Interaction of nuclei with static Magnetic Fi eld and Radio frequency wave ~Rotation and Precession induction of a magnetic r esonance signal ~bulk Magnetization ~Relaxation Processes T1 and T2. Block diagr am approach of MRI system~System Magnet (Permanent, Electromagnet and super cond uctors) , generation of Gradient magnetic Fields , Radio Frequency coils (sendin g and receiving), Shim coils, Electronic components. Nature of X Rays ~X ray Absorption ~Tissue Contrast. X Ray Equipment (Block Diag ram) ~X ray Tube, the collimator, Bucky Grid, power supply. Digital Radiography ~discrete digital detectors, storage phosphor and film Scanning. X Ray Image int ensifier tubes ~Fluoroscopy ~Digital Fluoroscopy. Angiography, Cine angiography. Digital Subtraction Angiography. Mammography. 29 Principles of Tomography ~First to Fourth generation scanners ~Image reconstruct ion technique~Back projection and Iterative method. Spiral CT Scanning ~Ultra fa st CT Scanners~X Ray Sources ~Collimation ~X Ray Detectors ~Viewing System. Radiation therapy Linear accelerator, betatron, Cesium and Cobalt Therapy. Radia tion Protection in Medicine ~Radiation Protection principles, Radiation measurin g instruments Dosimeter, film Badges, Thermo luminescent dosimeters ~Electronic dosimeter~ICRPregulation, Practical reduction of dose to staff and visitors. Radio isotopes~alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Radio pharmaceuticals.Radiation detectors ~Gas Filled, ionization Chambers, proportional counter, GM counter an d Scintillation Detectors. Gamma Camera~Principle of operation, Collimator, Phot o multiplier tube, X Y Positioning Circuit, Pulse height Analyzer. Principles of SPECT and PET. Dynamics and analysis of human locomotion ~Gait analysis (determination of insta ntaneous joint reaction analysis), occupant response to vehicular vibration. Mec hanics of knee joint during standing and walking. Heart valves, power developed by the heart, prosthetic valves. Constitutive equa tions for soft tissues, dynamics of fluid flow in cardiovascular system and effe ct of vibration ~shear stresses in extra corporeal circuits. 30 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis, Mathematical models ~pulse wave velocit ies in arteries, determination of in vivo elasticity of blood vessel, dynamics o f fluid filled catheters. Mechanical properties of cartilage, diffusion properties of articular cartilage, mechanical properties of bone, kinetics and kinematics of joints, Lubrication o f joints. Scope of mechanics in medicine, mechanics of bone structure, determination of in vivo elastic modulus. Biofluid mechanics, flow properties of blood. Diagnosis Basic principles of Echo technique, display techniques A, B and M mode , Application of ultrasound as diagnostic tool ~Echocardiogram, abdomen, obstetr ics and gynaecology, ophthalmology. ICU/CCU Equipments, Infusion pumps, bed side monitors, Central consoling control s. Radio Telemetry (single, multi), Portable and Landline Telemetry unit, Applic ations in ECG and EEG Transmission. IR and UV lamp and its application. Thermography ~Recording and clinical applica tion. Short wave diathermy, ultrasonic diathermy, Microwave diathermy, Electro s urgery machine ~Current waveforms, Tissue Responses, Electro surgical current le vel. Need for heart lung machine, functioning of bubble, disc type and membrane type oxygenators, finger pump, roller pump, electronic monitoring of functional param eter. Hemo Dialyser unit , Lithotripsy, Principles of Cryogenic technique and ap plication, Endoscopy, Laproscopy. 31 Physiological effects of electricity ~important susceptibility parameters ~Macro shock ~Micro shock hazards ~Patient s electrical environment ~Isolated Power syst em ~Conductive surfaces ~Electrical safety codes and standards ~Basic Approaches to protection against shock, Protection equipment design, Electrical safety ana lyzer ~Testing the Electric system HTTP protocol, Web browsers Netscape, Internet explorer, Web site and web page d esign, HTML, Dynamic HTML, CSS. Introduction, Control statements, Functions, Arrays and Objects. Language features, Classes, Object and methods. Sub classing and dynamic binding , Multithreading, Overview of class library, Object method serialization, Remote method invocation, Java Servelets and Javaserver pages. Micromedia Dream Weaver, XML, Web Servers, Databases ~SQL, MYSQL, DBI and ADO.NE T Web Design case studies ~Design and development of Dynamic Hospital Information System Web sites using Macromedia Dreamweaver, Java, XML, Javascript, Programmin g Techniques. HL7 Standards, DICOM standards. Back propogation network, generalized delta rule, Bidirectional Associative mem ory, Hopfield network Bayesian classifier, non parametric density estimation, histograms, kernels, win dow estimators, k nearest neighbour classifier , estimation of error rates. Elementary neurophysiology and biological neural network Artificial neural netwo rk ~Architecture, biases and thresholds, Hebb net, Perceptron, Adaline and Madal ine. Kohonen Self organising map, Learning Vector Quantisation, counter propogation n etwork. Patterns and features, training and learning in pattern recognition, discriminan t functions, different types of pattern recognition. Unsupervised learning~hiera rchical clustering, partitional clustering. Neural pattern recognition approach ~perceptron model Automated clinical laboratories Automated methods in hematology, cytology and hi stology, Intelligent Laboratory Information System ~Computerized ECG, EEG and EM G, Computer assisted medical imaging~nuclear medicine, ultrasound imaging ultras onography computed X ray tomography, Radiation therapy and planning, Nuclear Mag netic Resonance Introduction ~History taking by computer, Dialogue with the computer, Components and functionality of CPR, Development tools, Intranet, CPRin Radiology~Applicat ion server provider, Clinical information system, Computerized prescriptions for patients. Introduction ~Structure of Medical Informatics Internet and Medicine Security issues Computer based medical information retrieval, Hospital management and inf ormation system, Functional capabilities of a computerized HIS, e health service s, Health Informatics ~Medical Informatics, Bioinformatics 35 Neuro computers and Artificial Neural Networks application, Expert system ~Gener al model of CMD, Computer assisted decision support system production rule syst emcognitive model, semester networks , decisions analysis in clinical medicine c omputers in the care of critical patients computer assisted surgery designing Virtual reality applications in medicine, Computer assisted surgery , Surgical s imulation , Telemedicine ~Tele surgery, computer aids for the handicapped, compu ter assisted instrumentation in Medical Informatics ~Computer assisted patient e ducation and health ~Medical education and health care information. Instrumentation for absorption, scattering and emission measurements, excitation light sources ~high pressure arc lamp, solid state LEDs, Lasers, optical filter s, polarizer, solid state detectors, time resolved and phase resolved detectors. Laser in tissue welding, lasers in dermatology, lasers in ophthalmology, otolary ngology, urology. Near field imaging of biological structures, in vitro clinical diagnosis, fluore scent spectroscopy, photodynamic therapy Optical coherence tomography, Elastography, Doppler optical coherence tomography , Application towards clinical imaging. Refraction, Scattering, absorption, light transport inside the tissue, tissue pr operties, Light interaction with tissues, optothermal interaction, fluorescence, speckles. Design of Aqueducts and Syphon Aqueducts ~Design of Box Culverts. Design of plate girder railway bridges for railway loading ~Wind effects ~Design of web and flange plates ~Vertical and horizontal stiffeners ~Web and flange sp licing. 45 Design of prestressed concrete bridges ~Preliminary dimensions ~Flexural and tor sional parameters ~Courbon s theory ~Distribution coefficient by exact analysis ~D esign of girder section ~Maximum and minimum prestressing forces ~Eccentricity ~ Live load and dead load shear forces ~Cable zone in girder ~Check for stresses a t various sections ~Check for diagonal tension ~Diaphragms ~End block ~Short ter m and long term deflections. Design of through type steel highway bridges for IRC loading ~Design of stringer s, cross girders and main girders ~Design of deck type steel highway bridges for IRC loading ~Design of main girders ~Design of pratt type truss girder highway bridges ~Design of top chord, bottom chord, web members ~Effect of repeated load ing. Types of Bridges ~Design of solid slab bridges for IRC loading ~Design of kerb ~ Design of tee beam bridges ~Design of panel and cantilever for IRC loading ~Desi gn of tee beams ~Courbon s theory ~Pigeaud s curves ~Design of balanced cantilever b ridges ~Deck slab ~Main girder ~Design of cantilever ~Design of articulation Behaviour of structural components ~Large panel constructions ~Construction of r oof and floor slabs Wall panels ~Columns ~Shear walls. Disuniting of structures ~Design of cross section based on efficiency of materia l used ~Problems in design because of joint flexibility ~Allowance for joint def ormation. 46 Joints for different structural connections ~Dimensions and detailing ~Design of expansion joints~Jointing Materials. Need for prefabrication ~Principles ~Materials ~Modular co ordination ~Standardi zation ~Systems Production ~Transportation ~Erection. Progressive collapse ~Codal provisions ~Equivalent design loads for considering abnormal effects such as earthquakes, cyclones etc., ~Importance of avoidance of progressive collapse. Fundamentals of CAD ~Software requirements ~Hardware components in CAD system ~D esign process ~Applications and benefits. Fundamentals of finite element analysis ~Concepts of finite elements ~Principles of structural analysis ~Stiffness matrix formulation ~Variational Method ~Weigh ted residual method ~Problems ~Conditions of convergence of functions ~Analysis packages and applications. 47 Graphic Software ~Graphic primitives ~Transformations ~2 Dimensional and 3Dimens ional transformations ~Concatenation ~Wire frame modeling and solid modeling ~Gr aphic standards ~Drafting packages ~Auto CAD. Introduction to artificial intelligence ~Knowledge based expert systems ~Rules a nd decision tables ~Inference mechanisms ~simple applications Principles of design of steel and RC structures ~Beams and Columns ~Application s to simple design problems ~Optimization techniques ~Algorithms ~Linear program ming. Engineered demolition techniques for dilapidated structures ~case studies Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation, Facets of Maintenance, importance of Mai ntenance various aspects of Inspection, Assessment procedure for evaluating a da maged structure, causes of deterioration. Quality assurance for concrete construction concrete properties~strength, permea bility, thermal properties and cracking. ~Effects due to climate, temperature, c hemicals, corrosion ~design and construction errors ~Effects of cover thickness and cracking Repairs to overcome low member strength, Deflection, Cracking, Chemical disrupti on, weathering corrosion, wear, fire, leakage and marine exposure. Special concretes and mortar, concrete chemicals, special elements for accelerat ed strength gain, Expansive cement, polymer concrete, sulphur infiltrated concre te, ferro cement, Fibre reinforced concrete. Rust eliminators and polymers coati ng for rebars during repair, foamed concrete, mortar and dry pack, vacuum concre te, Gunite and Shotcrete, Epoxy injection, Mortar repair for cracks, shoring and underpinning. Methods of corrosion protection, corrosion inhibitors, corrosion resistant steels, coatings and cathodic protection. 48 Design of circular tanks ~Hinged and Fixed at the base IS method of calculating shear forces and moments ~Hoop tension ~Design of intze tank ~Dome ~Ring girders ~Conical dome ~Staging ~Bracings ~Design of rectangular tanks ~Approximate meth od and IS methods ~Design of under ground tanks ~Design of base slab and side wa ll ~Check for uplift. Design of rectangular riveted steel water tank ~Tee covers ~Plates ~Stays ~Longi tudinal and transverse beams ~Design of Staging ~Base plates ~Foundation and anc hor bolts ~Design of pressed steel water tank ~Design of stays ~Joints ~Design o f hemispherical bottom water tank ~Side plates ~Bottom plates ~Joints ~Ring gird er ~Design of staging. Design of Square bunker ~Jansen s and Airy s theories ~IS codal provisions ~Design o f side plates ~Stiffeners ~Hopper ~Longitudinal beams ~Design of cylindrical sil o ~Side plates ~Ring girder ~Stiffeners. Design of square bunker ~Side walls ~Hopper bottom ~Top and bottom edge beams ~D esign of Cylindrical silo wall portion ~Design of conical hopper ~Ring beam at j unction. Design of various types of foundation like isolated, combined and raft foundatio n for a Water tanks, Bunkers and Silo s. Shells of revolution ~Spherical dome, Conical shell and ellipsoid of revolution ~Shells of translation ~Cylindrical shell and Hyperbolic parabolid. Classification of shells ~Types of shells ~Structural action. Laterally loaded thin plates ~Governing differential equation, various boundary conditions. Simply supported rectangular plates ~Navier solution and Levy's method ~Loading. Spherical dome, Conical shell and cylindrical shell. Analysis for stresses ~Estimation of deflections ~Flexural and shear strength of composite members ~Differential Shrinkage ~Shrinkage induced stresses. Basic concepts ~Advantages ~Materials required ~Systems and methods of prestress ing ~Analysis of sections ~Stress concept ~Strength concept ~Load balancing conc ept ~Effect of loading on the tensile stresses in tendons 51 Flexural strength ~Simplified procedures as per codes ~strain compatibility meth od ~Basic concepts in selection of cross section for bending ~stress distributio n in end block, Design of anchorage zone reinforcement ~Limit state design crite ria ~Partial prestressing ~Applications. Losses of prestress ~factors affecting the losses of prestress. Deflections of p restressed concrete members ~Factors influencing deflections Effect on tendon p rofile on deflections. Short term and long term ~deflections Prestressed concrete tanks, poles, sleepers. Prestressed concrete bridges ~Gener al aspects ~pretensioned prestressed bridge decks ~Post tensioned prestressed br idge decks ~Advantages over R.C. bridges ~Principles of design only Classification of industries and industrial structures ~General requirements of various industries ~Planning and layout of buildings and components. Industrial roofs ~Crane girders ~Mills buildings ~Chimney. Lighting ~Ventilation Lighting ~Illumination levels ~Characteristics of Good lig hting ~Principles of day lighting design ~Artificial lighting ~Ventilation ~Natu ral and Mechanical Ventilation ~Evaporate cooling design ~Measurement ~Contamina nt control ~Installation and Operation ~Acoustics ~Fire safety ~Guidelines from factories act. Principles of prefabrication ~Pretressed precast roof trusses Silos and bunkers ~Principles of Design of Chimney. Design for differential movement, Creep and Shrinkage effects, Temperature Effec ts and Fire Resistance. Design Philosophy, Materials ~Modern concepts ~High Performance Concrete, Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Light weight concrete, Self Compacting Concrete. Factors affecting the growth, height and structural form, Behaviour of Braced fr ames, Rigid Frames, in filled frames, Shear walls, Coupled Shear walls, Wall ~Fr ames, Tubular, Outrigger braced, Hybrid systems. Gravity Loading ~Dead load, Live load, Impact load, Construction load, Sequentia l loading. Wind Loading ~Static and Dynamic Approach, Analytical method, Wind Tu nnel Experimental methods. Earthquake Loading ~Equivalent lateral Load analysis, Response Spectrum Method, Combination of Loads, Modeling for approximate analysis, Accurate analysis and reduction techniques, A nalysis of structures as an integral unit, Analysis for member forces, drift and twist. Computerized 3D analysis, Evaluation of frequency of vibration of struct ures Applications to design, codal provisions, Design wind velocities, Wind resistant design by Indian Codes and other International Codes of Practice, Case studies . Bluff bodies aerodynamics, ideal flow, separation, wake, vortex shedding flow pa st circular and rectangular objects, Buffeting and ovalling, Galloping and flutt er Chimneys, tall buildings, towers and bridges, Rigid and flexible structures, Ana lytical procedures for along wind and across wind forces. Continuity and Navier Stokes equations, atmospheric pressure and gradient wind, peak and hourly mean wind speeds, wind energy and turbulence, spectral distribut ion and boundary layer. Wind tunnel studies, types of wind tunnels, Modeling requirements, pressure, vel ocity, turbulence and force measurements and related instrumentation, Wall effec ts, similarity laws, Aero elastic models Characteristics of natural structures, Biomimetic structural design, Biomimetic sensing, Challenges and opportunities for Biomimetics, Chemical and biochemical sensing in structural assessment, Absorptive chemical sensors, Spectroscopes Control modeling of structures, Control strategies and limitations, classificati on of control systems, Classical control, Modern control, Optimal control and Di gital control, Active structures in practice. Electrorheological and magnetorheological fluids, Mechanisms and Properties, App lications of ER and MR fluids, Fiber Optics, Fiber characteristics, Fiber optic strain sensors, Applications of optical fibers Parallel damped vibration absorber, Gyroscopic vibration absorber, Active vibrat ion, absorber, Applications, Vibration Characteristics of mistuned systems, Anal ytical approach Piezoelectric Materials , Piezoelectric properties, Actuation of structural comp onents, Shape Memory Alloys, Constitutive modeling of the shape memory effect, v ibration control, Embedded actuators, Applications of shape memory alloys. Concept of Isoparametric elements ~Working with shape functions ~Numerical integ ration in one and two dimensions. Generalised Coordinates~Interpolation and shape functions ~Bar and Truss element s~Equation formulation ~Assembly ~Introduction of Boundary Conditions ~Penalty f unction approach ~Identification with matrix methods. Minimum Potential Energy Theorems ~Principle of virtual work ~Generalised finite element formulation ~Beam element ~Two dimensional elements ~Triangular and Rec tangular elements ~Axisymmetric elements ~Higher order elements. Modelling~Continuum and Discrete Domains ~Boundary value problem ~Approximate So lutions ~Variational and Weighted Residual Formulations ~Ritz formulation ~Intro duction to finite domains and finite elements. Plane stress and plane strain problems ~heat transfer problems ~Solution techniq ues, Standard packages and their features. Artificial recharge techniques ~Remediation of Saline intrusion Ground water man agement studies ~Ground water Pollution and legislation. Ground water chemistry ~Origin, movement and quality ~Water quality standards ~S aline intrusion Environmental concern. Introduction ~Water bearing Properties of Rock ~Properties of aquifer ~Transmiss ivity and storage coefficient ~Problems in Specific yield, Darcy s law and permeab ility ~Methods of Estimation ~Ground water table fluctuation and its interpretat ions ~Type of aquifers ~Groundwater development and Potential in India ~GECnorms . Need for Management Model ~Database for groundwater management groundwater bala nce study ~Introduction to Mathematical model ~Conjunctive use ~Collector well a nd Infiltration gallery. OBJECTIVES of Groundwater hydraulics ~Groundwater equation ~steady state flow ~D upuit Forchheimer assumption ~Unsteady state flow ~Thies method ~Jacob method ~I mage well theory ~Partial penetrations of wells. Basic principles ~Methodology and Philosophy ~Model development ~input and outpu ts ~Deterministic simulation ~simple applications Collection, evaluation and processing ~project appraisal ~public involvement, ma ster Comprehensive and integrated planning of water resources project. Operation research an introduction ~Problem Formulation graphical solution~Simpl ex method ~Sensitivity analysis ~simple applications Optimality criteria Stage coach problem ~Bellman s optimality criteria Problem for mulation and Solution ~simple applications Philosophy of modelling ~Goals and OBJECTIVES ~Basics of system analysis concept ~scopes and steps in systems engineering. Analytical Analog models~model of a aquifer~finite difference approximation~Intr oduction to Finite element technique to solve Ground water flow equationcontamin ant transport model using Visual Modflow software. Basics of optimization ~OBJECTIVES of model~linear decision rule with applicatio ns ~concepts of probability and transitional probability~optimization through Ge netic algorithm~Fuzzy logic concepts~case studies Over land flow~time of concentration~isochrone~time area diagram~hydraulic routi ngkinematics wave model HECModels~case studies Role of models in water resources engineering ~basic concept of model study~Plan ning model ~operational model~elements on hydraulic models~Elements of hydrologi c models Stream network model~basic concepts of basin simulation~single and multipurpose reservoir operation model (MITSIM) ~Storm water management model Eco restoration ~Watershed management strategies ~Wetlands ~Legal and regulator y setting ~Public Private Participation ~PPPOBJECTIVES ~Processes ~Links between PPPand IWRM ~Tamilnadu Farmers Management of Irrigation System (TNFMIS) Act Eco restoration ~Watershed management strategies ~Wetlands ~Legal and regulator y setting ~Public Private Participation ~PPPOBJECTIVES ~Processes ~Links between PPPand IWRM. Economic view of water issues ~Economic characteristics of water as good and ser vices ~Policy operation for water conservation and sustainable issue ~pricing. Economic view of water issues ~Economic characteristics of water as good and ser vices ~Policy operation for water conservation and sustainable issue ~Water budg eting Auditing~Pricing. Impact of land use changes in basin morphology ~impact of watershed changes an q ualities and quantities Impact of land use changes in basin morphology ~impact of watershed changes an q ualities and quantities Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Definition ~Principles~Approaches~G lobal issues ~food securities Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Definition ~Principles~Approaches~G lobal issues ~food securities River basin concept Multisectoral use~Water shed topology ~Stream network ~Drai nage density problem ~Effect of reservoir on watershed /river regime ~river tra ining measure ~Reservoir sedimentation and measures. River basin concept Multi sectoral use~Watershed topology ~Stream network ~Drai nage density problem ~Effect of reservoir on watershed /river regime ~river tra ining measure ~Reservoir sedimentation and measures. Sociology ~Basic concept ~Perspectives of sociology ~social system ~Sociologica l Understanding. Sociology ~Basic concept ~Perspectives of sociology ~social system ~Sociologica l Understanding. Cost of participation ~Benefits of participation ~Multiple use of water ~Partici pation in domestic, irrigation, industrial sectors ~User roles in participatory management ~Participation of women ~Incentives for participation. Cost of participation ~Benefits of participation ~Multiple use of water ~Partici pation in domestic, irrigation, industrial sectors ~User roles in participatory management ~Participation of women ~Incentives for participation. Membership and decision making ~Leadership and responsibilities ~Development str ategy ~Channels for implementation ~Improving agency relations ~Technical cooper ation ~Special roles. Membership and decision making ~Leadership and responsibilities ~Development str ategy ~Channels for implementation ~Improving agency relations ~Technical co ope ration ~Special roles. Participatory approach ~Necessity ~OBJECTIVES of participation ~Kinds of partici pation ~Resource mobilization ~Sustained system performance ~Conflict management ~Context of participation, factors in the environment. Water user association ~Activities in irrigation management ~User roles in irrig ation management ~Irrigation groups ~Supporting farmer organization and particip ation ~Experimentation, phasing and flexibility ~Bureaucratic reorientation ~Irr igation management transfer. Water user association ~Activities in irrigation management ~User roles in irrig ation management ~Irrigation groups ~Supporting farmer organization and particip ation ~Experimentation, phasing and flexibility Bureaucratic reorientation Irri gation management transfer. Joint forest management ~Grass land farming and management ~Range and pastures ~ Grazing practices ~Wasteland development. Need for water conservation ~water conservation measures ~water harvesting ~prin ciple and techniques ~flood water harvesting. Soil erosion ~Types of soil erosion ~Controlling soil erosion ~Soil erosion by w ind and water ~soil conservation practices ~vegetative practices ~mechanical pra ctices ~erosion control in torrents and gullies ~soil loss estimation models. Watershed ~concept ~classification ~characteristics~History of erosion ~Erosion problems of India ~Approaches to soil and water conservation. Watershed programmes ~factors affecting watershed management ~planning of waters hed works ~watershed water resources ~watershed management practices. Basics of trip generation ~Trip distribution ~Trip assignment and modal split mo dels~Validation of the model. Characteristics of bus transportation in urban areas ~Fare policy ~route plannin g ~Planning of terminals ~Break even point and its relevance. Characteristics of suburban, IRT and RRT systems ~Planning of rail terminals ~Fa re policy _ unified traffic and transport authority. Importance of planning and integrated transport facilities in urban areas ~Delin eation of study area and zoning ~Conducting various surveys ~Travel patterns, tr ansport facilities and planning parameters. Preparation of alternative plans ~Evaluation techniques ~Economic and financial evaluation ~Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) ~Case studies Area Traffic Management System ~One way street system, exclusive traffic lanes, tidal flow operation, staggering of work hours and road pricing ~Non road pricin g options _ Parking charges, Public transport, Subsidies, Vehicle License fees, Road Building, Permit system, Physical Traffic Management Transport System Manag ement (TSM) and Transport Demand Management (TDM) . Capacity of Rotary intersection and Design ~Capacity of signalized intersections ~Traffic signals, warrants, type ~Design and coordination ~Traffic regulation p rinciples and enforcement ~Traffic controls, traffic signals and markings and en forcement. Road accidents ~Causes, effect, prevention, and cost ~street lighting ~Traffic a nd environment hazards ~Air and Noise Pollution, causes, health effects and abat ement measures. Road Characteristics ~Classification ~Functions and standards ~Road user charact eristics ~PIEV theory ~Vehicle ~Performance characteristics ~Fundamentals of Tra ffic Flow ~Urban Traffic problems in India Traffic Surveys ~Speed, journey time and delay surveys ~Vehicle Volume Survey ~M ethods and interpretation ~Origin Destination Survey ~Methods and presentation ~ Parking Survey ~Methods, interpretation and presentation ~Statistical applicatio ns in traffic studies and traffic forecasting ~level of service ~Concept, applic ation and significance. Coastal shipping ~Inland navigation ~Container transportation ~Environmental con cerns in port construction ~Coastal regulation zones ~Navigational aids. TOTAL45 PERIODS Elements of harbours ~Types of harbours ~Size and shape of harbours ~Planning of harbours and ports ~Choice of site ~Estimating the traffic ~Turning basin, appr oach channel, entrance channel ~Site investigation. General aspects of selection and design ~Piers, wharves, quay walls, jetties, do lphins, trestle, moles, fenders and moorings, lock and lock gates ~Dry and wet d ocks ~Transit sheds and ware houses. Types of break waters and factors determining their selection ~Location, arrange ment, design and construction of various types of break waters ~Dredging ~OBJECT IVES, types and equipments. Wind characteristics ~Tide producing forces ~Tidal theories ~Types of ocean curr ents ~Littoral drift ~Coastal erosion and protection works. EIA Case Studies on Highway, Railway, Airways and Waterways Projects Elements of EIA ~Screening and Scoping ~Methods of Impact Analysis ~Applications ~Appropriate Methodology Environmental Inventory, Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessme nt (EIA), Environmental Impact of Transportation Projects, Need for EIA, EIA Gui delines for Transportation Project, Historical Development Prediction and Assessment of Impact of Transportation Project at various stages on water, air, noise, land, acquisition and resettlement, Socio economic impact, indigenous people, aesthetics, health and safety, energy studies, IRC guideline s. UNITIV ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 10 Mitigation of the impa ct on natural and man made Environment, health, water, land, noise, air, public participation, Environmental Management Plan, Energy Conservation, Methods to re duce global warming Framework for pavement design ~Design OBJECTIVES and constraints ~Basic structur al response models ~Characterization of physical design inputs ~generating alter native pavement design ~Economic evaluation of alternative design ~Analysis of a lternative design strategies ~Selection of optimal design strategy General concepts Economic and functional evaluation ~Evaluation of pavement per formance Evaluation of structural capacity ~Pavement distresses ~Condition surv eys ~Safety evaluation Historical background ~General nature and applicability of systems methodology ~ Basic components of Pavement Management System ~Planning pavement investments Repair of pavement defects ~Maintenance of flexible and rigid pavements~Bitumino us and cement concrete overlays ~System analysis Techniques for developing prediction models ~AASHTO, CRRI and HDM models~Compute r applications Design of Highway Geometric Elements ~Carriageway, shoulders, cross slope etc., Highway Alignment ~Practical exercise Pavement Surface condition Evaluation methods ~Pavement Management System ~Pract ical exercise Road Net Work mapping ~Spatial Data preparation Attribute Data input ~GIS Theor y and Application ~Practical exercise. Signal Design and Signal Coordination ~Net work Analysis, Theory, Practice and C ase studies Writing Programs for Drawing Graphics Elements like Point, Line. Preparation of Cad Drawing for Highway Elements and Transportation Infrastructure. Stresses and deflection in flexible pavements ~Design of flexible pavements usi ng IRC method KENLAYER applications. Stresses and deflections in rigid pavements ~Design of plain jointed and contin uously reinforced cement concrete pavements using IRC method Factors affecting the performance of flexible and rigid pavements ~Performance i ndicators and evaluation ~Use of performance prediction models in maintenance ~R ecent techniques for repairing pavement defects ~Maintenance management system ~ MOSRTH (India) recommendations. Marshall method of mix design for dense bituminous mixes ~Super pave concepts ~I RC guidelines and SHRPrecommendations ~Principles of concrete mix design for pav ements ~IRC method recommendations. Properties and tests on modified bitumen and bitumen emulsion ~IS requirements ~ advantages Geo synthetics. Types and selection of cement for Pavement Quality Co ncrete (PQC) ~Use of admixtures and fibers in PQC 69 EIA case studies for new and expansion projects~New Township, wastewater treatme nt plants, Highways and bridges, Ports and Harbour, Airport, Dams, Irrigation pr ojects, Power plants, Railways. Impact of Development on Environment and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) a nd Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) ~OBJECTIVES ~Historical development ~EIA Types ~EIA in project cycle ~capacity and limitations ~Legal provisions on EIA ~Environmental Impact Assessment Notifications ~Environmental Impact Assessment Consultants ~Selection And Registration Criteria. Methods of Categorization of industries for EIA ~Elements of EIA ~Process screen ing, Methods of EIA ~Strengths, weaknesses and applicability ~appropriate method ology solution. Plan for mitigation of adverse impact on environment ~options for mitigation of impact on water, air and land, water, energy, flora and fauna; Addressing the is sues related to the Project Affected People ~Environment management Plan ~Struct ure and Documentation. Development of green building concept Prediction and Assessment of Impact on land, water, air, noise and energy, flora and fauna, Socio Economic Impact, Mathematical models for Impact prediction, Pu blic participation ~Reports ~Exchange of information ~Post Environmental Audit. Climate change and the political realm. Mission of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. International agreements and protocols. Future use of energy and fossil fuels. Role of Governments, industries, and individuals. Concept of C DM and carbon finance. Ancient Earth ~Climate and Chemical Histories, Paleo indicators of climate, Glob al energy balance, Concern about Climate Change, Climate Change and Sustainable development. Factors affecting global, regional and local climates. Tropical, Monsoon, Polar, Desert, Midlatitude climates and their role in global climate change. Antarctic a, Greenland and the North Pole case studies. Structure and driving forces of the earth. Earth s carbon reservoirs~marine and te rrestrial carbon cycles. The Atmosphere ~Radiation budget, Circulation, Stabilit y, Chemistry of Atmosphere. Global wind systems, weather maps. Importance of wat er, Global Ocean Circulation. Industrialization and urbanization ~Greenhouse gas es, lifestyle changes. The Greenhouse effect ~ecosystems and species interactions, global warming, sea level rise, ozone problem, El Nino and southern oscillation, storms, thunderstor ms, tornadoes, changes in agricultural production, droughts, spread of epidemics , wildfires and other extreme weather events. Nuclear winter. Land disposal of solid waste; Sanitary land fills ~site selection, design and op eration of sanitary landfills Landfill liners ~Management of leachate and landf ill gas ~Land fill bioreactor. Dumpsite Rehabilitation. Methods of Residential and commercial waste collection ~Collection vehicles ~Man power ~Collection routes ~Analysis of collection systems; Transfer stations ~Sel ection of location, operation And maintenance; options under Indian conditions ~ Field problems ~solving. OBJECTIVES of waste processing ~Physical Processing techniques and Equipments; R esource recovery from solid waste composting and biomethanation ; Thermal proces sing options~case studies under Indian conditions. Source reduction of waste~Reduction, Reuse and Recycling ~On site storage method s~Effect of storage, materials used for containers~segregation of solid wastes ~ Public health and economic aspects of open storage ~waste segregation and storag e ~case studies under Indian conditions. Sources and types of municipal solid wastes Waste generation rates factors affec ting generation, characteristics methods of sampling and characterization; Effec ts of improper disposal of solid wastes Public health and environmental effects. Elements of solid waste management ~Municipal solid waste (MAndH) rules~Integra ted management.~Social and Financial aspects; Public awareness; Role of NGO s. Sources, characteristics and waste treatment Flow sheets for selected industrie s ~Tanneries, Textiles, Diary, Sugar, Pulp and Paper, Distilleries, Refineries, Thermal Power Plants. Individual and Common Effluent Treatment Plants ~Zero Effluent discharge systems ~Quality requirements for reuse ~Residuals of industrial wastewater treatments ~Treatment of hazardous sludge ~Solidification ~Incineration ~secured Land fills ~Regulatory requirements ~Leachate Treatment. Industrial scenario in India ~sources, generation rates and characteristics of I ndustrial wastewaters ~Environmental impacts ~Regulatory Requirements for indust rial wastewaters. Physico ~chemical treatment processes ~Equalization, Neutralization, Oil Separat ion, Precipitation, Biological treatment processes ~Aerobic and Anaerobic Reacto rs, Tertiary Treatment Processes for removal of dissolved organics and inorganic s. Prevention Vs control of Industrial Pollution ~Benefits and Barriers ~Waste Mini misation Strategies ~Waste Minimisation Circles ~Zero Discharge concept. Fundamentals of meteorology ~Wind roses ~Atmospheric stability ~Plume behaviour ~Atmospheric diffusion theories ~Plume rise ~Gaussian Dispersion Models ~Applic ation. Principles and Equipment description of control technologies ~Gravitational, Cen trifugal, Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitator for control of particulate a ir pollutants ~Absorption, adsorption, Condensation, incineration and Bio filtra tion for control of gaseous air pollutants ~Case studies. Radioactive pollution and its control ~Automobile Air Pollution and its Control ~Uttraviolet photolysis ~High efficiency Particulate Air Filters ~Control of Ind oor Air Quality. Sources and classification of air pollutants and their effect on human health, v egetation and property ~Global issues and Air pollution ~Ambient air quality and emission standards ~Air pollution indices ~Indoor Air Pollutants ~Air quality S ampling and Monitoring. Sources, effects and control of noise ~Noise standards ~Measurement ~Control and Preventive measures. Cement concrete pavements ~factors influencing CC pavements ~Modified Westergaar d approach ~Design procedure as per IRC guidelines ~Concrete roads and their sco pe in India. Flexible pavement design ~factors influencing design of flexible pavement, Empir ical ~Semi empirical and theoretical methods ~Design procedure as per IRC guidel ines ~Design and specification of rural roads. Introduction ~Pavement as layered structure ~Pavement types rigid and flexible. Resilient modulus ~Stress and deflections in pavements under repeated loading. Pavement Evaluation ~causes of distress in rigid and flexible pavements ~Evaluat ion based on Surface Appearance, Cracks, Patches and Pot Holes, Undulations, Rav eling, Roughness, Skid Resistance. Structural Evaluation by Deflection Measureme nts ~Pavement Serviceability index ~Pavement maintenance (IRC Recommendations on ly). Stabilization with special reference to highway pavements ~Choice of stabilisers ~Testing and field control Stabilization for rural roads in India ~use of Geosy nthetics in roads. Design criteria ~dynamic loads ~simple design procedures for foundations of reci procating, impact and rotary type machines ~Codal provisions (Simple cases). Elastic properties of soils coefficient of elastic uniform and non uniform compr ession and shear effect of vibration dissipative properties of soils determinati on of dynamic properties of soil codal provisions. Vibration isolation technique ~foundation isolation~isolation by location isolat ion by barriersactive and passive isolation methods. Vibration of elementary systems vibratory motion single degree freedom system fr ee and forced vibration with and without damping. Principles of vibration measur ing instruments. Wave propagation in an elastic homogeneous isotropic medium Rayleigh, shear and compression waves waves in elastic half space. Concepts of Reinforced Earth ~Types of reinforcement ~Applications to footings a nd earth retaining walls. Environmental problems related to soil contamination ~waste generation ~geotechn ical engineering vibration problems and control; Rain induced land slides. Beari ng capacity and compressibility of land fills. Site remediation ~utilization of waste for improvement of site. Geogrids as reinforcement, Geotextiles in filtration, drainage and road works Ap plications. Geotechnical problems associated with alluvial, lateritic and black cotton soils , solid wastes like municipal waste and flyash; characterization, prediction and improvement of their properties Applications; case studies. In situ treatment of soils Dynamic consolidation, Vibraflotation, Sand pile, Sto ne columns ~Grouting ~Equipments and methods. In situ treatment of cohesive soil s~Electrical and thermal methods, Preloading with sand drains, lime piles. Geological classification ~Index properties of rock systems ~Classification of rock masses for engineering purpose. Simple engineering application ~Underground openings ~Rock slopes ~Foundations and mining subsidence. Estimation of initial stresses in rocks ~influence of joints and their orientati on in distribution of stresses ~measurements of in situ stresses. Introduction ~Rock bolt systems ~Choice of rock bolt based on rock mass conditio n ~rock bolt installation techniques ~Testing of rock bolts. Modes of rock failure ~Strength of rock ~Laboratory and field measurement of she ar, tensile and compressive strength. Stress ~stain behaviour of rock under comp ression ~Mohr ~Coulomb failure criteria and empirical criteria for failure ~Defo rmability of rock. Beams ~types and transverse loading on beams ~shear force and bending moment in beams ~Cantilever beams ~Simply supported beams and over hanging beams ~Theory o f simple bending ~bending stress distribution ~Load carrying capacity ~Proportio ning of sections ~Leaf springs ~Flitched beams ~Shear stress distribution. Double Integration method ~Macaulay s method ~Area moment method ~Conjugate beam m ethod for computation of slopes and deflections in determinate beams Rigid and deformable bodies ~Stability, strength and stiffness ~Axial and Shear Stresses ~Deformation of simple and compound bars ~Thermal stresses ~Biaxial sta te of stress ~Elastic Constants ~Stresses and deformation of thin cylindrical an d spherical shells ~Stresses at a point ~Stress tensor ~Stresses on inclined pla nes ~Principal stresses and principal planes ~Mohr s circle of stress. Stability and equilibrium of plane frames ~perfect frames ~types of trusses ~Ana lysis of forces in truss members ~Method of joints ~Method of tension co efficie nt ~Method of sections. Theory of simple torsion ~Stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts ~Stepped shafts ~Shafts fixed at both ends ~Stresses and deflection in helical springs. Introduction ~Classification ~Types of fluids ~Properties ~Laws of Pressure ~At mospheric Pressure, Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure ~Pressure measurement~Mano meters and Mechanical gauges. Introduction ~Dimensions ~Dimensional analysis ~Rayleigh s and Buckingham s method û similitude ~Dimensionless numbers and their significance ~Similarity Laws. Scope of fluid mechanics ~Definitions of a fluid ~Methods of analysis ~Dimensio ns and units ~viscosity, density, perfect gas, vapour pressure and surface tensi on ~Basic equation of fluid statics ~Pressure measurements ~Manometers. ~Forces on plane and curved surfaces ~Buoyancy and floatation ~Stability of floating bod ies ~Relative equilibrium. (a) Kinematics ~Methods of describing fluid motion ~Classification of flows ~Str eamline, streak line and path lines ~Stream function and velocity potentials ~Fl ow nets; (b) Dynamics ~Dimensional Concepts of System and Control volume ~Applic ation of control volume to continuity, energy and momentum ~Euler s equation of mo tion along a stream line ~Bernoulli s equation ~Applications to velocity and disch arge measurements ~Linear momentum equation and moment of momentum equations and their applications. Cam and follower ~types ~application ~profiles for uniform velocity ~acceleratio n ~simple harmonic and cycloidal motion ~uniform angular velocity. Definition of boundary layers ~Displacement, momentum and energy thickness ~Lami nar and turbulent boundary layers ~Momentum integral equation ~Separation of bou ndary layer. Drag and Lift. Lift characteristics of airfoils. Induced drag. Pola r Diagram. Definitions ~Kinematic links ~Pairs ~Chain ~Machines and mechanism ~Types and us es ~Velocity and acceleration in mechanisms ~Vector polygon and instantaneous ce ntre methods ~Problems. Drives ~belt ~flat and V belts ~tension ratio ~centrifugal tension ~creep. Chain Brakes ~band ~shoe. Clutches ~types ~single and multiple disc. Friction ~Bearings ~Pivot and collar bearings ~Antifriction bearings ~Applicatio n ~loss of power due to friction in bearings ~viscosity ~theory of lubrication. Fundamental dimensions ~dimensional homogeneity ~Rayleigh s method and Buckingham Pi Theorem ~Dimensionless parameters ~Similitude and model studies. Distorted Mo dels. Gears ~classification ~terminology law of gearing ~tooth profile ~interference between rack and pinion. Gear trains ~simple ~compound reverted. Governors ~Watt and Porter governor ~sensitivity and hunting. Inertia ~turning moment ~flywheel ~fluctuation of speed and energy. Balancing of masses in single and multiple pl anes. Introduction ~Reciprocating pump~Construction details, Co efficient of discharge , Slip and Power ~Centrifugal pump~Classification, Working principle and Specifi c speed. Introduction ~Types of fluid flow ~Velocity ~Rate equation of continuity ~Energy of a liquid in motion ~Head of a liquid ~Bernoulli s theorem ~Orifice and Mouthpi ece. Laminar flow between parallel plates, and pipes ~Development of laminar and turb ulent flows in pipes ~Reynolds experiment ~Darcy Weisbach equation ~Moody diagra m ~Major and minor losses of flow in pipes ~Pipes in series and in parallel. Turbine~Classification of Turbines and Working Principle. Dimensions and units Buckingham s *theorem. Discussion on dimensionless parameters . Models and similitude. Applications of dimensionless parameters. Homologous units. Specific speed. Elementary cascade theory. Theory of turbo mac hines. Euler s equation. Hydraulic efficiency. Velocity components at the entry an d exit of the rotor. Velocity triangle for single stage radial flow and axial fl ow machines. Centrifugal pumps, turbines, performance curves for pumps and turbi nes. Laminar flow through circular conduits and circular annuli. Boundary layer conce pts. Boundary layer thickness. Hydraulic and energy gradient. Darcy Weisbach equ ation. Friction factor and Moody diagram. Commercial pipes. Minor losses. Flow t hrough pipes in series and pipes in parallel. 17 Reciprocating pumps, indicator diagram. Work saved by air vessels. Rotary pumps. Classification. Working and performance curves. 45+15 PERIODS Units and dimensions. Properties of fluids ~specific gravity, specific weight, v iscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure and gas laws ~Capillarity and surface tension, Flow characteristics Concepts of system and control volume. Application of control volume to continuity equation, energy equation, momentum equation an d moment of momentum equation. Calibration of Flow Measuring instruments ~venturimeter, orificemeter, rotometer , Calibration of flows in open channels ~weirs and notches. Estimation of fricti on f a c t o r in flow through pipes. Determination of performance characteristics of pumps ~centrifugal pumps, submer sible pumps, turbine pumps and positive displacement pumps ~reciprocating and ge ar pumps. Determination of performance characteristics of turbines ~reaction turbines and impulse turbines. Beams ~types and transverse loading on beams ~shear force and bending moment in beams ~Cantilevers ~Simply supported beams and over hanging beams. Theory of sim ple bending ~bending formula bending stress distribution ~Load carrying capacity ~Proportioning of sections ~leaf springs ~Flitched beams ~Shear stress distribu tion. Beams ~types transverse loading on beams ~Shear force and bending moment in beam s ~Cantilevers ~Simply supported beams and over ~hanging beams. Theory of simple bending ~bending formula ~bending stress distribution ~Load carrying capacity ~ Proportioning of sections ~Flitched beams ~Shear stress distribution. Beams ~types Transverse loading on beams ~Shear force and bending moment in beam s ~Cantilevers ~Simply supported beams and over hanging beams. Theory of simple bending ~bending stress distribution ~Load carrying capacity ~Proportioning of s ections ~Flitched beams ~Shear stress distribution. Double Integration method ~Macaulay s method ~Area moment theorems for computation of slopes and deflections in beams ~Conjugate beam and energy method ~Maxwell s r eciprocal theorems. Double Integration method ~Macaulay s method ~Area moment theorems for computation of slopes and deflections in beams ~Conjugate beam method. Rigid and deformable bodies ~Axial and Shear Stresses ~Deformation of simple an d compound bars ~Thermal stresses ~Elastic Constants ~Volumetric strains~Stresse s and deformation of thin cylinders and thin shells ~Stresses on inclined planes ~Principal stresses and principal planes ~Mohr s circle of stress. Rigid bodies and deformable solids ~Tension, Compression and Shear Stresses ~Def ormation of simple and compound bars ~Thermal stresses ~Elastic Constants ~Volum etric strains ~Stresses on inclined planes ~Principal stresses and principal pla nes ~Mohr s circle of stress. Rigid bodies and deformable solids ~Tension, Compression and Shear Stresses ~Def ormation of simple and compound bars ~Thermal stresses ~Elastic Constants ~Volum etric strains. Thin cylinders and shells ~Deformation of thin cylinders and shel ls ~Stresses on inclined planes ~Principal stresses and principal planes ~Mohr s c ircle of stress. Strain energy and strain energy density ~Strain energy due to axial loads , shea r ,flexure and torsion ~Castigliano s and Engessor s energy theorems. Principle of v irtual work ~Application of energy theorems for computing deflection in beams ~M axwell s reciprocal theorems. Stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts ~Stepped shafts~shafts fi xed at the both ends ~Stresses in helical springs ~Deflection of helical springs . Stresses and deformation in circular and hollows shafts ~Stepped shafts ~Shafts fixed at the both ends ~Stresses in helical springs ~Deflection of helical sprin gs. Stresses in thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure circumferential and longitudinal stresses ~deformation in thin cylinders spherical shells subjected to internal pressure ~deformations in spherical shells ~Lame s theory ~applicatio n of theories of failure Stresses in thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure circumferential and longitudinal stresses ~deformation in thin cylinders spherical shells subjected to internal pressure deformations in spherical shells ~Lame s theory ~application of theories of failure. Torsion formulation Stresses and deformation in circular and hollows shafts ~Ste pped shafts ~deflection in Shafts fixed at the both ends ~Stresses in helical sp rings ~Deflection of helical springs. Beams ~support conditions ~types of Beams ~transverse loading on beams ~shear fo rce and bending moment in beams ~analysis of cantilevers, simply ~supported beam s and over hanging beams ~relationships between loading, S.F. and B.M. In beams and their applications ~S.F.And B.M. diagrams. Double integration method ~Macaulay s method ~Area ~moment theorems for computatio n of slopes and deflections in beams ~conjugate beam method Rigid bodies and deformable solids ~forces on solids and supports ~equilibrium a nd stability ~strength and stiffness ~tension, compression and shear stresses ~H ooke s law and simple problems ~compound bars ~thermal stresses ~elastic constants and poission s ratio ~welded joints ~design. Theory of simple bending ~assumptions and derivation of bending equation (M/I = F/Y = E/R) ~analysis of stresses in beams ~loads carrying capacity of beams ~pro portioning beam sections ~leaf springs ~flitched beams ~shear stress distributio n in beams ~determination of shear stress in flanged beams. Torsion of circular shafts ~derivation of torsion equation (T/J = C/R = G0/L) ~s tress and deformation in circular and hollow shafts ~stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts ~stepped shafts ~shafts fixed at both ends ~stresses in helical springs ~deflection of springs ~spring constant COLUMNS Axially load ed short columns ~columns of unsymmetrical sections ~Euler s theory of long column s ~critical loads for prismatic columns with different end conditions ~effect of eccentricity. Unsymmetrical bending of beams ~symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections, shear c entre ~stresses on curved beams for simple solid sections ~Winkler Bach Formula ~Thick cylinders ~Compound cylinders ~Residual stresses ~Stress concentration ~F atigue and fracture. Behaviour of short and long columns. Euler s theory of long columns ~Critical load s for prismatic columns with different end conditions ~Rankine Gordon Formula ~E ccentrically loaded long columns Eccentrically loaded short columns ~middle thi rd rule ~core of section . Determination of principal stresses and principal planes ~volumetric strain ~The ories of failure ~Principal stress, principal strain, shear stress, strain energ y and distortion energy theories ~Application in analysis of stress, load carryi ng capacity and design of members. Interaction problems ~interaction curves. Propped Cantilever and Fixed Beams ~Fixed end moments reactions, slope and defle ction for standard cases of loading ~Continuous beams ~support reactions and mo ments ~Theorem of three moments ~Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Strain energy and strain energy density ~Strain energy in axial force ~shear, fl exure and torsion ~Castigliano s and Engessor s theorems ~Principle of virtual work ~Application of energy theorems for computing deflections in beams, pin jointed frames ~Maxwell s reciprocal theorem. Causes of damage and deterioration in masonry and concrete structures ~Symptoms and Diagnosis ~Common types of repairs. High grade cements ~Advances in manufacture of cement concrete chemicals and ap plications ~concepts of mix design ~statistical quality control of concrete ~Mix Design as per BIS and ACI methods ~Process of manufacture of concrete ~Batching ~Mixing ~Transporting ~Placing ~Compaction of concrete ~Curing ~Finishing ~Test ing of fresh and hardened concrete ~Non destructive testing. Painting, Distempering and white washing ~Fire Protection ~Thermal insulation ~V entilation and air conditioning ~Acoustics and Sound insulation ~Damp proofing ~ Termite proofing. Selection of equipment for earthwork, concreting, material hardening and erectio n of structures ~Dewatering and pumping equipments. Types of Foundations ~Stones masonry ~Brick masonry ~Composite masonry ~Cavity w alls ~Flooring ~Formwork ~Centering and Shuttering sheet piles ~Slip and moving forms ~Roofs and roof covering ~Joints in Concrete ~Plastering and Pointing ~Sho ring ~Scafflolding ~Under pinning ~Submerge Structures. Reciprocating pumps ~Negative slip ~Flow separation conditions ~Air vessels, in dicator diagrams and its variations ~Savings in work done ~Rotary pumps. Dynamic equation ~Water surface flow profile classifications ~Profile determinat ion by graphical method, direct step method and standard step methods. Hydraulic jumps ~Types ~Energy dissipation ~Surges and surge through channel tra nsitions. Steady uniform flow ~Best hydraulic sections for uniform flow ~Specific energy a nd specific force. Turbines ~Classification ~Reaction turbines ~Francis turbine, Radial flow turbin es, draft tube and cavitation ~Propeller and Kaplan turbines ~Impulse turbines ~ Performance of turbines ~Similarity laws; Centrifugal pumps ~Minimum speed to st art the pump ~NPSH ~Cavitation in pumps ~Operating characteristics ~Multistage p umps. Celestial sphere ~Astronomical terms and definitions ~Motion of sun and stars ~A pparent altitude and corrections ~Celestial co ordinate systems ~Different time systems ~Nautical almanac ~Star constellations ~Practical astronomy ~Field obser vations and calculations for azimuth. Electromagnetic distance measurement ~Carrier waves ~Principles ~Instruments ~Tr ilateration Total Station ~GPS Surveying ~Hydrographic Surveying ~Tides ~MSL ~S ounding and methods ~Location of soundings and methods ~Three point problem ~Str ength of fix ~Sextants and station pointer ~River surveys ~Measurement of curren t and discharge ~Cadastral surveying ~Definition ~Uses ~Legal values ~Scales and accuracies. Errors ~Sources, precautions and corrections ~Classification of errors ~True and most probable values ~weighted observations ~Method of equal shifts ~Principle of least squares ~Normal equation ~Correlates ~Level nets ~Adjustment of simple triangulation networks. Tacheometric systems ~Tangential, stadia and subtense methods ~Stadia systems ~H orizontal and inclined sights ~Vertical and normal staffing ~Fixed and movable h airs ~Stadia constants ~Anallactic lens ~Subtense bar. Working from whole to part ~Horizontal and vertical control methods ~Triangulati on ~Signals ~Base line ~Instruments and accessories ~Corrections ~Satellite stat ion ~Reduction to centre ~Trignometrical levelling ~Single and reciprocal observ ations ~Modern trends. Effective stress concepts in soils ~Stress distribution in soil media ~Boussines q theory ~Use of Newmarks influence chart ~Components of settlement ~immediate and consolidation settlement ~Terzaghi s one dimensional consolidation theory ~com putation of rate of settlement~?t and log t methods ~Factors influencing settlem ent characteristics of soils. Nature of soil ~phase relationships ~Soil description and classification for eng ineering purposes, their significance ~BIS Classification system ~Soil compactio n ~Theory, comparison of laboratory and field compaction methods ~Factors influe ncing compaction behaviour of soils. Shear strength of cohesive and cohesionless soils ~Mohr ~Coulomb failure theory ~Measurement of shear strength, direct shear ~Triaxial compression, UCC and Vane shear tests ~Cyclic loading ~Pore pressure parameters. Slope failure mechanisms ~Types of slopes and infinite slopes ~finite slopes ~To tal stress analysis for saturated clay ~Fellenius method ~Friction circle method ~Use of stability number ~slope protection measures. Soil water ~static pressure in water ~capillary stress ~Permeability measurement in the laboratory and field ~pumping in and pumping out tests ~factors influenc ing permeability of soils ~Seepage ~introduction to flow net ~Simple problems (s heet pile and wier). Primary, secondary, tertiary, triangulation, frame work of triangles, accuracy required, setting up baseline, extension, main and check base, corrections, angl e measurement methods, figure adjustment and correction, triangles, quadrilatera ls, bracedquadrilateral, polygon, combined figures, computation of triangulation scheme, transfer coordinates through two, three four point interpolation, reduc tion to centre(satellite station) methods, broken baseline method, common terms and definitions in astronomical surveys ~determination of true north, sun/star o bservations and connection to triangulation base line. Chain surveying, principles, equipment, ranging, setting and chain lines, chaini ng on sloping ground, errors in chaining, use of steel tape and corrections, cat enary taping, corrections to measured lengths, errors in measurement, metallic, steel tapes, miscellaneous field problems relating to sighting, taping and both, field notes, record of data, plotting and computation. Construction, testing and adjustment of levelling instruments levelling practice , rise and fall, height of collimation, booking, errors, computations, standards of accuracy. Construction, testing, correction/adjustments of angle measuring instruments the odolite, compass dial, angle measurement procedures, corrections, and computatio ns, plane and rectangular coordinates, relative applications, sources of error a nd field checks in traversing, relative merits and applications of theodolite, f ixed, free needle surveying, etc., limit of precision. OBJECTIVES and general principles of mine surveying, definitions of plane and ge odetic surveying, broad ideas of the parts and terms common to different survey instruments used such as telescope, line of sight, line of collimation, level tu bes, vernier, magnetic 18 needle, chain, steel, linen, metallic tapes, theodolit e, striding levels, trough compass, least count, micrometer levels, clinometers, etc. optical aids and illumination aids for surveying. Element and global stiffness matrices~Co ordinate transformations ~Rotation matr ix~Compatibility matrix ~transformations of stiffness matrices, load vectors and displacement vectors ~Analysis of Continuous Beams ~Analysis of pin jointed pla ne frames and rigid frames, by direct stiffness method. Equilibrium and compatibility ~Determinate vs indeterminate structures ~Static a nd Kinematic Indeterminacy ~primary structure ~Compatibility conditions ~Analys is of indeterminate pinjointed plane frames, continuous beams, rigid jointed pla ne frames Principles of virtual work for deflections ~Deflections of pin jointed plane fra mes and rigid plane frames Williott diagram. Slope deflection equations~Analysis of continuous beams and rigid frames (with a nd without sway) ~Symmetry and antisymmetry ~Simplification for hinged end ~Supp ort settlements. Stiffness and carry over factors ~Distribution and carry over of moments ~Analys is of continuous Beams ~Plane rigid frames with and without sway. Design of simple and built up members subjected to tension Effective area of an gles connected to gussets. Design of simple beams based on strength and stiffness as per IS code ~Design of built ~up beams and curtailment of flange plates Flange splice and web splice~ Design of plate girder and stiffeners. Maximum slenderness ratio of various compression members ~IS code provision for compression members ~Design of simple and built up compression members with laci ngs and battens ~Design of column bases. Study of properties and strength of natural and laminated timber ~Allowable stre sses in compression, tension and flexure as per IS Code ~Types of joints with na ils and bolts ~Design of simple compression members as per IS code~Design of bea ms for strength and stiffness as per IS code. Types of steel structures ~Properties of rolled steel sections and Light gauge s teel sections ~Allowable Stresses as per IS code ~Riveted and bolted connections ~Failures of joints ~Single and multiple riveted lap and butt joints under axia l and eccentric loading ~Strength of fillet and butt welded joints ~Design of ri veted and welded joints. Introduction ~Location and depth of foundation ~Codal provisions ~bearing capaci ty of shallow foundation on homogeneous deposits ~Terzaghi s formula and BIS formu la ~factors affecting bearing capacity ~problems ~Bearing capacity from in situ tests (SPT, SCPT and plate load) ~Allowable bearing pressure ~Seismic considerat ions in bearing capacity evaluation. Determination of Settlement of foundations on granular and clay deposits ~Total and differential settlement ~Allowable sett lements ~Codal provision ~Methods of minimizing total and differential settlemen ts. 24 Plastic equilibrium in soils ~active and passive states ~Rankine s theory ~cohesio nless and cohesive soil ~Coulomb s wedge theory ~Condition for critical failure pl ane ~Earth pressure on retaining walls of simple configurations ~Culmann Graphic al method ~pressure on the wall due to line load ~Stability analysis of retainin g walls. Scope and OBJECTIVES ~Methods of exploration ~auguring and boring ~Wash boring a nd rotary drilling ~Depth of boring ~Spacing of bore hole ~Sampling techniques ~ Representative and undisturbed sampling methods ~Split spoon sampler, Thin wall sampler, Stationery piston sampler ~Bore log report ~Samples Penetration Tests ( SPT and SCPT) ~Data interpretation ~strength parameters and liquefaction potenti al ~Selection of foundation based on soil conditions. Types of foundation ~Contact pressure distribution below footings and raft Isola ted footing ~Combined footings ~Types and proportioning ~Mat foundation ~Types ~ Applications ~Proportioning ~Floating foundation ~Seismic force consideration ~C odal Provision. Types of piles and their function ~Factors influencing the selection of pile ~Ca rrying capacity of single pile in granular and cohesive soil ~static formula ~dy namic formulae (Engineering news and Hileys) ~Capacity from insitu tests (SPT an d SCPT) ~Negative skin friction ~uplift capacity~Group capacity by different met hods (Feld s rule, Converse ~Labarre formula and block failure criterion) ~Settlem ent of pile groups ~Interpretation of pile load test (routine test only) ~Underr eamed piles ~Capacity under compression and uplift. OBJECTIVES ~Unit operations and processes ~Principles, functions design and draw ing of flash mixers, flocculators, sedimentation tanks and sand filters; Disinfe ction THM; Iron and Manganese removal, Defluoridation ~Residue Management ~Corr osion Control; Construction, Operation and Maintenance aspects Layout and Hydrau lic Profile of water treatment plants. Public water supply system ~Planning, OBJECTIVES, Design period, Population fore casting; Water demand ~Sources of water and their characteristics, Surface and G roundwater ~Impounding Reservoir Well hydraulics ~Development and selection of source ~Source Water quality ~Characterization ~Drinking Water quality standards . Requirements of water distribution ~Components ~Selection of pipes material ~Ser vice reservoirs ~Functions and drawings ~Network design ~Economics ~Computer app lications ~(Analysis of distribution networks) ~Appurtenances ~operation and mai ntenance ~Leak detection. Principles of design of water supply in buildings ~Hou se service connection ~Fixtures and fittings; Systems of plumbing and drawings o f types of plumbing. Water softening ~Desalination demineralization ~Adsorption Membrane Systems ~C onstruction and Operation And Maintenance aspects ~Recent advances. Water supply ~intake structures ~Functions and drawings; Pipes and conduits for water ~Pipe materials ~Hydraulics of flow in pipes ~Transmission main design~Lay ing, jointing and testing of pipes appurtenances~Drawings;~Types and capacity o f pumps ~Selection of pumps and pipe materials. Design principles ~pavement components and their role ~Design practice for flexi ble and rigid pavements, (IRC methods only). Highway construction materials, properties, testing methods ~Construction practi ce including modern methods, concrete road constructions (problem not included) ~Highway drainage ~Special considerations for hilly roads. History of road development in India ~Classification of highways ~Institutions f or Highway planning, design and implementation at different levels ~factors infl uencing highway alignment ~Engineering surveys for alignment, OBJECTIVES, conven tional and modern methods. Pavement distress in flexible and rigid pavement ~Pavement evaluation, roughness , present serviceability index, skid resistance, structural evaluation, evaluati on by deflection measurements ~Strengthening of pavements Types of maintenance ~IRC standards Typical cross sections of Urban and Rural roads ~Lateral and vertical clearance at underpasses ~Cross sectional elements ~Horizontal curves, super elevation, tr ansition curves, widening of curves ~Sight distances ~Vertical curves, gradients , hairpin bends ~IRC standards Definition of floods and droughts ~frequency analysis ~flood control measures ~I nter basin water transfer ~drought indices ~drought prone area programme ~artifi cial recharge ~rain water harvesting. Drainage basins ~hydrologic losses and rainfall excess ~hydrograph analysis ~uni t hydrograph ~S curve Synthetic unit hydrograph ~Rainfall runoff models ~SCSmeth od ~stream flow measurements. Groundwater concepts ~properties and types of aquifer ~saturated flow ~steady st ate one dimensional flow ~steady state well hydraulics ~unsteady groundwater flo w ~Theis method and Jacobs method ~Ground Water Estimation by GECnorms ~geophysi cal exploration ~sea water intrusion. Introduction ~Hydrometeorology ~Hydrologic cycle ~Precipitation and its types ~m easurements ~evaporation, evapotranspiration, infiltration and other abstraction s. Single and multipurpose projects ~dams ~types ~fixation of storage capacity ~Str ategies for reservoir operation ~reservoir sedimentation. Arches structural forms ~Examples of arch structures ~Types of arches ~Analysis of three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches parabolic and circular arches ~Set tlement and temperature effects Analysis of suspension bridges ~Unstiffened cables and cables with three hinged stiffening girders ~Influence lines for three hinged stiffening girders. Introdu ction to analysis of space trusses using method of tension coefficients ~Beams c urved in plan. Influence lines for reactions in statically determinate structures ~influence li nes for member forces in pin jointed frames ~Influence lines for shear force and bending moment in beam sections ~Calculation of critical stress resultants due to concentrated and distributed moving loads. Muller Breslau s principle ~Application of Muller Breslau s principle to determinate beams and continuous beams. Statically indeterminate structures ~Beams in pure bending ~Plastic moment of re sistance ~Plastic modulus ~Shape factor ~Load factor ~Plastic hinge and mechanis m. Static and kinematic methods ~Upper and lower bound theorems Plastic analysi s of indeterminate beams and frames. Components of irrigation network; Diversion headworks, Canal regulators, Canal d rop, canal cross drainage works, Canal outlets, ~Functions of the above componen ts ~Canal lining ~Supply of irrigation water Duty, Delta and Base period ~Concep ts of Kennedy s and Lacey s formulae Design of Tank Surplus Weir ~Tank Sluice with a Tower Head ~Direct Sluice taking off from a main canal ~Canal Drop with Notch Type ~Regulators across the canal ~Profile of Gravity Dam using AutoCAD ~Design of Cross Drainage work Syphon Aque duct (Type III) Field Measurements, Land leveling and drainage ~Irrigation methods relative meri ts and limitations ~Evaluation of irrigation methods Irrigation water quality ~ Irrigablity of soils and the irrigation related degradation of soil resource (su ch as water logging, salinity and sodicity) Need for interdisciplinary approach ~Irrigation beneficiaries ~Irrigation Effici ency~Irrigation scheduling concepts ~methods of irrigation scheduling ~On farm d evelopment works ~Participatory approach farmer s organization and turn over ~Wate r Users Association ~Economical aspects of irrigation Need for irrigation ~Advantages and ill effects ~Development of irrigation ~Nati onal Water Policy ~Tamil Nadu scenario ~Physical properties of soil that influen ce soil moisture characteristics ~Concept of soil water potential and its compon ents Gravitational, Pressure and Osmotic~Retention of water in soils and concept of plant available water ~Movement of water into and within the soils ~Measurem ent of soil moisture content and the matric tension with which it its held Soil~Water Plant relationship ~Water as a constituent of plant ~Soil Plant Atmos phere continuum ~Terminology in plant ~Water relationships (Evapotranspiration, consumptive use and crop factor) ~Critical stages of crop growth for water requi rement ~Analysis of crop water demand basic concepts and estimation Behaviour of one way and two way slabs ~design of one way simply supported, can tilever and continuous slabs. Design of two way slabs for various edge condition s. Types of staircases ~design of dog legged staircase. Concept of elastic method, ultimate load method and limit state method ~Advantag es of Limit State method over other methods ~Limit State philosophy as detailed in current IS Code. Design of rectangular beam section by elastic method. Design of masonry walls, pillars and footings as per NBC and IS Codes. Design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular and flanged beams ~use of des ign aids for flexure ~Behaviour of R.C. beams in shear and torsion ~Shear and to rsional reinforcement ~Limit State design of R.C. members for combined bending, shear and torsion ~Use of design aids. Design requirement for bond and anchorage as per IS code. Serviceability requirements. Types of columns ~design of short columns for axial load, combined axial load wi th uniaxial and biaxial bending ~use of design aids. Design of footing for mason ry and reinforced walls ~design of axially and eccentrically loaded square and r ectangular footings ~design of combined rectangular footings for two columns onl y OBJECTIVES ~Selection of Treatment Methods ~Principles, Functions, Design and Dr awing of Units ~Activated Sludge Process and Trickling filter, other treatment m ethods ~Oxidation ditches, UASB ~Waste Stabilization Ponds ~Reclamation and Reus e of sewage ~Recent Advances in Sewage Treatment ~Construction and Operation And Maintenance aspects ~Layout and Hydraulic profile of treatment plants. OBJECTIVES ~Unit Operation and Processes ~Selection of treatment processes ~Onsi te sanitation ~Septic tank, Grey water harvesting ~Primary treatment ~Principles , functions design and drawing of screen, grit chambers and primary sedimentatio n tanks ~Construction, Operation and Maintenance aspects. Sewerage ~Hydraulics of flow in sewers ~OBJECTIVES ~Design period ~Design of san itary and storm sewers ~Small bore systems ~Computer applications ~Laying, joini ng And testing of sewers ~appurtenances ~Pumps ~selection of pumps and pipe Drai nage . Plumbing System for Buildings ~One pipe and two pipe systems. Sources of wastewater generation ~Effects ~Estimation of sanitary sewage flow ~E stimation of storm runoff ~Factors affecting Characteristics and composition of sewage and their significance ~Effluent standards ~Legislation requirements. Standards for Disposal ~Methods ~dilution ~Self purification of surface water bo dies ~Oxygen sag curve ~Land disposal ~Sewage farming ~Deep well injection ~Soil dispersion system. Sludge characterization ~Thickening ~Sludge digestion ~Bioga s recovery ~Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering ~disposal ~Advances in Sludge Tre atment and disposal. Data models ~vector and raster data ~data compression ~data input by digitizatio n and scanning ~attribute data analysis ~integrated data analysis ~Modeling in G IS ~Highway alignment studies ~Land Information System. Definition of remote sensing and its components ~Electromagnetic spectrum ~wavel ength regions important to remote sensing ~Wave theory, Particle theory, Stefan Boltzman and Wein s Displacement Law ~Atmospheric scattering, absorption ~Atmosphe ric windows ~spectral signature concepts ~typical spectral reflective characteri stics of water, vegetation and soil. Introduction ~Maps ~Definitions ~Map projections ~types of map projections ~map analysis ~GIS definition ~basic components of GIS ~standard GIS softwares ~Data type ~Spatial and non spatial (attribute) data ~measurement scales ~Data Base Ma nagement Systems (DBMS). Types of Data Products ~types of image interpretation ~basic elements of image i nterpretation ~visual interpretation keys ~Digital Image Processing ~Pre process ing ~image enhancement techniques ~multispectral image classification ~Supervise d and unsupervised. Types of platforms ~orbit types, Sun synchronous and Geosynchronous ~Passive and Active sensors ~resolution concept ~Pay load description of important Earth Res ources and Meteorological satellites ~Airborne and spaceborne TIR and microwave sensors. IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Planning ~Scheduling and Resource analysis ~Recording and operations~Project accounting, costing and finance ~usage of project manage ment software. Market ~Marketing, Segmentation, Positioning, Marketing Research, Market Plannin g, Scope of financial management ~Cost accounting Vs Financial accounting, Appra isal of projects, Investment decisions ~concept of pay back. Market ~Marketing, Segmentation, Positioning, Marketing Research, Market Plannin g, Scope of financial management ~Cost accounting Vs Financial accounting, Appra isal of projects, Investment decisions ~concept of pay back. Planning ~Identification, Procurement, Schedule and Cost control ~systems approa ch in resource management ~ABC analysis, VED analysis, FSN analysis, vendor rati ng evaluation, buying versus leasing of equipment Planning ~Identification, Procurement, Schedule and Cost control ~systems approa ch in resource management ~ABC analysis, VED analysis, FSN analysis, vendor rati ng evaluation, buying versus leasing of equipment Project identification formulation Preparation of detailed project report (DPR)~ Planning ~Scheduling and Resource analysis ~Recording and operations~Project acc ounting, costing and finance ~usage of project management software Scope and OBJECTIVES of HRM ~Man power policy and planning ~Recruitment and sele ction ~Training performance appraisal ~Wage policy and compensation systems ~Com pany union relationship and collective bargaining ~Accidents ~Absenteeism and tu rn over ~Grievances / conflicts ~Identification and resolution. Scope and OBJECTIVES of HRM ~Man power policy and planning ~Recruitment and sele ction ~Training performance appraisal ~Wage policy and compensation systems ~Com pany union relationship and collective bargaining ~Accidents ~Absenteeism and tu rn over ~Grievances / conflicts ~Identification and resolution. Types of business operations Sole proprietorship ~Partnership ~Company ~Public and private sector enterprises / Joint ventures, collaborations. Functions of Ma nagement Principles of management ~Functions of management ~Functions of a mana ger. Production Management Planning ~scheduling ~procurement ~Inventory control ~management tools ~L.P. ~PERT, CPM, etc. Types of business operations Sole proprietorship ~Partnership ~Company ~Public and private sector enterprises / Joint ventures, collaborations. Functions of Ma nagement Principles of management ~Functions of management ~Functions of a mana ger. Production Management Planning ~scheduling ~procurement ~Inventory control ~management tools ~L.P. ~PERT, CPM, etc. Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design, Provisions of Seismic Code IS 1893 (Part I), Response Spectrum, Design Spectrum, Design of Buildings, Reinforcement Deta iling, Provisions of IS 13920. Elements of Engineering Seismology, Characteristics of Earthquake Engineering, E arthquake History, Indian Seismicity. Formulation of equation of motion, Free and forced vibrations, Damping, Types of Damping~Damped and undamped vibrations, Response to dynamic loading. Free and forced vibration of undamped and damped MDOF systems. Equation of motio ns, Evaluation of natural frequencies and modes, Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Performance of structures under past earthquakes, Lessons learnt from past earth quakes~soil liquefaction ~Soil ~Structure~Interaction (SSI) effects. Concept of reinforcement ~Types of reinforcement material ~Reinforced earth wall ~Mechanism ~simple design ~applications of reinforced earth. Role of Geotextile s in filtration, drainage, separation and road works. Dewatering Techniques ~Well points ~Vacuum and electroosmotic methods ~Seepage a nalysis for two ~dimensional flow for fully and partially penetrated slots in ho mogeneous deposits (Simple cases only). In situ densification of cohesion less soils and consolidation of cohesive soils Dynamic compaction Vibroflotation, Sand compaction piles and deep compaction. C onsolidation Preloading with sand drains, and fabric drains, Stone columns and L ime piles installation techniques only ~relative merits of above methods and the ir limitations ~stabilization of expansive soils. Role of ground improvement in foundation engineering ~methods of ground improvem ent ~Geotechnical problems in alluvial, lateritic and black cotton soils ~Select ion of suitable ground improvement techniques based on soil conditions. . Types of grouts ~Grouting equipments and machinery ~injection methods ~Grout mon itoring ~stabilization with cement, lime and chemicals. Contract ~Types of contracts ~Formation of contract ~Contract conditions ~Contra ct for labour, material, design, construction ~Drafting of contract documents ba sed on IBRD / MORTH Standard bidding documents ~Construction contracts ~Contract problems ~Arbitration and legal requirements. Definitions ~Various types of valuations ~Valuation methods ~Valuation of land ~ Buildings ~Valuation of plant and machineries. Philosophy ~Purpose ~Methods of estimation ~Types of estimates ~Approximate esti mates Detailed estimate ~Estimation of quantities for buildings, roads, canals and hydraulic structures using computer softwares. Specifications ~Detailed and general specifications ~Constructions ~Sources ~Typ es of specifications ~TTTAct \t20\t00 ~Tender notices ~types ~tender procedures ~Drafting model tenders , E tendering Digital signature certificates~Encrypting Decrypting ~Reverse auctions. Standard Data ~Observed Data ~Schedule of rates ~Market rates ~Assessment of Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works ~Rate Analysis ~Cost Estimates usi ng Computer softwares Airport site selection ~Components of airports~Forecasting in aviation~Airport obstructions ~Zoning laws ~Regional planning ~Airport architecture ~Airport ligh ting ~Air traffic control aids Earthwork ~Stabilization of track on poor soil~Tunneling ~Methods, drainage and ventilation ~Construction and maintenance of tracks ~uniguage ~Maintenance of ro lling stocks and signals Planning and development of railway station yards, Turnouts, points and crossin gs ~Signalling ~Interlocking, track circuiting ~Modern developments in railways, urban railways, underground and tube railways Basic planning for MRTS and Subur ban railways Electric traction Route alignment surveys, modern methods ~Elements of permanent way ~Rails, sleep ers, ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, coning of wheels, creep in rails, de fects in rails ~Geometric design of railway track, gradient, super elevation, wi dening of guage on curves Runway orientation ~Basic runway length ~Corrections to basic runway length ~geo metric design of runways ~Layout of taxiway and terminal area~airport pavement d esign (flexible pavement only). Architectural Design ~an analysis ~integration of function and aesthetics ~Intro duction to basic elements and principles of design. Man and environment interaction~Factors that determine climate ~Characteristics of climate types ~Design for various climate types ~Passive and active energy co ntrols ~Green building concept Planning ~Definition, concepts and processes~Urban planning standards and zoning regulations~Urban renewal ~Conservation ~Principles of Landscape design Residential, institutional, commercial and Industrial ~Application of anthropome try and space standards Inter relationships of functions ~Safety standards ~Buil ding rules and regulations ~Integration of building services ~Interior design. Surveys ~Site analysis ~Development Control ~Layout regulations~Layout design co ncepts. Formulation of OBJECTIVES functions; fitting models to data; applications in flu id mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer, reaction engineering, equipment desi gn, resource allocation and inventory control. Introduction to geometric, dynamic and integer programming and genetic algorithm s. Introduction to optimization; applications of optimization in chemical engineeri ng; classification of optimization problems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimum; direct search methods; indirect search methods. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimum; region elimination methods; int erpolation methods; direct root methods. 39 Controlling factors, Applications, Types of Equipment employed for Electrophores is, Dielectrophoresis, Ion Exchange Chromatography and Eletrodialysis, EDR, Bipo lar Membranes. Review of Conventional Processes, Recent advances in Separation Techniques based on size, surface properties, ionic properties and other special characteristics of substances, Process concept, Theory and Equipment used in cross flow Filtrat ion, cross flow Electro Filtration, Surface based solid ~liquid separations invo lving a second liquid. Separation involving Lyophilisation, Pervaporation and Permeation Techniques for solids, liquids and gases, zone melting, Adductive Crystallization, other Separ ation Processes, Supercritical fluid Extraction, Oil spill Management, Industria l Effluent Treatment by Modern Techniques. Types and choice of Adsorbents, Adsorption Techniques, Dehumidification Techniqu es, Affinity Chromatography and Immuno Chromatography, Recent Trends in Adsorpti on. Types and choice of Membranes, Plate and Frame, tubular, spiral wound and hollow fiber Membrane Reactors and their relative merits, commercial, Pilot Plant and Laboratory Membrane permeators involving Dialysis, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltrati on, Ultra filtration and Micro filtration, Ceramic~Hybrid process and Biological Membranes. Classification of enzymes. Mechanisms of enzyme action; concept of active site a nd energetics of enzyme substrate complex formation; specificity of enzyme actio n; principles of catalysis ~collision theory, transition state theory; role of e ntropy in catalysis. Criteria for good medium, medium requirements for fermentation processes, carbon , nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formulation of optimal growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media, design of various commercial media for industrial fermentatio ns ~medium optimization methods Kinetics of single substrate reactions; estimation of Michelis ~Menten parameter s, multisubstrate reactions~mechanisms and kinetics; turnover number; types of i nhibition And models substrate, product. Allosteric regulation of enzymes, Mono d changeux wyman model, pH and temperature effect on enzymes And deactivation ki netics. Overview of fermentation industry, general requirements of fermentation processe s, basic configuration of fermentor and ancillaries, main parameters to be monit ored and controlled in fermentation processes. Physical and chemical techniques for enzyme immobilization ~adsorption, matrix e ntrapment, encapsulation, cross linking, covalent binding etc., ~examples, advan tages and disadvantages. Analysis laminar flow in pipe, sedimentation, boundary layer flow, conduction, heat exchanger, heat transfer in packed bed, diffusion, packed bed adsorption, p lug flow reactor, hierarchy in model development, classification and solution of partial differential equations. Empirical modeling, parameter estimation, popul ation balance and stochastic modeling. Analysis of compressible flow, heat exchanger, packed columns, plug flow reactor , solution of ODE boundary value problems. Analysis of liquid level tank, gravity flow tank, jacketed stirred tank heater, reactors, flash and distillation column, solution of ODE initial value problems, matrix differential equations, simulation of closed loop systems. Degree of freedom analysis, single and network of process units, systems yieldin g linear and non linear algebraic equations, flow sheeting ~sequential modular a nd equation oriented approach, tearing, partitioning and precedence ordering, so lution of linear and non linear algebraic equations. Introduction to modeling and simulation, classification of mathematical models, conservation equations and auxiliary relations. Classification of Compressor, Reciprocating Compressor, Single Stage and Two Sta ge Compressor, Velocity Diagram for Centrifugal Compressor, Silp Factor, Impelle r Blade Shape. Properties of Air Water Vapors and use of Humidity Chart. Equipm ents used for Humidification, Dehumidification and Cooling Towers. Hard and Soft water, Requisites of Industrial Water and its uses. Methods of wat er Treatment such as Chemical Softening and Demineralization, Resins used for Wa ter Softening and Reverse Osmosis. Effects of impure Boiler Feed Water. Properties of Steam, problems based on Steam, Types of Steam Generator such as S olid Fuel Fired Boiler, Waste Gas Fired Boiler and Fluidized Bed Boiler. Scaling and Trouble Shooting. Steam Traps and Accessories. Refrigeration Cycles, Methods of Refrigeration used in Industry and Different Ty pes of Refrigerants such as Monochlorodifluro Methane, Chlorofluro Carbons and B rins. Refrigerating Effects and Liquefaction Processes. 42 Types of Fuel used in Chemical Process Industries for Power Generation such as N atural Gas, Liquid Petroleum Fuels, Coal and Coke. Internal Combustion Engine, P etrol and Diesel Engine. Waste Disposal. Definition of Logistics and SCM Evolution, Scope, ImportanceAnd Decision Phases ~Drivers of SC Performance and Obstacles. Distribution in Supply Chain ~Factors in Distribution network design Design opt ions Network Design in Supply Chain ~Framework for network Decisions ~Managing c ycle inventory and safety. Factors ~Modes of Transportation ~Design options for Transportation Networks Rou ting and Scheduling ~Inbound and outbound logistics~Reverse Logistics ~3PL~Integ rated Logistics Concepts~Integrated Logistics Model ~Activities ~Measuring logis tics cost and performance ~Warehouse Management ~Case Analysis Supplier selection and Contracts ~Design collaboration ~Procurement process. Rev enue management in supply chain Supply chain coordination ~Bullwhip effect ~Effect of lack of co ordination and obstacles ~IT and SCM ~supply chain IT frame work. E Business And SCM. Metrics f or SC performance ~Case Analysis Biomass energy resources, thermo chemical and biochemical methods of biomass con version, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, biogas production, ethanol, fuel c ells, alkaline fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, magneto hydrodynami c power generation, energy storage routes like thermal energy storage, chemical, mechanical storage and electrical storage. Conventional energy resources, Thermal, hydel and nuclear reactors, thermal, hyd el and nuclear power plants, efficiency, merits and demerits of the above power plants, combustion processes, fluidized bed combustion. Energy conservation in chemical process plants, energy audit, energy saving in h eat exchangers, distillation columns, dryers, ovens and furnaces and boilers, st eam economy in chemical plants, energy conservation. Solar energy, solar thermal systems, flat plate collectors, focusing collectors, solar water heating, solar cooling, solar distillation, solar refrigeration, so lar dryers, solar pond, solar thermal power generation, solar energy application in India, energy plantations. Wind energy, types of windmills, types of wind ro tors, Darrieus rotor and Gravian rotor, wind electric power generation, wind pow er in India, economics of wind farm, ocean wave energy conversion, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal energy conversion, geothermal energy. Units of energy, conversion factors, general classification of energy, world ene rgy resources and energy consumption, Indian energy resources and energy consump tion, energy crisis, energy alternatives, Renewable and non renewable energy sou rces and their availability. Prospects of Renewable energy sources Electro deposition electro refining electroforming electro polishing anodiz ing Selective solar coatings, Primary and secondary batteries types of batteri es, Fuel cells. Introduction to corrosion, series, corrosion theories derivation of potential c urrent relations of activities controlled and diffusion controlled corrosion pro cess. Potential pH diagram, Forms of corrosion~definition, factors and control m ethods of various forms of corrosion corrosion control measures~industrial boile r water corrosion control protective coatings Vapor phase inhibitors cathodic protection, sacrificial anodes Paint removers. Electrodes used in different electrochemical industries Metals Graphite Lead di oxide ~Titanium substrate insoluble electrodes Iron oxide semi conducting type etc. Metal finishing~cell design. types of electrochemical reactors, batch cell , fluidized bed electrochemical reactor, filter press cell, Swiss roll cell, plu g flow cell, design equation, figures of merits of different type of electrochem ical reactors. Mass transfer in electrochemical systems diffusion controlled electrochemical re action the importance of convention and the concept of limiting current. over p otential, primarysecondary current distribution rotating disc electrode. Review basics of electrochemistry Faraday s law Nernst potential Galvanic cells ~Polarography, The electrical double layer It s role in electrochemical processes Electro capillary curve Helmoltz layer Guoy Steven s layer fields at the inte rface. Cracking of Naphtha and Feed stock gas for the production of Ethylene, Propylene , Isobutylene and Butadiene. Production of Acetylene from Methane, Catalytic Ref orming of Petroleum Feed Stocks and Extraction of Aromatics. Cracking, Thermal Cracking, Vis breaking, Catalytic Cracking (FCC), Hydro Cracki ng, Coking and Air Blowing of Bitumen. Origin, Formation and Evaluation of Crude Oil. Testing of Petroleum Products. Re fining of Petroleum ~Atmospheric and Vaccum Distillation. Production of Petrochemicals like Dimethyl Terephathalate (DMT), Ethylene Glycol , Synthetic Glycerine, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), Acrylonitrile, Methyl Methacr ylate (MMA), Vinyl Acetate Monomer, Phthalic Anhydride, Maleic Anhydride, Phenol and Acetone, Methanol, Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Pentaerythritol and Producti on of Carbon Black. Treatment Techniques Removal of Sulphur Compounds in all Petroleum Fractions to improve performance, Solvent Treatment Processes, Dewaxing, Clay Treatment and H ydrofining. 45 Chemical conversion processes; alkylation; carboxylation; condensation and cycli sation; dehydration, esterification, halogenation, oxidation, sulfonation; compl ex chemical conversions fermentation. Compressed tablets; wet granulation; dry granulation or slugging; advancement in granulation; direct compression, tablet presses formulation; coating pills; cap sules sustained action dosage forms; parential solutions, oral liquids; injectio ns; ointments; standard of hygiene and manufacturing practice. Packing; packing techniques; quality control. Development of drugs and pharamaceutical industry; organic therapeutic agents us es and economics Drug metabolism; physico chemical principles; pharma kinetics action of drugs on human bodies. Antibiotics~gram positive, gram negative and broad spectrum antib iotics; hormones Vitamins; cold remedies; laxatives; analgesics; nonsteroidal contraceptives; ext ernal antiseptics; antacids and others. Analytical methods and tests for various drugs and pharmaceuticals ~spectroscopy, chromatography, fluorimetry, polarimet ry, refractometry, pHmetry Classification, mechanisms and methods of polymerization, Properties Molecular w eight, Glass transition temperature, Crystallinity, thermal, Electrical and Mech anical properties Mechanical properties, tensile strength and hardness, electrical properties, vol ume resistivety, dielectric strength, optical properties~glass, light transmissi on and refractive index, chemical analysis ~elemental and functional analysis Natural Rubber, Styrene ~butadiene, Polyisopropane ~Neoprene, Silicone rubber, T hermoplastic elastomers Processing additives, plasticizers, Antiaging additives, surface and optical pro perties, modifiers, fire retardants, additives for rubber and elastomers, variou s molding techniques Resins ~PVC, Silicon Oil and resins, fibrous Polymers ~Nylon 66, Polyacrylonitri le, adhesives Epoxides, Phenol formaldehyde, Urea formaldehyde Biomechanics, biotransport and biomaterials, biomolecular and cellular engineeri ng, drug discovery and development. Hydrogen production, Hydrogen economy, Fuel Cell Technology, biofuel cells and b iohydrogen, solar energy Novel reactor configurations; combination of reaction and separation; use of dif ferent energy fields, lab on a chip. Polymers and composites, ceramics and glasses, colloidal dispersions and nanopar ticles, thin films and electronic materials Scope and importance; identification of needs and specifications; sources of ide as and screening ideas; selection of product idea; process development for produ ct manufacture; specialty chemical manufacture; economic aspects. 47 Diffusion in Mass Transfer gas, liq, solid diffusion and mass transfer Diffusio n in biological solutions measurement of diffusion Coefficients ~concept of mass transfer Coefficients application for different situations. Interphase mass transfer and overall mass transfer Coefficients ~Absorption equi pments Hydraulics of Packed Absorbers Process Design of Packed Absorbers~Concept of height of transfer units and number of transfer units in design. Phenomena of heat transfer by conduction concept of heat conduction resistances ~application of heat conduction in series ~heat transfer coefficient heat conve ction phenomena~application for different situations combined conduction and co nvectionoverall heat transfer coefficient application to design of heat exchang ers~Principles of radiation heat transfer ~Laws in radiation~View factor concept s ~application. Principles of liq extraction Equilibrium staged extraction calculation ~continu ous extraction equipments. Principles of Leaching equilibrium staged leaching ~ Leaching equipments. Principles of adsorption Design of packed adsorber. Vapour Liquid equilibrium and distillation simple Distillation, Steam distillati on, Flash distillation Staged distillation Column Design by Mc Cabe Thiele metho d Enthalpy~Concentration diagrams and use in Distillation Column design. Carnot cycle; Stirlings cycle; Joule cycle; Otto cycle; Diesel cycle; Dual comb ustion Cycle~Derivations and problems. Definition of Kinematic Links, Pairs and Kinematic Chains; Working principle of Slider Crank mechanism and inversions; Double slider crank mechanism and invers ions. Flywheel Turning moment Diagram; Fluctuation of Energy.Belt and rope driv es; Velocity ratio; slip; Creep; Ratio of tensions; Length of belt; Power Transm itted; gear trains types.Balancing of rotating masses in same plane; Balancing o f masses rotating in different planes. Basic concepts and hints; Zeroth law; First Law of Thermodynamics ~Statement and application; Steady flow energy equation problems~Second law of Thermodynamics ~Kelvin ~Plank statement and Clausius statement~problems; Limitations; Heat Engi ne, Refrigerator and Heat Pump, Available energy, Equivalence entropy; Reversibi lity Entropy charts; Third law of Thermodynamics ~Statement. Engine nomenclature and classification; SI Engine; CI Engine; Four Stroke cycle, Two stroke cycle; Performance of I.C.Engine; Brake thermal efficiency; Indicate d Thermal Efficiency, Specific fuel consumption. Steam ~Properties of steam; Dry ness fraction; latent heat; Total heat of wet steam; Dry steam; Superheated stea m. Use of steam tables; volume of wet steam, volume of superheated steam; Extern al work of evaporation; Internal energy; Entropy of vapour, Expansion of vapour, Rankine cycle.Steam turbines ~Impulse and Reaction types ~Principles of operati on. Expressions for work done, Internal energy and heat transfer for Constant Pressu re, Constant Volume, Isothermal, Adiabatic and Polytropic processes Derivations and problems; Free expansion and Throttling process. Concept of material balance Material balance calculations not involving and inv olving single and multiple reactions including combustion Material balance calcu lations involving phase change. 10 Heat capacity; Calculation of enthalpy changes without phase change; Energy bal ance calculations without and with reactions including combustion. Material balance and energy balance calculations for network of units without a nd with recycle. Demonstration of ASPEN Process Simulator Simultaneous material and energy balance calculations for Humidification, vapor ization, condensation, mixing, crystallization. Units, dimensions and conversion; Process variables and properties; Degree of f reedom. Methods of analysis and description ~fluid as a continuum ~Velocity and stress field ~Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids ~Classification of fluid motion Reynolds number regimes, internal flow ~flow through pipes ~pressure drop under laminar and turbulent flow conditions ~major and minor losses; Line sizing; Ext ernal flows ~boundary layer concepts, boundary layer thickness under laminar and turbulent flow conditions~Flow over a sphere ~friction and pressure drag ~flow through fixed and fluidized beds. Flow measurement ~Constant and variable head meters; Velocity measurement techni ques; Types, characteristics and sizing of valves; Classification, performance c haracteristics and sizing of pumps, compressors and fans Fluid statics ~basic equation ~equilibrium of fluid element ~pressure variation in a static fluid ~application to manometry ~Differential analysis of fluid moti on ~continuity, Euler s and Bernoulli equation The principle of dimensional homogeneity ~dimensional analysis, the Pi theorem ~ nondimensional action of the basic equations ~similitude ~relationship between d imensional analysis and similitude ~use of dimensional analysis for scale up stu dies Duct flow of compressible fluids, Compression and expansion processes, steam po wer plant, internal combustion engines, jet and rocket engines, refrigeration ~v apour compression and absorption refrigeration cycles; liquefaction processes. Joule s experiment, internal energy, first law, energy balance for closed systems , mass and energy balance for open systems Statements of the second law of therm odynamics, heat engine and refrigerator, Carnot cycle and Carnot theorems, therm odynamic temperature scale, entropy and its calculation, second law of thermodyn amics for a control volume, Third law of thermodynamics, entropy from a microsco pic point of view. PVT behaviour of fluids; Mathematical representation of PVT behaviour; Generali zed compressibility factor correlation; Generalized equations of state Scope of thermodynamics; Definition of system, control volume, state and path f unction, equilibrium, reversibility, energy, work and heat. zeroth law; temperat ure scales Thermodynamic potentials ~internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gib bs free energy; thermodynamic property relations ~Maxwell relations ~partial der ivatives and Jacobian method; residual properties; thermodynamic property tables and diagrams General characteristics of solids, different techniques of size analysis, shape factor, surface area determination, estimation of particle size. Screening metho ds and equipment, screen efficiency, ideal and actual screens. Gravity settling, sedimentation, thickening, elutriation, double cone classifier , rake classifier, bowl classifier. Centrifugal separation ~continuous centrifug es, super centrifuges, design of basket centrifuges; industrial dust removing eq uipment, cyclones and hydro cyclones, electrostatic and magnetic separators, hea vy media separations, floatation, jigging Laws of size reduction, energy relationships in size reduction, methods of size reduction, classification of equipments, crushers, grinders, disintegrators for coarse, intermediate and fine grinding, power requirement, work index; size enla rgement ~principle of granulation, briquetting, pelletisation, and flocculation. 16 Mixing and agitation ~Mixing of liquids (with or without solids), mixing of powd ers, selection of suitable mixers, power requirement for mixing. Storage and Con veying of solids ~Bunkers, silos, bins and hoppers, transportation of solids in bulk, conveyer selection, different types of conveyers and their performance cha racteristics. Theory of filtration, Batch and continuous filters, Flow through filter cake and filter media, compressible and incompressible filter cakes, filtration equipmen ts ~selection, operation and design of filters and optimum cycle of operation, f ilter aids. Concepts of heat transfer by convection ~Natural and forced convection, analogie s between transfer of momentum and heat ~Reynold s analogy, Prandtl and Coulburn a nalogy. Dimensional analysis in heat transfer, Correlations for the calculation of heat transfer coefficients, heat transfer coefficient for flow through a pipe , flow through a non circular conduit, flow past flat plate, flow through packed beds. Heat transfer by natural convection. Heat transfer to fluids with phase change ~heat transfer from condensing vapours , drop wise and film wise condensation, Nusselt equation for vertical and horizo ntal tubes, condensation of superheated vapours, effect of non condensable gasse s on rate of condensation. Heat transfer to boiling liquids ~mechanism of boilin g, nucleate boiling and film boiling. Importance of heat transfer in Chemical Engineering operations ~Modes of heat tr ansfer ~Fourier's law of heat conduction ~one dimensional steady state heat cond uction equation for flat plate, hollow cylinder, ~Heat conduction through a seri es of resistances ~Thermal conductivity measurement; effect of temperature on th ermal conductivity; Heat transfer in extended surfaces. Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers ~Log mean temperature difference ~Sing le pass and multipass heat exchangers; plate heat exchangers; use of correction factor charts; heat exchangers effectiveness; number of transfer unit ~Chart for different configurations ~Fouling factors Theory of evaporation ~single effect and multiple effect evaporation ~Design cal culation for single and multiple effect evaporation. Radiation heat transfer ~Em issive power, Black body radiation, Emissivity, Stefan ~Boltzman law, Plank s law, radiation between surfaces, Elastic, Anelastic and Viscoelastic Behaviour ~Plastic Deformation by Slip Criti cal resolved shear stress, Mechanism of Creep, Creep Resistant Materials ~Fractu re Ductile and Brittle , Fatigue fracture, Griffith s theory, S N curves , Fractur e toughness 18 Gibb s Phase rule Uniary and Binary phase diagrams , Al2O3 ~Cr2O3 , Pb Sn, Ag Pt and Iron~Iron Carbide Phase Diagram ~Lever rule ~Invariant reactions~TTTdiagrams ~Micro structural changes ~Nucleation and growth ~Martensitic transformations ~ Solidification and Crystallization ~Glass transition ~Recrystallization and Grai n growth Introduction to Nanotechnology~Zero Dimensional Nano Structures ~Nano particles ~One Dimensional Nano Structures~Nano wires and Nano rods ~Two Dimensional Nano Structures, Films ~Special Nano Materials ~Nano Structures fabricated by Physica l Techniques ~Characterisation and Properties of Nano Materials ~Applications of Nano Structures. Pig iron, Cast iron, Mild Steel properties, Applications and Manufacturing metho ds; Stainless steels, Special Alloy steels properties and uses; Heat treatment o f plain carbon steels. Manufacturing methods of Lead, Tin and Magnesium. Propert ies and applications in process industries.FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP), Different types of manufacturing methods; Asphalt and Asphalt mixtures; Wood. Selection criteria and processes General criteria of selection of materials in p rocess industries. Properties Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Magneti c and Technological properties. Processing of Metals and Alloys~Casting, Hot and cold rolling, Forging, Extrusion, Deep drawing. Chlor Alkali~Industries, Cement, Glass and ceramics, Pulp and paper. Dyes and intermediates, Fertilizers, Sugar, Food Products Introduction to chemical processing; symbolic representation of different unit operations and unit processes to build a flowsheet Oil, Soap and Detergent, Petroleum Refining, Petrochemicals, Polymers Pharmaceuticals, Chemical Explosives, Paints and Pigments. Activity coefficient composition models, thermodynamic consistency of phase equi libria, application of the correlation and prediction of phase equilibria in sys tems of engineering interest particularly to distillation and liquid extraction processes. Criteria for equilibrium between phases in multi component non reacting systems in terms of chemical potential and fugacity, application of phase rule, vapour l iquid equilibrium, phase diagrams for homogeneous systems and for systems with a miscibility gap, effect of temperature and pressure on azeotrope composition, l iquid liquid equilibrium, ternary liquidliquid equilibrium. Definition of standard state, standard free energy change and reaction equilibri um constant, evaluation of reaction equilibrium constant, prediction of free ene rgy data, equilibria in chemical reactors, calculation of equilibrium compositio ns for homogeneous chemical reactors, thermodynamic analysis of simultaneous rea ctions. Partial molar properties, ideal and non ideal solutions, standard states definit ion and choice, Gibbs Duhem equation, excess properties of mixtures. Principles of refrigeration, methods of producing refrigeration, liquefaction pr ocess, coefficient of performance, evaluation of the performance of vapour compr ession and gas refrigeration cycles. Crystallization ~Equilibrium, classification of crystallizers, mass and energy balance; kinetics of crystallization ~nucleation and growth; design of batch cry stallizers; population balance model and design of continuous crystallizers. Eddy diffusion, concept of mass transfer coefficients, theories of mass transfe r, different transport analogies, application of correlations for mass transfer coefficients, inter phase mass transfer, relationship between individual and ove rall mass transfer coefficients. Eddy diffusion, concept of mass transfer coefficients, theories of mass transfe r, different transport analogies, application of correlations for mass transfer coefficients, inter phase mass transfer, relationship between individual and ove rall mass transfer coefficients. Crystallization ~Equilibrium, classification of crystallizers, mass and energy b alance; kinetics of crystallization ~nucleation and growth; design of batch crys tallizers; population balance model and design of continuous crystallizers. Drying ~Equilibrium; classification of dryers; batch drying ~Mechanism and time of Cross through circulation drying, continuous dryers ~material and energy bala nce; determination of length of rotary dryer using rate concept Drying~Equilibrium; classification of dryers; batch drying ~Mechanism and time o f cross through circulation drying, continuous dryers ~material and energy balan ce; determination of length of rotary dryer using rate concept. Humidification ~Equilibrium, humidity chart, adiabatic and wet bulb temperatures ; humidification operations; theory and design of cooling towers, dehumidifiers and humidifiers using enthalpy transfer unit concept. Humidification ~Equilibrium, humidity chart, adiabatic and wet bulb temperatures ; humidification operations; theory and design of cooling towers, dehumidifiers and humidifiers using enthalpy transfer unit concept. . Introduction to mass transfer operations; Molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids; diffusivity measurement and prediction; multi component diffusion. Introduction to mass transfer operations; Molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids; diffusivity measurement and prediction; multi component diffusion. Design of continuous reactors ~stirred tank and tubular flow reactor, recycle r eactors, combination of reactors, size comparison of reactors. Design of reactors for multiple reactions ~consecutive, parallel and mixed reac tions ~factors affecting choice, optimum yield and conversion, selectivity, reac tivity and yield. Non isothermal homogeneous reactor systems, adiabatic reactors, rates of heat e xchanges for different reactors, design for constant rate input and constant hea t transfer coefficient, operation of batch and continuous reactors, optimum temp erature progression. Rate equation, elementary, non elementary reactions, theories of reaction rate and temperature dependency; Design equation for constant and variable volume bat ch reactors, analysis of experimental kinetics data, integral and differential a nalysis. The residence time distribution as a factor of performance; residence time func tions and relationship between them in reactor; basic models for non ideal flow; conversion in non ideal reactors Adsorption ~Types of adsorption, nature of adsorbents, adsorption equilibria, ef fect of pressure and temperature on adsorption isotherms, Adsorption operations ~stage wise operations, steady state moving bed and unsteady state fixed bed ads orbers, break through curves. Principle of Ion exchange, techniques and applicat ions. Solid and liquid membranes; concept of osmosis; reverse osmosis; electro d ialysis; ultrafiltration. Gas Absorption and Stripping ~Equilibrium; material balance; limiting gas liquid ratio; tray tower absorber ~calculation of number of theoretical stages, tray e fficiency, tower diameter; packed tower absorber ~rate based approach; determina tion of height of packing using HTU and NTU calculations. Liquid ~liquid extraction ~solvent characteristics equilibrium stage wise contac t calculations for batch and continuous extractors~differential contact equipmen t spray, packed and mechanically agitated contactors and their design calculatio ns packed bed extraction with reflux. Pulsed extractors, centrifugal extractors Supercritical extraction Solid liquid equilibria~leaching equipment for batch and continuous operations~c alculation of number of stages ~Leaching ~Leaching by percolation through statio nary solid beds, moving bed leaching, counter current multiple contact (shank s sy stem), equipments for leaching operation, multi stage continuous cross current a nd counter current leaching, stage calculations, stage efficiency. Vapour liquid equilibria ~Raoult s law, vapor liquid equilibrium diagrams for idea l and nonideal systems, enthalpy concentration diagrams. Principle of distillati on ~flash distillation, differential distillation, steam distillation, multistag e continuous rectification, Number of ideal stages by Mc.Cabe ~Thiele method and Ponchan ~Savarit method, Total reflux, minimum reflux ratio, optimum reflux rat io. Introduction to multi component distillation, azeotropic and extractive dist illation Absorption combined with chemical reactions; mass transfer coefficients and kine tic constants; application of film, penetration and surface renewal theories; Ha tta number and enhancement factor for first order reaction, tower reactor design . Diffusion within catalyst particle, effective thermal conductivity, mass and hea t transfer within catalyst pellets, effectiveness factor, Thiele Modulus, fixed bed reactors. Models for explaining kinetics; volume and surface models; controlling resistanc es and rate controlling steps; time for complete conversion for single and mixed sizes, fluidized and static reactors. Nature of catalysts, surface area and pore volume distribution, catalyst prepara tion. Rate equations for heterogeneous reactions, adsorption isotherms, rates of adsor ption and desorption, surface reaction analysis of rate equation and rate contro lling steps, Closed loop control systems, development of block diagram for feed back control systems, servo and regulatory problems, transfer function for controllers and fi nal control element, principles of pneumatic and electronic controllers, transie nt response of closed loop control systems and their stability. 31 Introduction to advanced control systems, cascade control, feed forward control, Smith predictor controller, control of distillation towers and heat exchangers, introduction to computer control of chemical processes. Introduction to frequency response of closed loop systems, control system design by frequency response techniques, Bode diagram, stability criterion, tuning of controller settings Laplace transformation, application to solve ODEs. Open loop systems, first orde r systems and their transient response for standard input functions, first order systems in series, linearization and its application in process control, second order systems and their dynamics; transportation lag. Principles of measurements and classification of process instruments, measuremen t of temperature, pressure, fluid flow, liquid weight and weight flow rate, visc osity, pH, concentration, electrical and thermal conductivity, humidity of gases . Hazard identification safety audits, checklist, what if analysis, vulnerability models event tree analysis fault tree analysis, Hazan past accident analysis Fix borough Mexico Madras Vizag~Bopal analysis Hazop guide words, parameters, derivation causes consequences recommendation coa rse Hazop study case studies pumping system reactor mass transfer system. Implementation of safety procedures ~periodic inspection and replacement; Accide nts ~identification and prevention; promotion of industrial safety Need for safety in industries; Safety Programmes ~components and realization; Po tential hazards ~extreme operating conditions, toxic chemicals; safe handling Over all risk analysis emergency planning on site And off site emergency planni ng, risk management ISO 14000, EMS models case studies. Quantitative risk assess ment ~rapid and comprehensive risk analysis; Risk due to Radiation, explosion du e to over pressure, jet fire fire ball. Diffusivity, temperature and pressure effect, Fick s law, mechanism of mass trans port, theory of diffusion in gases and liquids, shell mass balances, concentrati on distribution in solids and in laminar flow stagnant gas film, heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reaction systems, falling film, porous catalyst.The equ ation of continuity, summary of equations of change and fluxes, use of equations of change, dimensional analysis, time smoothed equations of change, empirical e xpressions for turbulent mass flux. Energy equations, special forms, use of equations of change, dimensional analysi s of equations of change, time smoothed equations of change, empirical expressio ns, temperature distribution for turbulent flow in tubes, jets. Equation of continuity, motion, mechanical energy, use of equations of change to solve flow problems, dimensional analysis of equations of change, comparison of laminar and turbulent flows, time smoothed equation of change, empirical expres sions. Thermal conductivity, temperature and pressure effect on thermal conductivity of gases and liquids, Fourier s law, mechanism of energy transport, shell energy bal ance, temperature distribution in solids and laminar flow, with electrical, nucl ear, viscous, chemical heat source, heat conduction through composite walls, cyl inders, spheres, fins, slits. Viscosity, temperature effect on viscosity of gases and liquids, Newton s law, mec hanism of momentum transport, shell balance method, pressure and velocity distri butions in falling film, circular tube, annulus, slit. Absorption column, Distillation Column, Extraction Column, Adsorption column Cooling Tower, Dryers Design of Plant Layout, Pipe Lines and Pipe Layouts, Schematics and Presentatio n, Materials of Construction and Selection of process equipments Heat Exchangers, Condensers, Evaporators Packed bed Reactors, Pressure Vessel, Storage Vessel Choice of reactor based on reactor performance, reactor conditions and reactor c onfiguration. Reactor networks in process flow sheets Choice of separation of heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures ~Attainable regio n Separation systems in process flowsheets multicomponent distillation for ideal and nonideal systems, distillation column sequences, Heat exchange networks synthesis and utilities Energy targets, Integration in di stillation columns Introduction to optimization approaches to optimal design, role of simulations i n process design, Design under uncertainty and failure tolerance, Engineering ar ound variations, Introduction to process integration Process Design and Development General Design Considerations; The Hierarchy of C hemical Process Design; The Nature of Process Synthesis and Analysis; Macro economic aggregates ~circular flow of macroeconomic activity ~National in come determination ~Aggregate demand and supply ~Macroeconomic equilibrium ~Comp onents of aggregate demand and national income ~multiplier effect ~Demand side m anagement ~Fiscal policy in theory. Market ~Demand and Supply ~Determinants ~Market equilibrium ~elasticity of deman d and supply ~consumer behaviour ~consumer equilibrium ~Approaches to consumer b ehaviour ~Production ~Short run and long run Production Function ~Returns to sca le ~economies Vs diseconomies of scale ~Analysis of cost ~Short run and long run cost function ~Relation between Production and cost function. Product market ~perfect and imperfect market ~different market structures ~Firm s equilibrium and supply ~Market efficiency ~Economic costs of imperfect competiti on ~factor market ~Land, Labour and capital ~Demand and supply ~determination of factor price ~Interaction of product and factor market ~General equilibrium and efficiency of competitive markets. Short run and Long run supply curve ~Unemployment and its impact ~Okun s law ~Infl ation and the impact ~reasons for inflation ~Demand Vs Supply factors Inflation Vs Unemployement tradeoff ~Phillips curve short~run and long run Supply side Policy and management~Money market~Demand and supply of money ~money market equi librium and national income ~the role of monetary policy. The themes of economics ~scarcity and efficiency ~three fundamental economic pro blems ~society s capability ~Production possibility fronties (PPF) ~Productive eff iciency Vs economic efficiency ~economic growth And stability ~Micro economies a nd Macro economies ~the role of markets and government ~Positive Vs negative ext ernalities. Distributed System Structures~Types of Network based Operating Systems ~Network Structure ~Network Topology ~Communication Structure and Protocols ~Robustness, Distributed File Systems~Naming and Transparency ~Remote File Access ~Stateful V ersus Stateless Service ~File Replication, Distributed Coordination~Event Orderi ng ~Mutual Exclusion ~Atomicity ~Concurrency Control ~Deadlock Handling ~Electio n algorithms ~Reaching Agreement. L File System Interface~File Concepts ~Access Methods ~Directory Structure ~File S ystem Mounting ~File Sharing ~Protection, File System Implementation~File~System Structure ~File System Implementation ~Directory Implementation ~Allocation Met hods ~Free Space Management, Mass Storage Structure~Disk Structure, Disk Attachm ent and Disk Scheduling ~Disk Management~Swap Space Management ~RAID Structure. Main Memory Background ~Swapping ~Memory Partitioning ~Paging Paging Hardware w ith TLB ~Page Table Structure ~Multilevel Paging ~Inverted Page Table ~Segmentat ion ~Address Translation in Segmentation System ~Combining Paging and Segmentati on ~Address Translation in Segmentation / Paging System ~Demand Paging ~Page Rep lacement Algorithms ~Allocation of Frames ~Thrashing. [ Operating System Services ~System Calls ~Operating System Structure ~Process Con cept ~Process Scheduling ~Operations on Processes ~Interprocess Communication ~M ultithreading Models ~Java Threads ~Threading Issues ~Concept of CPU Scheduling ~Scheduling Algorithms ~Multiple Processor Scheduling ~Thread Scheduling ~Java S cheduling. Process Synchronization~Basics ~The Critical Section Problem ~Peterson s Solution ~Synchronization Hardware ~Semaphores ~Classic problems of Synchronization ~Moni tors, Deadlocks~System Model ~Deadlock Characterization ~Methods for handling De adlocks ~Deadlock Prevention ~Deadlock Avoidance ~Deadlock Detection ~Recovery f rom Deadlock. AJAX ~Struts ~JSF ~Hibernate ~Spring Introduction ~3 tier architecture ~working with model view controller ~JCP ~J2EE XML based APIs ~Application servers Presentation tier and EIS tier ~servlet programming ~JSP ~Java Mail ~JMS ~Java t ransactions ~JNDI ~Java authentication and authorization services ~Java cryptogr aphy (9) Service Tier and Data tier ~EJB architecture ~session beans ~entity beans ~messa ge driven beans ~JDBC ~J2EE connector architecture Web Services ~J2EE Web Services ~patterns ~presentation, service tier and Data t ier patterns ~J2ME General Overview of the System History ~System structure ~User perspective ~Oper ating system services ~Assumptions about hardware. Introduction to the Kernel A rchitecture of the UNIX operating system ~Introduction to system concepts. The B uffer Cache Buffer headers ~Structure of the buffer pool ~Scenarios for retrieva l of a buffer ~Reading and writing disk blocks ~Advantages and disadvantages of the buffer cache. Internal representation of files Inodes ~Structure of a regular file ~Directorie s ~Conversion of a path name to an Inode ~Super block ~Inode assignment to a new file ~Allocation of disk blocks. Memory Management Policies Swapping ~Demand paging. The I/O Subsystem Driver I nterface ~Disk Drivers ~Terminal Drivers~Streams ~Inter process communication. Open ~Read ~Write ~File and record locking ~Adjusting the position of file I/O ~ Lseek ~Close ~File creation ~Creation of special files ~Changing directory, root , owner, mode ~stat and fstat ~Pipes ~Dup ~Mounting and unmounting file systems ~link ~unlink. Process states and transitions ~Layout of system memory ~The context of a proces s ~Saving the context of a process ~Manipulation of the process address space ~S leep. Process Control Process creation ~Signals ~Process termination ~Awaiting process termination ~Invoking other programs ~user id of a process ~Changing the size of a process ~Shell ~System boot and the INIT process~Process Scheduling. Enhanced Data Models ~Client/Server Model ~Data Warehousing and Data Mining ~Web Databases ~Mobile Databases~XML and Web Databases. ER Model ~Normalization ~Query Processing ~Query Optimization ~Transaction Proce ssing ~Concurrency Control ~Recovery ~Database Tuning. Introduction to Object Oriented Data Bases ~Approaches ~Modeling and Design ~Per sistence ~Query Languages ~Transaction ~Concurrency ~Multi Version Locks ~Recove ry ~POSTGRES ~JASMINE GEMSTONE ~ODMG Model. Parallel Databases ~Inter and Intra Query Parallelism ~Distributed Database Feat ures ~Distributed Database Architecture ~Fragmentation ~Distributed Query Proces sing ~Distributed Transactions Processing ~Concurrency Control ~Recovery ~Commit Protocols. Rules ~Knowledge Bases ~Active and Deductive Databases ~Multimedia Databases~Mul timedia Data Structures ~Multimedia Query languages ~Spatial Databases. From use cases to Implementation From use Cases to Test cases Tracing requiremen ts~Managing Change Assessing Requirements Quality in Iterative Development Agile Requirement methods. Introduction ~Requirements Problem ~Requirements management ~Requirements and so ftware life cycle software team. Software requirement Refining the use cases developing the supplementary specifi cation~Ambiguity and specificity Technical methods for specifying requirements The five steps in problem analysis~business modeling ~Systems engineering of sof tware intensive systems ~Understanding user and stakeholders needs ~Features of a product or system Interviewing ~Requirements workshops~Brain storming and Ide a reduction~storyboarding Use case primer Organizing requirement Information Vision Document Product Manag ement Managing scope Establishing Project scope Managing customer Describing the detailed design ~Design representations ~rationale for software d esign methods~Design process ~Simple design Practices ~Stepwise refinement, Incr emental design. Description of software Architectures ~Architectural design space ~Scenario base d analysis and evaluation ~SAAM and ATAM methods ~formalizing the architectural styles ~Tools for architectural design. Nature of design process ~Characteristics of design activities, Essential elemen ts of design~Factors affecting design quality ~Design Quality models ~Design pri nciples ~Notion of Software architecture ~Simple case studies. Object concept ~Component based development ~Formal approach to design ~Design p atterns~Design Review. Structured system analysis and Structured design ~Jackson structured Programming and Development. Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations and Correlations ~Mining Methods ~Mining Various Kinds of Association Rules ~Correlation Analysis ~Constraint Based Asso ciation Mining ~Classification and Prediction ~Basic Concepts ~Decision Tree Ind uction ~Bayesian Classification ~Rule Based Classification ~Classification by Ba ckpropagation ~Support Vector Machines ~Associative Classification ~Lazy Learner s ~Other Classification Methods ~Prediction Cluster Analysis ~Types of Data ~Categorization of Major Clustering Methods ~Kme ans ~Partitioning Methods ~Hierarchical Methods ~Density Based Methods Grid Bas ed Methods ~Model Based Clustering Methods ~Clustering High Dimensional Data ~Co nstraint ~Based Cluster Analysis ~Outlier Analysis ~Data Mining Applications. Data warehousing Components Building a Data warehouse ~Mapping the Data Wareho use to a Multiprocessor Architecture ~DBMS Schemas for Decision Support ~Data Ex traction, Cleanup, and Transformation Tools Metadata. Introduction ~Data ~Types of Data ~Data Mining Functionalities ~Interestingness of Patterns ~Classification of Data Mining Systems ~Data Mining Task Primitives ~Integration of a Data Mining System with a Data Warehouse ~Issues Data Preproc essing. Reporting and Query tools and Applications ~Tool Categories ~The Need for Applic ations ~Cognos Impromptu ~Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) ~Need ~Multidimens ional Data Model ~OLAP Guidelines ~Multidimensional versus Multirelational OLAP ~Categories of Tools ~OLAP Tools and the Internet. Emergence of Middleware ~Objects, Web Services ~Middleware Elements ~Vendor Arch itecture ~Interoperability ~Middleware in Distributed Applications ~Types of Mid dleware ~Transaction Oriented Middleware ~MOM ~RPC. Introduction ~XML Web Services standards ~Creating Web Services ~Extending Web S ervices ~Messaging Protocol ~Describing ~Discovering ~Securing. Naming ~Trading ~Life Cycle ~Persistence ~Security ~CORBA. OOM ~Developing with OOM ~Heterogeneity ~Dynamic Object Request ~Java RMI ~COM+. Real time Middleware ~RT CORBA ~Multimedia Middleware ~Reflective Middleware ~Ag ent Based Middleware ~RFID Middleware. Delegates and events ~Strings and regular expressions ~Generics ~Collections ~M emory management and pointers ~Errors and exceptions Architecture ~Assemblies ~shared assemblies ~CLR hosting ~Appdomains ~Reflection C# and the .NET framework ~C# basics ~Objects and types ~Inheritance ~Arrays ~Op erators and casts ~Indexers Tracing and events ~threading and synchronization ~.Net security ~localization ~ Manipulating XML ~Managing the file system ~basic network programming Window based applications ~Data access with .NET ~basics of ASP .NET ~Introducti on to web services Detection of Discontinuities ~Edge Operators ~Edge Linking and Boundary Detectio n ~Thresholding ~Region Based Segmentation ~Morphological WaterSheds ~Motion Seg mentation, Feature Analysis and Extraction. Image Classification ~Image Recognition ~Image Understanding ~Video Motion Analy sis ~Image Fusion ~Steganography ~Digital Compositing ~Mosaics ~Colour Image Pro cessing.. Introduction ~Steps in Image Processing Systems ~Image Acquisition ~Sampling and Quantization ~Pixel Relationships ~Colour Fundamentals and Models, File Formats , Image operations ~Arithmetic, Geometric and Morphological. Multi Resolution Analysis Image Pyramids ~Multi resolution expansion ~Wavelet T ransforms. Image Compression Fundamentals ~Models ~Elements of Information Theo ry ~Error Free Compression ~Lossy Compression ~Compression Standards. Spatial Domain Gray level Transformations Histogram Processing Spatial Filtering ~Smoothing and Sharpening. Frequency Domain Filtering in Frequency Domain ~DFT , FFT, DCT ~Smoothing and Sharpening filters ~Homomorphic Filtering. Computer Forensics Fundamentals ~Types of Computer Forensics Technology ~Types of Vendor and Computer Forensics Services Data Recovery ~Evidence Collection and Data Seizure ~Duplication and Preservatio n of Digital Evidence ~Computer Image Verification and Authentication Discover of Electronic Evidence ~Identification of Data ~Reconstructing Past Eve nts ~Networks Fighting against Macro Threats ~Information Warfare Arsenal ~Tactics of the Mili tary ~Tactics of Terrorist and Rogues ~Tactics of Private Companies The Future ~Arsenal ~Surveillance Tools ~Victims and Refugees ~Advanced Computer Forensics Algorithms Connectedness and Components ~Spanning tree ~Finding all Spanning Tre es of a Graph ~Set of Fundamental Circuits ~Cut Vertices and Separability ~Direc ted Circuits. Algorithms Shortest Path Algorithm ~DFS ~Planarity Testing ~Isomorphism. TOTAL45 PERIODS Graphs ~Introduction ~Isomorphism ~Sub graphs ~Walks, Paths, Circuits ~Connected ness ~Components ~Euler Graphs ~Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits ~Trees ~Propertie s of trees ~Distance and Centers in Tree ~Rooted and Binary Trees. Incidence matrix ~Submatrices ~Circuit Matrix ~Path Matrix ~Adjacency Matrix ~Ch romatic Number ~Chromatic partitioning ~Chromatic polynomial ~Matching ~Covering ~Four Color Problem ~Directed Graphs ~Types of Directed Graphs ~Digraphs and Bi nary Relations ~Directed Paths and Connectedness ~Euler Graphs ~Adjacency Matrix of a Digraph. Spanning trees ~Fundamental Circuits ~Spanning Trees in a Weighted Graph ~Cut Se ts ~Properties of Cut Set ~All Cut Sets ~Fundamental Circuits and Cut Sets ~Conn ectivity and Separability ~Network flows ~1 Isomorphism ~2 Isomorphism ~Combinat ional and Geometric Graphs ~Planer Graphs ~Different Representation of a Planer Graph. Cache performance ~Reducing cache miss penalty and miss rate ~Reducing hit time ~Main memory and performance ~Memory technology. Types of storage devices ~Buses ~RAID ~Reliability, availability and dependability ~I/O performance measures ~D esigning an I/O system. ILP ~Concepts and challenges ~Review of hardware techniques ~Compiler techniques for exposing ILP ~Static branch prediction ~VLIW And EPIC ~Advanced compiler su pport ~Hardware support for exposing parallelism ~Hardware versus software specu lation mechanisms ~IA and Itanium processors ~Limits on ILP. Parallel programming models ~Shared memory programming ~Message passing paradigm ~Message Passing Interface ~Parallel Virtual Machine ~Algorithms, program devel opment and performance tuning. Software and hardware multithreading ~SMT and CMP architectures ~Design issues ~ Case studies ~Intel Multi core architecture ~SUN CMP architecture Symmetric and distributed shared memory architectures ~Performance issues ~Synch ronization ~Models of memory consistency ~Introduction to Multithreading. 54 Data structure and input processing ~transmission control blocks ~segment format ~comparision ~finite state machine implementation ~Output processing ~mutual ex clusion ~computing the TCP Data length. Internetworking concepts and architecture model ~classful Internet address ~CIDR ~Subnetting and Supernetting ~AARP~RARP~IP~IP Routing ~ICMP ~IPV6. 55 IP global software organization ~routing table ~routing algorithms ~fragmentatio n and reassembly ~error processing (ICMP) ~Multicast Processing (IGMP). Services ~header ~connection establishment and termination ~interactive data flo w ~bulk data flow ~timeout and retransmission ~persist timer ~keep alive timer ~ futures and performance. Timers ~events and messages ~timer process ~deleting and inserting timer event ~ flow control and adaptive retransmission ~congestion avoidance and control ~urge nt data processing and push function. Basics of the X Windows server architecture ; Qt Programming ; Gtk+ Programming ; Python Programming ; Programming GUI applications with localisation support. Definition of FOSS And GNU, History of GNU/Linux and the Free Software Movement , Advantages of Free Software and GNU/Linux, FOSS usage , trends and potential gl obal and Indian. 56 GNU/Linux OS installation detect hardware, configure disk partitions And file s ystems and install a GNU/Linux distribution ; Basic shell commands logging in, listing files, editing files, copying/moving files, viewing file contents, chang ing file modes and permissions, process management ; User and group management, file ownerships and permissions,PAM authentication ; Introduction to common syst em configuration files And log files ; Configuring networking, basics of TCP/IP networking and routing, connecting to the Internet (through dialup, DSL, Etherne t, leased line) ; Configuring additional hardware ~sound cards, displays And dis play cards, network cards, modems, USB drives, CD writers ; Understanding the OS boot up process ; Performing every day tasks using gnu/Linux ~accessing the In ternet, playing music, editing documents and spreadsheets, sending and receiving email, copy files from disks and over the network, playing games, writing CDs ; X Window system configuration and utilities configure X windows, detect displa y devices ; Installing software from source code as well as using binary package s Setting up email servers using postfix ( SMTP services), courier ( IMAP And POP 3 services), squirrel mail ( web mail services) ; Setting up web servers using apache ( HTTP services), php (server side scripting), perl ( CGIsupport) ; Sett ing up file services using samba ( file and authentication services for window s networks), using NFS ( file services for gnu/Linux / Unix networks) ; Setting up proxy services using squid ( http / ftp / https proxy services) ; Setting u p printer services using CUPS (print spooler), foomatic (printer database) ; Se tting up a firewall Using netfilter and iptables Using the GNU Compiler Collection GNU compiler tools ; the C preprocessor (cpp ), the C compiler (gcc) and the C++ compiler (g++), assembler (gas) ; Understand ing build systems constructing make files and using make, using autoconf and a utogen to automatically generate make files tailored for different development e nvironments ; Using source code versioning and management tools using cvs to m anage source code revisions, patch And diff ; Understanding the GNU Libc librari es and linker linking against object archives (.a libraries) and dynamic shared object libraries (.so libraries), generating statically linked binaries and lib raries, generating dynamically linked libraries ; Using the GNU debugging tools gdb to debug programs, graphical debuggers like ddd, memory debugging / profil ing libraries mpatrol and valgrind ; Review of common programming practicies and guidelines for GNU/Linux and FOSS ; Introduction to Bash, sed And awk scripting Fuzzy arithmetic and measures ~Fuzzy reasoning ~approximate reasoning ~categori cal, qualitative, syllogistic, dispositional ~Fuzzy inference systems ~fuzzy dec ision making ~individual, multiperson, multi OBJECTIVES, Bayesian ~fuzzy logic c ontrol system ~architecture, model and application Introduction to Neuro ~Fuzzy and Soft Computing ~Fuzzy Sets ~Basic Definition a nd Terminology ~Set theoretic Operations ~Member Function Formulation and Parame terization ~Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Reasoning ~Extension Principle and Fuzzy Relat ions ~Fuzzy If Then Rules ~Fuzzy Reasoning ~Fuzzy Inference Systems ~Mamdani Fuz zy Models ~Sugeno Fuzzy Models ~Tsukamoto Fuzzy Models ~Input Space Partitioning and Fuzzy Modeling. Introduction, Knowledge Representation ~Reasoning, Issues and Acquisition Prepo sitional and Predicate Calculus, Rule Based knowledge Representation, Symbolic R easoning Under Uncertainity, Basic knowledge Representation Issues, Knowledge ac quisition ~Heuristic Search Techniques for Heuristic search, Heuristic Classific ation ~State Space Search Strategies, Implementation of Graph Search, Search bas ed on Recursion, Patent directed Search, Production System and Learnin Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ~Architecture ~Hybrid Learning Algorithm ~Learning Methods that Cross fertilize ANFIS and RBFN ~Coactive Neuro Fuzzy Mode ling ~Framework Neuron Functions for Adaptive Networks ~Neuro Fuzzy Spectrum. Derivative based Optimization ~Descent Methods ~The Method of Steepest Descent ~ Classical Newton s Method ~Step Size Determination ~Derivative free Optimization ~ Genetic Algorithms ~Simulated Annealing ~Random Search ~Downhill Simplex Search. Evolution of Computing ~Soft Computing Constituents ~From Conventional AI to Com putational Intelligence ~Neural Networks ~Scope and Evolution ~Models of Neural Networks ~Feed forward Networks ~Supervised Learning Neural Networks ~Associativ e memory networks ~Unsupervised learning networks ~Special Networks Fuzzy Sets ~Operations on Fuzzy Sets ~Fuzzy Relations ~Fuzzy Rules Non ~interact ive fuzzy sets ~Fuzzification~Intuition , inference, Rank ordering ~Defuzzificat ion ~Max membership principle, centroid method, center of sums, center of larges t area. 58 Genetic algorithms . Traveling Salesperson Problem, Internet Search Techniques ~Fuzzy Controllers ~Bayesian Belief networks for Rocket Engine Control ~Neural N etwork, Genetic algorithm and Fuzzy logic implementation in C++ and Matlab Machine Learning Techniques ~Machine Learning Using Neural Nets ~Genetic Algorit hms (GA) ~Simple and General GA ~Classification of Genetic Algorithm ~Messy, Ada ptive, Hybrid, Parallel ~Holland Classifier System Printed Character Recognition ~Inverse Kinematics Problems ~Automobile Fuel Effi ciency Prediction ~Soft Computing for Color Recipe Prediction. Challenges in Building KM Systems ~Conventional Vrs KM System Life Cycle (KMSLS) ~Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Architecture ~Nonaka s Model of Knowledge Creat ion and Transformation. Knowledge Architecture. Evaluating the Expert ~Developing a Relationship with Experts ~Fuzzy Reasoning a nd the Quality of Knowledge ~Knowledge Capturing Techniques, Brain Storming ~Pro tocol Analysis ~Consensus Decision Making ~Repertory Grid~Concept Mapping ~Black boarding. KM Life Cycle ~Understanding Knowledge ~Knowledge, intelligence ~Experience ~Com mon Sense ~Cognition and KM ~Types of Knowledge ~Expert Knowledge ~Human Thinkin g and Learning. Modes of Knowledge Conversion ~Codification Tools and Procedures ~Knowledge Deve loper s Skill Sets ~System Testing and Deployment ~Knowledge Testing ~Approaches t o Logical Testing, User Acceptance Testing ~KM System Deployment Issues ~User Tr aining ~Post implementation. Transfer Methods ~Role of the Internet ~Knowledge Transfer in e world ~KM System Tools ~Neural Network ~Association Rules ~Classification Trees ~Data Mining and Business Intelligence ~Decision Making Architecture ~Data Management ~Knowledge Management Protocols ~Managing K n o w l e d g e W o r k e r s . Review of Relational Databases ~Relational Algebra ~Locking and Concurrency Con trol ~Correctness Consideration ~Lock Tuning ~Logging and the Recovery Subsystem ~Principles of Recovery ~Tuning the Recovery Subsystem ~Operating Systems Consi derations ~Hardware Tuning. Query Plan Explainers ~Performance Monitors ~Event Monitors ~Finding "Suspicious " Queries ~Analyzing a Query s Access Plan ~Profiling a Query Execution ~DBMS Subs ystems. Techniques ~Tuning Relational Systems ~Normalization ~Tuning Denormalization ~Cl ustering Two Tables ~Aggregate Maintenance ~Record Layout ~Query Tuning ~Trigger s ~Client Server Mechanisms ~Objects, Application Tools and Performance ~Tuning the Application Interface ~Bulk Loading Data ~Accessing Multiple Databases. Transaction Chopping ~Time Series Databases ~Understanding Access Plans ~Configu ration Parameters Oracle; SQL Server; DB2UDB ~Distributed Database ~Implementati on. Types of Queries ~Data Structures ~B tree ~B+ Tree ~Hash Structures ~Bit Map Ind exes ~Clustering Indexes ~Non Clustering Indexes ~Composite Indexes ~Hot Tables ~Comparison of Indexing and Hashing Techniques. Data Management Categories and Origins of Structured Data Data Management Challe nges Architectural Approaches Collective Data Management Services Federation Ser vices Grid Portals First Generation Grid Portals Second Generation Grid Portals. Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) ~An Overview of Grid Monitoring Systems~GridI CE ~JAMM MDS Network Weather Service R GMA Other Monitoring Systems~Ganglia and GridMon Grid Security A Brief Security Primer PKI X509 Certificates Grid Security Grid S cheduling and Resource Management Scheduling Paradigms~Working principles of Sch eduling A Review of Condor, SGE, PBS and LSF Grid Scheduling with QoS. Introduction Parallel and Distributed Computing Cluster Computing Grid Computing ~Anatomy and Physiology of Grid Review of Web Services OGSA WSRF. List of globally available grid Middlewares ~Case Studies Current version of Glo bus Toolkit and Lite ~Architecture, Components and Features. Machine Translation ~Transfer Metaphor ~Interlingua and Statistical Approaches ~Discourse Processing ~Dialog and Conversational Agents ~Natural Language Genera tion ~Surface Realization and Discourse Planning. Categorization ~Extraction based Categorization~Clustering~Hierarchical Clusteri ng~Document Classification and routing~finding and organizing answers from Text search ~use of categories and clusters for organising retrieval results ~Text Ca tegorization and efficient Summarization using Lexical Chains ~Pattern Extractio n (evaluation). Information Retrieval architecture ~Indexing~Storage ~Compression Techniques ~Re trieval Approaches ~Evaluation ~Search engines~commercial search engine features ~comparison~performance measures ~Document Processing ~NLP based Information Ret rieval ~Information Extraction. Multilinguality ~Multilingual Information Retrieval and Speech processing ~Multi modality ~Text and Images ~Modality Integration ~Transmission and Storage ~Speec h coding~Evaluation of systems ~Human Factors and user Acceptability. Natural Language Processing ~Linguistic Background~Spoken language input and out put Technologies ~Written language Input ~Mathematical Methods ~Statistical Mode ling and Classification Finite State methods Grammar for Natural Language Proces sing ~Parsing ~Semantic and Logic Form ~Ambiguity Resolution ~Semantic Interpret ation. Non Computer Visualization ~Computer Visualization Exploring Complex Informatio n Spaces ~Fisheye Views ~Applications ~Comprehensible Fisheye views ~Fisheye vie ws for data ~Non Linear Magnificaiton ~Comparing Visualization of Information Sp aces ~Abstraction in computer Graphics ~Abstraction in user interfaces. 1D, 2D, 3D ~Multiple Dimensions ~Trees ~Web Works ~Data Mapping: Document Visual ization ~Workspaces. Animating non Photo realistic Computer Graphics ~Interaction Facilities and High Level Support for Animation Design ~Zoom Navigation in User Interfaces ~Interac tive Medical Illustrations ~Rendering Gesturall Expressions ~Animating design fo r Simulation ~Tactile Maps for Blind People ~Synthetic holography ~Abstraction V ersus Realism~Integrating Spatial and Non Spatial Data. From Graphics to Pure Text ~Figure Captions in Visual Interfaces ~Interactive 3D illustrations with images and text ~Related work ~Consistency of rendered ~imag es and their textual labels ~Architecture ~Zoom techniques for illustration purp ose ~Interactive handling of images and text. Visualization stages ~Experimental Semiotics based on Perception Gibson s Affordan ce theory ~A Model of Perceptual Processing ~Types of Data. Introduction ~Understanding Behavior ~Organizational Behaviour ~Selecting The Ri ght Person For The Job ~Instruction In The Best Methods ~Motivation ~The Oldman ~Hackman Job Characteristics Model ~Working In Groups ~Becoming A Team ~Decision Making ~Leadership ~Organizational Structures ~Stress ~Health And Safety ~Case Studies. OBJECTIVES ~Project Schedule ~Sequencing and Scheduling Activities ~Network Plan ning Models ~Forward Pass ~Backward Pass ~Activity Float ~Shortening Project Dur ation ~Activity on Arrow Networks ~Risk Management ~Nature Of Risk ~Types Of Ris k ~Managing Risk ~Hazard Identification ~Hazard Analysis ~Risk Planning and Cont rol. Project Definition ~Contract Management ~Activities Covered by Software Project Management ~Overview Of Project Planning ~Stepwise Project Planning. Resource allocation ~identifying and scheduling resources ~publishing resource a nd cost schedule ~scheduling sequence ~Creating Framework ~Collecting The Data ~ Visualizing Progress ~Cost Monitoring ~Earned Value ~Priortizing Monitoring ~Get ting Project Back To Target ~Change Control ~Managing Contracts ~Introduction ~T ypes Of Contract ~Stages In Contract Placement ~Typical Terms Of A Contract ~Con tract Management ~Acceptance. Strategic Assessment ~Technical Assessment ~Cost Benefit Analysis ~Cash Flow For ecasting ~Cost Benefit Evaluation Techniques ~Risk Evaluation. ~software effort estimation Algorithms, program development and performance tuning. Fundamental concepts ~Designing for threads. Threading and parallel programming constructs ~Synchronization ~Critical sections ~Deadlock. Threading APIs. MPI Model ~collective communication ~data decomposition ~communicators and topol ogies ~point to point communication ~MPI Library. OpenMP ~Threading a loop ~Thread overheads ~Performance issues ~Library function s. Solutions to parallel programming problems ~Data races, deadlocks and liveloc ks ~Non blocking algorithms ~Memory and cache related issues. Scalable design principles ~Principles of processor design ~Instruction Level Pa rallelism, Thread level parallelism. Parallel computer models ~Symmetric and di stributed shared memory architectures ~Performance Issues ~Multi core Architectu res ~Software and hardware multithreading ~SMT and CMP architectures ~Design iss ues ~Case studies ~Intel Multi core architecture ~SUN CMP architecture. Algorithms, program development and performance tuning. Fundamental concepts ~Designing for threads. Threading and parallel programming constructs ~Synchronization ~Critical sections ~Deadlock. Threading APIs. MPI Model ~collective communication ~data decomposition ~communicators and topol ogies ~point to point communication ~MPI Library. OpenMP ~Threading a loop ~Thread overheads ~Performance issues ~Library function s. Solutions to parallel programming problems ~Data races, deadlocks and liveloc ks ~Non blocking algorithms ~Memory and cache related issues. Scalable design principles ~Principles of processor design ~Instruction Level Pa rallelism, Thread level parallelism. Parallel computer models ~Symmetric and di stributed shared memory architectures ~Performance Issues ~Multi core Architectu res ~Software and hardware multithreading ~SMT and CMP architectures ~Design iss ues ~Case studies ~Intel Multi core architecture ~SUN CMP architecture. Bioinformatics data ~Datawarehousing architecture ~data quality ~Biomedical data analysis ~DNA data analysis ~Protein data analysis ~Machine learning ~Neural ne twork architecture and applications in bioinformatics Gene regulation ~motif recognition ~motif detection ~strategies for motif detect ion ~Visualization ~Fractal analysis ~DNA walk models ~one dimension ~two dimens ion ~higher dimension ~Game representation of Biological sequences ~DNA, Protein , Amino acid sequences. 77 Hidden markov modeling for biological data analysis ~Sequence identification ~Se quence classification ~multiple alignment generation ~Comparative modeling ~Prot ein modeling ~genomic modeling ~Probabilistic modeling ~Bayesian networks ~Boole an networks ~Molecular modeling ~Computer programs for molecular modeling Microarray technology for genome expression study ~image analysis for data extra ction ~preprocessing ~segmentation ~gridding ~spot extraction ~normalization, fi ltering ~cluster analysis ~gene network analysis ~Compared Evaluation of Scienti fic Data Management Systems ~Cost Matrix ~Evaluation model ~Benchmark ~Tradeoffs Need for Bioinformatics technologies ~Overview of Bioinformatics technologies ~S tructural bioinformatics ~Data format and processing ~secondary resources and ap plications ~Role of Structural bioinformatics ~Biological Data Integration Syste m. .NET Compact Framework ~Compact Edition Data Stores ~Errors, Testing and Debuggi ng ~Optimizing performance ~Packaging and Deployment ~Networking and Mobile Devi ces ~Security TOTAL45 PERIODS Communication ~Web Services with ASP.NET ~SOAP, WSDL, Web Services ~.NET Remotin g ~.NET Remoting Architecture ~.NET Remoting Features ~Mobile Web Services Enterprise Services ~Overview ~COM+ Application ~Message Queuing Windows Presentation Foundation ~Overview ~Event Handling ~Data Binding ~Windows Forms Integration ~ASP.NET Introduction ~ADO.NET and Data Binding ~ASP.NET Deve lopment ~Custom Controls ~Master Pages ~Site Navigation ~Security ~Themes ~Web P arts ~ASP.NET AJAX Windows Workflow Foundation ~Activities ~Custom Activities ~Workflows ~Workflow Services ~Hosting Workflows ~Directory Services ~Architecture ~Administration To ols Input Modeling ~Data collection ~Assessing sample independence ~Hypothesizing di stribution family with data ~Parameter Estimation ~Goodness of fit tests ~Select ing input models in absence of data~Output analysis for a Single system ~Termina ting Simulations ~Steady state simulations. Introduction ~Simulation Terminologies~Application areas ~Model Classification ~ Types of Simulation~Steps in a Simulation study~Concepts in Discrete Event Simul ation ~Simulation Examples Model Building ~Verification of Simulation Models ~Calibration and Validation of Models ~Validation of Model Assumptions ~Validating Input ~Output Transformatio ns. 70 Simulation Tools ~Model Input ~High level computer system simulation ~CPU ~Memor y Simulation ~Comparison of systems via simulation ~Simulation Programming techn iques ~Development of Simulation models. Statistical Models ~Concepts ~Discrete Distribution~Continuous Distribution ~Poi sson Process~Empirical Distributions~Queueing Models ~Characteristics~Notation ~ Queueing Systems ~Markovian Models~Properties of random numbers~Generation of Ps eudo Random numbers~Techniques for generating random numbers Testing random numb er generators~Generating Random Variates~Inverse Transform technique ~Acceptance ~Rejection technique ~Composition And Convolution Method. Cellular and Ad hoc wireless networks ~Issues of MAC layer and Routing ~Proactiv e, Reactive and Hybrid Routing protocols ~Multicast Routing ~Tree based and Mesh based protocols ~Multicast with Quality of Service Provision Introduction ~Sensor Network architecture ~Data Dissemination ~Data Gathering M AC Protocols for sensor Networks ~Location discovery ~Quality of Sensor Networks ~Evolving Standards ~Other Issues ~Recent trends in Infrastructure less Network s Necessity for Mesh Networks ~MAC enhancements ~IEEE 802.11s Architecture ~Opport unistic Routing ~Self Configuration and Auto Configuration ~Capacity Models ~Fai rness ~Heterogeneous Mesh Networks ~Vehicular Mesh Networks Need for Energy Management ~Classification of Energy Management Schemes ~Battery Management and Transmission Power Management Schemes ~Network Layer and Data Li nk Layer Solutions ~System power Management schemes Real time traffic support ~Issues and challenges in providing QoS ~Classificatio n of QoS Solutions ~MAC layer classifications ~QoS Aware Routing Protocols ~Tick et based and Predictive location based Qos Routing Protocols Challenges of Embedded Systems ~Embedded system design process. Embedded process ors ~ARM processor ~Architecture, ARM and Thumb Instruction sets C looping structures ~Register allocation ~Function calls ~Pointer aliasing ~str ucture arrangement ~bit fields ~unaligned data and endianness ~inline functions and inline assembly ~portability issues. Meeting real time constraints ~Multi state systems and function sequences. Embed ded software development tools ~Emulators and debuggers. Design methodologies ~C ase studies ~Complete design of example embedded systems. Multiple tasks and processes ~Context switching ~Scheduling policies ~Interproce ss communication mechanisms ~Exception and interrupt handling ~Performance issue s. Profiling and cycle counting ~instruction scheduling ~Register allocation ~condi tional execution ~looping constructs ~bit manipulation ~efficient switches ~opti mized primitives. .NET Compact Framework ~Compact Edition Data Stores ~Errors, Testing and Debuggi ng ~Optimizing performance ~Packaging and Deployment ~Networking and Mobile Devi ces ~Security Communication ~Web Services with ASP.NET ~SOAP, WSDL, Web Services ~.NET Remotin g ~.NET Remoting Architecture ~.NET Remoting Features ~Mobile Web Services Enterprise Services ~Overview ~COM+ Application ~Message Queuing Windows Presentation Foundation ~Overview ~Event Handling ~Data Binding ~Windows Forms Integration ~ASP.NET Introduction ~ADO.NET and Data Binding ~ASP.NET Deve lopment ~Custom Controls ~Master Pages ~Site Navigation ~Security ~Themes ~Web P arts ~ASP.NET AJAX Windows Workflow Foundation ~Activities ~Custom Activities ~Workflows ~Workflow Services ~Hosting Workflows ~Directory Services ~Architecture ~Administration To ols Function of Router ~Types ~Elements ~Packet flow ~Packet Processing ~Algorithms And Data Structures (packet buffer allocation, etc) ~Packet processing functions (Bridge Algorithm, Table Lookup And Hashing, etc)~Protocol Software (threads, I nterrupts, etc) ~Hardware Architectures For Protocol Processing ~Classification And Forwarding ~Switching Fabrics. Intel NP ~Multithreaded Architecture Overview ~Basic Features, External Connecti ons, Internal components ~Embedded RISC processor (instruction set, internal per ipheral unit, User And Kernel Mode Operation) Packet Processor Hardware (micros equencing, instruction set, etc) ~memory interfaces ~system and control interfac e components ~Bus interface Software Development Kit ~IXP instruction set ~Micr oEngine Programming ~thread synchronization ~developing sample applications. Issues In Scaling A Network Processor (processing hierarchy and scaling)~example s of commercial Network Processors Multi Chip Pipeline, Augmented RISC Processo r, Embedded Processor Plus Coprocessors, etc. ~Design Tradeoffs and consequences (Programmability Vs. Processing Speed , speed vs functionality. etc). Scalability With Parallelism And Pipelining ~Complexity Of Network Processor Des ign (packet processing, ingress And egress processing, Macroscopic Data Pipelini ng And Heterogeneity etc) ~Network Processor Architectures architectural variet y, Primary architectural characteristics, Packet Flow, Clock Rates, software arc hitecture, Assigning Functionality To The Processor Hierarchy. Static Routes ~Dynamic Routes ~RIP v1, RIP v2 ~IGRP~EIGRP~OSPF ~Integrated IS IS ~IP Traffic engineering ~Traffic, Stochasticity, Delay and Utilization ~Applica tion view ~Architecture Framework ~EGP, BGP routing. Design principles and trade offs End to End Vs Hop by Hop Control Mechanisms ~De sign techniques Scaling time and space specialized hardware implementationparall elism and pipelining data structure optimization latency reduction. Future tren ds Changing resource tradeoffs technology and applications. Frame Relay Networks ~Asynchronous transfer mode ~ATM Protocol Architecture,ATM logical Connection ~ATM Cell ~ATM Service Categories ~AAL. High Speed LAN s Fast E thernet ~Gigabit Ethernet~Fibre Channel ~Wireless LANs. Performance of TCP over ATM. Traffic and Congestion control in ATM ~Requirements ~Attributes ~Traffic Management Frame work, Traffic Control ~ABR traffic Manage ment ~ABR rate control, RM cell formats ~ABR Capacity allocations ~GFR traffic m anagement. Queuing Analysis ~Queuing Models ~Single Server Queues ~Effects of Congestion ~C ongestion Control ~Traffic Management ~Congestion Control in Packet Switching Ne tworks ~Frame Relay Congestion Control. SONET/SDH Optical wavelength routing networks Optical Cross connects and Burst S witching PONS~Intelligent optical networks IP over WDM networks. Components ~Types ~Ontological Commitments ~Ontological Categories ~Philosophica l Background ~Knowledge Representation Ontologies ~Top Level Ontologies ~Linguis tic Ontologies ~Domain Ontologies ~Semantic Web ~Need ~Foundation ~Layers ~Archi tecture. Overview ~need for management ~development process ~target ontology ~ontology ma pping ~skills management system ~ontological class ~constraints ~issues. Evoluti on ~Development of Tools and Tool Suites ~Ontology Merge Tools ~Ontology based A nnotation Tools. Taxonomy for Ontology Learning ~Layered Approach ~Phases of Ontology Learning ~I mporting and Processing Ontologies and Documents ~Ontology Learning Algorithms ~ Evaluation Web Documents in XML ~RDF ~Schema ~Web Resource Description using RDF~RDF Proper ties ~Topic Maps and RDF ~Overview ~Syntax Structure ~Semantics ~Pragmatics ~Tra ditional Ontology Languages ~LOOM~OKBC ~OCML ~Flogic Ontology Markup Languages ~ SHOE ~OIL ~DAML + OIL~OWL , Web Services ~Semantic Web Services ~Case Study for specific domain ~Security is sues ~current trends. General Strategy ~Approximations in Scientific Computation ~Mathematical Softwar e ~Mathematical Software Libraries ~Scientific Computing Environments ~Extended Arithmetic Packages Graphical Method ~Iterative Methods~Newton Raphson Method~Break Even Analysis~Ga uss Elimination Solution Of Linear Systems By Gaussian, Gauss Jordan, Jacobi And 77 Gauss Seidel Methods Matrix Inversion Gauss Jordan Method. Least Square Regr ession Newton s Divided Difference Interpolating Polynomials Lagrange s polynomials Newton s Forward and Backward Difference Formula~Stirling s and Bessel s Central Diff erence Formula. Modeling and General Systems Theory Concepts of Simulation Types of Simulation~E xperimental Design Consideration~Comparison and Selection of Simulation Language s Development of Simulation Models Using any one of the Languages for Some Probl ems Stochastic Simulation ~Randomness and Random Numbers ~Random Number Generat ors ~Software for Generating Random Numbers. Numerical Differentiation Runge Kutta Methods, Boundary Value and Eigen value Pr oblems.Partial Differential Equation Elliptic Equation, Parabolic Equations.Nume rical Integration Trapezoidal and Simpson s Rules ~Two and Three Point Gaussian Qu adrature Formula ~Double Integral Using Trapezoidal and Simpson s Rule. Optimization Problems ~Existence and Uniqueness ~Convexity ~Optimization in One Dimension~Multidimensional Unconstrained Optimization ~Constrained Optimization ~Linear Programming Agent Definition ~Agent Programming Paradigms ~Agent Vs Object ~Aglet ~Mobile Ag ents ~Agent Frameworks ~Agent Reasoning. Agent Definition ~Agent Programming Paradigms ~Agent Vs Object ~Aglet ~Mobile Ag ents ~Agent Frameworks ~Agent Reasoning. Agent Security Issues ~Mobile Agents Security ~Protecting Agents against Malicio us Hosts ~Untrusted Agent ~Black Box Security ~Authentication for agents ~Securi ty issues for Agents. Agent Security Issues ~Mobile Agents Security ~Protecting Agents against Malicio us Hosts ~Untrusted Agent ~Black Box Security ~Authentication for agents ~Securi ty issues for Aglets. TOTAL45 PERIODS Interface Agents ~Agent Communication Languages ~Agent Knowledge Representation ~Agent Adaptability ~Belief Desire Intension ~Mobile Agent Applications~Argument aic and Knowledge Sharing Agent. Interface Agents ~Agent Communication Languages ~Agent Knowledge Representation ~Agent Adaptability ~Belief Desire Intension ~Mobile Agent Applications~Argument aic and Knowledge Sharing Agent. Processes ~Threads~FIPA ~ACL ~DIA GAL~Daemons ~Components ~Java Beans ~ActiveX ~ Sockets ~RPCs ~Distributed Computing ~Aglets Programming ~Jini Architecture ~Act ors and Agents ~Typed and proactive messages. Processes ~Threads~FIPA ~ACL ~DIA GAL~Daemons ~Components ~Java Beans ~ActiveX ~ Sockets ~RPCs ~Distributed Computing ~Aglets Programming ~Jini Architecture ~Act ors and Agents ~Typed and proactive messages. Reasoning about Multi agent Interaction between agents ~Reactive English Agents Dutch ~Combinational Spectrum ~Cognitive Agents ~Interaction protocols ~Agent co ordination ~Agent negotiation ~Agent Cooperation ~Agent Organization ~Self~Inter ested agents in Electronic Commerce Applications ~Probabilistic Agents ~Temporal Agents. Reasoning about Multi agent Interaction between agents ~Reactive English Agents Dutch ~Combinational Spectrum ~Cognitive Agents ~Interaction protocols ~Agent co ordination ~Agent negotiation ~Agent Cooperation ~Agent Organization ~Self~Inter ested agents in Electronic Commerce Applications ~Probabilistic Agents ~Temporal Agents. 78 Markovian FIFO Queuing Systems ~M/M/1 ~M/M/a ~M/M/8 M/G/1 ~M/M/M/M and other Ma rkov ~Non Markovian and self similar models ~Network of Queues Burke s Theorem J ackson s Theorem. Monitoring And Control ~Standard bodies SNMP ,V2,V3,RMON1,RMON2 79 Network management Functions ~concepts ~management interface bases~ASN.1~network management security issues~CMIP~network management tools ~network management ca se study and review . Overview of probability ~Random variables Stochastic process Link Delay compone nts ~Queuing Models ~Little s Theorem ~Birth And Death process ~Queuing Discipline s. Performance Characteristics ~Requirement Analysis Concepts User, Device, Networ k Requirements ~Process Developing RMA ,Delay, Capacity Requirements ~Flow Anal ysis ~Identifying and Developing Flows Flow Models Flow Prioritization ~Specif ication. Introduction ~Issues in Real Time Computing, Structure of a Real Time System. Ta sk Classes, Performance Measures for Real Time Systems, Estimating Program Run t imes. Task Assignment and Scheduling ~Classical Uniprocessor scheduling algorith ms, UniProcessor scheduling of IRIS Tasks, Task Assignment, Mode Changes, and Fa ult Tolerant Scheduling. Programming Language and Tools ~Desired Language characteristics, Data Typing, C ontrol structures, Facilitating Hierarchical Decomposition, Packages, Run time ( Exception) Error handling, Overloading and Generics, Multitasking, Low Level pro gramming, Task scheduling, Timing Specifications, Programming Environments, Run time Support. 80 Real time Databases ~Basic Definition, Real time Vs General Purpose Databases, M ain Memory Databases, Transaction priorities, Transaction Aborts, Concurrency Co ntrol Issues, Disk Scheduling Algorithms, Two phase Approach to improve Predicta bility, Maintaining Serialization Consistency, Databases for Hard Real Time syst ems. Real Time Communication ~Communications Media, Network Topologies Protocols, Fau lt Tolerant Routing. Fault Tolerance Techniques ~Fault Types, Fault Detection. F ault Error containment Redundancy, Data Diversity, Reversal Checks, Integrated F ailure handling. Reliability Evaluation Techniques ~Obtaining Parameter Values, Reliability Model s for Hardware Redundancy, Software Error models. Clock Synchronization ~Clock, A Nonfault Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm, Impact of Faults, Fault Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware, Fault Tolerant Synchronization in Software. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ~Architecture ~Hybrid Learning Algorithm ~Learning Methods that Cross fertilize ANFIS and RBFN ~Coactive Neuro Fuzzy Mode ling ~Framework Neuron Functions for Adaptive Networks ~Neuro Fuzzy Spectrum. Derivative based Optimization ~Descent Methods ~The Method of Steepest Descent ~ Classical Newton s Method ~Step Size Determination ~Derivative free Optimization ~ Genetic Algorithms ~Simulated Annealing ~Random Search ~Downhill Simplex Search. Introduction to Neuro ~Fuzzy and Soft Computing ~Fuzzy Sets ~Basic Definition an d Terminology ~Set theoretic Operations ~Member Function Formulation and Paramet erization ~Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Reasoning ~Extension Principle and Fuzzy Relati ons ~Fuzzy If Then Rules ~Fuzzy Reasoning ~Fuzzy Inference Systems ~Mamdani Fuzz y Models ~Sugeno Fuzzy Models ~Tsukamoto Fuzzy Models ~Input Space Partitioning and Fuzzy Modeling. Printed Character Recognition ~Inverse Kinematics Problems ~Automobile Fuel Effi ciency Prediction ~Soft Computing for Color Recipe Prediction. Supervised Learning Neural Networks ~Perceptrons ~Adaline ~Backpropagation Mutil ayer Perceptrons ~Radial Basis Function Networks ~Unsupervised Learning Neural N etworks ~Competitive Learning Networks ~Kohonen Self Organizing Networks ~Learni ng Vector Quantization ~Hebbian Learning. Applets development execution ~passing params GUI objects ~programming ~event ha ndling ~network ~ping ~socket programming ~standard utilities ~standard packages . Differences between Java and C++ ~multiple inheritance ~pointers ~templates. Inheritance ~constructors ~member accessibility ~overriding methods ~abstract cl asses ~interfaces ~flow control ~exceptions Programming methodologies ~comparison ~features of object oriented programming ~ basics of java environment. 71 Classes Definition ~fields ~methods ~access speci fiers ~object creation ~construction overloading ~methods ~static members this k eyword ~nested classes. Threads ~creation ~synchronization ~scheduling ~ending ~packages ~I/O package st reams ~byte ~character ~buffered ~filter ~pipe. Greedy Algorithms Activity selection problem Elements of Greedy Strategy~Huffman code.Matrix Operations Properties of matrices Strassen's algorithm~Solving syst ems of linear equations Inverting matrices. Linear Programming Standard and slack forms Formulating problems Simplex algorit hm Duality Initial basic feasible solution ~String Matching Naive string matchin g algorithm Knuth Morris Pratt algorithm. NP completeness Polynomial time Polynomial time verification NP completeness and reducibility NP completeness proofs ~NP completeness problems. Approximation Al gorithms The vertex cover problem The traveling salesman problem. Quicksort Description Performance Randomized version Analysis.Sorting in linear time~Lower bounds for sorting Counting sort Medians and order statistics Minimum and maximum Selection in expected linear time~Selection in worst case linear ti me Dynamic Programming ~Matrix chain multiplication Elements of Dynamic program ming~Longest common sequences. The Role of Algorithms in Computing Getting Started Growth of Functions ~Recurre nces The Substitution Method~The Recurrence Tree Method The Master Method Proba bilistic Analysis and Randomized Algorithms The Hiring Problem~Random Variables Randomized Algorithms Functional Dependencies ~Non loss Decomposition ~Functional Dependencies ~First, Second, Third Normal Forms, Dependency Preservation ~Boyce/Codd Normal Form~Mul ti valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form ~Join Dependencies and Fifth Norma l Form Functional Dependencies ~Non loss Decomposition ~Functional Dependencies ~First, Second, Third Normal Forms, Dependency Preservation ~Boyce/Codd Normal Form~Mul ti valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form ~Join Dependencies and Fifth Norma l Form Overview of Physical Storage Media ~Magnetic Disks ~RAID ~Tertiary storage ~File Organization ~Organization of Records in Files ~Indexing and Hashing Ordered I ndices ~B+ tree Index Files ~B tree Index Files ~Static Hashing ~Dynamic Hashing ~Query Processing Overview ~Catalog Information for Cost Estimation ~Selection Operation ~Sorting ~Join Operation ~Database Tuning. Overview of Physical Storage Media ~Magnetic Disks ~RAID ~Tertiary storage ~File Organization ~Organization of Records in Files ~Indexing and Hashing Ordered I ndices ~B+ tree Index Files ~B tree Index Files ~Static Hashing ~Dynamic Hashing ~Query Processing Overview ~Catalog Information for Cost Estimation ~Selection Operation ~Sorting ~Join Operation ~Database Tuning. Purpose of Database System ~Views of data ~Data Models ~Database Languages ~Da tabase System Architecture ~Database users and Administrator ~Entity~Relationshi p model ~E R Diagrams ~Introduction to relational databases Purpose of Database System ~Views of data ~Data Models ~Database Languages ~Da tabase System Architecture ~Database users and Administrator ~Entity Relationshi p model ~E R Diagrams ~Introduction to relational databases The relational Model ~The catalog~Types~Keys ~Relational Algebra ~Domain Relatio nal Calculus ~Tuple Relational Calculus ~Fundamental operations ~Additional Oper ations~SQL fundamentals ~Integrity ~Triggers ~Security ~Advanced SQL features E mbedded SQL~Dynamic SQL~Missing Information~Views ~Introduction to Distributed D atabases and Client/Server Databases The relational Model ~The catalog~Types~Keys ~Relational Algebra ~Domain Relatio nal Calculus ~Tuple Relational Calculus ~Fundamental operations ~Additional Oper ations~SQL fundamentals ~Integrity ~Triggers ~Security ~Advanced SQL features E mbedded SQL~Dynamic SQL~Missing Information~Views ~Introduction to Distributed D atabases and Client/Server Databases Transaction Concepts ~Transaction Recovery ~ACID Properties ~System Recovery ~Me dia Recovery ~Two Phase Commit ~Save Points ~SQL Facilities for recovery ~Concur rency ~Need for Concurrency ~Locking Protocols ~Two Phase Locking ~Intent Lockin g ~Deadlock~Serializability ~Recovery Isolation Levels ~SQL Facilities for Concu rrency. Transaction Concepts ~Transaction Recovery ~ACID Properties ~System Recovery ~Me dia Recovery ~Two Phase Commit ~Save Points ~SQL Facilities for recovery ~Concur rency ~Need for Concurrency ~Locking Protocols ~Two Phase Locking ~Intent Lockin g ~Deadlock~Serializability ~Recovery Isolation Levels ~SQL Facilities for Concu rrency Disjoint Set ADT ~Graph Algorithms ~Topological Sort ~Shortest Path Algorithm ~N etwork Flow Problems ~Minimum Spanning Tree ~Applications of Depth First Search Disjoint Set ADT ~Graph Algorithms ~Topological Sort ~Shortest Path Algorithm ~N etwork Flow Problems ~Minimum Spanning Tree ~Applications of Depth First Search Introduction ~Learning C++ ~Design of C++ ~History and Use ~Programming Paradigm s ~Standard Library ~Types and Declaration ~Pointers, Arrays, Structures ~Expres sions and Statements ~Functions ~Namespaces and Exceptions ~Source Files and Pro grams ~Classes ~User Defined Types ~Objects ~Operator Overloading ~Operator Func tions ~Complex Number Introduction ~Learning C++ ~Design of C++ ~History and Use ~Programming Paradigm s ~Standard Library ~Types and Declaration ~Pointers, Arrays, Structures ~Expres sions and Statements ~Functions ~Namespaces and Exceptions ~Source Files and Pro grams ~Classes ~User Defined Types ~Objects ~Operator Overloading ~Operator Func tions ~Complex Number OO Perspective of List, Stack, Queue, and Search Tree ADTs ~AVL Trees ~Red Black Trees ~Splay Trees ~B trees ~Priority Queues (Heaps) OO Perspective of List, Stack, Queue, and Search Tree ADTs ~AVL Trees ~Red Black Trees ~Splay Trees ~B trees ~Priority Queues (Heaps) Templates ~Function Templates ~Error Handling ~Grouping of Exceptions ~Catching Exceptions ~Resource Management ~Multiple Inheritance ~Access Control ~Run Time Type Information Templates ~Function Templates ~Error Handling ~Grouping of Exceptions ~Catching Exceptions ~Resource Management ~Multiple Inheritance ~Access Control ~Run Time Type Information Type Conversion Operators ~Friends ~Large Objects ~Essential Operators ~Subscrip ting ~Function Call ~Dereferencing ~Increment and Decrement ~String Class ~Deriv ed Classes ~Abstract Classes ~Design of Class Hierarchies Type Conversion Operators ~Friends ~Large Objects ~Essential Operators ~Subscrip ting ~Function Call ~Dereferencing ~Increment and Decrement ~String Class ~Deriv ed Classes ~Abstract Classes ~Design of Class Hierarchies 10 Accessing I/O devices ~Programmed Input/Output Interrupts ~Direct Memory Access ~Buses ~Interface circuits ~Standard I/O Interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB), I/O devic es and processors. L 45, T 15, Basic concepts ~Data hazards ~Instruction hazards ~Influence on instruction sets ~Data path and control considerations ~Performance considerations ~Exception ha ndling ~Advanced concepts in pipelining Exploitation of more ILP ~Hardware and software approaches ~Dynamic scheduling ~Speculation ~Compiler approaches ~Multi ple issue processors. 10 Basic concepts ~Semiconductor RAM ~ROM ~Speed ~Size and cost ~Cache memories ~Im proving cache performance ~Virtual memory ~Memory management requirements ~Assoc iative memories ~Secondary storage devices. Functional units ~Basic operational concepts ~Bus structures ~Performance and me trics ~Instructions and instruction sequencing ~Hardware ~Software Interface ~In struction set architecture ~Addressing modes ~RISC ~CISC ~ALU design ~Fixed poin t and floating point operations. Fundamental concepts ~Execution of a complete instruction ~Multiple bus organiza tion ~Hardwired control ~Micro programmed control ~Nano programming. Inheritance, Extending classes, Pointers, Virtual functions and polymorphism, F ile Handling Templates ,Exception handling, Manipulating strings. Algorithm, Analysis, Lists, Stacks and queues, Priority queues Binary Heap~Appli cation, Heaps, skew heaps, Binomial hashing hash tables without linked lists Introduction~Tokens Expressions contour Structures Functions in C++, classes an d objects, constructors and destructors ,operators overloading and type conversi ons . Sorting ~Insertion sort, Shell sort, Heap sort, Merge sort, Quick sort, Indirect sorting, Bucket sort, Introduction to Algorithm Design Techniques Greedy algor ithm, Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming. Trees Binary trees, search tree ADT, AVL trees splay Trees, Graph Algorithms~Top ological sort, shortest path algorithm network flow problems minimum spanning tr ee applications of depth first search Introduction to NP ~completeness. 8085 Microprocessor architecture ~Instruction set ~Programming the 8085 ~8086 Mi croprocessor architecture ~signals. 8086 SOFTWARE ASPECTS 9 Intel 8086 microprocessor ~Instruction set ~Addressing m odes ~Assembler directives ~Assembly language programming ~Procedures ~Macros ~I nterrupts and interrupt service routines ~BIOS function calls. Architecture of 8051 microcontroller ~Signals ~Operational features ~Memory and I/O addressing ~Interrupts ~Instruction set ~System design using microcontroller s. Basic configurations ~Minimum and maximum modes ~System design using 8086 ~Multi processor configurations ~Introduction to 80286, 80386 and Pentium. Memory Interfacing and I/O interfacing with 8085 and 8086 ~ Parallel communicati on interface ~Serial communication interface ~Timer ~Keyboard / Display controll er ~Interrupt controller ~DMA controller ~Programming and applications. File concept ~Access methods ~Directory structure ~File system mounting ~Protect ion ~Directory implementation ~Allocation methods ~Free space management ~Disk s cheduling ~Disk management ~Swap space management. Memory Management ~Swapping ~Contiguous memory allocation ~Paging ~Segmentation ~Segmentation with paging. Virtual Memory Background ~Demand paging ~Process cre ation ~Page replacement ~Allocation of frames ~Thrashing. 17 Operating system ~Types of Computer Systems ~Computer system operation ~I/O stru cture ~Hardware Protection ~System components ~System calls ~System programs ~Sy stem structure ~Process concept ~Process scheduling ~Operations on processes ~Co operating processes ~Interprocess communication ~Communication in client server systems ~Multithreading models ~Threading issues ~Pthreads. Scheduling criteria ~Scheduling algorithms ~Multiple processor scheduling ~Real time scheduling ~Algorithm Evaluation ~Process Scheduling Models ~The criticalse ction problem ~Synchronization hardware ~Semaphores ~Classic problems of synchro nization ~Critical regions ~Monitors ~System model ~Deadlock characterization ~M ethods for handling deadlocks ~Recovery from deadlock The Linux System ~History ~Design Principles ~Kernel Modules ~Process Management ~Scheduling ~Memory management ~File systems ~Input and Output ~Inter process C ommunication ~Network Structure ~Security ~Windows 2000 ~History ~Design Princip les ~System Components ~Environmental subsystems ~File system ~Networking. Applets ~JDBC ~Swings ~Remote Method Invocation I/O ~AWT ~Event handling ~Introduction to Threads ~Basics of Networking TCP and UDP sockets ~Connecting to the Web Java fundamentals ~Class, Object ~Inheritance ~Polymorphism ~Packages ~Interface s ~Exception handling Server side scripting ~JSP ~Servlets ~Session management ~Cookies World Wide Web ~HTML ~List Tables ~Frames ~Forms ~HTTP commands ~XML ~DTD, Sche ma ~XSLT ~XML Parser ~Client side scripting Design Engineering ~Design process Design Quality Design model User interface D esign ~Testing strategies~strategies Issues for conventional and object oriented software validation testing system testing Art of debugging ~Project manageme nt Requirements Analysis ~Analysis Modeling approaches ~data modeling concepts ~Obj ect oriented Analysis ~Scenario based modeling ~Flow oriented Modeling ~Class ba sed modeling ~creating a behaviour model. Software Engineering Practice ~communication Practice ~Planning practice Modelin g practice~Construction Practice Deployment ~Requirements Engineering ~Requirem ents Engineering tasks ~Initiating the requirements Engineering Process~Elicitin g Requirements ~Developing Use cases ~Building the Analysis Models ~Elements of the Analysis Model ~Analysis pattern ~Negotiating Requirements ~Validating Requi rements. Software evolution ~Verification and Validation Critical Systems Validation ~Me trics for Process, Project and Product Quality Management Process Improvement Risk Manage ment~C o n f i g uration Management The Evolving role of Software ~Software ~The changing Nature of Software ~Legacy software A generic view of process~A layered Technology ~A Process Framework ~The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ~Process Assessment ~Personal and Team Process Models ~Product and Process ~Process Models ~The Waterfall Mode l ~Incremental Process Models ~Incremental Model ~The RAD Model ~Evolutionary Pr ocess Models ~Prototyping ~The Spiral Model ~The Concurrent Development Model ~S pecialized Process Models ~the Unified Process. Inception ~Evolutionary Requirements ~Use Cases ~Other Requirements ~Domain Mode ls ~System Sequence Diagrams ~Operation Contracts Introduction ~Modelling as a design technique ~UML diagrams ~Class modeling ~Obj ect Constraint Language ~State modeling ~Interaction Modeling 22 Mapping designs to code ~Test Driven development and refactoring ~UML Tools and UML as blueprint More Patterns ~Analysis update ~Objects with responsibilities ~Applying design p atterns ~Architectural Analysis ~Logical Architecture Refinement ~Package Design ~Persistence framework with patterns Requirements to Design ~Logical Architecture and UML Package Diagrams ~Object De sign ~Interaction Diagrams ~Class Diagrams ~Designing Objects with Responsibilit ies ~Object Design Examples ~Designing for Visibility A language that is not Recursively Enumerable (RE) ~An undecidable problem that is RE ~Undecidable problems about Turing Machine ~Post s Correspondence Problem ~T he classes P and NP. Context Free Grammar (CFG) ~Parse Trees ~Ambiguity in grammars and languages ~De finition of the Pushdown automata ~Languages of a Pushdown Automata ~Equivalence of Pushdown automata and CFG~Deterministic Pushdown Automata. Introduction to formal proof ~Additional forms of proof ~Inductive proofs Finit e Automata (FA) ~Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) ~Non deterministic Finite A utomata (NFA) ~Finite Automata with Epsilon transitions. Normal forms for CFG ~Pumping Lemma for CFL ~Closure Properties of CFL ~Turing M achines ~Programming Techniques for TM. Regular Expression ~FA and Regular Expressions ~Proving languages not to be regu lar ~Closure properties of regular languages ~Equivalence and minimization of Au tomata. 23 Emulation ~Interpretation and Binary Translation ~Instruction Set Issues ~Proces s Virtual Machines ~Profiling ~Migration ~Grids ~Examples of real world implemen tations o f s y s t e m s o f t w a r e Introduction to Virtual Machines (VM) ~Pascal P Code VM ~Object Oriented VMs ~Ja va VM Architecture ~Common Language Infrastructure ~Dynamic Class Loading ~Secur ity ~Garbage Collection ~Optimization Loaders and Linkers ~Basic Loader Functions ~Machine Dependent Loader Features ~ Machine Independent Loader Features ~Loader Design Options ~Architectural Issues ~Object Files ~Storage Allocation ~Symbol Management ~Libraries ~Relocation ~Lo ading and Overlays ~Shared Libraries ~Dynamic Linking and Loading ~Advanced Tech niques 24 Macroprocessors ~Basic Macro Processor Functions ~Machine Independent Macro Proc essor Features ~Macro Processor Design Options ~Basic Compiler Functions ~Gramma rs ~Lexical Analysis ~Syntactic Analysis ~Code Generation Review of Computer Architecture ~Machine Instructions and Programs ~Assemblers ~ Basic Assembler Functions ~Assembler Features ~Assembler Design Options Communication ~Communication as action ~Formal grammar for a fragment of English ~Syntactic analysis ~Augmented grammars ~Semantic interpretation ~Perception ~i mage Formation ~Image Processing ~Object Recognition ~Robotics ~Robotic Percepti on ~Planning Moving Robotic Software Architecture. Informed search strategies greedy ~best first ~A* ~local search algorithms and optimization ~local search in continuous spaces ~Constraint satisfaction problem s (CSP) ~Backtracking search and Local search ~Structure ~Adversarial Search ~Ga mes ~Optimal decisions in games ~Alpha ~Beta Pruning ~imperfect real time decisi on games ~elements of chance. Intelligent Agents Environments ~Behavior ~Structure ~Artificial Intelligence ~ Present and Future ~Problem Solving agents ~examples~uninformed search strategi es ~Avoiding repeated states ~searching with partial information. Learning from observations ~forms of learning ~Inductive learning ~Learning deci sion trees ~Ensemble learning ~Knowledge in learning ~Logical formulation of lea rning ~Explanation based learning ~Learning using relevant information ~Reinforc ement learning ~Passive reinforcement learning ~Active reinforcement learning ~G eneralization in reinforcement learning. Logical Agents ~Wumpus world ~Propositional logic ~First order logic ~syntax and semantics ~Using first order logic ~Inference ~forward chaining ~backward chain ing~Knowledge representation ~Ontological Engineering ~Categories and objects ~A ctions ~Simulation and events ~Mental events and mental objects. Reasoning with Default Information ~Truth Maintenance Systems ~Reasoning with Uncertain Informa tion ~Axioms of Probability ~Independence ~Bayes Rule and it s use. Email (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP) ~HTTP ~DNS~SNMP ~Telnet ~FTP Circuit switching ~Packet switching ~Virtual circuit switching ~IP ~ARP~RARP~DHC P ~ICMP ~Routing algorithms ~RIP ~OSPF ~Subnetting ~CIDR ~Interdomain routing ~B GP ~IPv6 ~Multicasting ~Congestion avoidance in network layer Data transmission ~Transmission media ~Signal encoding techniques ~Multiplexing ~Spread spectrum Network architecture ~Layers ~Channel access on links ~SDMA ~TDMA ~FDMA ~CDMA ~H ybrid multiple access techniques ~Issues in the data link layer ~Framing ~Error correction and detection ~Link level Flow Control ~Medium access ~Ethernet ~T UDP ~TCP ~Flow Control ~Congestion control ~Queuing discipline ~Congestion avoid ance ~QoS ~RPC Binary search ~Hashing~Hash function, Collision, Separate chaining, Open address ing, Rehashing and Extendible hashing ~Sorting~Selection, Bubble, Insertion, Mer ge, Quick, Heap and Radix Sort. L 45 Binary Trees~Types of binary trees, Representation of binary trees and Traversin g binary trees ~Binary Search Tree~Searching, Inserting and Deleting in binary s earch tree ~AVL Search Tree~Insertion and Deletion in AVL tree ~B Trees~Searchin g, Inserting and Deleting in B trees ~Heap Tree~Insertion and Deletion in Heap t ree ~Threading in trees~Minimum weighted path length tree ~General tree to binar y tree representation. Definitions ~Representation of graph with adjacency matrix and linked list ~Path Matrix ~Shortest path algorithms ~Warshall s algorithm, Dijkstra s algorithm ~Minim um spanning trees~Prim s algorithm and Kruskal s algorithm Traversing a graph ~Brea dth first search and tree ~Depth first search and tree ~Topological sorting ~Ope rations on graph. Linear arrays Representation of linear array, Traversing linear array and Insert ion and deletion in linear arrays ~Multidimensional arrays~Representation of Ndi mensional arrays in memory ~Linked list~Representation of linked list in memory, Traversing linked list, Insertions and deletions in linked list, Doubly linked list, Circular linked list and Header linked list ~Sorted linked list~Searching, Insertion and Deletion. Stack~Representation of stack with array and linked list, Simple applications, R ecursions and Implementation of recursive procedures ~Queues~Representation of q ueue with array and linked list, Priority queue, Representation of priority queu e with array and list, Circular queue and Dequeue. Multirate signal processing ~Speech compression ~Adaptive filter ~Musical sound processing ~Image enhancement. Basic elements of DSP ~concepts of frequency in Analog and Digital Signals ~samp ling theorem ~Discrete ~time signals, systems ~Analysis of discrete time LTI sys tems ~Z transform ~Convolution (linear and circular) ~Correlation. Basic elements of DSP ~concepts of frequency in Analog and Digital Signals ~samp ling theorem ~Discrete ~time signals, systems ~Analysis of discrete time LTI sys tems ~Z transform ~Convolution (linear and circular) ~Correlation. Introduction to DFT~Properties of DFT~Filtering methods based on DFT~FFT Algorit hms ~Decimation ~in ~time Algorithms, Decimation ~in ~frequency Algorithms ~Use of FFTin Linear Filtering ~DCT. Introduction to DFT~Properties of DFT~Filtering methods based on DFT~FFTAlgorith ms ~Decimation ~in ~time Algorithms, Decimation ~in ~frequency Algorithms ~Use o f FFTin Linear Filtering ~DCT. Multirate signal processing ~Speech compression ~Adaptive filter ~Musical sound processing ~Image enhancement. Structures of FIR ~Linear phase FIR filter ~Filter design using windowing techni ques, Frequency sampling techniques ~Finite word length effects in digital Filte rs Structures of FIR ~Linear phase FIR filter ~Filter design using windowing techni ques, Frequency sampling techniques ~Finite word length effects in digital Filte rs Structures of IIR ~Analog filter design ~Discrete time IIR filter from analog fi lter ~IIR filter design by Impulse Invariance, Bilinear transformation, Approxim ation of derivatives ~(HPF, BPF, BRF) filter design using frequency translation Structures of IIR ~Analog filter design ~Discrete time IIR filter from analog fi lter ~IIR filter design by Impulse Invariance, Bilinear transformation, Approxim ation of derivatives ~(LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF) filter design using frequency transla tion Media Access Control ~SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA ~GSM ~Architecture, Protocols, Conn ection Establishment, Frequency Allocation , Localization, Handover, Security ~G PRS. Mobile IP ~DHCP ~AdHoc~Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols ~Multicast Routi ng. Mobile TCP~WAP ~Architecture ~WWW Programming Model~WDP ~WTLS ~WTP ~WSP ~WAE ~WT A Architecture ~WML ~WMLScripts. Pervasive computing infrastructure applications~Device Technology ~Hardware, Hum an machine Interfaces, Biometrics, and Operating systems~Device Connectivity ~Pr otocols, Security, and Device Management~Pervasive Web Application architecture~ Access from PCs and PDAs ~Access via WAP Wireless LANs and PANs ~IEEE 802.11 Standard ~Architecture ~Services Network ~H iperLAN ~Blue Tooth~Wi Fi ~WiMAX Compilers ~Analysis of source program ~Phases of a compiler ~Grouping of phases ~Compiler Construction tools ~Lexical Analyzer Token specification Token Recogn ition~A language for Specifying lexical analyzer~Top down parser Table implemen tation of Predictive Parser ~Bottom up Parser SLR(1) Parser ~Parser generators. Intermediate languages ~Declarations ~Assignment statements ~Boolean expressions ~Case statements ~Backpatching ~Procedure calls. Issues in the design of a code generator ~The target machine ~Runtime storage ma nagement ~Basic blocks and flow graphs ~Next use information ~A simple code gene rator ~Register allocation and assignment ~The DAG representation of basic block s ~Generating code from DAG ~Dynamic programming code generation algorithm ~Code generator generators. Principal sources of optimization ~Peephole optimization ~Optimization of basic blocks ~Loops in flow graphs ~Introduction to global data flow analysis ~Iterati ve solution of data flow equations ~Code improving transformations ~Dealing with aliases. Syntax directed definitions ~Construction of syntax trees ~Type systems ~Specifi cation of a simple type checker ~Equivalence of type expressions ~Type conversio ns ~Attribute grammar for a simple type checking system ~Runtime Environments So urce language issues ~Storage organization ~Storage allocation strategies ~Param eter passing. Color Models ~RGB, YIQ, CMY, HSV ~Animations ~General Computer Animation, Raster , Keyframe ~Graphics programming using OPENGL ~Basic graphics primitives ~Drawin g three dimensional objects. CONCEPTS 12 Parallel and Perspective projections ~Three dimensional object repre sentation ~Polygons, Curved lines, Splines, Quadric Surfaces,~Visualization of d ata sets ~3D transformations ~Viewing Visible surface identification. 38 Introduction and definitions ~applications ~elements ~Compression ~Types of comp ressions ~Lossless, Lossy ~Video compression ~Image Compression ~Audio compressi on ~Data and file format. Multimedia Authoring Systems ~Hypermedia Design considerations ~User Interface D esign ~Object Display and Play back issues~Hypermedia Messaging~Distributed Mult imedia Systems ~Components ~multimedia Object Servers ~Managing Distributed Obje cts. PRIMITIVES 12 Output primitives ~Line, Circle and Ellipse drawing algorithms ~At tributes of output primitives ~Two dimensional Geometric transformation ~Two dim ensional viewing ~Line, Polygon, Curve and Text clipping algorithms Authentication applications ~Kerberos, X.509, PKI ~Electronic Mail security ~PGP , S/MIME ~IP security ~Web Security ~SSL, TLS, SET ~system security. Discrete Logarithms ~Computing discrete logarithms ~Diffie Hellman key exchange ~Elliptic curve cryptography Key exchange ~ElGamal Public key cryptosystems ~Mes sage Authentication codes ~Hash functions ~Hash algorithms ~Secure Hash ~Birthda y attacks ~MD5~Authentication protocols ~Digital signatures ~RSA, ElGamal, DSA. Security trends ~Attacks and services ~Classical crypto systems ~Different types of ciphers ~LFSR sequences ~Basic Number theory ~Congruences ~Chinese Remainder theorem ~Modular exponentiation ~Fermat and Euler's theorem ~Legendre and Jacob i symbols ~Finite fields ~continued fractions. Simple DES ~Differential cryptoanalysis ~DES ~Modes of operation ~Triple DES AE S ~RC5, RC4 ~RSA ~Attacks ~Primality test ~factoring. Trusted Operating systems ~security models ~designing trusted OS ~assurance ~Dat a base security ~multi level databases ~multi level security. Electrical conduction phenomena, ionic conduction in crystals and glasses, elect ronic conduction in crystals and glasses, non stoichiometry and solute controlle d electronic conduction, valency controlled semiconductors, mixed conduction in poor conductors, poly crystalline ceramics, electrical phenomena, dielectric los s factor for crystals and glasses, dielectric conductivity, polycrystalline and polyphase ceramics, dielectric strength. 39 Heat capacity, density and thermal expansion of glasses, crystals, composite bod ies. Thermal conduction ~phonon conductivity of single phase crystalline ceramic s and glasses, photon conductivity, conductivity of multiphase ceramics, thermal stress, temperature gradients, resistance to thermal shock and thermal spalling , thermal tempering and annealing. Introduction, refractive index and dispersion, reflection and refraction, absorp tion, scattering, polarisability, boundary reflectance and surface gloss, opacit y and translucency, absorption and colour, application. Magnetic phenomena, origin of interactions in ferromagnetic materials, spinel fe rrites, rare earth garnets, ortho ferrites and illmenites, hexagonal ferrites, p olycrystalline ferrites, susceptibility, permeability, flux density, types of ma gnetism and their origin, electronic structure and magnetic moment, exchange int eraction and super exchange interaction, hysteresis loop and magnetic domain ~do main structure. Plastic deformation of different crystals, creep in single crystal, polycrystal, refractories. Viscous flow of liquids and gases. Elastic moduli, anelasticity, brittle fracture and crack propagation, strength and fracture surface work exper ience, static fatigue, creep fracture, effects of microstructure. Conino and quartering of sample ~sampling on delivery ~measurement of moisture c ontent by IR moisture balance ~speedy moisture test ~particle size analysis ~sie ve test, sedimentation method Stokes, Andreasen Pipette. Determination of surface area by permeametry ~plasticity ~Perferkon test, Atterb erg test, contraction ~wet to dry, dry to fired, wet to fired, modulus of ruptur e ~control of casting slips ~fluidity ~thixotrophy and specific gravity using to rsion viscometer ~vitrification ~density ~porosity ~water absorption. Introduction ~basic concepts ~Indian standards for ceramic materials ~ISO 9000 zero defects ~concept quality marking and certification scheme ~total quality ma nagement in ceramic industries. Measuring coherence parameter ~pick up ~testing of viscosity of glazes at low te mperatures and high temperatures ~test for the solubility of lead frits ~glaze f it hardness testing ~glaze thickness ~autoclave and crazing ~thermal shock meas urement. Refractoriness ~RUL ~cold crushing strength ~permanent linear change on reheatin g ~spalling resistance ~reversible thermal expansion ~thermal conductivity ~spec ific gravity ~bulk density ~slag resistance test. 40 Definition ~adhesion, adhesives and adherents, mechanism of adhesion. Classifica tion of adhesives and adhesive joints. Molecular forces ~types of bonding, surfa ce forces. Surface of adherends ~surface roughness, adsorption, moisture, chemis orptions, fresh and clean surfaces. Adhesion of solids to liquids ~wetting equil ibria, strength of a liquid joint, surface morphology, influence of structure, a dhesives and surface lubricants, optimum condition for adhesion and adhesion. Ad hesion of solids to solids ~metals to metals, metals to inorganic solids, polyme r to metals. Introduction, types and properties of cellulose adhesives, polyvinyl adhesives, acrylic resin adhesives, polyamide resins and nylons, and miscellaneous thermopl astic adhesives. Introduction, types. Urea formaldehyde adhesives ~preparation, curing agents, fi llers and extenders used for UF resin, properties and applications. Phenol forma ldehyde adhesives ~preparation, resol And novolak, types of PF resin based on se tting temperature, fillers, extenders and thickening agents for PF resin, proper ties. Properties and applications of other thermosetting resins ~melamine formal dehyde, resorcinol formaldehyde, epoxy resin, polyester resin. Mechanical properties ~rheological models and molecular theory, glass transition and viscoelasticity, chemo rheology, two phase systems, concepts of fracture, t ough brittle transition, rupture and tearing of rubber, nucleation and growth of cracks, controlled brittle fracture and fracture toughness, controlled cleavage of crystals, adhesive strength. Adhesion and cohesion ~tack, surface treatment, wetting, spreading and shear strength, non destructive testing, destructive tes ting. 41 Natural organic adhesives ~introduction, classification, animal glue ~compositio n, properties and testing, vegetable adhesives ~introduction, types. Glass ~adhe sion properties of glass, theories of glass bonding, properties and applications . Enamels ~properties and applications. Ceramics ~ceramic to glass and ceramic t o metal bonds. Soluble silicates ~introduction, composition, properties and appl ications. Cements ~phosphate cements, hydraulic cements, high temperature cement s and miscellaneous cements. Advanced control techniques, feed forward and ratio control; controller design; adaptive control system; statistical process control; expert system; multivariab le control techniques; supervisory control. Basic Concepts; terminology and techniques for process control; control modes; t uning process controllers. Digital control techniques; z transforms; sampling and filtering; response of di screte time systems; sampled data control systems; design of digital controllers . Optimization and simulation; optimization techniques; single and multivariable c onstrained optimization; dynamic simulation of distillation columns and reactors . Principles of measurement and classification of process control instruments; tem perature, pressure fluid flow, liquid level, velocity, fluid density, viscosity, conductivity etc., instrument scaling; sensors; transmitters and control valves ; instrumentation symbols and labels. 42 Arbitration act~octroi, central and local sales tax, excise duties~custom tariff , import, control policies, procurement from government agencies and internation al market~insurance, DGS and D tariff. Introduction to material management, importance of integrated materials manageme nt, need for integrated materials management, concept, definition, scope and adv antage~an overview, A B C analysis, codification, variety reduction, standardiza tion. Introduction, basic models, definition of commonly used terms, replenishment mod el, choice of system etc., inventory work in progress, safety stock, computeriza tion in materials management control, information to materials management case s tudy, spare parts . Material planning and purchase, purchase system, procedures, price forecasting, purchasing of capital equipment, vendor development, account procedure, purchasi ng decisions, procurement policies. 43 Store keeping principles past and latest techniques, stores general layout, cost aspect and productivity, problems and development, store system procedures inco ming material control, store accounting and stock incoming material control, sto re accounting and stock verification, value analysis. Introduction, types ~conventional castables, low cement castables, ultra low cem ent castables, cement free castables ~composition, characteristics, applications . Other castables ~insulating castables, pumpable castables ~composition, charac teristics, applications. Methods of installations of castables, plastic refractories, ramming mis and gun ning mix. Drying and heating up of installed monolithic lining. Application desi gns ~blast furnace trough design, trough lining, and form design, tundish, steel ladle, electric arc furnace. Linings in installation ~anchors, steel fibre rein forcements. Mortars ~introduction, classification, characteristics. Coatings ~introduction, characteristics. Dry vibratables ~introduction, principle and applications. Plastic refractories ~introduction, composition, properties and applications. Ra mming mix ~introduction, binder systems, characteristics and applications. Gunni ng mix ~introduction, binder systems, characteristics and applications. 44 Wear mechanisms ~introduction, abrasion, penetration, corrosion, spalling. Tests done on monolithics ~chemical analysis, density, porosity, strength, high tempe rature properties, corrosion, erosion. Definition, types of exchangers ~parallel And counter flow exchangers, single pa ss 1 1, multi pass 1 2 And 2 4. Heat transfer coefficients in heat exchangers. B oilers and calandrias, extended surface equipments ~types, efficiency and calcul ation. 45 Prevention of energy loss in furnace ~insulation, coatings, low thermal mass mat erials ~importance, design and applications. Principle of operation, types of recuperators, design, applications, comparison over regenerator. Principle of operation, types of regenerators, design and construction, material s of construction and applications. Temperature and thermal conditions in furnace, calculation of thermal operation of furnaces ~heat balance, furnace productivity. Definition of reliability, factors affecting reliability~MTTF~MTBF~evaluation of reliability, quality management~organizing for quality~economy of quality~techn iques of ABC analysisquality management education~zero defects concept Historical development of standards ~aims, techniques, management, formulation, implementation of company standards~economic benefits of standardization. Introduction to taguchi methods and 6 sigma concepts~OBJECTIVES of statistical q uality control~inspection and its importance~difference between inspection and q uality control, basic statistical methods~techniques of quality control~control charts for attributed~control charts for variables. IS Specification~Specification for different raw materials~test procedures~produ cts~tilessanitary ware~insulators~chemical resistant wares~structural ceramic ma terialsrefractories. Quality engineering~planning for quality and reliability~quality standards~speci fication of inspection methods, setting of standard quality levels~introduction to ISO 9000~design of quality experiments using statistics~analysis of variance. 46 Abrasive grain type and characteristics required for bonded abrasives. Types of bonds ~vitrified, silicate, resinoid, shellac, rubber and oxychloride. Bonded wh eel manufacture with different bonds and their characteristics. Shapes and sizes of wheels. Factors determining grinding action ~characteristics of abrasive gra in, bond type, structure. Other types of wheels ~Diamond wheels, reinforced whee ls, mounted wheels Abrasives ~definition, classification, applications. Abrasive grains ~classifica tion, characteristics like hardness, toughness etc. Backings ~cloth, paper, fibr e, combination backing, their characteristics. Adhesives ~classification, charac teristics. Contact wheels ~cloth contact wheels, rubber contace wheels, hardness, face serr ations, shape, wheel diameter, speed, belt tension, dressing and protection of c ontact wheels ~their characteristics. Drum, rolls, pads and platens ~types, char acteristics, choice and uses. Working principle of coated abrasive. Grinding wheel ~definition, abrasives chosen, grinding chips, chemical reactions , grade selection, wheel wear, chemical grinding aids. Grinding fluids ~properti es, types and purpose. Types of grinding ~cylindrical grinding, centre less grin ding, surface grinding, internal grinding. Polishing ~definition, types. Raw material selection and preliminary treatments, maker coating, abrasive coati ng ~methods and types of coating, sizer coating, drying and humidification, flex ing, conversions ~slitting, belt making, sheet cutting, disc cutting. Individual disc coating process. Quality control and testing. Chemistry of calcium phosphate bio ceramics ~preparation, mechanical properties and biological performance of tri calcium phosphate, tetra calcium phosphate, bi phasic calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and other phosphates. Calcium phosphate bone cements ~preparation, properties, setting behavior and bio compatibility. 48 Hydroxyapatite composites with zirconia, alumina and titania ~preparation and pr operties. SiC whisker reinforced hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass ceramics, zi rconia toughened and bioactive glass ceramics, bioglass hydroxyapatite composite s, carbon composites. Implant areas ~dental, orthopedic. Implant materials ~bio polymers, bio metals, ceramic implants ~porous ceramics, surface active ceramics, resorbable ceramics. Biological performance of the materials, body reaction to implant materials ~co rrosion, biodegradation and biocompatibility. Invitro and invivo test methods of implant materials. Importance of bioactive coatings. Hydroxyapatite coated metal implants ~coating methods, characterization and properties. Bioglass and bioactive glass ceramics coating over metals and alloys. Surface active glasses, bioactive glass ~preparation, mechanical properties, bon ding mechanism to living tissue ~interfacial bonding. Doped bioactive glasses. H igh strength bioactive glass ceramics ~mechanical and biological properties, bon e bonding mechanism, mechanism of surface apatite formation, compositional depen dence. Borosilicate glasses ~pyrex glass and jona type, composition ~fabrication of lab oratory ware ~vycor glass. Safety glasses ~toughened glass, laminated glass. Coating methods ~physical vapour deposition, chemical vapour deposition. Types o f coatings, characteristics of coated glass, applications of coated glasses, qua lity control of coated glass. Composition for fibre glass, glass wool, manufacturing process and applications. Optical fibres ~optical properties of fibres, silica based glass fibres ~applic ations in optical communication. Glass composition, heat treatment schedule, crystal nucleation in glass, nucleat ing agent, microstructure and properties, applications, machinable glass ceramic s. Manufacture of crown and flint glass ~ophthalmic glass filters ~photo chromic gl ass ~laser glass ~electro chromic glass ~GRIN lenses and components ~chalcogenid e, chalcohallide and halide glasses ~applications in optical components. 49 Definition of thin film and coatings, preparation of substrate~Role of substrate ~substrate selection~nucleation and thin film growth~residual stress, thickness measurements. Plasma spray~pack coating~slurry coating~sol gel coating~hot dip coating~electro phoresiselectro chemical coating~corrosion resistant coating and other coatings. PVD ~basic evaporation process ~evaporation techniques ~sputtering ~ion plating~ CVD process~CVD reactor~CVD kinetics~product and process route. Thermal, mechanical. Optical and chemical properties~hardness~wear and erosion r esistance~high temperature properties~applications~defects and remedies. XRD ~glancing incidence, x ray diffraction~electron microscopy techniques~auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, photoelectron spectrosco py. Background of whisker growth ~whisker nucleation and growth ~composite processin g ~whisker purification, whisker / matrix poeder mixing, densification, SiC and Si3N4 whiskers, VLC synthesis, properties. Definition, classification ~metal / polymer / ceramic matrix composites, particu late and fibre reinforcements ~processing methods, microstructure. Carbon carbon composites, nano composites. Elastic and strength properties ~fracture behavior ~fibre matrix load transfer ~ failure of a composite ~criteria, damage of composites from physical and mechani sms to modeling, long term behavior of composite materials, high temperature sta bility ~wear and friction. Fibre definition, fibre flexibility; Glass fibres ~types, manufacturing process, properties, glass wool forming process; Alumina fibres, mullite fibres, zirconi a fibres, boron fibres, carbon fibres and graphite fibres ~manufacturing techniq ues, properties and applications; Strength of reinforcements. Introduction, types ~polymer, ceramic, metal, glass, thermosetting and thermopla stic matrices. Assembling of economics, engineering and industrial data, calculations and data necessary for the process route~electrical, piping instruments, motors, compres sors etc~flow diagramsprocess, design and overall technical report. Design of furnaces~tank furnace, tunnel kiln, chamber kiln, rotary kiln, muffle furnace, blast furnace, open hearth furnace, stack calculations~chimney foundat ions. Essential operationsfiring, charging, melting, preheating~air, gas, fuel, flame systems, furnace high temperature measurements and temperature control ins truments. Design principles~crushers, filter press, sieves, pugmill and different types of pug mouldstunnel, chamber and electrical. Furnace life and selection of proper refractories, thermal currents and atmosphe re, safe firing schedule. Basic knowledge about furnace construction, capacity, fuel and firing efficiencies~design, construction and thermal calculation of one of the furnaces. Proper location of the plant~factors to be considered, factory buildings~layouts with necessary details. Definition~importance of nanocomposites~nano composite materials classification of composites~metal/ceramics, metal polymer~thermoplastic based, thermoset based and elastomer based~influence of size, shape and role of interface in composite s applications. General definition and size effects important nano structured materials and nano particlesimportance of nano materials~applications. Introduction to nanoceamics~properties of nano ceramics~advanced nano ceramics~c arbon nano tubes, fibres, nanosilica nano alumina~nano titania and zinc oxide~ap plications. Precipitation methods ~sol gel techniques ball milling, CVD and PVD methods, ga s phase condensation, magnetron sputtering and laser deposition methods. X ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy~UV~visible spectroscopy, scanning probe mi croscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Theoretical strength and stress concentrations, linear elastic fracture mechani cs, micro structural aspects, fracture testing techniques. Creep ~definition, types ~diffusion creep, dislocation creep, viscous creep. Mic rostructure dependence of creep, creep deformation maps. Elastic constants ~effect of atomic structure and microstructure. Response to st ress ~elastic deformation of isotropic and crystalline materials ~measurement te chniques. Strength testing, statistical treatment to strength, time dependent strength beh aviour ~subcritical crack growth, stable crack propagation, cyclic fatigue ~SPT diagram. Toughening of Ceramics. Thermal stress, thermal shock resistance parameters, thermal stresses and cracki ng, testing technique, applications of thermal stress. Electromagnetic spectrum ~sources ~x ray, gamma ray ~x ray generation, spectrum ,equipment controls, properties, attenuation and differential attenuation~intera ction of radiation with matter ~radiographic testing ~principle and mechanism, r ecording mediumfilms and fluorescent screens~non imaging detectors~film radiogra phy detectors~film radiography~calculation of exposure for X ray and gamma rays~ quality factors~image quality indicators and their use in radiography. Imaging~principle and applications~testing of composites~acoustic emission testi ngapplication of AET~on line monitoring or continuous surveillance and applicati on in materials science~optical methods of NDT~photo elasticity~evaluation proce dure~Holographic NDT procedure~Speckle phenomenon~speckle interferometry speckle shear interferometry. Introduction~Definition of terms, discontinuities and defects/flaws~fracture mec hanics concept of design and the role of NDT~life extension and life prediction~ penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing ~basic principle, limitations An d advantages ~development and detection of large flux ~longitudinal and circular magnetization ~demagnetization. Introduction~principles of eddy current inspection~conductivity of a material~ma gnetic properties~coil impedance~lift off factor and edge effects~skin effect~in spection frequencycoil arrangements ~inspection probes~types of circuit~Referenc e pieces~phase analysisdisplay methods typical application of eddy current techn iques. Ultrasonic waves~velocity, period, frequency and wavelength~reflection and trans missionnear and far field effects and attenuation~generation~piezoelectric and m agnetostriction methods~normal and angle probes~methods of Ultrasonic testing~Pr inciple of pulse echo method~Equipment ~examples~rail road inspection, wall thic kness measurement~range and choice of frequency. Dielectric Behavior of materials~power dissipation~propagation factor and skin d epth~heat and mass transfer phenomena~temperature distribution~wall loss. Exposure standards~industrial~frequency band~leakage from industrial equipment~b atch system~continuous flow system~safety precautions. Microwave drying~microwave sintering~application to laboratory models and pilot systemcomparison with pilot heating. Power sources~klystron and magnetron~operating characteristics~protection system ~high frequency breakdown phenomena~automatic control of the process~automation, tuning and machining. Travelling wave applicators~multimode applications~power transfer~uniformity of heating. Atomic structure~atomic number~mass number~isotopes~nuclear energy and nuclear f orces, binding energy~nuclear stability~radio activity~nuclear reactions~nuclear fissionnuclear fusion. Materials aspects of missile and satellite re entry~aerospace nuclear propulsion technology, auxiliary space powder devices~rocket nozzle technology~the space e nvironment and its effects. Methods of production and properties, uranium oxide, thorium oxide, beryllium ox idesencapsulation, nuclear fuel cycle, spent fuel characteristics, reprocessing techniques. Types of reactors~ordinary water moderated reactors~heavy water cooled and moder ated reactors~design, construction and control of nuclear reactors~moderators~co olantsreflectors and structural materials. Types of waste~disposal~ICRPrecommendations~radiation hazards and preventionradi ation dose units. Definition of entrepreneurship, entrepreneur, entrepreneurial potentials, traits and types of entrepreneurs, differences between entrepreneur and intrapreneur, entrepreneurship as a career, business environment, roll of family/society in en trepreneur, institutional support to entrepreneurs, entrepreneur support organiz ations(financial and non financial), entrepreneur training organizations, govern ment policies about industrial and entrepreneur development, incentives and subs idies for industries. Introduction to general management, financial management, management accounting, production management, human resource development, marketing management, organi zation development, TQM ISO 9000 series, sickness of industries, strategies for closing business. Mobilization of sources ( financial, personal and material ), selection and trai ning of human resource, purchase of project equipments and raw materials, plant location, infrastructure, building, installation of machinery, material producti on, marketing channel selection, commercialization of product, legal agents of b usiness. Risk taking and decision making, role of government agencies like DIC, TIIC, SID CO, SIPCOT, TIDCO, SISI, NSIC, IFC, ITCOT, banks, etc., case study of a successf ul entrepreneur, case studies on identification and selection of products, prepa ration of project feasibility report, establishment of business unit and sicknes s of business unit. Small enterprises, definition, classification, characteristics, ownership struct ure, project history, project formulation, importance of feasibility report, for mat for preparation of business feasibility report, steps involved in setting up a business, sources of product identification, criteria for selection of produc ts, selecting a good business opportunity, market survey and research, techno ec onomic feasibility assessment, preliminary project report, project appraisal, so urces of information, classification of needs and agencies. Analysis of design data~creating a basic graph ~different display techniques~lab eling the axes~plotting the data~logarithmic graphs~bar graphs. Computer aided design of size reduction equipments, dryers, filters and centrifu ges, shaping machines, furnaces. Fundamentals of finite element analysis~element types~nodal approximation~elemen t matrices, vectors and equations~global connectivity assembly boundary conditio ns~solution techniques~introduction to packages. Geometric modeling~wireframe, surface and solid models~techniques~solid modellin g packages~interface to drafting, design analysis and CNC~rapid prototyping. Introduction to microprocessors~input, output and memory devices~interfacing con cepts, evaluation of OS~functions and characteristics. Fundamentals of computer aided designrequirements of hardware and software~the design process steps morph ology of design. Classification of engineering materials ~structure property relationships ~atomi c structure ~bonding ~bond energy, bond type, bond length, ionic, metallic, cova lent, vanderwaals, secondary, variation in bonding character and properties ~pol ymorphic transformations ~structure of ceramics ~metallic and ceramic structures ~binary, ternary, silicate structures. Crystalline and non crystalline states ~inorganic solids ~covalent, metals and a lloys, ionic, polymers ~classification ~structure ~crystallinity. Imperfections ~point ~vacancy, Schottky, Frenkel~Line ~dislocations ~edge, screw, properties o f dislocations ~surface ~grain boundary, interface boundary, twin and twist boun dary, stacking faults ~volume imperfections. Fick s laws of Diffusion ~Solution to Fick s second law ~applications based on the s econd law solution. Relationship between diffusibility and atomic mobility. Atom istic mechanisms of Diffusion ~vacancy , interstitial, substitutional, interstit ialcy, ring mechanism. Different types of diffusivities and their interdependenc e ~tracer diffusivity, chemical diffusivity etc. Temperature dependence of diffu sivity and activation energy. Kirkendall effect and Matano interface. Surface an d Volume diffusivity. Phase rule ~single component system ~binary phase diagrams ~micro structural cha nges during cooling ~lever rule ~applications of phase diagrams ~phase transform ations ~time scale for phase changes ~nucleation And growth ~applications. Physical properties ~density, specific gravity, melting behavior. Thermal Proper ties ~heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion. Dielectric propert ies ~polarization, dielectric constant, dielectric strength, dielectric loss, ca pacitance. Diffusion ~theory of diffusion, prediction of diffusivities, transient diffusio n, mass transfer theories. Humidification operation ~definition, humidity chart, wet bulb temperature. Drying of solids ~classification of dryers, solids handli ng in dryer, principles of drying, cross circulation drying, through circulation drying, freeze drying, drying equipments for solids, pastes, solutions and slur ries. Crystallization ~crystal geometry, super saturation, mechanism of crystall ization, material and heat balance in crystallization, classification of crystal lization equipments. Basic problems on material balance. Conductive heat transfer ~basic laws of conduction, steady state conduction, uns teady state conduction. Convective heat transfer ~typical heat transfer equipmen ts, energy balance, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer by fo rced convection in laminar flow, turbulent flow and transition region between la minar and turbulent flow, natural convection. Emission of radiation, absorption of radiation by opaque bodies, radiation betwe en surface, radiations to semi transparent materials, combined heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Fluid flow equation ~Mass balance in a flowing fluid, mechanical energy equation for flowing fluid, Hagen Poiseulle equation, Fanning equation. Flow past immers ed solids ~drag and drag coefficient, flow through a bed of solids, motion of pa rticles through fluids. Fluid statics ~hydrostatic equilibrium, applications of fluid statics ~manometer , gravity And centrifugal decanter. Fluid flow phenomena ~laminar flow, rheologi cal properties of fluids, turbulence, boundary layers. Introduction ~classification ~metals, metallic ores, sampling, identification, e xtraction ~copper, aluminum, lead, iron And steel ~iron carbon diagram ~heat tre atment process ~annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, surface hardening process ~carburizing, nitriding, cyaniding, carbonitriding, flame hardening, met allography ~sampling, grinding, polishing, microscope ~metallurgical, electron, testing ~hardness, impact, creep, non destructive testing. Introduction ~factors affecting physical properties and their measurements micr ostructure, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical resistivity, diffusion coe fficient, yield strength, fracture toughness and hardness. Introduction ~process design ~thermodynamics And mass balance ~kinetics of mass transfer And heat transfer ~optimization of interfacial reactions ~micro modelli ng improving steel making ~process and properties with reference to market, ene rgy and environment, process for controlling inclusions, integrated optimization , future trends. Introduction ~production process of powders ~mechanical routes, atomization rout es, physical routes, chemical routes, plasma forming process~powder consolidatio n, compaction and sintering ~advantages ~disadvantages ~limitations~applications . Introduction ~reactions involving solids And gases ~reduction of metal oxides, o xidation, coking, chemical vapour synthesis~reactions involving liquid phases sm elting, slag refining, vaccum degassing, zone refining, casting process ~thermo mechanical process. Bauxite, magnesite, dolomite, chromite, limestone, rutile, zircon, beryllia mine rals, alumina, slag and ashes, cullet ~occurrence, properties and uses. Clay minerals. Clay structures ~kaolinite and montmorillonite groups. Geology of clay deposits. Classification of clays ~china clay, ball clay, fire clay, build ing clay etc. Beneficiation of clays. Clay properties ~charged nature, cation ex change capacity, flow behaviour, plasticity, effect of heating. Mica, talc, pyro phyllite and wollastonite group ~physical and chemical properties. Occurrence, properties and uses of natural fluxes ~feldspar group, nepheline sye nite, Cornish stone, lithium containing minerals. Bone ash ~preparation, propert ies and uses. Rocks ~formation, characteristics, classification into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Minerals ~formation, relation of mineral deposit to igneous activit y, chemical and physical properties like composition, colour, streak, luster, fr acture, cleavage, hardness, density and tenacity, elements of optical mineralogy . Silica ~occurrence, structure, polymorphic transformation, physical and chemical properties. Silicate minerals ~quartz, sillimanite, kyanite, andalusite ~proper ties and uses. Introduction, types. Screening ~dry and wet screening, equipments, effectiveness of screen, test sieves ASTM, BSS, BIS, IS. Filtration ~theory of filtration, ba tch and continuous filters, principles of cake filtration. Separation based on m ovement through a fluid ~sedimentation, cyclone separation, air classification. Magnetic separation. Laws of size reduction, mechanism of size reduction. Different crushers and grin ders ~jaw crusher, gyratory crusher, hammer mill, different types of tumbling mi ll, jet mill, attrition mill, vibro energy mill ~principle of working. Closed ci rcuit and open circuit grinding. Mixing ~mechanism of mixing, types of mixers ~batch and continuous mixers ~pan m ixer, shaft mixer, U mixer, muller mixer and other mixers, blungers, agitators. Conveying ~solid conveying types of conveyors, criteria for selecting a conveyor ; liquid conveying condition for liquid conveying, different types of pumps. Sto rage methods of different ceramic powders. Particle shape ~definition. Powder size and size distribution ~definition, repre sentation, microscopy, sieve analysis, hydrometer method, Andreason pipette meth od, sedigraph, laser diffraction, X ray light broadening, light scattering. Powd er characterization ~surface area measurement, porosity measurement ~mercury por osimetry, gas adsorption, pycnometry. Winning of clays, quarrying of non plastic materials, transportation. Clay purif ication methods ~wet and dry methods. Weathering of clay. Beneficiation of non p lastic materials. Body composition ~porcelain, earthenware, bone china, sanitary ware, hotel china , terracotta, majolica, steatite bodies, corderite bodies, rutile bodies, titana te bodies, zircon bodies, lava bodies. History ~definition ~whiteware ~heavy clayware ~classification ~raw materials,ba tch calculation, mixing, forming, drying, firing, glazing, decoration. Introduction ~classification~body composition ~properties and applications of he avy clayware products ~face bricks, paving bricks, hollow bricks, roofing tiles, sewer pipes, stoneware pipes, floor tiles, vitrified tiles. Manufacturing process And properties ~whitewares at home ~tableware, kitchenware , flame resistant ware, art ware, containers, construction ~floor tile, wall til es, sanitary ware, electrical ~low tension insulators, high tension insulators, high frequency low loss insulators, industrial use ~abrasion resistance, chemica l resistance, heat resistance. Strength ~tensile, flexural, impact ~absorption And porosity ~moisture expansion ~thermal expansion ~thermal shock resistance ~heat conductivity ~abrasion resis tance ~chemical durability ~electrical properties ~dielectric strength, dielectr ic constant, power And loss factor, volume resistivity. Flow process ~continuity equation ~energy equation ~Bernoulli s equation ~flow th rough nozzles, pipes ~ejectors ~throttling process ~compressors ~Carnot cycle ~r efrigeration cycle ~vaporization of liquid ~Rankine cycle ~diesel cycle. Fundamental concepts ~system, process, state, properties, force, work, pressure , energy, equilibrium state, phase rule. Thermodynamic laws ~zeroth law, interna l energy, first law for flow process, non flow process, enthalpy, limitations, s econd law, entropy, Clausius inequality, third law. Classification of thermodynamics properties ~relationship among thermodynamics p roperties ~fugacity ~activity ~thermodynamic diagrams ~partial molar properties ~chemical potential ~activity in solutions ~property changes of mixing ~heat eff ects of mixing process. Free energy and entropy ~Gibb s equation ~Helmholtz equation ~equilibrium constant and heat of reaction ~Clausius ~Claypeyron equation ~partial free energy ~Gibb s phase rule and its interpretation ~condensed system ~one component system ~polym orphic transformations ~P T diagram of silica. PVT behavior ~equation of state ~concept of ideal gas ~constant volume constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic process, isotropic process ~equation o f state for real gases ~compressibility chart ~heat effects accompanying a chemi cal reaction. Air requirement, combustion processes of solid, liquid, gaseous fuels, control o f combustion process, combustion stoichiometry. Composition and calorific value ~natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil gas, coal gas, producer gas, water gas, other gaseous fuels. Non conventional fuels ~ importance, hydrogen fuel. Heat transfer to charge by conduction, convection and radiation in a kiln, heat loss through kiln wall, opening, cooling etc., heat balance and thermal efficien cy, heat recovery ~recuperator and regenerator, co generator ~importance. Origin and composition of natural oil, refining process of liquid petroleum prod ucts, synthetic liquid fuels ~calorific value, storage and handling of liquid fu els. Bio fuels ~importance. Wood, charcoal, coal characteristics ~formation of coal, grading of coal, handli ng and storage of coal, coal washing, hardness and grindability of coal, calorif ic value, coal analysis. Manufacture of coke. Agro based solid fuels ~wheat, ric e, bagasse, solid oxide fuel cells. Action of heat on ceramic bodies ~physical changes, chemical changes. Firing equ ipments, firing schedules ~fast firing, firing range. Problems, defects. Liquid phase sintering, vitrification, microstructure control. Introduction. Slip~selection of materials, particle size measurement, viscosity, surfactant concentration, binders, pH, zeta potential, settling, solid recovery , slip recovery, slip conditioning and storage. Plaster mould ~process, preparat ion. Slip casting ~methods, mechanisms. Mechanism of drying ~transfer of heat ~factors that control drying ~types of dry ers ~intermittent and continuous dryers ~process of drying ~drying defects ~fini shing ~cutting and trimming ~sponging, fettling and towing ~scumming. Plastic mass preparation ~pug mill, pugging defects. Shaping methods ~extrusion, jiggering, injection molding, roller machine, compression molding. Theory of packing. Pressing~Uniaxial pressing ~stress distribution on green body ~defects and remedies, vibration compaction, isostatic pressing, reactive hot p ressing ~advantages ~defects and remedies. Definition. Difference between a glass and crystalline material. Glass Formation ~atomistic hypothesis of glass formation, kinetic approach to glass formation. Structures of glasses ~fundamental laws, elements of structural models for glass es, structural models for silicate glasses. Phase diagrams of glass forming oxid e systems ~CaO Al2O3 SiO2, Na2O CaOSiO2 etc. Flat glass defects ~origin, characteristics. Container glass defects ~origin, re medies. Test procedures for normal glass and coated glass. Physiochemical reactions during glass melting ~effect of particle size and pre s intering on melting. Refining ~sources of gas bubbles, identification of gases, solubility of gases in glass, growth And rise of bubbles, refining agents. Homog enization ~sources of inhomogenity, rate of homogenization in relation to diffus ion kinetics, conventional currents And rise of bubbles. Effect of colourants in glass melting. Raw materials ~Glass formers, intermediates and modifiers, cullet, minor ingredi ents like oxidizing/reducing agents, refining agents, decolourisers, colouring o xides ~description and importance. Selection of glass composition, change in pro perties in relation to change in composition, Glass batch calculation. Thermodynamic And thermal properties ~density, surface tension, thermal expansio n, specific heat, thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties ~viscosity, elasti c properties, hardness, strength. Electrical And Transport properties ~electrica l conductivity, dielectric property, ionic diffusion. Other properties ~refracti ve index, dispersion, chemical durability. Al2O3 ~SiO2 phase diagram, ~types of raw materials ~different alumino silicate r efractories ~manufacturing steps ~properties And applications. Carbide based And nitride based refractories ~carbon based carbon refractory ~zi rconia ~beryllia ~thoria refractory ~fused cast refractories ~cermets ~ceramic f ibers. Definition ~production ~demand And growth of refractories in India ~Layout of a refractory plant ~classification of refractory ~fundamental properties of refrac tories ~factors for selection and use of refractories. Manufacturing process ~properties and uses of magnesite, magnesia carbon, forste rite, dolomite and chrome based refractories. Raw materials And composition ~manufacturing process steps ~phase transformation of quartzite ~properties And uses. Burner ~classification, atomization, low pressure burner for gaseous fuel, high pressure burner for liquid fuels, advantage And disadvantage of different burner s. Flames ~nature of flames, laminar And turbulent, premixed And diffusion, burn ing velocity. Factors for consideration, heating capacity, furnace design, heat economics, fur nace atmosphere, draught establishment, chimney calculation, heat transfer, safe ty aspects. Introduction and thermometry, thermocouples, radiation pyrometers, low temperatu re measurement, temperature control, heat work recorders ~Segar cone, Holdcroft s bar, Buller rings, Watkin recorders. Introduction, definition, classification ~draught kiln, chamber kiln, tunnel kil n, roller kiln, rotary kiln, continuous kiln, shuttle kiln, top hat kiln, muffle kiln, Hoffman s kiln ~principle, materials used in foundation and construction, w orking. Introduction, definition, classification ~metal heating furnaces, reheating furn ace, continuous furnace, sintering furnace, crucible furnaces, electric furnace, unit melters and smelters, muffle furnace, glass tank furnace. Classification of decoration methods~advantages~different decorating techniques~ painting, spraying, stenciling, stamping, printing, lithographic transferring, s ilk screen printing, dusting, engobing, liquid gold decoration and decoration te chniques. Definitions ~composition of glaze ~classification of different types of glazes ~ engobe ~frit preparation ~frit rules ~compounding of lead and leadless glazes, a lkaline glazes, calcarious glazes and feldspatic glazes. Glaze body reactions~interface layers~thermal characteristics~glaze defects and remediescrazing, peeling, crawling, rolling, blisters, pin holes, dunting~mechan ical, optical and chemical properties of glazes. Glaze raw materials ~effect of individual materials ~opacifiers ~colouring agent s ~stains ~mixed colours ~metallic lustures ~unit operations and processes ~glaz e properties ~grain size ~specific gravity ~viscosity ~glaze control ~additives ~glaze suitability ~fired properties of glazes. Glazing techniques ~dipping, pouring, spraying, brushing, dusting and other tech niquesspecial glazes ~matt glazes, snake skin glazes, cracked glazes, salt glaze s and other glazes. Al2O3 ~SiO2, MgO ~Al2O3, MgO ~SiO2, Al2O3 ~ZrO2, K2O ~Al2O3 ~SiO2, MgO ~Al2O3 ~S iO2, Na2O ~Al2O3 ~SiO2. Prediction of alkali corrosion of alumino silicate refra ctories using phase diagrams. Introduction, criteria of phase equilibrium, criterion of stability, phase equil ibria in single component system and multi component system; binary solutions ~c onstant pressure system, constant temperature system, partially miscible system, immiscible system, liquidliquid equilibrium diagrams, ternary equilibrium diagr ams. Introduction, phase, component, variable, Gibb s phase rule, single component syst em ~H2O, SiO2, iron, Hume Rothery s rule; binary phase diagrams ~eutectic, incongr uent, solid solutions, complex diagrams. Introduction, Time Scale for phase transformations, types of transformations ~sp inoidal, nucleation And growth, theory of transformation kinetics; nucleation an d growth ~nucleation kinetics, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, growth and overall transformation kinetics. Techniques for determining phase diagrams ~dynamic, static, microscopic methods ~optical, electron microscopy, X ray methods, thermal analysis. Construction and operation of pot furnace and day tank furnace. Tank furnace ~ty pes, design And construction, refractories used. Electric tank furnace ~design A nd operation, electrodes used, electric boosting in tank furnace. Forehearth And Feeder, hand operations, flatware ~sheet glass, float glass, plat e glass, patterned glass. Hollow ware ~press And blow, blow And blow, IS machine , bulbs And tubes. Heating process ~temperature distribution, efficiencies, heat balance, thermal i nsulation And cooling. Measurement and control ~temperature, pressure, volume an d fuel/air mixture, glass level. Reversal, heating and cooling of glass furnace, hot repairs. Introduction, nature of generation And release of strain, temporary And permanen t strain, dependence of strain on cooling rate, detection And measurement of str ain, annealing equation, problems in annealing, annealing glass plate, optical g lass, ideal annealing cycle. Mirror, chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition process, laminate d glass, tempered glass, decorated glasses, vycor And micro porous glass, sealin g glass, neutral glass, photosensitive glass, glass ceramic, glass fibers. Ceramics for space ~materials used in space satellite, missiles, rockets nozzles , ceramics for nuclear reactors ~types of reactors, structural ceramic materials , ceramic fuel elements, control rod elements. Purpose of insulation ~types of insulating materials and preparation of insulati ng refractories, ceramic fibre products ~design and installation ~ceramic coatin gs. Refractories ~coke oven, blast furnace, open hearth furnace, LD converter, THF, EAF, IF, Ladle furnace, slide plate system, nozzle, shroud, continous casting, m onolithics ~gunning technique, refractory slag and metal interactions. Refractories for glass industry ~refractory practices in sidewall, throat, foreh earth and roof of glass tank, regenerator systems, refractories for ceramic indu stry ~kiln design ~LTM concept, fast firng technology, kiln furnitures ~types, p roperties, requirements ~applications in different ceramic industry. Refractories in non ferrous industries ~copper, aluminum, lead ~Refractories in non metal industries ~hydrocarbon industry, fertilizer industry, cement industry . Carbon compounds, borides, silicides, Sialon and cermets, high temperature super conducting oxides. Introduction, techniques for forming~Kyropolar technique. Czochralski method, ed ge defined~film fed growth method, Bridgman technique, floating zone method, flu x technique, hydro thermal growth technique, micro pulling down technique. Structural characteristics properties and applications of silicon nitride, boron nitride, titanium nitride, aluminum nitride. Structural characteristics, properties and applications of silica, alumina, zirc onia, magnesia, titania, thoria, mullite, uranium oxide and plutonium oxide. Structural characteristics, properties and applications of silicon carbide, boro n carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide. Additives in ceramic forming ~solvents, dispersant, binder, plasticizer, other a dditives. Forming of ceramics ~dry and semidry pressing ~die compaction and isos tatic compaction; casting methods ~slip casting, pressure casting, gel casting, electrophoretic deposition; plastic forming methods ~extrusion, co extrusion, in jection molding, solid freeform fabrication ~particle filled polymer methods, po wder methods, suspension methods~Porous ceramic forming~foaming, intrusion, orga nic additives. Mechanism of material removal and its effect on strength, surface grinding and m echanical polishing, non abrasive finishing, ceramic surface coating, joining of ceramics ~metal ceramic joints. Powder preparation by mechanical methods ~comminution, mechano chemical synthesi s. Powder synthesis by chemical methods ~solid state reaction, liquid solutions, vapour phase reactions. Synthesis of nano scale ceramic powder liquid solution technique, vapour phase technique. Pressure assisted sintering ~hot pressing and hot iso static pressing. Reaction bonded sintering, microwave sintering. Solid state sintering ~driving force, effect of surface curvature and boundary d efects, mechanism, stages of sintering. Liquid phase sintering ~stages, kinetic and thermodynamic factors, phase diagram in liquid phase sintering. Grain growth ~different grain growth process, control of grain growth, grain growth and pore evolution in a porous compact, interaction between pore and grain boundary. Density of a slip ~calculations relating to mixtures of solid particles and wate r dilution problems ~Brongniarts Formula ~dry measurement, wet measurement eff ect of specific gravity ~density of the body slip ~dimensions of the mixing ark adjustments to the wet recipe ~addition of body stain. Determination of molecular formula of glass from chemical composition of the gla ss and from glass batch ~determination of batch from molecular formula of glass ~determination of batch from the given chemical composition. Molecular weights ~formula and use of chemical equations ~oxides ~percentage com position and formula ~calculation of a recipe from a simple glaze formula ~given the recipe of a glaze calculate the formula ~synthesis of a fritted glaze ~give n the recipe calculate the formula for a fritted glaze ~calculation of the perce ntage composition of the mill batch. Shrinkage ~Drying, Firing, Total, Volume, Moisture content ~relationship between percentage moisture content and volume shrinkage ~loss on ignition density ~sp ecific gravity ~effect of porosity on the function of ceramic materials ~pore st ructure density ~apparent volume ~true volume ~apparent solid volume, porosity ~ apparent, true, sealed pores. Ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, rational analysis of clay, stone and feld spar mica convention ~substitution of clays in body recipes ~triangular plot. Capacitance ferroelectric behavior ~barium titanate ~effect of solid solutions ~ additives ~film capacitors, single layer discrete capacitors ~multilayer capacit ors ~basic principles and fabrication processes. Classification of magnetic materials ~domain theory ~Ferromagnetism ~Spinel ferr ites ~structure, types of ferrites ~manganese, zinc ferrites ~hexagonal ferrites ~garnets ~standard ceramic processing and fabrication techniques GMR. Introduction~ZnO varistors ~PN junction diode~electrical characteristics, fabric ation of ZnO varistor behavior~microstructure ~gas sensors fuel cells ~types, pr inciple, working, solid oxide fuel cells ~applications~structure and operation p rinciple of oxygen sensors, NOx sensors. Piezo electricity ~barium titanate, relaxor ferroelectrics, multiferroics, ferro electricity, manufacture of barium titanate based ceramics ~properties of ferroe lectric ceramics ~hysteresis loop ~PZT ~PLZT materials, compositional systems, p rocessing and fabrication ~mixed oxide and chemical precipitation processes. Porcelain insulators ~triaxial, steatite, non feldspathethic types ~composition, properties and uses ~dielectric strength ~dielectric breakdown mechanisms ~fact ors affecting dielectric strength ~dielectric constant and loss polarization~dif ferent types of polarization ~effect of frequency and temperature. Aggregates ~types, characteristics. Admixtures ~types, characteristics. Proporti oning of concrete mixtures ~consideration, procedure. Recent advances in concret es ~types, significance, characteristics. Raw materials, manufacturing process. Composition of cement phases ~effect of co mposition on burnability of clinker, influence of minor components. Hydration of cement. Strength, permeability, creep, thermal expansion, shrinkage, moisture movement, penetration of X ray, abrasion resistance, fire resistance, freeze thaw resistan ce, electrical properties. Tests on properties of cement ~consistency of standard paste, setting time, soun dness, strength of cement. Quality control ~litre weight test, microscopic and X ray investigation of clinker materials. Types of Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, trief cement, high alumina cement, white and coloured cement, oil well cement, hydrophobic cement, water pr oof cement, super sulphate cement, sulphate resisting cement. Alkanes ~alkenes ~alkynes ~alicylic compounds ~Bayers strain theory ~Hydrocarbon s related to petrol, diesel, kerosene, lube oil and waxes. Benzene and its homol ogues ~aromatic substitution, Friedal ~Crafts reactions, Kolbe s synthesis ~Riemer ~Tiemann reaction, Benzoin condensation, Perkin reaction, Beckmann rearrangemen t, Claison condensation, Hoffmann rearrangements. Homolytic bond fission ~free radicals ~heterolytic bond fission ~electrophiles, carbonium ion, nucleophiles ~acids and bases ~Bronsted ~Lowry concept, Lewis con cept, strength of acids and bases. Substitution reactions ~SN1, SN2, SNi, Additi on reactions ~carbon ~carbon (double bond), Addition of dienes ~carbon ~oxygen ( double bond), carbon ~carbon (triple bond) ~poly addition reactions, Elimination reactions ~E1, E2, Condensation ~simple and polycondensation , Redox reactions. Nature of bonding (covalent, hydrogen) ~atomic orbitals ~hybridization ~electron egativity ~conjugation ~mesomerism and resonance ~hyper conjugation ~inductive e ffect. Structural isomerism ~stereoisomerism ~optical isomerism ~racemic mixture ~resol ution, racemisation ~asymmetric synthesis, Walder Inversion. Geometrical isomeri sm ~cis, trans isomerism, syn, anti isomerism ~determination of configuration of geometrical isomers ~tautomerism. Synthesis of different types of compounds ~alcohol ~aldehyde ~carboxylic acid ~e ster ~ether ~nitrocompounds ~amines ~amides (industrial methods only). Synthetic reagents ~acetoacetic ester ~malonic ester and Grignard reagent. Classification of chromatographic methods, Column, Thin layer, Paper, Gas, High Performance Liquid Chromatographical methods (Principle, mode of separation and Technique). Separation of organic compounds by column and Thin layer, mixture of Cu, Co and Ni by Paper, separation of amino acids by paper, estimation of organ ic compounds by GC and HPLC Classification of chromatographic methods, Column, Thin layer, Paper, Gas, High Performance Liquid Chromatographical methods (Principle, mode of separation and Technique). Separation of organic compounds by column and Thin layer, mixure of Cu, Co and Ni by Paper, separation of amino acids by paper, estimation of organi c compounds by GC and HPLC. Electromagnetic Radiation various ranges, dual properties, various energy levels , interaction of photons with matter, absorbance And transmittance and their rel ationship, permitted energy levels for the electrons of an atom and simple molec ules, classification of instrumental methods based on physical properties. Quant itative Spectroscopy beer lambert's law, limitations, deviations (real, chemica l, instrumental), estimation of inorganic ions such as fe, ni and estimation of nitrite using beer ~lambert's law ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Various ranges, Dual properties, Various energy levels , Interaction of photons with matter, absorbance And transmittance and their rel ationship, Permitted energy levels for the electrons of an atom and simple molec ules, Classification of instrumental methods based on physical properties QUANTI TATIVE SPECTROSCOPY Beer Lambert's law, Limitations, Deviations (Real, Chemical , Instrumental), Estimation of inorganic ions such as Fe, Ni and estimation of N itrite using Beer Lambert's Law Theory of IR spectroscopy, Various stretching and vibration modes for diatomic a nd triatomic molecules (both linear and nonlinear), various ranges of IR (Near, Mid, Finger print and Far) and their usefulness, Instrumentation (Only the sourc es and detectors used in different regions), sample preparation techniques, Appl ications.Raman spectroscopy Theory, Differences between IR and Raman. Atomic abs orption spectrophotometry Principle, Instrumentation (Types of burners, Types of fuels, Hollow cathode lamp, Chopper only) and Applications, Various interferenc es observed in AAS (Chemical, radiation and excitation) Flame photometry Princip le, Instrumentation, quantitative analysis (Standard addition method and interna l standard method) and applications Differences between AAS and FES. Theory of IR spectroscopy, Various stretching and vibration modes for diatomic a nd triatomic molecules (both linear and nonlinear), various ranges of IR (Near, Mid, Finger print and Far) and their usefulness, Instrumentation (Only the sourc es and detectors used in different regions), sample preparation techniques, Appl ications.Raman spectroscopy Theory, Differences between IR and Raman. Atomic abs orption spectrophotometry Principle, Instrumentation (Types of burners, Types of fuels, Hollow cathode lamp, Chopper only) and Applications, Various interferenc es observed in AAS (Chemical, radiation and excitation) Flame photometry Princip le, Instrumentation, quantitative analysis (Standard addition method and interna l standard method) and applications Differences between AAS and FES. Thermogravimetry Theory and Instrumentation, factors affecting the shapes of the rmograms (Sample Characteristics and instrumental characteristics), thermograms of some important compounds (CuSO4. 5H2O, CaC2O4. 2H2O, MgC2O4, Ag2CrO4, Hg2CrO4 , AgNO3 etc), applications. Differential thermal analysis Principle, Instrumenta tion and applications, differences between DSC and DTA. Applications of DSC (Ino rganic and Polymer samples) Thermogravimetry Theory and Instrumentation, factors affecting the shapes of the rmograms (Sample Characteristics and instrumental characteristics), thermograms of some important compounds (CuSO4. 5H2O, CaC2O4. 2H2O, MgC2O4, Ag2CrO4, Hg2CrO4 , AgNO3 etc), applications. Differential thermal analysis Principle, Instrumenta tion and applications, differences between DSC and DTA. Applications of DSC (Ino rganic and Polymer samples) Various electronic transitions in organic and inorganic compounds effected by UV , and Visible radiations, Various energy level diagrams of saturated, unsaturate d and carbonyl compounds, excitation by UV and Visible radiations, Choice of sol vents, cut off wavelengths for solvents, Lamda max and epsilon max rules, Woodwa rd Fieser rules for the calculation of absorption maxima ( Lamda max) for diene s and carbonyl compounds, Effects of auxochromes and efffects of conjugation on the absorption maxima, Different shifts of absorption peaks( Batho chromic, hyps ochromic, hypochromic), Multicomponent analysis ( no overlap, single way overlap and two way overlap), Instrumentation for UV and VISIBLE spectrophotometers (so urce, optical parts and detectors), Photometric titration ( Experimental set up and various types of titrations and their corresponding curves), Applications o f UV and VISIBLE spectroscopies Various electronic transitions in organic and inorganic compounds effected by UV , and Visible radiations, Various energy level diagrams of saturated, unsaturate d and carbonyl compounds, excitation by UV and Visible radiations, Choice of sol vents, cut off wavelengths for solvents, Lamda max and epsilon max rules, Woodwa rd Fieser rules for the calculation of absorption maxima ( Lamda max) for diene s and carbonyl compounds, Effects of auxochromes and efffects of conjugation on the absorption maxima, Different shifts of absorption peaks( Batho chromic, hyps ochromic, hypochromic), Multicomponent analysis ( no overlap, single way overlap and two way overlap), Instrumentation for UV and VISIBLE spectrophotometers (so urce, optical parts and detectors), Photometric titration ( Experimental set up and various types of titrations and their corresponding curves), Applications o f UV and VISIBLE spectroscopies Classification of chromatographic methods, Column, Thin layer, Paper, Gas, High Performance Liquid Chromatographical methods (Principle, mode of separation and Technique). Separation of organic compounds by column and Thin layer, mixure of Cu, Co and Ni by Paper, separation of amino acids by paper, estimation of organi c compounds by GC and HPLC ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Various ranges, Dual properties, Various energy levels , Interaction of photons with matter, absorbance And transmittance and their rel ationship, Permitted energy levels for the electrons of an atom and simple molec ules, Classification of instrumental methods based on physical properties QUANTI TATIVE SPECTROSCOPY Beer Lambert's law, Limitations, Deviations (Real, Chemical , Instrumental), Estimation of inorganic ions such as Fe, Ni and estimation of N itrite using Beer Lambert's Law Theory of IR spectroscopy, Various stretching and vibration modes for diatomic a nd triatomic molecules (both linear and nonlinear), various ranges of IR (Near, Mid, Finger print and Far) and their usefulness, Instrumentation (Only the sourc es and detectors used in different regions), sample preparation techniques, Appl ications.Raman spectroscopy Theory, Differences between IR and Raman. Atomic abs orption spectrophotometry Principle, Instrumentation (Types of burners, Types of fuels, Hollow cathode lamp, Chopper only) and Applications, Various interferenc es observed in AAS (Chemical, radiation and excitation) Flame photometry Princip le, Instrumentation, quantitative analysis (Standard addition method and interna l standard method) and applications Differences between AAS and FES. Thermogravimetry Theory and Instrumentation, factors affecting the shapes of the rmograms (Sample Characteristics and instrumental characteristics), thermograms of some important compounds (CuSO4. 5H2O, CaC2O4. 2H2O, MgC2O4, Ag2CrO4, Hg2CrO4 , AgNO3 etc), applications. Differential thermal analysis Principle, Instrumenta tion and applications, differences between DSC and DTA. Applications of DSC (Ino rganic and Polymer samples) Various electronic transitions in organic and inorganic compounds effected by UV , and Visible radiations, Various energy level diagrams of saturated, unsaturate d and carbonyl compounds, excitation by UV and Visible radiations, Choice of sol vents, cut off wavelengths for solvents, Lamda max and epsilon max rules, Woodwa rd Fieser rules for the calculation of absorption maxima ( Lamda max) for diene s and carbonyl compounds, Effects of auxochromes and efffects of conjugation on the absorption maxima, Different shifts of absorption peaks( Batho chromic, hyps ochromic, hypochromic), Multicomponent analysis ( no overlap, single way overlap and two way overlap), Instrumentation for UV and VISIBLE spectrophotometers (so urce, optical parts and detectors), Photometric titration ( Experimental set up and various types of titrations and their corresponding curves), Applications o f UV and VISIBLE spectroscopies Absorption of light ~consequences ~laws of photochemistry quantum yield ~photoc hemical processes ~primary ~secondary ~kinetics of photochemical reactions ~hydr ogen and chlorine hydrogen and bromine ~photosensitization ~quenching ~lasers. Catalysis ~catalyst ~promoter ~inhibitor ~poisoning of catalyst homogeneous cat alysis ~acid base ~metal salts ~heterogeneous adsorption ~physisorption ~chemiso rption ~surface area ~industrially important processes ~oxidation ~cracking ~ref orming Gaseous state Ideal gas ~Gas laws kinetic theory ~Marwell s distribution of molec ular velocities ~collision frequency mean free path ~real gas~van der Waal s equa tion of state ~critical constants ~law of corresponding states ~liquefaction of gases (CO2, NH3, air, O2 and N2) Joule ~Thomson effect ~inversion temperature. L iquid state Equilibrium vapour pressure ~surface tension ~viscosity dipole momen t ~refractive index ~optical rotation ~methods of determination ~relationship to molecular structure Mesomorphic state or liquid crystals Themotropic and lyotropic mesomorphism ~cla ssification of thermotropic liquid crystals ~smectic~nematic ~cholesteric ~disc shaped ~polymer ~molecular arrangements in liquid crystals. Solid state crystal structure ~laws of crystallography 7 crystal systems 14 Bravais lattices ~X ra ys and crystal structure ~Bragg s equation ~types of crystals ~molecular ~covalent ionic ~metallic ~lattice energy ~Born~Lande s equation ~experimental determinati on using Born Haber cycle ~packing in metallic crystals ~lattice defects. Spontaneous process~cyclic process ~Carnot cycle ~efficiency of a heat engine ~e ntropy ~concept ~physical significance changes accompanying processes ~Free ener gy ~Helmholtz ~Gibbs ~criteria for reversible and irreversible processes ~Gibbs Hermholtz equation free energy and physical equilibria Clapeyron and Clausius eq uation ~free energy and chemical equilibria ~vant Hoff reaction isotherm ~standa rd free energy changes ~Third law ~Nernst heat theorem ~determination of entropy from thermal measurements ~residual entropy System ~surroundings ~properties ~macroscopic intensive ~extensive processes ~i sothermal ~adiabatic ~reversible ~irreversible ~thermodynamic equilibrium ~Zerot h law of thermodynamics ~building thermometer ~celsius scale ~perfect gas/ absol ute temperature scale. Internal energy ~work done ~isothermal , reversible and i rreversible expansions ~compressions ~enthalpy ~heat capacity at constant volume Cv ~at constant pressure Cp ~relationship between Cp and Cv ~work done In adiab atic, reversible and irreversible expansions ~compressions. thermochemistry ~ent halpy changes ~physical and chemical processes ~Kirchoffs equation ~Hess law of co nstant heat summation ~enthalpy of combustion ~Bomb calorimeter ~bond energies ~ applications Acids and bases ~Arrhenius concept ~Lewis concept ~Dissociation of weak acid, we ak base ~Ionic product of water ~Buffer solutions ~calculation of pH ~Henderson s equation ~Hydrolysis of salts ~Degree of hydrolysis ~Determination ~acid base in dicators ~their applications ~solubility product principle ~Ionic equilibria inv olving complex ions. Introduction to colloids ~properties of colloids ~coagulation of solutions ~Orig in of charge on colloidal particles ~Determination of size of colloidal particle s ~Donnan Membrane equilibrium ~Emulsions ~Gels ~Applications of colloids ~Nanop articles (Au, Ag, Pt) ~Preparation ~Characterization ~Properties ~Application in catalysis and drug delivery systems. Laws of Photochemistry, Quantum efficiency, Photochemical reactions, Actinometry , Kinetics and mechanism of Hydrogen ~Bromine reaction, Hydrogen ~Chlorine react ion ~Photosensitization, Chemiluminscence. Order of a reaction ~Zero order, First order, Second order and Third order react ions ~Molecualrity of a reaction ~Unimolecular and Bimolecular reactions ~Experi mental methods of determining order of a reaction ~Kinetics of parallel and oppo sing reactions ~Concept of activation energy ~Arrhenius equation ~Collision theo ry of reaction rates ~Theory of absolute reaction rates ~Kinetics of enzyme cata lyzed reactions. Acids and bases ~Arrhenius concept ~Lewis concept ~Dissociation of weak acid, we ak base ~Ionic product of water ~Buffer solutions ~calculation of pH ~Henderson s equation ~Hydrolysis of salts ~Degree of hydrolysis ~Determination ~acid base in dicators ~their applications ~solubility product principle ~Ionic equilibria inv olving complex ions. 14 Electrical conductance ~Specific conductance ~Equivalent conductance ~variation with dilution ~Kohlrausch s law ~Transport number ~Galvanic cells ~EMF and its mea surement ~Reference electrode ~Standard Hydrogen electrode ~Nernst equation ~Ele ctrochemical series ~Applications of EMF measurements Fuel cells ~Hydrogen Oxyg en fuel cell ~Chemical and electrochemical corrosion ~Corrosion control ~Differe nt methods. Introduction to colloids ~properties of colloids ~coagulation of solutions ~Orig in of charge on colloidal particles ~Determination of size of colloidal particle s ~Donnan Membrane equilibrium ~Emulsions ~Gels ~Applications of colloids ~Nanop articles (Au, Ag, Pt) ~Preparation ~Characterization ~Properties ~Application in catalysis and drug delivery systems. Laws of Photochemistry, Quantum efficiency, Photochemical reactions, Actinometry , Kinetics and mechanism of Hydrogen ~Bromine reaction, Hydrogen ~Chlorine react ion ~Photosensitization, Chemiluminscence. Order of a reaction ~Zero order, First order, Second order and Third order react ions ~Molecualrity of a reaction ~Unimolecular and Bimolecular reactions ~Experi mental methods of determining order of a reaction ~Kinetics of parallel and oppo sing reactions ~Concept of activation energy ~Arrhenius equation ~Collision theo ry of reaction rates ~Theory of absolute reaction rates ~Kinetics of enzyme cata lyzed reactions. Acids and bases ~Arrhenius concept ~Lewis concept ~Dissociation of weak acid, we ak base ~Ionic product of water ~Buffer solutions ~calculation of pH ~Henderson s equation ~Hydrolysis of salts ~Degree of hydrolysis ~Determination ~acid base in dicators ~their applications ~solubility product principle ~Ionic equilibria inv olving complex ions. Introduction to colloids ~properties of colloids ~coagulation of solutions ~Orig in of charge on colloidal particles ~Determination of size of colloidal particle s ~Donnan Membrane equilibrium ~Emulsions ~Gels ~Applications of colloids ~Nanop articles (Au, Ag, Pt) ~Preparation ~Characterization ~Properties ~Application in catalysis and drug delivery systems. Laws of Photochemistry, Quantum efficiency, Photochemical reactions, Actinometry , Kinetics and mechanism of Hydrogen ~Bromine reaction, Hydrogen ~Chlorine react ion ~Photosensitization, Chemiluminscence. Order of a reaction ~Zero order, First order, Second order and Third order react ions ~Molecualrity of a reaction ~Unimolecular and Bimolecular reactions ~Experi mental methods of determining order of a reaction ~Kinetics of parallel and oppo sing reactions ~Concept of activation energy ~Arrhenius equation ~Collision theo ry of reaction rates ~Theory of absolute reaction rates ~Kinetics of enzyme cata lyzed reactions. Amplitude modulation ~Modulation index ~Frequence modulation ~Phase modulation ~DSB SC, SSB, Vestigial side band. Information in a communication system ~Coding ~Noise in a information carrying channel. PWM, PPM, PCM. Emergence of data communication systems ~Characteristics of data transmission ci rcuits ~Band width requirement ~Data transmission rate ~Noise ~Cross talk ~Echo suppressors ~Distortion ~Equaliser ~Digital codes. Voice and video digitization. Leased line ~ISDN ~Broadband. Fundamental of EM waves ~Propagation ~Ground waves ~Sky wave propagation ~Ionosp here ~Space waves ~Tropospheric scatter. 50 Information ~Transmitter ~Channel Noise ~Receiver ~Need for Modulation ~External noise ~Atmospheric noise ~Extra terrestrial noise ~Industrial noise ~Internal n oise ~Thermal agitation noise ~Soft noise ~Transit time noise ~Miscellaneous noi se ~Signal to noise ration ~Noise figure. Radio communication ~AM and FM transmitter and receiver ~Microwave communication s ~Satellite communication ~Fibre optic communication (block diagram representat ion). TDM and FDM. Basic Radar, Radar equation, Radar parameters, Block diagram, Radar frequencies. Types of Radar CW, Doppler, MTI, FMCW, Pulsed, Tracking Radar. DSP in Radar (MT D1) Basics of Satellite Navigation, Introduction to Global Positioning System., Syst em Description, Basic principles, position, velocity determination, Signal struc ture~DGPS, Integration of GPS And INS Detection of radar signals in Noise and clutter, detection of non fluctuating ta rget in noise, Matched filter, Matched filter response to delayed Doppler shifte d signals, Radar measurements. Types of Antennas Parabolic, Cassegrain and Elect ronically steered phased array antennas. Different type of Noise, Noise figure, LNA. False alarm And Missed detection, Ra dar cross section, TR, ATR, Types of Displays Color CRT, Bright displays, synth etic video displays, A scope, PPI. General principles, Radio compass (NDB), ADF, VOR, DME., Hyperbolic Navigation D ECCA, OMEGA, LORAN, Mechanics of Landing Instrument Landing System, Microwave La nding System. Satellite TV technology Geo Stationary Satellites Satellite Electronics Domesti c Broadcast System Cable TV Cable Signal Sources Cable Signal Processing, Distri bution And Scrambling~Video Recording VCR Electronics Video Home Formats~Video D isc recording and playback DVD Players Tele Text Signal coding and broadcast rec eiver~Digital television Transmission and reception Projection television Flat panel display TV receivers LCD and Plasma screen receivers 3DTVEDTV. Aspect ratio Image continuity Number of scanning lines Interlaced scanning Pictu re resolution Camera tubes Image Orthicon Vidicon~Plumbicon~Silicon Diode Array Vidicon~Solid state Image scanners~Monochrome picture tubes~Composite video sign al~video signal dimension horizontal sync. Composition vertical sync. Detailsfun ctions of vertical pulse train~Scanning sequence details. Picture signal transmi ssion~positive and negative modulation~VSB transmission~Sound signal transmissio n Standard channel bandwidth. Compatibility~Colour perception Three colour theory~Luminance, Hue and saturatio n Colour television cameras Values of luminance and colour difference signals Co lour television display tubes Delta gun Precision in line and Trinitron colour p icture tubes~Purity and convergence~Purity and static and Dynamic convergence ad justments~Pincushion correction techniques Automatic degaussing circuit~Gray sca le tracking colour signal transmission~Bandwidth Modulation of colour difference signals Weighting factors Formation of chrominance signal. NTSC colour TV systems SECAM system~PAL colour TV systems~Cancellation of phase errors PAL D Colour system PAL coder PAL Decoder receiver Chromo signal amplifie r separation of U and V signals colour burst separation Burst phase Discriminato r ACC amplifier Reference Oscillator Ident and colour killer circuits U and V de modulators~Colour signal matrixing. Sound in TV TV transmitter TV signal Propagation~Interference~TV Transmission Antennas~Monoc hrome TV receiver~RF tuner~UHF, VHF tuner Digital tuning techniques AFTIF subsys tems AGC Noise cancellation Video and Sound inter carrier detection~Vision IF su bsystem~DC re insertion Video amplifier circuits Sync operation~typical sync pro cessing circuits Deflection current waveforms, Deflection oscillators~Frame defl ection circuits~requirements~Line deflection circuits EHT generation Receiver an tennas. 9 Cross layer Design Need for cross layer design, cross layer optimization, para meter optimization techniques, Cross layer cautionary perspective, Sensor Networ k Architecture, Data Dissemination, Data Gathering, Location Discovery, Quality of a Sensor Network Integration of adhoc with Mobile IP networks. Introduction to Ad Hoc networks ~definition, characteristics features, applicati ons. Characteristics of Wireless channel, Adhoc Mobility Models ~Indoor and out door models. MAC Protocols design issues, goals and classification. Contention based protocol swith reservation, scheduling algorithms, protocols using directional antennas. IEEE standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.15. HIPERLAN. Routing Protocols Design issues, goals and classification. Proactive Vs reactive routing, Unicast routing algorithms, Multicast routing algorithms, hybrid routi ng algorithm, Energy aware routing algorithm, Hierarchical Routing, QoS aware ro uting. Transport layer Issues in designing~Transport layer classification, adhoc transp ort protocols. Security issues in adhoc networks issues and challenges, network security attacks, secure routing protocols. Characteristics of MANETs, Table driven and Source initiated On Demand routing p rotocols, Hybrid protocols, Wireless Sensor networks~Classification, MAC and Rou ting protocols. Introduction to wireless LANs ~IEEE 802.11 WLANs ~Physical Layer~MAC sublayer~MA C Management Sublayer~Wireless ATM ~HIPERLAN~HIPERLAN 2, WiMax OVERVIEW And 2.5G EVOLUTION 9 Migration path to UMTS, UMTS Basics, Air Interface , 3GPPNetwork Architecture, CDMA2000 overview~Radio and Network components, Netw ork structure, Radio network, TD CDMA, TD SCDMA. WWANS 9 Interworking OBJECTIVES and requirements, Schemes to connect WLANs and 3 G Networks, Session Mobility,Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS, Syste m Descripltion, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, Multichannel Multipoint D istribution system. features and challenges, Technology path, IMS Architecture, Convergent Devices,t echnologies, Advanced Broadband Wireless Access and Services, Multimedia, MVNO. Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks Characteristics requirements required me chanisms, Difference between mobile ad hoc and sensor networks, Applications of sensor networks~Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensor Node Hardware ~Berkeley M otes, Programming Challenges, Node level software platforms, Nodelevel Simulator s, State centric programming. Physical Layer and Transceiver Design Considerations, MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks, Low Duty Cycle Protocols And Wakeup Concepts ~S MAC , The Medi ation Device Protocol, Wakeup Radio Concepts, Address and Name Management, Assig nment of MAC Addresses, Routing Protocols~Energy Efficient Routing, Geographic R outing. Single Node Architecture ~Hardware Components, Energy Consumption of Sensor Node s , Operating Systems and Execution Environments, Network Architecture ~Sensor N etwork Scenarios, Optimization Goals and Figures of Merit, Gateway Concepts. Topology Control, Clustering, Time Synchronization, Localization and Positioning , Sensor Tasking and Control. Capacity of frequency flat deterministic MIMO channel Channel unknown to the tra nsmitter, Channel known to the transmitter, capacity of random MIMO channels, In fluence of ricean fading, fading correlation, XPD and degeneracy on MIMO capacit y, Capacity of frequency selective MIMO channels, Diversity gain, Receive antenn a diversity, Transmit antenna diversity, Diversity order and channel variability , Diversity performance in extended channels, Combined space and path diversity ,Indirect transmit diversity, Diversity of a space time frequency selective fadi ng channel. CCI characteristics, Signal models, CCI mitigation on receive for SIMO,CCI mitig ating receivers for MIMO,CCI mitigation on transmit for MISO, Joint encoding and decoding, SS modulation, OFDM modulation, Interference diversity and multiple a ntennas, Error performance in fading channels, Signaling rate vs PER vs SNR, Spe ctral efficiency of ST doing/receiver techniques, System Design, Comments on cap acity Coding and interleaving architecture, ST coding for frequency flat channels, ST coding for frequency selective channels, Receivers(SISO,SIMO,MIMO),Iterative MIM O receivers, Exploiting channel knowledge at the transmitter linear pre filterin g, optimal pre filtering for maximum rate, optimal pre filtering for error rate minimization, selection at the transmitter, Exploiting imperfect channel knowled ge. SISO OFDM modulation, MIMO OFDM modulation, Signaling and receivers for MIMO OFD M,SISO SS modulation, MIMO SS modulation, Signaling and receivers for MIMO SS.MI MO MAC,MIMO BC, Outage performance for MIMO MU,MIMO MU with OFDM,CDMA and multip le antennas Wireless channel, Scattering model in macrocells, Channel as a ST random field, Scattering functions, Polarization and field diverse channels, Antenna array top ology, Degenerate channels, reciprocity and its implications, Channel definition s, Physical scattering model, Extended channel models, Channel measurements, sam pled signal model, ST multiuser and ST interference channels, ST channel estimat ion. Gaussian multiple user channels , Multiple access channel , Encoding of correla ted sources , Broadcast channel , Relay channel , Source coding and rate distort ion with side information , General multi terminal networks AEP for continuous random variables, relationship between continuous and discret e entropy, properties of differential entropy, Gaussian channel definitions, con verse to coding theorem for Gaussian channel, channels with colored noise, Gauss ian channels with feedback Basic inequalities, Entropy, Kullback Leibler distance, Mutual information, Boun ds on entropy, Fisher information , Cramer Rao inequality, Second law of thermod ynamics , Sufficient statistic , Entropy rates of a Stochastic process . Fundamental theorem for a noiseless channel ,Data compression , Kraft inequality , Shannon Fano codes , Huffman codes , Asymptotic equipartition , Rate distorti on theory . Properties of channel capacity , Jointly typical sequences , Channel Coding Theo rem, converse to channel coding theorem, Joint source channel coding theorem Introduction ~Integer Arithmetic Modular Arithmetic ~matrices ~Linear congruence ~Substitution ciphers ~Transposition ciphers ~Stream cipher ~Block ciphers ~Alg ebraic structure ~GF(2) field. [ Mathematics of cryptography ~Primality Testing ~Factorization ~Chinese Remainder Theorem ~Quadratic congrivence ~Exponentiation And Logarithm ~RSA Rabin ~Elgama l ~Elliptic curve Message integrity ~random oracle model ~message authentication ~SHA 512 ~WHIRL P OOL ~Digital signature schemes ~password ~challenge response ~zero knowledge ~Bi ometrics ~Keberos ~symmetric key management ~public key distribution ~stegnograp hy Modern block ciphers ~Modern stream ciphers ~DES ~AES ~Multiple uses of modern b lock ciphers and stream cipher. Security at the Application Layer E mail ~PGP ~S/MIME ~Security at the transport layer SSL and TLS ~Security at the network layer IPsec, Two Security Protocol ~ Security Association ~Internet Key Exchange ~ISAKMP. Definition of EMI and EMC; Intra and Inter system EMI; Sources and victims of E MI, Conducted and Radiated EMI emission and susceptibility; Transient And ESD; C ase Histories; Radiation Hazards to humans. . EMI test sites ~Open area site; TEM cell; Shielded chamber; Shielded Anechoic c hamber; EMI test receivers; Spectrum Analyzer; Transient EMI Test wave Simulator s; EMI coupling Networks ~Line impedance Stabilization Networks; Feed through ca pacitors; Antennas and factors; Current probes and calibration factor; MIL STD t est methods; Civilian STD Test methods. Common made coupling; Differential mode coupling; Common impedance coupling; Gro und loop coupling; Field to cable coupling; Cable to cable coupling; Power mains and Power supply coupling. Shielding ~principle, choice of materials for H, E and free space fields, and th ickness; EMI gaskets; Bonding; Grounding ~circuits, system and cable grounding; Filtering; Transient EMI control devices and applications; PCB Zoning, Component selection, mounting, trace routing. Units of EMI; National and International EMI Standardizing Organizations ~IEC, A NSI, FCC, CISPR, BIS, CENELEC; FCC standards; EN Emission and Susceptibility sta ndards and specifications; MIL461E Standards. Algorithms for Shortest Path Routing ~Dijkstra s Algorithm, Bellman Ford Algorithm , Generalized Dijkstra s Algorithm, Optimal Routing, Routing Protocols Distance Ve ctor, Link State and Exterior gateway protocols, Formulations of the Routing Pro blem minimum interference Routing, MPLS, QoS Routing, Nonadditive and Additive m etrics Design of a wireless network and a wired network, prototype implementation to be simulated in a network simulator. Importance of Quantitative Modeling in Engineering of Telecommunication Networks , The Functional Elements of Networking, Evolution of Networking in the Wired an d Wireless Domain. Performance Measures and Engineering Issues Network performance and source chara cterization, Circuit multiplexed Networks, packet Multiplexing over wireless net works, Events and processes in packet multiplexer models, Deterministic traffic Models and network calculus, stochastic traffic models, LRD traffic, Link Schedu ling and network capacity in wireless networks. Performance Measures of packet switches and circuit switches, queuing in packet switches, delay Analysis in Output Queued Switch, Input Queued Switch and CIOQ S witch with Parallelism, Blocking in Switching Networks, Closed Networks. FDM FM FDMA ~TDMA structure and system design; Onboard Processing systems; DAMA and PAMA; CDMA system design and capacity. Orbital Mechanics Orbit Equations, Kepler s Laws, Orbital Period, Orbits and their t ypes, look angle calculation; Satellite Launch. Remote sensing, navigation, scientific and military application, VSAT Network arch itecture, Access Control protocols and techniques, VSAT Earth stations; Satellit e Mobile Telephony Global star, DBS/DTH Television, GPS, Weather satellites. Satellite Subsystems AOCS, TTCAndM, Power, Transponders, Antennas; earth control E ffects of earth Perturbation, suntransit, moontransit, satellite power design, M TBF. Basic Equations; System Noise and G/T ratio; Uplink, Downlink and Design fo r a specified C/N ratio, with GEO and LEO examples; Atmospheric and Rain effects on link performance. Single link design double link design aspects, PAM, baseband processing, Digital Modulation for satellite links~BPSK,QPSK and QAM; TDM standards for satellite s ystems; Error control requirements for satellite link ARQ, Concatenated Codes, Int erleaving, Turbo codes. Evolution; Space switching, Time switching and Combination Switching; Blocking a nd Delay characteristics; Message ,Packet and ATM switching; Advances in switchi ng techniques ~shared memory fast packet switches, shared medium fast packet swi tches and space division fast packet switches, Photonic switching~Optical TDM, W DM. Multiplexing And Framing~types and standards; Trunk signaling; Optical Transmiss ionline codes and Muxing SONET/SDH; ATM; Microwave and Satellite Systems. Overview of existing Voice, Data and Multimedia Networks and Services; Review of Basic Communication principles; Synchronous and Asynchronous transmission, Line Codes Telecom Network Modeling; Arrival Process; Network Blocking performance; Delay N etworks Queing system analysis and delay performance. The Analog Local Loop; ISDN local loop; DSL and ADSL; Wireless Local Loop; Fiber in the loop; Mobile and Satellite Phone local loop. Modeling and simulation of non linearities Types, Memoryless non linearities, N onlinearities with memory, Modeling and simulation of Time varying systems Rand om process models, Tapped delay line model, Modelling aand simulation of wavefor m channels, Discrete memoryless channel models, Markov model for discrete channe ls with memory. Fundamental concepts, Application to communication systems, Monte Carlo integrat ion, Semianalytic techniques, Case study Performance estimation of a wireless sy stem. Introduction, Aspects of methodology, Performance Estimation, Simulation samplin g frequency, Low pass equivalent simulation models for bandpass signals, Multica rrier signals, Non linear and time varying systems, Post processing ~Basic graph ical techniques and estimations. Tail extrapolation, pdf estimators, Importance sampling methods, Case study Simu lation of a Cellular Radio System. Uniform random number generation, Mapping uniform random variables to an arbitra ry pdf, Correlated and Uncorrelated Gaussian random number generation, PN sequen ce generation, Random signal processing, Testing of random number generators. Audio compression DPCM Adaptive PCM adaptive predictive coding linear Predicti ve coding code excited LPC perpetual coding Video compression principles~H.261 H.263 MPEG 1,2,4. Basics of IP transport, VoIP challenges, H.323/ SIP Network Architecture, Proto cols, Call establishment and release, VoIP and SS7, Quality of Service~CODECMeth ods VOIP applicability Compression principles source encoders and destination encoders lossless and los sy compression entropy encoding source encoding text compression static Huffm an coding dynamic coding arithmetic coding Lempel ziv welsh Compressionimage c ompression Introduction ~Multimedia skills ~Multimedia components and their characteristics ~Text, sound, images, graphics, animation, video, hardware. Multimedia networking Applications streamed stored and audio making the best Ef fort service protocols for real time interactive Applications distributing multi mediabeyond best effort service secluding and policing Mechanisms integrated ser vicesdifferentiated Services RSVP. Introduction to Optical Networks; SONET / SDH, Metropoliton Area Networks, Layer ed Architecture ; Broadcast and Select Networks ~Topologies for Broadcast Networ ks, Media Access Control Protocols, Testbeds for Broadcast And Select WDM; Wavel ength Routing Architecture. Light Propagation in optical fibers ~Loss And bandwidth, System limitations, Non ~Linear effects; Solitons; Optical Network Components ~Couplers, Isolators And C irculators, Multiplexers And Filters, Optical Amplifiers, Switches, Wavelength C onverters. Photonic Packet Switching ~OTDM, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, Synchronisatio n, Broadcast OTDM networks, Switch based networks; Access Networks ~Network Arch itecture overview, Future Access Networks, Optical Access Network Architectures; and OTDM networks. The optical layer, Node Designs, Optical layer cost tradeoff, Routing and wavele ngth assignment,Virtual topology design, Wavelength Routing Testbeds, Architectu ral variations. Transmission System Engineering ~System model, Power penalty ~transmitter, recei ver, Optical amplifiers, crosstalk, dispersion; Wavelength stabilization ; Overa ll design considerations; Control and Management ~Network management functions, Configuration management, Performance management, Fault management, Optical safe ty, Service interface. Edge detection, Edge linking via Hough transform ~Thresholding ~Region based seg mentation ~Region growing ~Region splitting and Merging ~Segmentation by morphol ogical watersheds ~basic concepts ~Dam construction ~Watershed segmentation algo rithm. Elements of digital image processing systems, Vidicon and Digital Camera working principles, ~Elements of visual perception, brightness, contrast, hue, saturati on, mach band effect, Color image fundamentals ~RGB, HSI models, Image sampling, Quantization, dither, Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries, 2D transforms ~DFT, DCT, KLT, SVD. Histogram equalization and specification techniques, Noise distributions, Spatia l averaging, Directional Smoothing, Median, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Contr aharmonic mean filters, Homomorphic filtering, Color image enhancement. Image Restoration ~degradation model, Unconstrained and Constrained restoration, Inverse filtering removal of blur caused by uniform linear motion, Wiener filte ring, Geometric transformations spatial transformations. Need for data compression, Huffman, Run Length Encoding, Shift codes, Arithmetic coding, Vector Quantization, Transform coding, JPEG standard, MPEG. Bias and Consistency, Periodogram, Modified periodogram, Blackman Tukey method, Welch method, Parametric methods of spectral estimation, Levinson Durbin recursi on. Discrete random process ~Ensemble averages, Stationary and ergodic processes, Au tocorrelation and Autocovariance properties and matrices, White noise, Power Spe ctral Density, Spectral Factorization, Innovations Representation and Process, F iltering random processes, ARMA, AR and MA processes. Forward and Backward linear prediction, Filtering ~FIR Wiener filter~Filtering a nd linear prediction, non causal and causal IIR Wiener filters, Discrete Kalman filter. Principles of adaptive filter ~FIR adaptive filter ~Newton s Steepest descent algo rithm ~Derivation of first order adaptive filter ~LMS adaptation algorithms ~Ada ptive noise cancellation, Adaptive equalizer, Adaptive echo cancellers. Short Time Fourier Transform, Continuous and discrete wavelet transform, Multire solution analysis, Application of wavelet transform, Cepstrum and Homomorphic fi ltering. Fast convolution ~Cook Toom algorithm, modified Cook Took algorithm; Pipelined a nd parallel recursive filters ~inefficient/efficient single channel interleaving , Look~Ahead pipelining in first~order IIR filters, Look Ahead pipelining with p ower of two decomposition, Clustered Look Ahead pipelining, parallel processing of IIR filters, combined pipelining and parallel processing of IIR filters. Introduction To DSP Systems Typical DSP algorithms; Iteration Bound ~data flow graph representations, loop bound and iteration bound, Longest path Matrix algor ithm; Pipelining and parallel processing ~Pipelining of FIR digital filters, par allel processing, pipelining and parallel processing for low power. Numerical Strength Reduction ~subexpression elimination, multiple constant multi plications, iterative matching, Two phase clock generator, clock skew in edgetri ggered single phase clocking, two phase clocking, wave pipelining. Retiming ~definitions and properties; Unfolding ~an algorithm for Unfolding, pro perties of unfolding, parallel processing application; Algorithmic strength redu ction in filters and transforms ~2 parallel FIR filter, 2 parallel fast FIR filt er, DCT algorithm architecture, parallel architectures for rank order filters, O dd~Even Merge~Sort architecture, parallel rank order filters. Scaling and roundoff noise~scaling operation, roundoff noise, state variable des cription of digital filters, scaling and roundoff noise computation, roundoff no ise in pipelined first order filters; Bit Level Arithmetic Architectures~paralle l multipliers with sign extension, parallel carry ripple array multipliers, para llel carry save multiplier, 4x 4 bit Baugh~Wooley carry save multiplication, des ign of Lyon s bit serial multipliers using Horner s rule, bit serial FIR filter, CSD representation, CSD multiplication using Horner s rule for precision improvement. Review of frequency and time response analysis and specifications of control sy stems, need for controllers, continuous time compensations, continuous time PI, PD, PID controllers. Definitions and Theorems of Controllability and Observability, Relationships bet ween Controllability, Observability and Transfer Functions, Jury, Routh, Lyapuno v stability analysis, Principles of state and output feedback. Discrete State Variable concepts, Characteristic equation, Eigenvalues and Eigen vectors, Jordan canonical models, Phase Variable companion forms. Review of principle of compensator design, Z plane specifications, digital compe nsator design using frequency response plots, discrete integrator, discrete diff erentiator, development of digital PID controller, transfer function, design in Zplane. Sampling, time and frequency domain descriptions, aliasing, hold operations, mat hematical model of sample and hold, zero and first order hold, factors limiting the choice of sample rate, reconstruction, Difference equation description, Z tr ansform method of description, pulse transfer function, time and frequency respo nse of discrete time control systems. Advanced robotics, Advanced robotics in Space ~Specific features of space robot ics systems ~long term technical developments, Advanced robotics in under ~water operations. Robotics Technology of the Future ~Future Applications. Advanced robotics, Advanced robotics in Space ~Specific features of space roboti cs systems ~long term technical developments, Advanced robotics in under ~water operations. Robotics Technology of the Future ~Future Applications. Fundamentals of Robot Technology ~Automation and Robotics ~Robot anatomy ~Work v olume ~Precision of movement ~End effectors ~Sensors. Fundamentals opf Robot Technology ~Automation and Robotics ~Robot anatomy ~Work volume ~Prescision of movement ~End effectors ~Sensors. Robot Cell Design and Control ~Remote Cemter compilance ~Safety in Robotics. Robot Cell Design and Control ~Remote Center compilance ~Safety in Robotics. Robot Programming ~Methods ~interlocks textual languages. Characteristics of Rob ot level languages, characteristic of task level languages. Robot Programming ~Methods ~interlocks textual languages. Characteristics of Rob ot level languages, characteristic of task level languages. The scope of industrial Robots ~Definition of an industrial robot ~Need for indu strial robots ~applications. The scope of industrial Robots ~Definition of an industrial robot ~Need for indu strial robots ~applications. Features, Feature Extraction and Pattern Comparison Techniques Speech distortion measures ~mathematical and perceptual ~Log Spectral Distance, Cepstral Distance s, Weighted Cepstral Distances and Filtering, Likelihood Distortions, Spectral D istortion using a Warped Frequency Scale, LPC, PLP and MFCC Coefficients, Time A lignment and Normalization ~Dynamic Time Warping, Multiple Time ~Alignment Paths . Hidden Markov Models Markov Processes, HMMs ~Evaluation, Optimal State Sequence ~Viterbi Search, Baum Welch Parameter Re estimation, Implementation issues. Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Architecture of a large vocabular y continuous speech recognition system ~acoustics and language models ~n grams, context dependent sub word units; Applications and present status. Speech Fundamentals Articulatory Phonetics ~Production and Classification of Spe ech Sounds; Acoustic Phonetics ~acoustics of speech production; Review of Digita l Signal Processing concepts; Short Time Fourier Transform, Filter Bank and LPC Methods. Text to Speech Synthesis Concatenative and waveform synthesis methods, subword u nits for TTS, intelligibility and naturalness ~role of prosody, Applications and present status. Air data quantities ~Altitude, Airspeed, Mach no., Vertical speed, Total Air t emperature, Stall warning, Altitude warning. Autopilot ~basic principles ~longit udinal and lateral autopilot. Display technologies ~LED, LCD, CRT, Flat Panel Display. Primary Flight paramete r displays ~Head Up Display, Helmet Mounted Display, Night vision goggles, Head Down Display, MFD, MFK, Virtual cockpit. Inertial sensors ~Gyroscopes, Accelerometers, Inertial navigation systems ~Block diagram, Platform and strap down INS. Satellite Navigation ~GPS Introduction to aircraft ~Axes system ~Parts, importance and role of Avionics ~s ystems which interface directly with pilot ~Aircraft state sensor systems ~Navig ation systems ~External world sensor systems ~task automation systems. Avionics architecture evolution. Avionics Data buses ~MIL STD 1553, ARINC 429, ARINC 629. Types of Radio Navigation ~ADF, DME, VOR, LORAN, DECCA, OMEGA. ILS, MLS Basic concepts, microscopic, quantum systems in equilibrium, statistical models applied to metals and semiconductors Hydrogen and Helium atoms, electronic states, Atomic force microscope, Nuclear M agnetic Resonance, carbon nanotube properties and applications Particles, waves, probability amplitudes, Schrodinger equation, wavepackets solu tions, operators, expectation values, eigenfuntions, piecewise constant potentia ls. SHM Operators, SHM wavepacket solutions, Quantum LC circuit, WKB approximations, variational methods. Two level systems with static and dynamic coupling, problems in more than one di mensions, electromagnetic field quantization, density of states. Colpitts oscillator, Ring Oscillators, VCOs, Linearized PLL models, noise proper ties of PLLs, phase detectors, loop filters, charge pumps, PLL design examples, detailed considerations of phase noise. Long and Short channel approximations, bandwidth estimation techniques, open and short circuit time constant procedures, high frequency amplifiers. Noise definitions and noise models, two port noise parameters of MOSFET, LNA top ologies, noise match and power match design considerations, linearity and large signal performance of LNAs,Mixer fundamentals, nonlinear mixers, multiplier base d mixers, sub sampling mixers. RF characteristics of chip resistor, capacitor and inductors, semiconductor real ization of resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers. Coaxial, stripline, a nd microstrip line design guidelines and behavior at RF. Series shunt amplifiers, tuned amplifiers, neutralization, feedback and RF stabi lity criteria, gain and phase margins, compensation techniques Class A,B,C,D,E,F power amplifier definitions, PA characteristics, RF PA design examples. Floor planning concepts ~shape functions and floorplan sizing ~Types of local ro uting problems ~Area routing ~channel routing ~global routing ~algorithms for gl obal routing. High level Synthesis ~Hardware models ~Internal representation ~Allocation ~assi gnment and scheduling ~Simple scheduling algorithm ~Assignment problem ~High lev el transformations. Introduction to VLSI Design methodologies ~Review of Data structures and algorit hms ~Review of VLSI Design automation tools ~Algorithmic Graph Theory and Comput ational Complexity ~Tractable and Intractable problems ~general purpose methods for combinatorial optimization. Layout Compaction ~Design rules ~problem formulation ~algorithms for constraint graph compaction ~placement and partitioning ~Circuit representation ~Placement algorithms ~partitioning. Simulation ~Gate level modeling and simulation ~Switch level modeling and simula tion ~Combinational Logic Synthesis ~Binary Decision Diagrams ~Two Level Logic S ynthesis. Introduction, Analog and Digital Modulation, Electro optic modulators, Acousto o ptic modulators, Interferometric modulators,Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, Op tical Switching and Logic Devices. Introduction, hybrid and Monolithic Integration~Li Nbo3 devices, Active Couplers , Integrated transmitters and Receivers, Guided wave devices. Introduction, Photo Luminescence, Cathode Luminescence, Electro Luminescence, In jection Luminescence, LED, Plasma Displays, Liquid Crystal Displays, Numeric Dis play, Laser Emission, Absorption, Radiation, Population Inversion, Optical feedb ack, Threshold condition, Semiconductor lasers. Photo detector, Thermal detector,Photo Conductors, Photo diodes, Photo Multiplie r Tube, Solar Cell, Detector Performance. Wave nature of light, Polarization, Interference, Diffraction, Light Source, rev iew of Quantum Mechanical concept, Review of Solid State and Semiconductor Junct ion Devices. DC ~DC Converters ~Gating requirements, Switching mode regulators ~Boost, Buck, Buck Boost and Cuk regulators, DC and AC Power supplies ~Switched mode, Resonant and Bidirectional Power supplies. DC motor drives, Induction and Synchronous motor drives, Switched reluctance and brushless motor drives ~Solid state relays ~Microelectronic Relays Power transistors, Fast recovery diodes, Thyristors, Power TRIAC, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO ~characteristics, rating, Protection circuits, Driver Circuits. Single Phase and Three Phase Controlled rectifiers, Design of Trigger circuits ~ Dual Converters~AC Voltage controllers Voltage and current source inverters, Resonant, Series inverter, PWM inverter. Case studies ~Capacitive accelerometer, Peizo electric pressure sensor, Microflu idics application, Modeling of MEMS systems, CAD for MEMS. Elasticity, Stress, strain and material properties, Bending of thin plates, Spri ng configurations, torsional deflection, Mechanical vibration, Resonance, Thermo mechanics ~actuators, force and response time, Fracture and thin film mechanics . Electrostatics basic theory, electro static instability. Surface tension, gap an d finger pull up, Electro static actuators, Comb generators, gap closers, rotary motors, inch worms, Electromagnetic actuators. bistable actuators. Electronic I nterfaces, Feed back systems, Noise , Circuit and system issues, MEMS and Microsystems, Miniaturization, Typical products, Micro sensors, Micro a ctuation, MEMS with micro actuators, Microaccelorometers and Micro fluidics, MEM S materials, Micro fabrication Optical MEMS, ~System design basics ~Gaussian optics, matrix operations, resolut ion. Case studies, MEMS scanners and retinal scanning display, Digital Micro mir ror devices. RF Memes ~design basics, case study ~Capacitive RF MEMS switch, per formance issues. Cell Structure and organelles ~Functions of each component in the cell. Cell me mbrane ~transport across membrane ~origin of cell membrane potential (Nernst and Goldman and Katz equations) ~Action potential. Structure of a Neuron. Synaptic conduction. Conduction of action potential in n euron Parts of brain cortical localization of functions.. EEG. Simple reflexes , withdrawal reflexes. Autonomic nervous system and its functions Blood composition ~functions of blood ~functions of RBC. WBC types and their fun ctions. Blood groups importance of blood groups identification of blood groups . blood flow factors regulating blood flow such as viscosity, radius , density e tc (Fahreus lindqvist effect, Poiseuille s Law ) Structure of heart ~Properties of Cardiac muscle ~Cardiac muscle and pacemaker p otential ~Cardiac cycle ~ECG ~Heart sound ~volume and pressure changes and regul ation of heart rate. Structure of Kidney and nephron. Mechanism of Urine formation and acid base regu lation. Dialysis. Components in of respiratory system. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and acid base regulation. Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance~Interaction of nuclei with static Magnetic Fi eld and Radio frequency wave ~Rotation and Precession induction of a magnetic r esonance signal ~bulk Magnetization ~Relaxation Processes T1 and T2. Block diagr am approach of MRI system~System Magnet (Permanent, Electromagnet and super cond uctors) , generation of Gradient magnetic Fields , Radio Frequency coils (sendin g and receiving) Shim coils, Electronic components. Nature of X Rays ~X ray Absorption ~Tissue Contrast.X Ray Equipment (Block Diagr am) ~X ray Tube, the collimator, Bucky Grid, power supply. Digital Radiography ~ discrete digital detectors, storage phosphor and film Scanning. X Ray Image inte nsifier tubes ~Fluoroscopy ~Digital Fluoroscopy. Angiography, Cine angiography. Digital Subtraction Angiography. Mammography. Principles of Tomography ~First to Fourth generation scanners ~Image reconstruct ion technique~Back projection and Iterative method. Spiral CT Scanning ~Ultra fa st CT Scanners~X Ray Sources ~Collimation ~X Ray Detectors ~Viewing System. Radiation therapy Linear accelerator, betatron, cesium and cobalt .Radiation Pro tection in Medicine Radiation Protection principles, Radiation measuring instru ments Dosimeter, film Badges, Thermo luminescent dosimeters ~Electronic dosimete r~ICRPregulation Practical reduction of dose to staff and visitors. Radio isotopes~alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Radio pharmaceuticals. Radiatio n detectors ~Gas Filled, ionization Chambers, proportional counter, GM counter a nd Scintillation Detectors. Gamma Camera~Principle of operation, Collimator, Pho to multiplier tube, X Y Positioning Circuit, Pulse height Analyzer. Principles o f SPECT and PET. 3 Stage Pipeline ARM Organization ~5 Stage Pipeline ARM Organization ~ARM Implem entation ~ARM Instruction Set. ARM Architecture ~ARM Development tools ~ARM Assembly Language Programming ~Simp le Examples. I2C Bus Peripheral Chip Access ~Analog to Digital Converter ~UART. Introduction to PIC Microcontroller ~PIC 16C6x and PIC 16C7x Architectures ~PIC 16Cxx Instruction Set ~Simple Operations. PIC microcontroller Interrupts ~Timers ~I/O Port Expansion ~Front Panel I/O. Different Departments of Hospital, Recruitment, Selection, Training Guidelines ~ Methods of Training ~Evaluation of Training ~Leadership grooming and Training, P romotion ~Transfer. Distinction between Hospital and Industry, Challenges in Hospital Administration ~Hospital Planning ~Equipment Planning ~Functional Planning. Medical Records Department ~Central Sterilization and Supply Department ~Pharmac y ~Food Services ~Laundry Services. Principles of HRM ~Functions of HRM ~Profile of HRD Manager ~Tools of HRD ~Human Resource Inventory ~Manpower Planning. Purposes ~Planning of Communication, Modes of Communication ~Telephone, ISDN, Pu blic Address and Piped Music ~CCTV. Security ~Loss Prevention ~Fire Safety ~Alar m System ~Safety Rules. Automated clinical laboratories Automated methods in hematology, cytology and hi stology, Intelligent Laboratory Information System ~Computerized ECG, EEG and EM G, Computer assisted medical imaging~nuclear medicine, ultrasound imaging ultras onography computed X ray tomography, Radiation therapy and planning, Nuclear Mag netic Resonance Introduction ~History taking by computer, Dialogue with the computer, Components and functionality of CPR, Development tools, Intranet, CPRin Radiology~Applicat ion server provider, Clinical information system, Computerized prescriptions for patients. Introduction ~Structure of Medical Informatics Internet and Medicine Security issues , Computer based medical information retrieval, Hospital management and i nformation system, Functional capabilities of a computerized HIS, e health servi ces, Health Informatics ~Medical Informatics, Bioinformatics Neuro computers and Artificial Neural Networks application, Expert system ~Gener al model of CMD, Computer assisted decision support system production rule syst em cognitive model, semester networks , decisions analysis in clinical medicinec omputers in the care of critically patients computer assisted surgery designing Virtual reality applications in medicine, Computer assisted surgery , Surgical s imulation , Telemedicine ~Tele surgery computer aids for the handicapped, comput er assisted instrumentation in Medical Informatics ~Computer assisted patient ed ucation and health ~Medical education and health care information. Classification algorithms, implementing algorithms , biological algorithms, bioi nformatics tasks and corresponding algorithms and bioinformatics software; Data analysis algorithms ~Sequence comparison, Substitution matrices and sequence ali gnment optimal algorithm; Prediction algorithms ~Gene prediction, Phylogenetic p rediction and protein structure prediction algorithms. Description and Organisation of Sequence, Structure and Other databases; Databas e Warehousing and data mining in Bioinformatics. Need for tools, Knowledge discovery, Industry trends and data mining tools; Data submission tools, Data analysis tools, Prediction tools and modeling tools. Neural network, Genetic and fuzzy logic applications in Bioinformaitcs; Modeling for Bioinformatics ~Hidden Markov, Comparative, probabilistic and molecular mod eling Overview of structural Bioinformatics; Characteristics, Categories, Navigation a nd information, retrieval of Bioinformatics databases, Bioinformatics data ~Datawarehousing architecture ~data quality ~Biomedical data analysis ~DNA data analysis ~Protein data analysis ~Machine learning ~Neural ne twork architecture and applications in bioinformatics Gene regulation ~motif recognition ~motif detection ~strategies for motif detect ion ~Visualization ~Fractal analysis ~DNA walk models ~one dimension ~two dimens ion ~higher dimension ~Game representation of Biological sequences ~DNA, Protein , Amino acid sequences Hidden markov modeling for biological data analysis ~Sequence identification ~Se quence classification ~multiple alignment generation ~Comparative modeling ~Prot ein modeling ~genomic modeling ~Probabilistic modeling ~Bayesian networks ~Boole an networks ~Molecular modeling ~Computer programs for molecular modeling Microarray technology for genome expression study ~image analysis for data extra ction ~preprocessing ~segmentation ~gridding ~spot extraction ~normalization, fi ltering ~cluster analysis ~gene network analysis ~Compared Evaluation of Scienti fic Data Management Systems ~Cost Matrix ~Evaluation model ~Benchmark ~Tradeoffs Need for Bioinformatics technologies ~Overview of Bioinformatics technologies ~S tructural bioinformatics ~Data format and processing ~secondary resources and ap plications ~Role of Structural bioinformatics ~Biological Data Integration Syste m. Characteristics of some dynamic biomedical systems ,signal conversion. Filters ~ IIR FIR, Integer filters, Homomorphic filters Generalized linear filters, Homomo rphic deconvolution and application . Matched filter ~Detection of spikes and wa ve complexes . Diagnostic of bundle branch block ~Illustration , Pattern classification , Super vised classification , Unsupervised pattern classification ,probabilistic models and statistical decision . Training test steps , Neural Network and application Fourier spectrum , Estimation of PSD function ~Periodogram , averaging, estimati on of autocorrelation function.Measures derived frompower spectral density and a pplication Time variant systems , Fixed segmentation ,Adaptive segmentation ,Ada ptive filter for segmentation . Application ~ECG , PCG and Heart rate variabilit y. Non linear signal processing ~state space reconstruction ~Lyapnov exponents, cor relation dimension, Entropy non linear diagnostics. Empirical non linear filter ~non linear noise reduction, comparison of NNR and ICA. Model based filtering ~n on linear model parameter estimation, state space model based filtering. Random noise , structured noise and physiological interference . Stationary and nonstationary processes . Time ~Domain filters ~Moving average filter , synchron ous averaging artifacts. Frequency domain filters ~optimal filters Wiener filter , adaptive filter for removal of interference . Application ~ECG, Maternal ~Fet al ECG , Muscle contraction interference. Comparison of MOS and Bipolar Transistors, square law ,regions ~cutoff , triode, sat. ,biasing , body effect, parasitics and equivalent circuits, short and long channel approximations, noise sources . Feedback voltage and transconductance amplifiers, feedback transimpedance amplif iers and current amplifiers. Fully differential amplifiers, current output amplifiers, rail to rail input and output amplifiers, Class AB and driver amplifiers. MOS amplifiers, source followers, cascades, differential stage design, folded ca scode stages. Stability in opamps, systematic design operational amplifiers. Voltage and current reference circuits, terms ~sensitivity Bandgap Reference Pr inciples, CMOS Bandgaps , Start Up Circuits, Curvature Compensation, Sub CMOS Ba ndgaps, Current References V I convertors, LDO design, DC/DC converter design. Circuit noise generation, Circuit noise coupling power supply pinning, supply b ounce, substrate coupling, circuit placement. PSRR definition and examples Principles and definition of terms ~INL , DNL , SFDR, DAC ~resistive , capacitiv e , current steering, Basic circuit topologies of comparators and latches, ADC ~ integrating, SAR , charge redistribution, Flash, interpolating/folding , pipelin ed ADCs, pipeline DAC architectures Sigma Delta Modulation, Switch Problem, Realization of Good Low voltage Switches , charge pumps, Switched Op amp Design Example, noise shaping principles. Switched capacitor filters, Principle of charge conservation, MOS Capacitors and Switches , Transmission gate , Clock Feedthrough, z domain analysis of SC Integ rator, Stray insensitive SC Integrator , Building Blocks of SC Integrator , swit ched current filters, continuous time filters, active rc filters , mos c filter s , Gmc filters improving gm linearity by feedback, comparison Distortion in ele mentary transistor circuits definition of terms ~HD , IM ~self And cross , IP , SFDR , P1dB distortion in MOS amplifiers, MOS resistors And capacitors, Distorti on in op amp, reduction of distortion by Feedback 74 Concept of Processes ~Interprocess Communication~Racing ~Synchronisation ~Mutual Exclusion ~Scheduling Implementation Issues ~IPC in Multiprocessor System ~Thr eads Concepts of distributed operating systems ~Real time operating system ~Case stud ies UNIX, LINUX and Windows 2000. File concept ~access methods ~directory structure ~File system mounting ~file sh aring ~protection ~file system implementation ~I/O Hardware ~Application I/O Int erface ~Kernal I/O subsystem ~Transforming I/O to Hardware Operations ~Streams ~ Disk Structure ~Disk Scheduling Management ~RAID structure Introduction ~Multiprogramming ~Time sharing ~Multi user Operating systems ~Syst em Call ~Structure of Operating Systems Partition ~paging ~segmentation ~virtual memory concepts ~relocation algorithms ~buddy systems ~Free space management ~Case study. Accelerators ~Accelerated system design ~Distributed Embedded Architecture ~Netw orks for Embedded Systems ~Network based design ~Internet enabled systems. Complex systems and micro processors ~Design example Model train controller ~Emb edded system design process ~Formalism for system design ~Instruction sets Preli minaries ~ARM Processor ~CPU Programming input and output ~Supervisor mode, exce ption and traps ~Coprocessor ~Memory system mechanism ~CPU performance ~CPU powe r consumption. CPU buses ~Memory devices ~I/O devices ~Component interfacing ~Design with micro processors ~Development and Debugging ~Program design ~Model of programs ~Assemb ly and Linking ~Basic compilation techniques ~Analysis and optimization of execu tion time, power, energy, program size ~Program validation and testing. Data Compressor ~Software Modem ~Personal Digital Assistants ~Set Top Box. ~Syst em on Silicon. Multiple tasks and multi processes ~Processes ~Context Switching ~Operating Syst ems Scheduling policies ~Multiprocessor ~Inter Process Communication mechanisms ~Evaluating operating system performance ~Power optimization strategies for pro cesses. Advanced processor Technology, Super scalar and vector processor, Memory hierarc hy technology, Virtual Memory Technology, Backplane Bus systems. Linear Pipeline, Nonlinear pipeline, Instruction pipeline, Arithmetic pipeline, Superscalar and super pipeline design, Parallel and scalable architectures~Multi processor and Multicomputers. Models, Hardware concepts, communication, synchronization mechanism, case study MPI and PVM, Distributed file systems. Parallel Computer Models, Program and Network properties, Principles of scalable performance Parallel programming models, languages, compliers~Parallel Program Development a nd Environments. 80186, 80286, 80386 AND 80486 MICROPROCESSORS 9 80186 Architecture, Enhancements of 80186 ~80286 Architecture ~Real and Virtual Addressing Modes ~80386 Architec ture ~Special Registers ~Memory Management ~Memory Paging Mechanism ~80486 Archi tecture ~Enhancements ~Cache Memory Techniques ~Exception Handling ~Comparison o f Microprocessors (8086 ~80186 ~80286 ~80386 ~80486). Functional Units And Interconnection, New Generation Mother Boards 286 to Pentiu m 4 Bus Interface~ISA~EISA~VESA~PCI~PCIX. Peripheral Interfaces and Controllers, Memory and I/O Port Addresses. Intel i960 ~Intel IA32~MIPS R8000 ~MIPS R10000 ~Motorola 88110 ~Ultra SPARC proc essor~SPARC version 8~SPARC version 9. Pentium Microprocessor Architecture ~Special Pentium Registers ~Pentium Memory M anagement ~New Pentium Instructions ~Pentium Pro Microprocessor Architecture ~Sp ecial features ~Pentium II Microprocessor Architecture ~Pentium III Microprocess or Architecture ~Pentium III Architecture ~Pentium IV Architecture ~Comparison o f Pentium Processors. PowerPC6\t20\t ~Instruction fetching ~Branch Prediction ~Fetching ~Speculation, Instruction dispatching ~dispatch stalls ~Instruction Execution ~Issue stalls~Ex ecution Parallelism ~Instruction completion ~Basics of P6 micro architecture ~Pi pelining ~our of order core pipeline ~Memory subsystem. Cross development tools, Debugging techniques, Real time Operating System, Memor y Management, Scheduling techniques. 44 Design Methodologies, Specification, System Analysis and Architecture Design, Ha rdware Software Design Examples. Microcontroller based System Design, Peripheral Interfacing, Inter Integrated Ci rcuit Protocol for RTC, EEPROM, ADC/DAC, Application in Automobiles, Robotics an d consumer Electronics. RISC Vs CISC, RISC properties and evolution, Advanced RISC microcontrollers, PIC 8 bit microcontrollers. The R8C Architecture, CPU Registers, Instruction Set, On Chip Peripherals, R8C T iny Development Tools, ADC, PWM, UART, Timer Interrupts, System design using R8C Microcontroller. Design Evaluation Stress strength Analysis FMEA FMECA Worst Case Analysis~Robous t Design approach Human Factors Parts Control and Derating Software consideratio ns Hardware Benefits of Reliability Predictions, Field and Industry Data Parts coun t~Part stress method~Reliability allocation and apportionment Reliability predic tion goals. Software Execution time component Calendar Time component Prediction Models~Jelinski Morando Model Shooman Model Musa Model Littlewood Verrall Model Crow Model.Least Squares estimation~Bayesian ineference Hardware Development/growth testing test analyse and Fix (TAAF) Production Relia bility Acceptance testing (PRAT)~Qualification Testing Environmental Stress Scre ening Burn in Accelerated Life Testing Software Testing components Statebased cl asses Parallel Architecture system testing Testing OOPs models Hardware Reliability and Software Reliability Concepts, Reliability Management, Benefits of Reliability Program, Basic Reliability measurement units~bath tube c urve, Failures, Faults, MTBF, MTTF, Failure rate, Hazard Rate, Reliability facto rs, Reliability and Unreliability costs, Reliability Life cycle Modeling ~Hardwa re Series Model parallel models~Redundant Models Shared load systems Baye s theore m applications~Boolean Truth table FTA ~Software Historic developments of models , classification schemes, Environments and runs random process~with and without Repairparticularization. Calendar time modeling Organization Responsibility System engineering ~Reliability program elements~Man agement of Operational Phases Life cycle Cost analysis Resource management~Evalu ation of software Engineering Technologies planning for Application. Change of basis ~Dual space ~Inner Product Spaces ~Norms and Cauchy ~Schwarz ine quality ~Orthonormal sets ~Gram Schmidt orthonormalization process ~adjoint of l inear operator ~method of least squares. Gauss elimination method ~Pivoting strategy ~Gauss elimination method for Tridia gonal matrix ~Jacobi, Gauss ~Seidel iterative Method ~Power method and QR Method for approximating Eigenvalues. Lagrange s and Newton s divided difference interpolation ~Newton s forward and backwar d difference interpolation ~Numerical differentiation by finite differences ~Tra pezoidal, Simpson s 1/3 and Gaussian Quadrature formula. Numerical solution of first and second order ordinary differential equations by Taylor series method ~Euler Method ~Modified Euler s Method ~Runge ~Kutta Methods ~Millne s Predictor and Corrector Method ~Finite difference methods for two ~point Boundry Value problems. TOTAL 45+15=60 PERIODS Vector Spaces ~Subspaces ~Linear Spans ~Linear Independence and Linear Dependenc e ~Basis and Dimension ~Linear Transformation, Null space and range ~Dimension t heorem (no proof) ~Matrix representation of Linear Transformation. Context Free Grammars for English Syntax~Context Free Rules and Trees ~Sentence Level Constructions Agreement ~Sub Categorization ~Parsing ~Topdown ~Earley Par sing Feature Structures ~Probabilistic Context Free Grammars Discourse Reference Resolution ~Text Coherence Discourse Structure ~Dialog and Conversational Agents ~Dialog Acts ~Interpretation ~Coherence Conversational A gents ~Language Generation ~Architecture Surface Realizations ~Discourse Planni ng ~Machine Translation Transfer Metaphor ~Interlingua ~Statistical Approaches Introduction ~Models and Algorithms ~The Turing Test Regular Expressions Basic Regular Expression Patterns Finite State Automata Regular Languages and FSAs ~Morphology Inflectional Morphology ~Derivational Morphology Finite State Morp hological Parsing ~Combining an FST Lexicon and Rules Porter Stemmer N grams Models of Syntax ~Counting Words ~Unsmoothed N grams ~Smoothing~Backoff ~Deleted Interpolation ~Entropy ~English Word Classes ~Tagsets for English Part of Speech Tagging Rule Based Part of Speech Tagging ~Stochastic Part of Speech Tagging ~Transformation Based Tagging Representing Meaning ~Meaning Structure of Language ~First Order Predicate Calcu lus ~Representing Linguistically Relevant Concepts Syntax Driven Semantic Analy sis Semantic Attachments ~Syntax Driven Analyzer ~Robust Analysis ~Lexemes and Their Senses ~Internal Structure ~Word Sense Disambiguation ~Information Retriev al Applets ~JDBC ~Swings ~Remote Method Invocation I/O ~AWT ~Event handling ~Introduction to Threads ~Basics of Networking TCP and UDP sockets ~Connecting to the Web Java fundamentals ~Class, Object ~Inheritance ~Polymorphism ~Packages ~Interface s ~Exception handling Server side scripting ~JSP ~Servlets ~Session management ~Cookies . World Wide Web ~HTML ~List Tables ~Frames ~Forms ~HTTP commands ~XML ~DTD, Sche ma ~XSLT ~XML Parser ~Client side scripting HTTP protocol, Web browsers Netscape, Internet explorer, Web site and web page d esign, HTML,XHTML, XML, CSS, Dynamic HTML, CGI. 84 Introduction, Control statements, Functions, Arrays and Objects ~Programming Language features, Classes, Object and methods. Sub classing and dynamic binding , Multithreading, Overview of class library, Object method serialization, Remote method invocation, Java Servelets and Javaserver pages. Macromedia Dream Weaver, Web Servers, Databases ~SQL, MYSQL, DBI and ADO.NET, We b design Review of network technologies, Internet addressing, Address resolution protocol s (ARP/RARP), Routing IP data grams Reliable stream transport service (TCP) TCP/ IP over ATM networks, Internet applications E mail, Telnet, FTP, NFS, Internet t raffic management. Biopolar junction transistors ~CB, CE, CC configurations and characteristics ~Bi asing circuits ~Fixed bias, Voltage divider bias ~Concept of feedback ~Negative feedback ~Voltage series feedback amplifier ~Current series feedback amplifier ~ Principles of Tuned amplifiers. Boolean algebra ~Decoder, Encoder ~Multiplexer, Demultiplexer ~Half and full add ers ~Flip flops ~Digital to Analog and analog to digital converters. Classification of solids based on energy band theory ~Intrinsic semiconductors ~ Extrinsic semiconductors ~P ~type and N ~type ~P ~N junction ~VI Characteristics of PN junction diode ~Zener effect ~Zener diode ~Zener diode characteristics ~Z ener diode as a regulator ~Half and Full wave rectifiers. FET ~Configuration and characteristics ~FET amplifier ~SCR, Diac, Triac, UJT ~Ch aracteristics and simple applications. Sinusoidal oscillators ~Positive feedback ~RC phase shift, Hartley, Colpitts, We in bridge oscillators ~Multivibrators ~Operational amplifier ~Adder, multipliers , integrator and differentiators. Deflection of a charged particle, CRO, Ink Jet Printer, Electro static generator , Magnetic Separator, Cyclotron, Velocity selector and Mass Spectrometer, Electr omagnetic pump, Introduction to field computation methods FDM,FEM,MOM , Numerica l problems Faradays law , Transformer and Mutual induction ,Maxwell s equation , Self and Mut ual inductance ,Displacement current , Amperes law and its inconsistency for tim e varying fields , Boundary relation , Poynting vector , Comparison of field and circuit theory , Numerical problems. Introduction to co ordinate systems , Gradient , Divergence , Curl , Divergence theorem, Stokes theorem , Coulombs law , Electric field intensity , Principle of superposition , Electric scalar potential , Electric flux density. Gauss s law an d its application, Permittivity, Polarization, Boundary relation, Capacitance, D ielectric strength ,Energy and Energy density, Poisson and Laplace equation and their application, Numerical problems Magnetic field of a current carrying element ,Amperes law , The Biot ~Savart law , Magnetic flux Density and Field intensity , Gauss law for magnetic fields , T orque, Magnetic moment ,Magneto motive force , Permeability , Vector potential , Field computation. Inductance, Energy in an Inductor and Energy density, Bounda ry relation, Hysterisis, Reluctance and Permeance. Numerical problems Wave equation from Maxwell s Equation, Uniform plane waves in perfect dielectric a nd conductors, Polarization, Reflection and Refraction of plane waves at differe nt boundaries, Surface impedance, Numerical problems DC Load line , operating point, Various biasing methods for BJT Design Stability ~Bias compensation, Thermal stability, Design of biasing for MOSFET and JFET Short circuit current gain , cut off frequency ~fa and fß unity gain and bandwidth ~Miller effect frequency Analysis of CSand CE Amplifiers Determinations of BW o f Single stage and Multistage Amplifier~Analysis of Class A, Class B, Class AB w ith darlington output stage and with output stage utilizing MOSFETs ~Class C, Cl ass D, Class E power amplifiers. Single stage IC MOS amplifiers ~Active Loads ~Depletion MOS, Enhancement MOS, MO S in Triode region, NMOS current source and PMOS Current source, their equivalen t circuits and load line on the VI characteristics~Current steering circuit usin g MOSFET ~CMOS common source amplifier and CMOS Common source follower ~CMOS di fferential amplifier ~CMRR Small signal Analysis of Common Emitter AC Loadline, Voltage swing limitations, Common collector and common base amplifiers ~JFET amplifiers ~Differential ampli fiers~CMRR~Darlington Amplifier Bootstrap technique ~Cascaded stages ~Cascode Am plifier Small signal Analysis of Common source, Source follower and Common Gate amplifie rs CMOS Inverters DC Analysis of CMOS Inverters ~Voltage transfer curve ~BiMOS Cascode ~Design of NMOS inverter using resistive load ~Noise Margin ~VTC. Baseband Sampling of CT signals~Aliasing, DTFTand properties, Z transform And pr operties. Baseband Sampling of CT signals~Aliasing, DTFTand properties, Z transform And pr operties. Continuous time signals (CT signals)~Discrete time signals (DT signals) ~Step, R amp, Pulse, Impulse, Exponential, classification of CT and DT signals periodic and aperiodic signals, random signals, Energy And Power signals ~CT systems and DT systems, Classification of systems. Continuous time signals (CT signals)~Discrete time signals (DT signals) ~Step, R amp, Pulse, Impulse, Exponential, classification of CT and DT signals periodic and aperiodic signals, random signals, Energy And Power signals ~CT systems and DT systems, Classification of systems. Difference Equations Block diagram representation Impulse response Convolution s um~DTFTand Z Transform analysis of Recursive And Non Recursive systems~State var iable equations and matrix representation of systems. Difference Equations Block diagram representation Impulse response Convolution s um~DTFTand Z Transform analysis of Recursive And Non Recursive systems~State var iable equations and matrix representation of systems. L45 + T15 Differential Equation Block diagram representation impulse response, convolution integrals Fourier and Laplace transforms in Analysis~State variable equations a nd matrix representation of systems. Differential Equation Block diagram representation impulse response, convolution integrals Fourier and Laplace transforms in Analysis~State variable equations a nd matrix representation of systems. Fourier series analysis~spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals~Fourier and Lap lace Transforms in Signal Analysis. Fourier series analysis~spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals~Fourier and Lap lace Transforms in Signal Analysis. Advantages of negative feedback ~Voltage/current, series/shunt feedback Positive feedback ~Condition for oscillators ~Phase shift ~Wein Bridge ~Hartley ~Colpitt s and crystal oscillators. CE, CC and CB amplifiers ~Small signal low frequency transistor amplifier circui ts ~h parameter representation of a transistor ~Analysis of single stage transis tor amplifier using parameters voltage gain, current gain, input impedance and o utput impedancefrequency response ~RC coupled amplifier. Classification of Power amplifiers~Class A, B, AB and C Power amplifiers Push Pull and Complementary Sy mmetry Push Pull amplifiers ~Design of power output, efficiency and cross over d istortion. JFET characteristics and parameters ~JFET biasing, self bias, voltage divider bi as ~Q point, stability over temperature ~MOSFET D MOSFET, E MOSFET ~MOSFET chara cteristics and parameters ~MOSFET biasing, zero bias, voltage divider bias metho d, drain feedback bias ~Characteristics and applications of UJT, SCR, DIAC, TRIA C. PN Junction ~Current components in a PN diode ~Junction capacitance ~Junction di ode switching time ~Zener diode ~Varactor diode ~Tunnel diode ~Schottky diode ~T ransistor Structure ~Basic Transistor operation ~Transistor characteristics and parameters ~The transistor as a switch, as an amplifier ~Transistor bias circuit s~Voltage divider bias circuits, base bias circuits, emitter bias circuits, coll ector feedback bias circuits ~DC load line ~AC load line~bias stabilization, the rmal runaway and thermal stability. RC wave shaping circuits ~Diode clampers and clippers ~Multivibrators Schmitt t riggers ~UJT ~Saw tooth oscillators ~Single and polyphase rectifiers and analysi s of filter circuits ~Design of zener and transistor series voltage regulators ~ Switched mode power supplies. Amplitude Modulation ~AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB ~PSD, modulators and demodulators ~ Angle modulation ~PM and FM ~PSD, modulators and demodulators ~Superheterodyne r eceivers Low pass sampling theorem ~Quantisation ~PAM ~Line coding ~PCM, DPCM, DM, ADPCM and ADM, Channel Vocoder,~Time Division Multiplexing, frequency Division Multipl exing Measure of information ~Entropy ~Source coding theorem ~Shannon Fano coding, Huf fman Coding, LZ Coding~Channel capacity ~Shannon Hartley law ~Shannon s limit~Erro r control Codes ~Cyclic codes, Syndrome calculation ~Convolutional Coding, Seque ntial and Viterbi decoding Phase shift keying ~BPSK, DPSK, QPSK ~Principles of M ary signaling M ary PSK An d QAM ~Comparison, ISI ~Pulse shaping ~Duo binary encoding ~Cosine filters ~Eye pattern, equalizers PN sequences ~properties ~m sequence DSSS Processing gain, Jamming ~FHSS Sync hronisation and tracking ~Multiple Access ~FDMA, TDMA, CDMA FWR Filter Capacitors Input Filter Choke Input Filter ~CE Amplification with and without feedback ~Analysis and Frequency Response ~CSMOSFET Amplifier ~Analysis Introduction of an Inverting Amplifier, Non Inverting Amplifier, Basic Applicati on of Operation Amplifier Subractor, Summing Amplifier, Digital to Analogue Conv ertor, Low Pass Filter, First Order Low Pass Filter, First Order High Pass Filte r, Integrator, Differentiator. Linearity and Superposition, Sources Transformation, Thevinin and Norton Equival ent Circuits, Maximum Power Transfer, Delta Wye Conversion, Single Phase and 3 P hase Circuits Power Factor Power Concept of Phasor Diagrams. PN Junction Diode~Drift and Diffusion Current Zener Diode Zener Regulator BJT~V I Characteristics CE Configuration Current Equation h Parameter Model.JFET~V I C haracteristics~Current Equation~Transconductance MOSFET Types DMOS, EMOS ~V I Ch aracteristics Moll Current Equation Equalitine Treatment only. Advantages of negative feedback ~voltage ./ current, series , shunt feedback ~po sitive feedback ~condition for oscillations, phase shift ~Wien bridge, Hartley, colpitts and crystal oscillators. L BIMOS cascade amplifier, differential amplifier ~common mode and difference mode analysis ~FET input stages ~tuned amplifiers~single tuned amplifiers ~gain and frequency response ~neutralization methods. BJT small signal model ~biasing ~analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers~Gain and freq uency response ~MOSFET small signal model ~biasing ~analysis of CSand source fol lower ~gain and frequency response. PN junction diode structure, operation and V I characteristic current equation of drift current density and diffusion current density diffusion and transient c apacitance display devices~LED, Laser diodes Zener breakdown zener reverse char acteristic ~zener as regulator structure , operation and V I characteristic~MOSFET ~structure, operation and V I characteristic ~types of MOSFET ~JFET structure, operation and V I characteri stic Flip flops ~SR, JK, T, D, Master/Slave FF, Triggering of FF, Analysis of clocked sequential circuits ~their design, state minimization, Moore/Mealy model, state assignment, circuit implementation, Registers~shift registers, Ripple counters, Synchronous counters, Timing signal, RAM, Memory decoding, Semiconductor memori es ~Feedback sequential~Circuit analysis and design~sequential circuit design wi th verilog. Flip flops ~SR, JK, T, D, Master/Slave FF, Triggering of FF, Analysis of clocked sequential circuits ~their design, state minimization, moore/mealy model, state assignment, circuit implementation, Registers~shift registers, Ripple counters, Synchronous counters, Timing signal, RAM, Memory decoding, Semiconductor memori es ~Feedback sequential~Circuit analysis and design~sequential circuit design wi th verilog. Logic families~TTL, NMOS, CMOS, BiCMOS logic Electrical behavior static, dynamic ~CMOS input and output structures CMOS logic families low voltage CMOS logic An d interfacing Bipolar logic Realization of NAND and NOR logic. Logic families~TTL, NMOS, CMOS, BiCMOS logic Electrical behavior static, dynamic CMOS input and output structures CMOS logic families low voltage CMOS logic An d interfacing Bipolar logic Realization of NAND and NOR logic. Number Systems ~n s complement Codes ~Sum of products and product of sums, Minter ms and Maxterms, Karnaugh map and Tabulation method ~problem formulation and des ign of combinational circuits, Adder, Subtractor, Encoder/decoder, ~three state devices, Priority Encoder, Mux/Demux, Code converters, Comparators, Implementati on of combinational logic using standard ICs, ROM, EPROM and EEPROM ~Coding of C ombination Circuits in verilog. Number Systems ~n s complement Codes ~Sum of products and product of sums, Minter ms and Maxterms, Karnaugh map and Tabulation method ~problem formulation and des ign of combinational circuits, Adder, Subtractor, Encoder/decoder, ~three state devices, Priority Encoder, Mux/Demux, Codeconverters, Comparators, Implementatio n of combinational logic using standard ICs, ROM, EPROM and EEPROM ~Coding of Co mbination Circuits in verilog. ROM, Read/Write memory ~Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, PAL, PLA, CPLD ~FPGA XL 4000 ~C LBs ~I/O Block ~Programmable Inter connects~Realization of simple combinational and sequential circuits ROM, Read/Write memory ~Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, PAL, PLA, CPLD ~FPGA XL 4000 ~C LBs ~I/O Block ~Programmable Inter connects~Realization of simple combinational and sequential circuits Stable, Unstable states, output specifications, cycles and races, state reductio n, race free assignments, Hazards, Essential Hazards, Pulse mode sequential circ uits, Design of Hazard free circuit Stable, Unstable states, output specifications, cycles and races, state reductio n, race free assignments, Hazards, Essential Hazards, Pulse mode sequential circ uits, Design of Hazard free circuit Barkhausen criteria for oscillator ~Analysis of RC oscillators ~Phase shift Wein bridge oscillators ~LC oscillators ~Colpitt, Hartley, Clapp, Crystal , Armstron g, Franklin and Ring Oscillators Basic feedback concepts ~Properties of Negative feedback ~Four feedback topologi es with amplifier circuit. Examples ~Analysis of series ~shunt feedback amplifie rs ~stability problem ~Frequency compensation. Basic principles ~Inductor losses ~Use of transformers ~Single tuned amplifier f requency analysis ~Amplifier with multiple tuned circuits ~Cascade ~Synchronous tuning ~Stagger tuning ~Stability of tuned amplifiers using Neutralization techn iques. Halfwave and fullwave rectifiers with filters ~Ripple factor ~Series Voltage Reg ulator analysis and design ~IGBT ~working and characteristics ~AC voltage contro l using thyristors ~SMPS ~DC/DC convertors ~Buck, Boost, Buck Boost analysis and design. L45,T15 Switching characteristics of transistors ~Bistable, Monostable and Astable opera tion ~Collector coupled and Emitter coupled circuits ~Schmitt trigger ~Voltage s weep generators ~Current sweep generators Review of low pass sampling ~Quadrature sampling of Bandpass signals ~Quantisat ion ~Uniform and non uniform quantisation ~Quantisation noise ~Companding laws o f speech signals ~PCM, DPCM, DM, ADPCM and ADM Multiplexing ~TDM (E and T lines) , FDM Amplitude Modulation ~AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB ~Angle modulation ~PM and FM Modula tors and Demodulators ~Fourier Transform of modulated signals. Geometric representation of signals ~Correlator and matched filter ~ML detection ~generation and detection, PSD, BER of coherent BPSK, BFSK, QPSK ~Principles of QAM ~Structure of non coherent receivers ~BFSK, DPSK. Narrow band noise ~PSD of in phase and quadrature noise ~Noise performance in AM systems ~Noise performance in FM systems ~Pre emphasis and de emphasis ~Capture effect, threshold effect. Noise sources and types ~Noise figure and noise temperature ~Noise in cascaded s ystems ~Single tuned receivers ~Superheterodyne receivers Basic Elements of Control System ~Open loop and Closed loop systems ~Differentia l equation ~Transfer function, Modeling of Electric systems, Translational and r otational mechanical systems ~Block diagram reduction Techniques ~Signal flow gr aph Frequency Response ~Bode Plot, Polar Plot, Nyquist Plot ~Frequency Domain specif ications from the plots ~Constant M and N Circles ~Nichol s Chart ~Use of Nichol s C hart in Control System Analysis. Series, Parallel, series parallel Compensators ~Lead, Lag, and Lead Lag Compensators, Analysis using MATLAB. Stability, Routh Hurwitz Criterion, Root Locus Technique, Construction of Root L ocus, Stability, Dominant Poles, Application of Root Locus Diagram ~Nyquist Stab ility Criterion ~Relative Stability, Analysis using MATLAB State space representation of Continuous Time systems ~State equations ~Transfer function from State Variable Representation ~Solutions of the state equations ~ Concepts of Controllability and Observability ~State space representation for Di screte time systems. Sampled Data control systems ~Sampling Theorem ~Sampler And Hold ~Open loop And Closed loop sampled data systems. L45,T15 Time response analysis ~First Order Systems ~Impulse and Step Response analysis of second order systems ~Steady state errors ~P, PI, PD and PID Compensation, An alysis using MATLAB Communication methods, Buses, Bus Control, Bus Interfacing, Bus arbitration, I/O and system control, I/O interface circuits, Handshaking, DMA and interrupts, ve ctored interrupts, PCI interrupts, pipeline interrupts, IOP organization, operat ion systems, multiprocessors, fault tolerance, RISC and CISC processors, Supersc alar and vector processor. Computing and Computers, Evolution of Computers, VLSI Era, System Design~Registe r Level, Processor Level, CPU Organization, Data Representation, Fixed ~Point Nu mbers, Floating Point Numbers, Instruction Formats, Instruction Types. Addressin g modes. Fixed Point Arithmetic, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, Comb inational and Sequential ALUs, Carry look ahead adder, Robertson algorithm, boot h s algorithm, non restoring division algorithm, Floating Point Arithmetic, Coproc essor, Pipeline Processing, Pipeline Design, Modified booth s Algorithm Hardwired Control, Microprogrammed Control, Multiplier Control Unit, CPU Control Unit, Pipeline Control, Instruction Pipelines, Pipeline Performance, Superscala r Processing, Nano Programming. Random Access Memories, Serial ~Access Memories, RAM Interfaces, Magnetic Surfac e Recording, Optical Memories, multilevel memories, Cache And Virtual Memory, Me mory Allocation, Associative Memory. (Qualitative only) Binary communication ~entropy, properties, BSC, BEC, source c oding Shannon, Fano, Huffman coding noiseless coding theorem, BW ~SNR trade of f, Line codes NRZ, RZ, AMI, HDBP, ARQ, mBnB codes Efficiency of transmission, e rror control codes and applications convolutionAnd block codes. AM ~Frequency spectrum ~vector representation ~power relations ~generation of AM ~DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter And Receiver; FM and PM ~frequency spectr um ~power relations NBFM And WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Amstrong method And Reactance modulations FM And PM frequency. Pulse modulations ~concepts of sampling and sampling theorems, PAM, PWM, PPM,PTM , quantization and coding DCM, DM, slope overload error. ADM, DPCM, OOK systems ~ASK, FSK, PSK, BSK, QPSK, QAM, MSK, GMSK, applications of Data communication. Satellites, Orbits Types frequencies used, link establishment, MA techniques use d in satellite communication, earth station; aperture antennas used in satellite ~INTELSAT and INSAT fibers ~types sources, detectors, digital filters, optical link Basics of power line carrier communications and SCADA Spread SpectrumAnd Multiple (MA)Access techniques FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA applic ation in wire and wireless communication Advantages. Amplitude modulation~Basic principle of AM ~Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth, Mo dulation index, AM power distribution and AM modulator circuits ~AM transmitters ~Low level transmitters and High level transmitters ~AM reception~AM Receivers, TRF, Super heterodyne receivers and Double conversion AM Receivers. Angle modulation~FM and PM waveforms, Frequency deviation, Phase Deviation and M odulation index, Frequency spectrum of Angle modulated wave ~Phase and Frequency modulator and demodulator, Direct FM Transmitter, Indirect transmitters, Angle modulation versus Amplitude Modulation, FM receivers and Frequency versus Phase Modulation. Base band signal receiver~Error probability, Optimum and matched filter techniqu es and Coherent reception ~Digital modulation systems~ASK, FSK and PSK, Comparis on of data transmission systems. Optical fibers~Single Mode Fibers, Graded Index fiber structure, Losses in optic al Fibers, Fiber optic communication link ~Introduction to micro wave communicat ion system, Principle of satellite communication ~Television~Scanning methods, B /W and color systems ~Camera and Picture tubes, Synchronization, Transmitters an d Receivers. PAM, PPM, PDM, PCM, Delta modulation, Differential PCM, Merit and demerits ~Conc ept of multiplexing~FDM and TDM. Channel coding theorem ~Linear block codes ~Hamming codes ~Cyclic codes (CRC) ~C onvolutional codes ~Viterbi decoding (Soft/Hard decision decoding). Line codes ~PSDs ~ISI ~Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission ~Pulse shaping ~Correlative coding ~M ary schemes ~Eye pattern. Measure of information ~Entropy ~Source coding theorem ~Discrete memoryless chan nels ~lossless, deterministic, noiseless, BEC, BSC ~Mutual information ~Channel capacity ~Shannon Hartley law ~Sub band coding ~Transform coding ~LPC ~Shannon F ano coding, Huffman Coding, run length coding, LZW algorithm. Synchronisation ~Carrier, symbol and frame synchronisation ~Equalisation ~Zero f orcing, LMS. Trellis coded modulation principles ~Turbo Coding ~LDPC Codes Analog switches, High speed sample and hold circuits and sample and hold IC's, T ypes of D/A converter Current driven DAC, Switches for DAC, A/D converter, Flash , Single slope, Dual slope, Successive approximation, DM and ADM, Voltage to Tim e and Voltage to frequency converters. Analysis of four quadrant and variable Tran conductance multipliers, Voltage con trolled Oscillator, Closed loop analysis of PLL, AM, PM and FSK modulators and d emodulators. Frequency synthesizers, Compander ICs Current sources, Analysis of difference amplifiers with active loads, supply and temperature independent biasing, Band gap references, Monolithic IC operational amplifiers, specifications, frequency compensation, slew rate and methods of im proving slew rate. Linear and Nonlinear Circuits using operational amplifiers and their analysis, I nverting and Non inverting Amplifiers, Differentiator, Integrator, Voltage to Cu rrent converter, Instrumentation amplifier, Sine wave Oscillators, Low pass and band pass filters, comparator, Multivibrator and Schmitt trigger, Triangle wave generator, Precision rectifier, Log and Antilog amplifiers, Non linear function generator. Timers, Voltage regulators ~linear and switched mode types, Switched capacitor f ilter, Frequency to Voltage converters, Tuned amplifiers, Power amplifiers and I solation Amplifiers, Video amplifiers, Fiber optics ICs and Opto couplers, Sourc es for Noises, Op Amp noise analysis and Low noise OP Amps . 8051 Microcontroller~Instruction Set ~ALP ~Branching~I/ O Programming ~ALU Instr uction ~8051 Programming in C. 8085 ~Functional Block Diagram~Description ~Addressing Modes, Timing diagrams. 8 086~Architecture, Instruction set, Addressing Modes. Introduction to 8087 ~Archi tecture. Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255), keyboard display controller (8279), AD C, DAC Interface, Programmable Timer Controller (8254), Programmable interrupt c ontroller (8259), Serial Communication Interface (8251). Programming 8051 Timers~Serial Port Programming~Interrupts Programming LCD And K eyboard Interfacing~ADC, DAC And Sensor Interfacing, External Memory Interface~R TC Interfacing using I2C Standard~Motor Control~Relay, PWM, DC And Stepper Motor . Simple Assembly Language Programming, Strings, Procedures, Macros, Assembler Dir ectives~Interrupts and Interrupt Applications. Calculation of IIR coefficients using pole zero placement method, Analog filters ~Butter worth And Chebyshev Type I. Analog Transformation of prototype LPF to B PF /BSF/ HPF. Transformation of analog filters into equivalent digital filters u sing Impulse invariant method and Bilinear Z transform method~Realization struct ures for IIR filters ~direct, cascade, parallel And lattice forms. Introduction to Multirate signal processing Decimation Interpolation Polyphase D ecomposition of FIR filter Multistage implementation of sampling rate conversion ~Design of narrow band filters ~Applications of Multirate signal processing. L45 , T15 Linear phase response of FIR FIR design using window method Frequency sampling m ethod ~Realization structures for FIR filters ~Transversal and Linear phase latt ice structures~Comparison of FIR And IIR. Representation of numbers ADC Quantization noise Coefficient Quantization error~ Product Quantization error truncation And rounding errors Limit cycle due to pr oduct round off error Round~off noise power limit cycle oscillation due to overf low in digital filters~Principle of scaling Introduction to general and special purpose hardware for DSP ~Harvard architecture Pipelining Special instruction Re plication. Review of discrete time signals And systems ~DFTand its properties, FFTalgorithm s And its application to convolution, Overlap add And overlap save methods. Filter fundamentals, Constant K ~LPF and HPF Filter design, Fundamentals of Atte nuators and Equalizers ~Lattice type , Concept of inverse networks Transients i n transmission lines. Numerical Problems Introduction to different types of transmission lines , Transmission line Equati on ~Solution ~Infinite line concept ~Distortion less line ~loading ~input impeda nce,Losses in Transmission lines~Reflection loss, Insertion loss, return loss, T ransmission line parameters at radio frequencies. Introduction to planar transmi ssion lines. Numerical Problems Reflection Phenomena ~Standing waves ~?/8, ?/4 & ?/2 lines ?/4 Impedance transfo rmers , Stub Matching Single and Double Stub Smith Chart and Applications. Numer ical Problems Solution of wave equation in circular guides, TE and TM wave in circular guides, Wave impedance, attenuation, mode excitation, formation of cylindrical cavity, Application , cavity resonator and Q for dominant mode, Numerical Problems Waves between Parallel Planes ~characteristic of TE , TM and TEM waves , Velocit ies of propagation ,Solution of wave Equation in Rectangular guides ,TE and TM m odes , Dominant Mode,Attenuation,Mode Excitation, Dielectric slab wave guides, N umerical Problems . Classification of Transducers ~Variable Resistive transducers ~Strain gauges , T hermistor, RTD~Variable Inductive transducers~LVDT, RVDT,~Variable Capacitive Tr ansducers ~Capacitor microphone~Photo electric transducers ~Piezo electric trans ducers ~Thermocouple ~IC sensors ~Fibre optic sensors ~Smart/intelligent sensors . DC and AC bridges ~Wheatstone, Kelvin, Maxwell, Hay and Schering.Pre~amplifier ~ Isolation amplifier ~Filters ~Data acquisition systems. Spectrum Analyzers ~Wave analyzers ~Logic analyzers. Digital Voltmeters ~Millimeters ~automation in Voltmeter ~Accuracy and Resolutio n in DVM ~Guarding techniques ~Frequency counter~Data Loggers ~Introduction to I EEE 488/GPIB Buses. Dual trace CRO ~Digital storage and Analog storage oscilloscope. Analog and Digi tal Recorders and printers. Virtual Instrumentation ~Block diagram and architect ure ~Applications in various fields. Measurement systems applied to Micro and Na notechnology. Measurement System ~Instrumentation ~Characteristics of measurement systems ~Sta tic and Dynamic ~Errors in Measurements ~Calibration and Standards. Introduction to probability function, joint probability, conditional probabilit y ~estimation parameters ~joint distribution function, probability density funct ion, ensemble average ~mean squared value, variance, standard deviation, moments , correlation, covariance, orthogonality, auto covariance, auto correlation, cro ss covariance and cross correlation ~stationarity ~ergodic ~white noise ~energy density spectrum ~power density spectrum estimation ~periodogram ~direct method, indirect method, Barlett method ~Welch method. Decimator (down sampling) ~frequ ency domain analysis of decimator ~interpolation (up sampling) ~frequency domain analysis of interpolator Discrete Fourier transform ~properties of DFT~linearity, circular shifting in ti me and frequency domains, time reversal, time scaling, circular correlation, mul tiplication, convolution, parseval s relation ~circular convolution sectional con volution ~overlapadd method and overlap save method ~radix 2 fast Fourier algori thm ~decimation intime FFT~decimation in frequency FFT~inverse FFT. Introduction to FIR filter ~phase delay and group delay ~linear phase transfer f unction. Design of FIR filter using Fourier method, Rectangular window, Hanning window, Hamming window, Kaiser window. Design using frequency sampling technique . Structure realization of FIR system ~direct form, cascade form, linear phase F IR system. Introduction to IIR filter ~Impulse invariant transformation technique ~Bilinear transformation technique ~frequency transformation in digital domain ~design of Butterworth filter and Chebyshev filter (type 1) (restricted to 3rd order). Str ucture realization of IIR system ~lattice structure and lattice ladder structure . Quantization of fixed point and floating point numbers ~product quantization ~va riance estimation of quantization error ~finite word length effect on IIR filter ~Product quantization error in IIR filter ~mathematical analysis of steady stat e output noise ~dynamic scaling to prevent overflow ~limit cycle oscillation in recursive system ~rounding off error in DFTand FFTcomputation~Introduction to di gital signal Processors. 8085 MICROPROCESSOR 9 Introduction to 8085 ~Architecture, Instruction set, Addre ssing modes, Interrupts Timing diagram, memory and I/O interfacing ~Programming exercises in 8085. Intel 8031 and 8051 Architectures ~Special function Registers (SFR) ~Instruction set ~Addressing modes ~Assembly language programming ~Timer and Counter Program ming ~Serial Communication Interrupts programming ~External Memory Interfacing. Microprocessor based Data acquisition system ~Implementation of discrete Control sequence ~Implementation of Digital PID Algorithm ~Stepper Motor Interfacing ~C ase studies in Industrial Process Control Systems. L 45 Overview of Microprocessors Architectures~8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, PENTIUM, PENTIUM PRO PROCESSOR, PENTIUM II, PENTIUM III, PENTIUM 4. PPI (8255) ~USART (8251) Timer (8253) ~Programmable DMA Controller (8257) ~Prog rammable Interrupt controller (8259) ~Keyboard display controller (8279) ~ADC an d DAC Interfacing. The origin of Biopotentials; biopotential electrodes; biological amplifiers; EC G, EEG, EMG, PCG, EOG ~lead systems and recording methods, typical waveforms and signal characteristics. Cardiac pacemakers, DC Debrillators, Dialyser, Heart Lung machine, Hearing aids. Diathermies ~Short wave, ultrasonic and microwave type and their applications, m edical stimulator, Telemetry principles, frequency selection, Bio telemetry, rad iopill and tele stimulation, electrical safety. pH, pO2, pCO2, pHCO3, Electrophoresis, colorimeter, photometer, Auto analyzer, B lood flow meter, cardiac output, respiratory measurement, Blood pressure, temper ature, pulse, Blood cell counters, differential count. Thermograph, endoscopy unit, Laser in medicine, Surgical diathermy, cryogenic ap plication, introduction to telemedicine. Diversity ~Micro~and Macrodiversity, Diversity combining techniques, Error proba bility in fading channels with diversity reception, Rake receiver, MIMO systems ~Spatial Multiplexing, System Model, Channel state information, Capacity in fadi ng and non fading channels. Evolution of Mobile Communication~trends in Cellular radio and personal communic ations~Cellular concept Frequency reuse ~channel assignment~hand offinterference And system capacity~trunking And grade of service. Large scale path loss ~Path loss models Link Budget design ~small scale fading~ Fading due to Multipath time delay spread ~flat fading ~frequency selective fadi ng ~Fading due to Doppler spread ~fast fading ~slow fading ~Parameters of mobile multipath channels ~Time dispersion parameters coherence bandwidth ~Doppler spr ead And Coherence time. Principles of Spread Spectrum Techniques, FDMA, TDMA And CDMA Capacity Calculat ions ~GSM And GPRS, CDMA in IS 95 / CDMA 2000, Wi Fi, WiMax. Structure of a wireless communication link, Modulation and demodulation ~Quadrat ure Phase Shift Keying, ?/4 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Offset Q uadrature Phase Shift Keying, Binary Frequency Shift Keying, Minimum Shift Keyin g, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Power spectrum and Error performance in fading channels, OFDM principle ~Transceiver implementation, Cyclic prefix, PAPR, Inte rcarrier interference. Introduction to Networks, definition of layers, services, interface and protocol s. OSI reference model~layers and duties. TCP/IP reference model ~layers and dut ies. Physical layer~general description, characteristics, signaling media types, topologies, examples physical layer (RS232C, ISDN, ATM,SONET) Logical link control Functions~Framming, Flow control , Error control CRC, LLC p rotocols~HDLC, P to P. Medium access layer~Random access, Controlled access, Cha nnelization, IEEE standards~802.3, 802.4 and 802.5. Internetworking, Interconnec tion issues, Interconnection devices~Repeaters, Hubs, Routers/switches and Gatew ays. UNITIII MESSAGEROUTING TECHNOLOGIES 9 Circuit switching, packet switching, message switching. Internet protocols; IPV4, IPV6, ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP, VPN. N etwork Routing Algorithms ~Distance vector routing, OSPF, Dijikstra s , Bellaman F ord, Congestion control algorithms. Process process delivery~TCP, UDP and SCTP. Application protocols WWW,HTTP,FTP a nd TELNET, Network management protocol SNMP, Network security. Switching functions, Space Division Switch, Time Division Switch, STS switching, TST switching, No 4 ESS Toll switch, digital cross connect systems. Definition of antenna parameters ~Gain, Directivity, Effective aperture, Radiati on Resistance, Band width, Beam width, Input Impedance. Matching ~Baluns, Polari zation mismatch, Antenna noise temperature, Radiation from oscillating dipole, H alf wave dipole. Folded dipole, Yagi array. Modes of propagation , Structure of atmosphere , Ground wave propagation, Tropos pheric propagation , Duct propagation , Troposcatter propagation , Flat earth an d Curved earth concept ,Sky wave propagation ~Virtual height ,critical frequency , Maximum usable frequency ~Skip distance , Fading , Multi hop propagation. N element linear array, Pattern multiplication, Broadside and End fire array ~Co ncept of Phased arrays, Adaptive array, Basic principle of antenna Synthesis~Bin omial array Principle of frequency independent antennas Spiral antenna, Helical antenna, Lo g periodic. Modern antennas~Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric a ntennas, Electronic band gap structure and applications, Antenna Measurements~Te st Ranges, Measurement of Gain, Radiation pattern, Polarization, VSWR Radiation from rectangular apertures, Uniform and Tapered aperture, Horn antenna , Reflector antenna , Aperture blockage , Feeding structures , Slot antennas ,M icrostrip antennas ~Radiation mechanism ~Application ,Numerical tool for antenna analysis Data path circuits, Architectures for ripple carry adders, carry look ahead adde rs, High speed adders, accumulators, Multipliers, dividers, Barrel shifters, spe ed and area tradeoff Examples of Combinational Logic Design, Elmore s constant, Pass transistor Logic, Transmission gates, static and dynamic CMOS design, Power dissipation ~Low power design principles Full custom and Semi custom design, Standard cell design and cell libraries, FPG A building block architectures, FPGA interconnect routing procedures. NMOS and PMOS transistors, Process parameters for MOS and CMOS, Electrical prope rties of CMOS circuits and device modeling, Scaling principles and fundamental l imits, CMOS inverter scaling, propagation delays, Stick diagram, Layout diagrams Static and Dynamic Latches and Registers, Timing issues, pipelines, clock strate gies, Memory architecture and memory control circuits, Low power memory circuits , Synchronous and Asynchronous design CMOS Inverter ~Design principles ~Lay out rules ~Construction of multiplexers ~ Transmission gates ~Principles and design considerations of specific PROM, EPROM , SRAM and DRAM. Basics and VHDL programming~Adder, Fast adder and Multiplier ~Synthesis of logic function~Multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders ~Data path circuits. Basics and VHDL programming of the following sequential circuits~Flip flops, Reg isters, Counters and Accumulators. 30 Introduction to VHDL ~Sequential and concurrent descriptions ~Signal, port and v ariable statements ~Sequential statements ~Block, process, component and generat e descriptions ~Test bench creations and principle of operation of VHDL simulato r ~Introduction to Verilog and brief comparison with VHDL. Principles of PAL, PLD, GAL, FPGA, CPLD and their design considerations ~Program mable Logic interconnect principles and types ~Programmable logic elements and A ND OR arrays ~Routing procedures in FPGA and CPLD ~Programming methods for FPGA and CPLD ~Comparison of ACTEL ~Altera and Xilinx FPGAs. L 45 Introduction to Radix. FFT~Decimation in time FFTalgorithm ~Decimation in freque ncy FFTalgorithm ~Computing inverse DFTusing FFT~Mixed radix FFT~Computer implem entation of FFTalgorithm. Linear phase FIR filters ~FIR design ~Fourier series method ~Window function met hod ~Frequency sampling method ~Realization of FIR digital filters ~Computer sim ulation of FIR filters ~Architecture and features of TMS320C6X DSP Processor ~In troduction to Adaptive signal processing. Review of Design of Analog Butterworth and Chebyshev filters ~Design of IIR Digi tal filters using Impulse Invariant technique and bilinear transformation method ~Realization of IIR digital filters ~Computer simulation of IIR filters. Review of Z ~transform and its properties ~Inverse Z ~transform ~Analysis of lin ear time invariant systems using Z Transform ~Discrete time Fourier transform, D iscrete Fourier transform properties ~Circular convolution ~Linear convolution u sing DFT~Sectioned convolution~Overlap add method and Overlap save method ~Time response analysis and frequency response analysis of discrete time systems. Sampling of analog signals ~Aliasing ~Standard discrete time signals ~Classifica tion of discrete time systems~Linear time invariant systems, causality, stabilit y ~Convolution sum ~Difference equation representation ~Correlation of discrete time signal~cross correlation and autocorrelation sequences. Amplifier power relation, stability considerations,gain considerations,noise fig ure,impedance matching networks,frequency response,T and *matching networks,micr ostripline matching networks High frequency effects in Tubes, Two cavity klystron amplifier; Reflex klystron oscillator; TWT amplifier; Magnetron oscillator ~Theory and applications. 36 Low frequency parameters impedance ,admittance,hybrid and ABCD. High frequency p arameters Formulation of S parameters,properties of S parameters~Reciprocal and lossless networks,transmission matrix,Introduction to component basics,wire,resi stor,capacitor and inductor,applications of RF Measuring Instruments ~VSWR meter, Power meter, Spectrum Analyser, Network Analy ser ~principles; Measurement of Impedance, frequency, power, VSWR, Q factor, die lectric constant, S Parameter. Open, short and matched terminations; coupling probes and loops; power divider; directional coupler; attenuators; phase shifter; circulator; isolator; Impedance matching Devices~Tuning screw, stub and quarter wave transformers.Crystal diode s and Schottkey diode detector and mixers; PIN diode switch, Gunn diode oscillat or; IMPATTdiode oscillator and amplifier; varactor diode and parametric amplific ation; Introduction to MIC. Materials for optical souces, light emitting diodes, semiconductor laser diodes , longitudinal modes, gain and index guiding, power current characteristics, spe ctral behaviour, longitudinal mode control and tunability, noise, direct and ext ernal modulation, Laser sources and transmitters for free space communication. ntroduction, light propagation in optical fibers, ray and mode theory of light, optical fiber structure and parameters, fiber materials, fiber fabrication techn iques, optical signal attenuation mechanisms, merits and demerits of guided and unguided optical signal transmissions. Optical signal distortion ~Group delay, material dispersion, waveguide dispersio n, polarization mode dispersion, intermodal dispersion, profile dispersion, fibe r types, Standard Singlemode Fibers, Dispersion Shifted Fibers, Dispersion Flatt ened Fibers, Polarization Maintaining Fibers, Dispersion compensation, Principle s of fiber nonlinearity. Principles of optical detection, spectral responsivity, PIN, APD, preamplifier t ypes, receiver noises, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) , Pr inciples of coherent detection, power and risetime budget. 37 WDM optical networks, SONET/SDH/FDDI optical networks, layered optical network a rchitecture, Optical couplers, filters, isolators, switches, optical amplifiers erbium doped fiber amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers. Brief overview of real time systems and embedded systems ~Classification of embe dded systems ~Embedded system definitions ~Functional and nonfunctional requirem ents ~Architectures and standards ~Typical applications. Case studies of safety critical and time critical embedded systems with referenc e to Aerospace, Automobile, Medical and Industrial applications. L 45 Characteristics and classification of real time systems ~Real time specification s and Design techniques ~Event based ~Process based and graph based models ~Real time kernel ~Hierarchy services and design strategy ~Real time system performan ce and analysis ~Typical real time systems ~Their languages and features. Design methods and techniques ~Classification of need ~Need analysis ~Requiremen t and specification ~Conceptual design ~Models and languages ~State machine mode l ~State machine tables ~Verification ~Validation ~Simulation and emulation. Device choices ~Selection criteria and characteristics of Processors and memory systems for embedded applications ~Interface and Peripherals ~Power sources and management. Introduction to A.C and D.C drives ~Closed loop control ~Stepper and Switched Re luctance motor drive ~Uninterrupted power supply ~Switched mode power supply. L 45 Power diodes ~Power transistors ~Characteristics of SCR, TRIAC, Power MOSFET, IG BT, GTO, MCT, LASCR ~Thyristor protection circuits ~Thyristor triggering circuit s ~Series and parallel operation of SCR ~Commutation ~Natural, forced commutatio n ~Different types. Single phase ~Three phase ~Half controlled ~Fully controlled rectifiers ~Dual co nverters ~Effect of source and load inductance ~Cyclo Converters ~Different type s ~AC regulators. Step up and Step down Chopper ~Chopper classification ~Switching mode Regulators ~Buck, Boost, Buck Boost, and Cuk Regulators ~A.C. Choppers. Voltage Source Inverters ~Resonant Inverters ~Series and Parallel ~Bridge Invert ers ~Half bridge ~Full bridge ~McMurray Bedford Inverter ~Three Phase Bridge Inv erters ~Voltage control ~PWM Techniques ~Current Source Inverters ~Auto Sequenti ally Commutated Inverter. Basic system components ~Data Acquisition and conversion, Principle of ADCs and DACs clock generator, address decoder, Digital ~counters, period measurement, voltmeter, multimeter, frequency meter, L CR meter, phase meter, tachometer, Q meter. Digital storage CRO, spectrum analys er, digital data recorder. Digitization ~Effect of sampling ~PID control ~Discrete system analysis and desi gn using Z transform ~Sampled data analysis Discrete equivalents ~State space design methods ~Sample rate selection. System performance and specifications ~Proportional, Integral and Derivative con trollers ~Structure ~Empirical tuning ~Design of Lead lag compensators Design u sing Bode plots Design using Root locus ~Control Law design ~State feedback and pole placement~Estimator design Regulator design Combined control law and est imator . Tools for modeling, design, testing and calibrating digital instrument using LAB VIEW, HPVEE, case study for digital voltmeter and digital PID controller for tem perature control. Computer arithmetic ~addition and subtraction, multiplication algorithms, divisi on algorithms, floating point arithmetic operations decimal arithmetic unit, dec imal arithmetic operations. Pipeline and vector processing ~Parallel processing, pipelining, arithmetic pipeline, instruction pipeline, vector processing array processors. Functional units ~Basic operational concepts ~Bus structures ~Performance and Me trics ~Instruction and instruction sequencing ~hardware ~software interface ~add ressing modes ~instruction set ~RISC ~CISC ~ALU design ~fixed point and floating point operation. Input output organization peripheral devices, input output interface, asynchron ous data transfer , modes of transfer, priority interrupt, direct memory access, input output interface, serial communication. Memory organization ~memory hierarchy, main memory, auxiliary memory, associativ e memory, cache memory, virtual memory, memory management hardware. Micro programmed control ~Control memory, address sequencing, micro program exam ple, and design of control unit. Central processing unit ~general register organ ization, stack organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, data transfe r and manipulation, program control, reduced instruction set computer. I/O Systems Overview ~I/O Hardware ~Application I/O Interface ~Kernel I/O Subsys tem ~Transforming I/O to Hardware Operations ~STREAMS. Mass Storage Structure Di sk Structure ~Disk Scheduling ~Disk Management ~Swap Space Management. Introduction Mainframe Systems ~Desktop Systems ~Multiprocessor Systems ~Distrib uted Systems ~Clustered Systems ~Real Time Systems ~Handheld Systems. Computer S ystem Structure Computer System Operation ~I/O Structure ~Storage Structure ~Sto rage Hierarchy ~Hardware Protection ~Network Structure. Operating System Structu res System Components ~Operating System Services ~System Calls ~System Programs ~System Structure ~Virtual Machines ~System Design and Implementation ~System Ge neration. Memory Management Background ~Swapping ~Contiguous Memory Allocation ~Paging ~Se gmentation ~Segmentation with Paging. Virtual Memory Background ~Demand Paging ~ Process Creation ~Page Replacement ~Allocation of Frames ~Thrashing. File System Interface File Concept ~Access Methods ~Directory Structure ~File System Mounti ng ~File Sharing ~Protection. File System Implementation Structure and Implement ation ~Directory Implementation ~Allocation Methods ~Free Space Management. Processes Concepts ~Process Scheduling ~Operations on Processes ~Cooperating Pro cesses ~Interprocess Communication ~Communication in Client Server Systems. CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts ~Scheduling Criteria ~Scheduling Algorithms ~Multiproc essor Scheduling ~Real Time Scheduling ~Process Scheduling Models. Critical Sect ion Problem ~Semaphores and Monitors. Deadlocks Deadlock Characterization ~Preve ntion, Avoidance and Detection of Deadlocks ~Recovery from Deadlock. Protection Goals ~Domain of Protection ~Access Matrix ~Revocation of Access Righ ts. Security The Security Problem ~User Authentication ~Program Threats ~System Threats ~Securing Systems and Facilities ~Intrusion Detection ~Cryptography. Cas e Studies Linux ~Design Principles ~Kernel Modules ~Scheduling ~File Systems. Wi ndows XP ~Design Principles ~Brief Overview of System Components ~File Systems. Classical sets ~Fuzzy sets ~Fuzzy relations ~Fuzzification ~Defuzzification ~Fuz zy rules ~Membership function ~Knowledge base ~Decision making logic ~Optimisati on of membership function using neural networks ~Adaptive fuzzy system. Feed back networks ~Discrete time hop field networks ~Transient response of cont inuous time networks ~Applications of artificial neural network ~Process identif ication ~Neuro controller for inverted pendulum. Fuzzy logic control ~Inverted pendulum ~Image processing ~Home heating system ~B lood pressure during anesthesia ~Introduction to neuro fuzzy controller. Gradient Search ~Non gradient search ~Genetic Algorithms Operators, search algor ithm, penalty ~Evolutionary Programming Operators, Search Algorithms ~Applicatio ns to Electrical problems. 59 Introduction ~Biological neuron ~Artificial neuron ~Neuron modeling ~Learning ru les ~Single layer ~Multi layer feed forward network ~Back propagation ~Learning factors. Critical path method ~Time estimates ~Crashing ~Time charts ~PERT and CPM for pr oject scheduling ~Resource planning ~Case studies. Network solution ~Minimal spanning tree Algorithm ~Shortest Route problem ~Examp les ~Shortest Route Algorithm ~Maximal flow model ~Minimum cost capacitated flow problems. Operations Research Techniques ~Art of Modeling ~Construction of LP Model ~Graph ical LP solution ~Graphical Sensitivity Analysis ~The Simplex Algorithm ~The M.M ethod ~The two phase method ~degeneracy ~Alternative optima ~unbounded solutions ~infeasible solution ~redundancies ~LP packages. Primal dual relationship ~Economic interpretation of duality ~Dual simplex metho d ~primal dual computation ~post optimal or sensitivity analysis ~Changes affect ing feasibility ~Changes affecting optimally ~Revised simplex method ~LP package s. 60 The transportation algorithm ~Determination of the starting solution ~Iterative computations of the Algorithm ~The Assignment Model ~The Hungarian method ~The T ranshipment model ~Inter programming problem ~Cutting plane Algorithm. Exception and Debugging ~Dealing with Errors ~Catching Exception ~Debugging Tech niques ~Streams and Files ~Streams, Types and Putting Streams to use ~Object Str eams ~File Management. Introduction ~Creating a Closeable Frame ~Terminating Graphics Program ~Frame La yout ~Displaying Information in a Frame ~Graphics Object ~Text and Fonts ~Colors ~Drawing Shapes ~Filling Shapes ~Event Handling ~Basics of Event Handling ~The AWT event hierarchy ~Individual Events ~Advanced Event Handling. Introduction to OOP ~Building Own Classes ~Packages ~Inheritance ~First Steps wi th Inheritance ~Casting ~Abstract Classes ~Protecting Access ~RTTI ~Reflection ~ Design hints for Inheritance ~Interface ~Inner Classes. Java as programming tool ~Advantages of Java ~Java Buzzwords ~Java Programming E nvironment ~Compiling and running Java Programs ~Fundamental Programming structu re in Java ~Data Types, Operators, Strings, Control Flow, Class Methods, Arrays. The Model ~View ~Controller Design Pattern ~Introduction to Layout Management ~T ext Input ~Making Choices ~Scroll Bars ~Sophisticated Layout Management ~Menus ~ Dialog Boxes ~Applets ~Applet Basics ~Simple Applet ~Testing Applets ~Security B asics ~Converting Application to Applets ~Applet HTML Tags and Attributes. Analysis and state space modeling of flyback, Forward, Luo, Half bridge and full bridge converters~control circuits and PWM techniques. Introduction~classification~basic concepts~Resonant switch~Load Resonant convert ers~ZVS , Clamped voltage topologies~DC link inverters with Zero Voltage Switchi ng~Series and parallel Resonant inverters~Voltage control . Introduction~Power line disturbances~Power conditioners UPS offline UPS, Online UPS, Applications ~Filters Voltage filters, Series parallel resonant filters, f ilter without series capacitors, filter for PWM VSI, current filter, DC filters ~Design of inductor and transformer for PE applications ~Selection of capacitors . Principles of stepdown and stepup converters ~Analysis and state space modeling of Buck, Boost, Buck~Boost and Cuk converters. Single phase and three phase inverters, control using various (sine PWM, SVPWM a nd advanced modulation) techniques, various harmonic elimination techniques~Mult ilevel inverters~Concepts ~Types Diode clamped~Flying capacitor~Cascaded types~A pplications. Locating harmonic sources power system response characteristics, resonance, harm onic distortion evaluation, devices for controlling harmonic distortion, passive filters, active filters, IEEE and IECstandards. Monitoring considerations Power line disturbance analyzer, power quality measure ment equipment, harmonic / spectrum analyzer, flicker meters, disturbance analyz er, applications of expert system for power quality monitoring. Sources of overvoltages Capacitor switching, lighting, ferroresonance; Mitigatio n of voltage swells surge arrestors, low pass filters, power conditioners ~Light ning Protection, shielding, line arrestors, protection of transformers and cable s, computer analysis tools for transients, PSCAD and EMTP Sources of sags and interruptions, estimating voltage sag performance, motor sta rting sags, estimating the sag severity, mitigation of voltage sags, active seri es compensators, static transfer switches and fast transfer switches . Terms and Definitions Overloading, undervoltage, sustained interruption, sags an d swells, waveform distortions, Total harmonic distortion (THD), Computer Busine ss Equipment Manufacturers Associations (CBEMA) curve, Harmonic Distortion Volta ge and current distortion, harmonic indices, harmonic sources from commercial an d industrial loads. Causes of overvoltage, lightning phenomenon, charge formation in the clouds, rat e of charging of thunder clouds, mechanisms of lightning strokes, characteristic s of lightning strokes; factors contributing to good line design, protection aff orded by ground wires, tower footing resistance. Interaction between lightning a nd power system Mathematical model for lightning. Introduction, circuit closing transients RL circuit with sine wave drive, double frequency transients, observations in RLC circuit and basic transforms of the R LC circuit. Resistance switching Equivalent circuit for the resistance switching problems, equivalent circuit for interrupting the resistor current. Load switch ing Equivalent circuit, waveforms for transient voltage across the load, switch; normal and abnormal switching transients. Current suppression, current chopping , effective equivalent circuit. Capacitance switching, effect of source regulati on, capacitance switching with a restrike, with multiple restrikes, illustration for multiple restriking transients, ferroresonance. OF TRANSIENTS Computation of transients Transient response of systems with serie s and shunt lumped parameters and distributed lines. Travelling wave concept ste p response, Bewely s lattice diagram, standing waves and natural frequencies, refl ection and refraction of travelling waves. Source of transients, various types of power systems transients, effect of trans ients on power systems, importance of study of transients in planning. The short line and kilometric fault, distribution of voltage in a power system L ine dropping and load rejection; voltage transients on closing and reclosing lin es; over voltage induced by faults; switching surges on integrated system; EMTP for transient computation. Constructional features Principle of operation~Torque prediction Characteristi cs~Power controllers ~Control of SRM drive~Sensorless operation of SRM ~Applicat ions. Constructional features Principle of operation Types ~Torque predictions ~Line ar and Non linear analysis ~Characteristics ~Drive circuits ~Closed loop control ~Applications. Fundamentals of Permanent Magnets~Types~Principle of operation~Magnetic circuit analysis EMF and Torque equations~Characteristics and control Principle of operation ~EMF and Torque equations ~Phasor diagram ~Power controll ers ~Torque speed characteristics ~Digital controllers ~Constructional features, operating principle and characteristics of synchronous reluctance motor. Principle of operation and characteristics of Hysteresis motor ~AC series motors ~Linear motor ~Permanent magnet DC and AC motors, Applications. Basic concepts~Reactive power control, uncompensated transmission line, series c ompensation, SVC, thyristor control, series capacitor, static synchronous compen sator, unified power flow controller and applications. Calculation of line and ground parameters ~R, C, L, Bundle conductors, Modes of propagation ~Effect of earth. Electric shock ~threshold currents ~Calculation of electrostatic fields and magn etic fields of AC and DC lines ~Effect of fields on living organism ~Electrical field measurement. HVDC system Principle of operation, control and design consideration, HVDC circu it breaking Standard transmission voltages, average values of line parameters ~Power handlin g capacity and line losses ~number of lines. Controller interactions ~SVC ~SVC interaction ~Co ordination of multiple control lers using linear control techniques ~Control coordination using genetic algorit hms. Operation of the TCSC ~Different modes of operation ~Modeling of TCSC ~Variable reactance model ~Modeling for stability studies. Applications Improvement of the system stability limit ~Enhancement of system damping ~Voltage collapse prevent ion. Reactive power control in electrical power transmission lines ~Uncompensated tra nsmission line ~series compensation ~Basic concepts of static VAR Compensator (S VC) ~Thyristor Switched Series capacitor (TCSC) ~Unified power flow controller ( UPFC). Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) ~Principle of operation ~V I Characteri stics ~Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) ~Principle of operation ~Modes of Op eration ~Applications ~Modeling of UPFC for Power Flow ~Studies. Voltage control by SVC ~Advantages of slope in dynamic characteristics ~influenc e of SVC on system voltage ~Design of SVC voltage regulator ~Applications Enhanc ement of transient stability ~steady state power transfer ~Enhancement of power system damping ~prevention of voltage instability. Review of six pulse and twelve pulse converter operation; equations for convert er and inverter with simple HVDC link Modes of operation~AC DC load flow with a simple DC link, real and reactive power control in electrical power transmission line~SVC~TCSCSTATCOM~SSSC~UPSC Basic operation Applications. Introduction ~Transmission system aspects Single load infinite bus system, maxim um deliverable power, Power voltage relationship, instability mechanisms~effect of compensation ~V Q curves ~problems. Generator aspects Frequency and voltage c ontrollers ~limiting devices affecting voltage stability ~voltage reactive power characteristics of synchronous generators ~capability curves. Load aspects Volt age dependence of loads ~load restoration dynamics ~Induction motors ~Load Tap C hangers ~Thermostatic load recovery Review of LU factorization and NR method, Development of Fast Decoupled Power Fl ow (FDPF) model from N R, Flowchart; numerical examples Multi area power flow an alysis ~Contingency analysis ~Simulation of single line and generator outages. Small signal stability of SMIB system linearization of swing equation; concept o f synchronizing power coefficient; determination of natural frequency of local m ode of oscillation using linearised equation. Transient stability analysis of mu lti machine power system Synchronous machine representation by classical model a nd loads by constant admittances; algorithm for alternating solution approach th rough network solution using bus admittance matrix and state equations using imp licit integration method; usage of numerical algorithm for determination of crit ical clearing time by trial and error ~methods of improving stability ~digital s imulation. Turbine ~generator ~torsional characteristics ~torsional interaction with power system controls ~sub synchronous resonance ~impact of network switching disturba nces ~torsional counter measures to SSR problems. All mechanical miniature devices 3D electromagnetic actuators and sensors ~RF e lectronic devices ~Optical / Photonic devices ~Medical devices DNA ~chip, micro arrays. Classification of Physical sensors ~Integrated, Intelligent or smart sensors ~Se nsor principles and examples Thermal sensors, Electrical sensors, Mechanical sen sors, Chemical and Biosensors. 70 Electromagnetic and thermal micro actuation ~mechanical design of Microactuators ~Microactuator examples ~Microvalves, Micropumps, Micromotors, ~Micro actuator systems ~Ink Jet printer heads ~Micro ~Mirror TV Projector. Historical background of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and micromachin ing ~bulk micromachining ~isotropic etching and anistropic etching, wafer bondin g ~high aspect ratio processes (LIGA). One or two sacrificial layer processes, Surface micromachining requirements ~Pol lysilicon surface micromachining ~other compatible materials ~SiliconNitride, Pi ezo electric materials surface micro machined systems ~Success stories ~Micro mo tors ~Gear Trains, Mechanisms. Enhancement mode And Depletion mode ~Fabrication (NMOS, PMOS, CMOS, BiCMOS) Tech nology ~NMOS transistor current equation ~MOS Transistor model. LOGIC NMOS PLA ~Programmable logic devices ~Finite state Machine PLA ~Introducti on to FPGA,CPLD. NMOS And CMOS inverter ~determination of pull up / pull down ratios ~stick diagr am ~lambda based rules ~super buffers ~BiCMOS And steering logic. RTL Design, Structured level Design ~combinational logic ~types ~Operators ~pack ages ~sequential circuit ~subprograms ~test benches.(Examples address, counters, flip flops, fsm, multiplexers, demultiplexers). Structured design of combinational circuits ~Dynamic CMOS And clocking ~tally ci rcuits ~(NAND NAND,NOR NOR and AOI logic) ~EXOR structure ~Multiplexer structure s ~Barrel shifter. 71 Analog systems, AMPS digital systems GSM, NADC, JDC, IS 95, IS 136, Standards D ECT, CDMA one, Bluetooth, GPRS, UMTS; FDD And TDD ~3G WCDMA. Evolution of mobile communication ~mobile radio systems ~cellular concept ~mobil ity and frequency management of radio in vehicle traffic environment ~frequency reuse ~channel assignment ~co channel interference ~hand off ~interference And s ystem capacity ~trunking And GOS. Large scale path loss ~path loss models ~link budget design ~small scale fading ~fading due to multipath ~delay spread and coherent bandwidth ~flat fading ~freq uency selective ~fading due to Doppler spread ~fast fading ~slow fading ~paramet ers of mobile multipath channels ~time dispersion parameters. 72 MSK, GMSK ~QPSK ~M Ary QAM, performane of MSK modulation Techniques ~linear and nonlinear equalisation, algorithms of adaptive equalisation ; diversity ~time, frequency, polarization ~diversity combiners ~interleaving ~RAKE receiver, OFDM. Vocoder, LPC, CELP, HELP, RELP ~selection of codecs for mobile communication GSM coders MA techniques FDMA, TDMA, SDMA, CDMA power control ~channel codes ~(qual itative) comparison. Design of cylindrical magnetic devices, transformer,Rotating machines. Electrostatics, Magnetostatics ~linear and non linear problems, permanent magne t, eddy current analysis, calculation of force/ torque. Mathematical formulation for 2 D planar and axial symmetry problems ~discretizat ionshape functions element and global matrices/vectors solution ~post processin g Numerical methods for solving field problems, recent developments, problem formu lation~governing equations ~modeling ~boundary conditions and material character istics. 73 Review on electromagnetic theory~Basic field equations, calculation of field dis tribution, inductance, capacitance, force and torque, Review on conventional ele ctrical machine design methodology ~computer aided design aspects advantages. Magnetic circuits ~stored magnetic energy, co energy ~force and torque ~singly a nd doubly excited system ~MMF pattern for DC and AC machines ~calculation of air gap mmf and per phase machine inductance using physical machine data. Static and rotating reference frames transformation of variables reference frame s transformation between reference frames transformation of a balanced set balanc ed steady state phasor and voltage equations variables observed from several fra mes of reference. Voltage and torque equation in machine variables ~transformation in rotor refere nce frame (Park's equation) ~voltage and torque equation in reference frame vari ables ~analysis of steady state ~dynamic performance for load variations ~comput er simulation. Voltage and torque equations ~dynamic characteristics of permanent magnet and sh unt DC motors ~state equations ~solution of dynamic characteristics by Laplace t ransformation. 74 Voltage and torque equations in machine variables ~transformation in arbitrary r eference frame ~voltage and torque equation in reference frame variables ~analys is of steady state operation ~free acceleration characteristics ~dynamic perform ance for load variations ~computer simulation. Introduction comparison of AC and DC transmission application of DC transmission ~description of DC transmission system planning for HVDC transmission modern tr ends in DC transmission. Introduction generation of harmonics design of AC filters DC filters carrier fre quency and RI noise. Introduction system simulation Philosophy and tools HVDC system simulation model ing of HVDC systems for digital dynamic simulation. L 9 General principles of DC link control converter control characteristics syst em control hierarchy firing angle control current and extinction angle control s tarting and stopping of DC link power control higher level controllers telecommu nication requirements. Pulse number, choice of converter configuration simplified analysis of Graetz ci rcuitconverter bridge characteristics ~characteristics of a twelve pulse convert er detailed analysis of converters. 75 Introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets ~basic fuzzy set operation and approx imate reasoning ~Introduction to fuzzy logic modeling and control ~Fuzzification ~inferencing and defuzzification ~Fuzzy knowledge and rule bases ~Fuzzy modelli ng and control schemes for nonlinear systems ~Self organizing fuzzy logic contro l ~Fuzzy logic control for nonlinear time delay system. Approaches to intelligent control ~Architecture for intelligent control ~Symboli c reasoning system ~rule based systems ~the AI approach Knowledge representatio n. Expert systems. Basic concept of Genetic algorithm and detailed algorithmic steps ~adjustment of free parameters ~Solution of typical control problems using genetic algorithm ~ Concept on some other search techniques like tabu search and ant colony search t echniques for solving optimization problems. Concept of Artificial Neural Networks and its basic mathematical model ~McCulloc h~Pitts neuron model ~simple perceptron ~Adaline and Madaline ~Feed forward Mult ilayer Perceptron ~Learning and Training the neural network ~Data Processing Sca ling ~Fourier transformation ~principal component analysis and wavelet transform ations ~Hopfield network ~Self organizing network and Recurrent network ~Neural Network based controller. GA application to power system optimisation problems, Neural Network Application to Load Forecasting, Contingency Analysis, Application of Fuzzy Logic Controlle rs to Power System Stability.. Control Law design ~State feedback and pole placement~Estimator design ~Regulato r design Combined control law and estimator ~Introduction of the Reference inpu t ~Integral control and disturbance estimation ~Effect of delays. Decoupling ~Time varying optimal control ~LQR steady state optimal control ~Opti mal estimation ~Multivariable control design ~Optimal observers Defining the model set for linear system ~Identification of Nonparametric models ~Models and Criteria for parametric identification ~Deterministic estimation ~S tochastic Least Squares ~Maximum Likelihood algorithm ~Numerical search for Maxi mum Likelihood Estimate Subspace Identification methods. Digitization ~Effect of sampling ~PID control ~Discrete system analysis and desi gn using Z transform ~Sampled data analysis Discrete equivalents ~State space design methods ~Sample rate selection. System performance and specifications ~Proportional, Integral and Derivative con trollers ~Structure ~Empirical tuning ~Ziegler Nichols ~Cohen coon ~Root Locus m ethod Tuning using ISE, IAE and ITAE and other performance indices ~Design of L ead lag compensators Design using Bode plots ~polar plots~Nichols charts ~Root locus and Routh Hurwitz criterion. Common Non linearity ~Phase Plane Method Basic Concepts ~Singular Points ~Stabil ity of non Linear Systems ~Construction of Phase trajectories ~Deriving Describi ng Functions ~Stability Analysis by Describing Function Method. Lead Compensation ~Lag Compensation ~Lag Lead compensation PID Control ~Features and implementation ~Direct and Model based Tuning ~Shapes of Relay Response ~Model structures and identification ~Implications for Control . Pole Placement ~State observer ~Design of regular system with observer ~Design o f Control Systems with observers. Preliminary of Design considerations ~Lead ~Lag ~Lag Lead Compensation Investigation on intelligent adaptive control strategies. Analysis of series and separately excited DC motor with single phase and three p hase converters operating in different modes and configuration ~Problems on DC m achines fed by converter supplies CLC and TRC strategies. ~Analysis of series an d separately excited DC motors fed from different choppers, effect saturation se ries motors ~CLC and TRC strategies ~Closed loop control schemes. Modeling and control schemes for PMSM, PMBLDC, stepper motor and switched reluct ance motor. Motor lead system ~steady state stability criteria ~Braking and speed reversal o f DC and AC motors ~transfer function model of separately excited and series DC motor ~Equivalent circuit of Induction motor ~Torque slip characteristic ~Synchr onous motor model. Operation of Induction motor with non ~sinusoidal supply wave forms, variable fr equency operation of three phase Induction motors, constant flux operation, curr ent fed operations. Dynamic and regenerative braking of CSI and VSI fed drives. Types of rotor choppers, torque equations, constant torque operations, TRC strat egies, combined stator voltage control and rotor resistance control, principle o f vector control ~Direct and indirect FOC. 50 Magnetic effects of electric current, Magnetic circuits, Magnetic materials and B H relationship, Electromagnetic induction and force, Hysteresis and eddy curre nt losses. Methods of generation of AC voltages, role of transformers in the distribution o f electricity, Construction and principle of operation of single phase transform ers, Ideal transformer, voltage and current relationships, impedance transformat ion, definition of voltage regulation, Losses in the transformer, calculation of efficiency of transformer, construction and voltage ratio aspects of single pha se autotransformer, construction and voltage ratio aspects three phase transform er. Parts of DC motors, types of motors, principle of operation of DC motors, Back E MF, circuit model, power balance, calculation of torque and speed, armature and field control, DC motor starting, calculation of efficiency. Single phase induction motor, principle of operation, torque speed characteristi cs, twophase motors, split phase motor, universal motor, two value capacitance m otor, stepper motors ~variable reluctance stepper motor single stack and multist ackpermanent magnet stepper motor~drive concepts unipolar drive circuit, bipolar drive circuit calculation Synchronous machines, construction, principle of operation, phasor diagram volta ge equation, Open circuit and short circuit characteristics, voltage regulation, induction motor, construction, circuit model, torque slip characteristics, star ting , speed controlslip control , frequency control Concept of stability ~Necessary condition ~RH criterion ~Relative stability ~Nyq uist stability criterion ~Stability from Bode plot ~Relative stability from Nyqu ist And Bode ~Closed loop frequency response. Concept of state ~State Variable And State Model ~State models for linear And co ntinuous time systems ~Solution of state And output equation ~controllability An d observability. L Correlation between Time And Frequency response ~Polar plots ~Bode Plots ~Determ ination of Transfer Function from Bode plot. Definition And classification of system ~terminology And structure of feedback c ontrol theory Analogous systems ~Physical system representation by Differential equations ~Block diagram reduction~Signal flow graphs. Standard test signals ~Steady state error And error constants ~Time Response of I and II order system ~Root locus ~Rules for sketching root loci. Coulomb s Law ~electric field intensity ~Field due to point and continuous charges ~Gauss s law and its applications ~electrical potential ~Electric field and equip otential plots ~electric field in free space, conductors, dielectric ~dielectric polarization. Electric field in multiple dielectrics ~boundary conditions, Pois son s and Laplace s equations ~Capacitance ~Energy density ~Dielectric strength ~App lications. Faraday s law, induced emf ~transformer and motional EMF, Maxwell s equations (diffe rential and integral forms)~Displacement current ~Applications ~Relation between field theory and circuit theory. Generation ~electro magnetic wave equations ~Wave parameters; velocity, intrinsi c impedance, propagation constant ~Waves in free space, lossy and lossless diele ctrics, conductors ~skin depth, Poynting vector ~Plane wave reflection and refra ction ~Applications Lorentz Law of force, magnetic field intensity ~Biot ~Savart Law ~Ampere s Law ~Ma gnetic field due to straight conductors, circular loop, infinite sheet of curren t ~Magnetic flux density (B) ~B in free space, conductor, magnetic materials. Ma gnetization Magnetic field in multiple media ~Boundary conditions ~Scalar and ve ctor potential ~Magnetic force ~Torque ~Inductance ~Energy density ~Magnetic cir cuits ~Applications. Sources and effects of electromagnetic fields ~Vector fields ~Different co ordin ate systems ~Vector calculus ~Gradient, Divergence and Curl ~Divergence theorem ~Stoke s theorem. Functional elements of an instrument ~Static and dynamic characteristics ~Errors in measurement ~Statistical evaluation of measurement data ~Standards and calib ration. PARAMETERS Measurement of Pressure Comparison with known dead weights ~Temperatu re Thermocouple ~pyrometers ~Flow Flow meters ~Rotameters ~Electromagnetic flow metres ~Level Mechanical, Electrical and optical level indicators ~Speed tachome ters ~stroboscopic methods, gyroscopes ~Acceleration, HumidityWet and dry bulb h ygrometer ~Dunmore and pope cells, conductivity cells. Principle and types of analog voltmeters, ammeters, multimeters ~Single and thre e phase wattmeters and energy meters ~Magnetic measurements Instrument transfor mers ~Instruments for measurement of frequency and phase. Principles, Classification of sensors and transducers ~Selection of transducers ~Resistive, capacitive And inductive transducers ~Piezoelectric, optical and dig ital transducers ~Basic Instrumentation Amplifier, Sample and Hold Circuit, A/D and D/A converters Resistance measurement Conventional methods, Wheatstone bridge, sensitivity of w heatstone bridge ~Kelvin s bridges ~Kelvin s double bridge method ~Measurement of hi gh resistance ~megohm bridge method ~Inductance measurement Maxwell s inductance b ridge ~Maxwell s LC bridge ~Hay s bridge ~Anderson s bridge ~Capacitance measurement D e Sauty s bridge ~Schering bridge ~Measurement of frequency Wien s bridge. Analysis of asynchronous sequential machines, state assignment, asynchronous des ign problem. Boolean algebra De Morgan s theorem, switching functions and simplification using Kmaps And Quine McCluskey method, Design of adder, subtractor, comparators, code converters, encoders, decoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Flip flops ~SR, D, JK and T. Analysis of synchronous sequential circuits; design of synchronous sequential circuits ~Counters, state diagram; state reduction; s tate assignment. 10 [ Memories ROM, PROM, EPROM, PLA, PLD, FPGA, digital logic families TTL, ECL, CMOS . RTL Design ~combinational logic ~Types ~Operators ~Packages ~Sequential circuit ~Sub programs ~Test benches. (Examples adders, counters, flipflops, FSM, Multipl exers / Demltiplexers). DC motor starters using voltage sensing relays, current sensing relays and time delay relays ~wound rotor induction motor starters ~starters using frequency se nsing relays ~DOI starter and auto transformers starter. DC motor starters using voltage sensing relays, current sensing relays and time delay relays ~wound rotor induction motor starters ~starters using frequency se nsing relays ~DOI starter and auto transformers starter. DC motor starters using voltage sensing relays, current sensing relays and time delay relays ~wound rotor induction motor starters ~starters using frequency sen sing relays ~DOL starter and auto transformers starter. DC shunt motors ~Speed Torque characteristics ~Ward Leonard method, DC series mo tor ~series parallel control ~solid state DC drives ~Thyristor bridge rectifier circuitschopper circuits. DC shunt motors ~Speed Torque characteristics ~Ward Leonard method, DC series mo tor ~series parallel control ~solid state DC drives ~Thyristor bridge rectifier circuitschopper circuits. DCshunt motors ~Speed Torque characteristics ~Ward Leonard method, DC series mot or ~series parallel control ~solid state DC drives ~Thyristor bridge rectifier c ircuits~chopper circuits. Fundamentals of electric drives ~advances of electric drive characteristics of l oads ~different types of mechanical loads ~choice of an electric drive ~control circuit components Fuses, switches, circuit breakers, contactors. Relay ~control transformers. Fundamentals of electric drives ~advances of electric drive characteristics of l oads ~different types of mechanical loads ~choice of an electric drive ~control circuit components Fuses, switches, circuit breakers, contactors. Relay ~control transformers. Fundamentals of electric drives ~advances of electric drive characteristics of l oads ~different types of mechanical loads ~choice of an electric drive ~control circuit components Fuses, switches, circuit breakers, contactors. Relay ~control transformers. Induction motor ~Speed torque Characteristics ~pole changing, stator frequency v ariation ~slip ring induction motor ~stator voltage variation ~Rotor resistance variation, slip power recovery ~basic inverter circuits~variable voltage frequen cy control. Induction motor ~Speed torque Characteristics ~pole changing, stator frequency v ariation ~slip ring induction motor ~stator voltage variation ~Rotor resistance variation, slip power recovery ~basic inverter circuits~variable voltage frequen cy control. Induction motor ~Speed torque Characteristics ~pole changing, stator frequency v ariation ~slip ring induction motor ~stator voltage variation ~Rotor resistance variation, slip power recovery ~basic inverter circuits~variable voltage frequen cy control. Load diagram, over load capacity, insulating materials, heating and cooling of m otors, service condition of electric drive ~continuous, intermittent and short t ime ~industrial application. Load diagram, over load capacity, insulating materials, heating and cooling of m otors, service condition of electric drive ~continuous, intermittent and short t ime ~industrial application. Load diagram, over load capacity, insulating materials, heating and cooling of m otors, service condition of electric drive ~continuous, intermittent and short t ime ~industrial application. Control rectifiers ~single phase and three phase circuits ~choppers ~step up and step down choppers ~A.C. Voltage controllers. Single phase and three phase A.C. Voltage controllers, Inverters Voltage source and current source inverters (Ele mentary Treatment only). D.C. Motor Types, speed ~torque characteristics. Starting ~braking ~speed contro l Armature voltage ~field current control ~Ward Leonard methods ~Four quadrant o peration. Converter fed separately excited D.C. motor drive ~chopper fed D.C. mo tor drive (Continuous current operation only). Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, advantages of Electrical Drives. Choice of an Electric Drive ~characteristics of loads. Components of an Electric Drive Elect rical Motors ~power converters (AC to DC, DC to DC, DC to AC, AC to AC) ~Control units (Fuses, Switches, Circuit breakers, contactors and relays). Equations gov erning motor load dynamics ~equilibrium operating point and its steady state sta bility. Load diagram, heating and cooling of motors ~classes of motor duty. Determinatio n of rating for continuous, intermittent and short time duty cycles. Principle of operation of 3 phase induction motor ~equivalent circuit ~Slip ~tor que characteristic ~starting methods star ~Delta starter, Auto transformer start er, Rotor resistance starter, Speed control Stator voltage control, frequency co ntrol, rotor resistance control, slip power recovery scheme. Inverter fed 3 phas e induction motor drive v/f control, Rotor resistance control, slip power recove ry controls. Construction of DC machines ~theory of operation of DC generators ~characteristi cs of DC generators. Operating principle of DC motors ~types of DC motors and th eir characteristics ~speed control of DC motors. Construction of single phase motors ~types of single phase motors ~double revolv ing field theory ~starting methods ~capacitor start capacitor run motors ~shaded pole ~repulsion type. Principle of operation of three phase induction motors ~c onstruction ~types ~equivalent circuit ~starting and speed control. Introduction ~transformer principle of operation ~transformer no load phasor dia gram ~EMF equation of a transformer ~transformer on load phasor diagram ~transfo rmer construction ~equivalent circuit of a transformer ~regulation of a transfor mer ~transformer losses and efficiency auto transformers. Three phase supply ~s tar connection ~Delta connection ~power in three phase systems ~measurement of p ower in three phase systems ~comparison of star and delta ~advantages Principles of alternator ~construction details ~types ~equation of induced EMF ~ voltage regulation. Methods of starting of synchronous motors ~torque equation ~ V curves ~synchronous condensers . Structure of electrical Power system typical AC power supply scheme types of p ower plants Variable load on Power plants Interconnected grid systemtransmissio n And distribution of electrical energy over head Vs Underground system Protec tion of power system substation types of tariff power factor improvement Insulators Types, voltage distribution in insulator string and grading, improve ment of string efficiency. Underground cables Introduction Types of cables, Capa citance of Single core cable, Grading of cables, Power factor and heating of cab les, Capacitance of 3 core belted cable, D.C cables Classification of lines Short line, medium line and long line; equivalent circui ts, attenuation constant, phase constant, surge impedance; transmission efficien cy and voltage regulation; real and reactive power flow in lines Power angle dia gram; surgeimpedance loading, shunt and series compensation; Ferranti effect and corona loss. Mechanical design of transmission line ~sag and tension calculations for differe nt weather conditions ~Methods of grounding ~Peterson coil ~Substation layout To wer Spotting Parameters of single and three phase transmission lines with single and double c ircuits Resistance, inductance and capacitance of solid, stranded and bundled co nductors Symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing and transposition; application of self and mutual GMD; skin and proximity effects; interference with neighbouring communication circuits. Typical configuration, conductor types and electrical p arameters of 400, 220, 110,6 and 3 kV lines. Structure of electric power system generation, transmission and distribution; Ty pes of AC and DC distributors ~distributed and concentrated loads ~interconnecti on ~HVDC and EHV AC transmission 8085 PROCESSOR 9 8085Functional block diagram ~Signals~Memory interfacing ~I/O p orts and data transfer concepts ~Timing Diagram ~Interrupt structure, 8086 Archi tecture. Data Transfer, Manipulation, Control And I/O instructions ~Simple programming ex ercises key board and display interface ~Closed loop control of DC shunt motor~s tepper motor control. Functional block diagram ~Instruction format and addressing modes ~Interrupt str ucture ~Timer I/O ports ~Serial communication, Simple programming. Instruction format and addressing modes ~Assembly language format ~Data transfer , data manipulation And control instructions ~Programming Loop structure with co unting And Indexing ~Look up table ~Subroutine instructions stack. 16 Study of Architecture and programming of ICs: 8255 PPI, 8259 PIC, 8251 USART, 82 79 Key board display controller and 8253 Timer/ Counter ~Interfacing with 8085 ~ A/D and D/A converter interfacing. Construction ~principle of operation ~ideal transformer ~equivalent circuit ~te sting and efficiency ~voltage regulation ~auto transformer ~three phase connecti ons ~parallel operation of transformers ~phase conversion ~tap changing ~harmoni cs ~threewinding transformers ~applications. 17 Flux linkage, inductance and energy ~time varying and rotational induced emf's ~losses ~conservation of energy ~energy and co energy ~force and torque ~singly and doubly excited systems ~reluctance and mutual torque. Armature windings D.C Machine ~armature winding (lap and wave connection), field winding ~MMF pattern of commutator winding and field winding. A.C Machine (sing lephase and three phase) ~concentrated and distributed windings ~single ~layer a nd double layer windings ~distribution and pitch factors ~MMF pattern for altern ating and rotating fields ~concept of space phasors ~EMF and torque equations. Construction ~EMF and torque equation of generator ~armature reaction ~commutati on ~methods of excitation ~equivalent circuits ~characteristics of generators ~p arallel operation ~EMF and torque equation of motor ~principle of operation ~cha racteristics of motors. Starting and speed control ~testing and efficiency ~braking ~applications ~Perma nent Magnet DC Machines. Classification of systems Continuous, discrete, linear, causal, stable, dynamic, recursive, time variance; classification of signals continuous and discrete, en ergy and power; mathematical representation of signals; spectral density; sampli ng techniques, quantization, quantization error, Nyquist rate, aliasing effect. Digital signal representation. 18 DFTproperties, magnitude and phase representation ~Computation of DFTusing FFTal gorithm ~DIT And DIF ~FFTusing radix 2 ~Butterfly structure. FIR And IIR filter realization ~Parallel And cascade forms. FIR design Windowing Techniques ~Need and choice of windows ~Linear phase characteristics. IIR desig n Analog filter design ~Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations; digital design using impulse invariant and bilinear transformation ~Warping, prewarping ~Frequ ency transformation. Introduction ~Architecture ~Features ~Addressing Formats ~Functional modes ~Intr oduction to Commercial Processors Z transform and its properties, inverse z transforms; difference equation ~Solut ion by z transform, application to discrete systems ~Stability analysis, frequen cy response ~Convolution ~Fourier transform of discrete sequence ~Discrete Fouri er series. Wave analyzers ~Signal and function generators ~Distortion factor meter ~Q mete r ~Digital voltmeter and multimeter ~DMM with auto ranging and self diagnostic f eatures ~Frequency and Time interval measurements. Cathode ray oscilloscope ~Classification ~Sampling and storage scopes ~Seven seg ment and dot matrix displays ~X Y recorders ~Magnetic tape recorders ~Data logge rs. Electrodynamic type wattmeter ~Theory and its errors ~Methods of correction ~LPF wattmeter ~Induction type wattmeter ~Phantom loading ~Induction type kWh meter ~Theory and adjustments ~Calibration of wattmeter and energy meters. Student type potentiometer ~Precision potentiometer ~A.C. Potentiometers~Polar a nd Co ordinate types ~Applications ~Instrument Transformer Construction and theo ry of Current Transformers and Potential Transformers and Phasor diagrams. Types of ammeters and voltmeters ~PMMC Instruments ~Moving Iron Instruments ~Dyn amometer type Instruments ~Resistance measurement~Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin doub le bridge and Direct deflection methods. Measurement of Inductance~Maxwell Wein bridge, Hay s bridge and Anderson bridge ~Measurement of capacitance~Schering brid ge . 13 Concept of state variable ~State models for linear And continuous time systems ~ State variable realizations ~Solution of state equation. Definition And classification of system ~terminology And structure of feedback c ontrol theory ~Differential equation of physical systems ~Block diagram algebra ~Signal flow graphs. Dependent and independent sources ~Kirchoff s laws ~mesh current and node voltage methods ~theorems ~Thevenin s ~Norton s ~superposition ~maximum power transfer~Phaso rs ~sinusoidal steady state response of simple RLC circuits. Frequency response ~Bode plots Time Response analysis of II order system ~Time and frequency domain specifications. Principles of operation of single phase transformers ~equivalent circuits ~effic iency ~DC motor ~principle of operation ~torque equation ~load characteristics o f DC shunt motor ~single phase induction motor ~double field revolving theory ~e quivalent circuits ~starting methods. 2 pulse / 3 pulse and 6 pulse converters ~Effect of source inductance ~performan ce parameters ~Reactive power control of converters ~Dual converters. Overview of switching devices ~Driver and snubber circuit of SCR TRIAC, GTO, IGB T, MOSFET ~Computer simulation of PE circuits. Single phase AC voltage controllers ~Multistage sequence control ~single phase a nd three phase cycloconverters ~power factor control ~Matrix converters. Single phase and three phase [120 Degree and 180 DEgree mode] inverters PWM te chniques inverters ~PWM techniques ~Sinusoidal PWM, Modified sinusoidal PWM and multiple PWM ~Voltage and harmonic control ~Series resonant inverter ~current so urce inverter. Stepdown and stepup chopper ~Forced commutation techniques ~Time ratio control a nd current limit control ~Switching mode regulators Buck, Boost, Buck Boost ~con cept of resonant switching. Description of power system stability problem; importance of stability analysis in power system planning and operation; classification of power system stabilit y. Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system Development of swing equation; powe r angle equation; Equal Area Criterion; determination of critical clearing angle and time; algorithm for numerical solution of swing equation using modified Eul er method; usage of numerical algorithm for determination of critical clearing t ime by trial and error ~digital simulation. L Importance of power flow analysis in planning and operation of power systems; Po wer flow problem Description of the problem, classification of buses into P Q bu ses, P V (voltage controlled) buses and slack bus. Power flow equations and solu tion Development of power flow model in complex variable form, Iterative solutio n using Gauss Seidel and Newton Raphson methods including Q limit check for volt agecontrolled buses, flow chart~numerical examples. Overview of Power System Analysis Importance of system planning and operational analysis; Distinction between steady state, quasi steady state and transient ana lysis; Per phase analysis of symmetrical three phase system, single line diagram , per unit representation; different models for generator, load and transmission lines based on the analysis of interest ~p equivalent circuit of transformer wi th off nominal tap ratio. Primitive network and its matrices, bus admittance matrix formation by inspectio n method and singularity transformation method, bus impedance matrix formation b y L U factorisation of bus admittance matrix and by building algorithm. Symmetri cal component transformation, sequence impedances and sequence networks. Symmetrical short circuits Thevenin s theorem and applications, short circuit anal ysis ~numerical examples. Short circuit capacity ~circuit breaker selection. Uns ymmetrical short circuits Derivation of fault current for LG, LL, LLG short circ uits and development of interconnection of sequence networks. 555 Timer circuit ~Functional block, characteristics And applications; 566 volta ge controlled oscillator circuit; 565 phase lock loop circuit functioning and ap plications, Analog multiplier ICs. First and second order active filters Oscillators ~Waveform generator ~Schmitt trigger ~multivibrator. 24 Fundamentals of monolithic ICs technology ~realization Ideal OP AMP characteris tics, DC characteristics, AC characteristics, offset voltage and current voltage series feedback and shunt feedback amplifiers, differential amplifier; frequenc y response of OP AMP; IC voltage regulators ~LM317, 723 regulators ~Switched capacitor filters ~switch ing regulator, MA 7840, LM 380 power amplifier, ICL 8038 function generator IC, isolation amplifiers, opto coupler, opto electronic ICs. Summer, differentiator and integrator ~Voltage comparators ~Instrumentation ampl ifier, V/I And I/V converters, clippers, clampers, peak detector, S/H circuit, D /A converter (R 2R ladder and weighted resistor types), A/D converter ~Dual slop e, successive approximation and flash types. Single phase induction motor ~double revolving field theory ~testing, equivalen t circuit and performance analysis ~starting methods ~universal motor. L=45 T=15 Construction ~types ~generator and motor action ~theory of cylindrical rotor mac hines ~armature reaction and synchronous reactance ~emf and power equation ~sync hronization ~synchronizing power and parallel operation ~two reaction theory of salient pole machines and determination of direct axis and quadrature axis react ance. Construction ~types ~principle of operation of motor ~emf, torque and power flow equations ~torque and speed curves ~double cage motor and equivalent circuit ~s ynchronous induction motor ~induction generator. Induction motor testing, equivalent circuit and circle diagram ~losses and effic iency ~performance characteristics ~harmonics, cogging and crawling ~starting me thods ~speed control methods ~braking ~temperature rise and insulation ~energy e fficient motors. 25 Pre determination of voltage regulation ~synchronous machine on infinite bus bar s ~V curves and inverted V curves of motor and generator ~steady state operating characteristics ~hunting ~short circuit transients ~synchronous condenser actio n. The role of Algorithms in computing ~Getting Started ~Growth of functions. Divi de and Conquer ~Dynamic Programming ~Greedy Algorithm ~Backtracking ~Branch and Bound ~Randomized Algorithms Elementary Graph Algorithms ~Minimum Spanning Trees ~Single source Shortest Path s ~All Pairs Shortest Paths. Problem solving Techniques and Examples ~Abstract Data Type (ADT) ~The List ADT ~Arrays ~Stacks and Queues Implementation and Applications. Sorting by Selection ~Sorting by Insertion ~Sorting by Exchange ~Sorting by Dimi nishing Increment ~Heap Sort ~Heaps ~Maintaining the Heap Property ~Building a H eap ~Heap Sort Algorithm ~Quick Sort ~Description ~Performance of quick sort ~An alysis of Quick Sort.. Hashing ~General Idea ~Hash Functions ~Separate Chaining ~Open Addressing ~Rehashing ~Extendible Hashing. Trees Preliminaries ~Binary Tree ~Tree Traversals ~Binary Search Trees ~AVL Tree s. Apparatus protection ~transformer, generator, motor ~protection of bus bars and transmission lines. Operating principles of relays, the universal relay, torque equation, relay char acteristics, electromagnetic relays ~over current, directional, distance and dif ferential relays, negative sequence relays, static relays ~amplitude and phase c omparators, Introduction to numerical relays. Physics of arc phenomena and arc interruption. Restriking voltage and recovery v oltage, rate of rise of recovery voltage, resistance switching, current chopping , interruption of capacitive current, DC circuit breaking. Principles and need for protective schemes ~nature and causes of faults ~types o f faults ~fault current calculation using symmetrical components ~earthing ~Zone s of protection and essential qualities of protection ~Protection schemes ~CTs a nd PTs and their applications. Types of Circuit Breakers ~Air blast, air break, oil, SF6 and Vacuum circuit bre akers ~Comparison of different circuit breakers. PIC microcontroller ~MBasic compiler and Development boards ~The Basic Output a nd digital input ~Applications L Intel I/O instructions ~Synchronization ~Transfer rate, latency; interrupt drive n input and output ~Nonmaskable interrupts, software interrupts, Preventing inte rrupts overrun ~Disability interrupts. Multithreaded programming Context Switch ing, Preemptive and non preemptive multitasking, semaphores. Scheduling thread s tates, pending threads, context switching Introduction to basic concepts of RTOS, Unix as a Real Time Operating system ~Un ix based Real Time operating system ~Windows as a Real time operating system ~PO SIX ~RTOS Interrupt handling ~A Survey of contemporary Real time Operating syste msPSOS, VRTX, VxWorks, QNX, ?C/OS II, RT Linux ~Benchmarking Real time systems ~ Basics, Introduction to embedded real time systems ~The build process for embedded syste ms ~Types of memory ~Memory management methods. 31 Structural units in processor , selection of processor And memory devices ~DMA ~ I/O devices timer And counting devices ~Serial communication using I2C , CAN US B buses ~Parallel communication using ISA , PCI ,PCI/X buses ~Device drivers Causes of over voltages and their effects on power system ~Lightning, switching and temporary over voltages ~protection against over voltages ~Insulation coordi nation ~BIL. Gaseous breakdown in uniform and non uniform fields ~corona discharges ~Vacuum b reakdown ~conduction and breakdown in pure and commercial liquids ~breakdown mec hanisms in solid and composite dielectrics. Generation of high DC, AC, impulse voltages and currents, tripping and control o f impulse generators. High voltage testing of electrical power apparatus ~power frequency, impulse vol tage and DC testing ~International and Indian standards. Measurement of high voltages and high currents, digital techniques in high volta ge measurement. Energy control centre Functions ~Monitoring, data acquisition and control. Syste m hardware configuration ~SCADA and introduction to EMS functions Network topolo gy determination, state estimation, security analysis and control. Various opera ting states Normal, alert, emergency, in extremis and restorative. State transit ion diagram showing various state transitions and control strategies. Fundamentals of speed governing mechanism and modeling Speed load characteristic s ~Load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel; concept of control area, LFC control of a single area system Static and dynamic analysis of uncont rolled and controlled cases, Economic Dispatch Control. Multi area systems Two a rea system modeling; static analysis, uncontrolled case; tie line with frequency bias control of twoarea system derivation, state variable model. Statement of Unit Commitment (UC) problem; constraints in UC spinning reserve, t hermal unit constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and other constrain ts; UC solution methods Priority list method, forward dynamic programming approa ch, Incremental cost curve, co ordination equations without loss and with loss, solution by direct method and ? iteration method. Base point and participation f actors. Economic dispatch controller added to LFC control. System load variation System load characteristics, load curves ~daily, weekly an d annual, load~duration curve, load factor, diversity factor. Reserve requiremen ts Installed reserves, spinning reserves, cold reserves, hot reserves. Overview of system operation Load forecasting, unit commitment, load dispatching. Overvie w of system control Governor control, LFC, EDC, AVR, system voltage control, sec urity control. Typical excitation system, modeling, static and dynamic analysis, stability comp ensation; generation and absorption of reactive power Relation between voltage, power and reactive power at a node; methods of voltage control ~shunt reactors ~ shunt capacitors ~series capacitors ~synchronous condensers ~static var systems~ Tap changing transformer ~System level voltage control. Application Layer Domain Name System ~Electronic Mail ~Telnet ~FTP ~SNMP ~World Wide Web ~Web Services ~Multimedia Applications. Cryptography ~Symmetric key Algorithms ~Public key Algorithms ~Digital Signature s ~Management of Public Keys ~Communication Security ~Selected Authentication pr otocols ~e mail Security ~Web Security ~Social Issues. Network Hardware ~Reference Models OSI, TCP/IP ~Network Standardization. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Data Link Layer Design Issues ~Error Detectio n and Correction ~Elementary Data Link Protocols ~Sliding Window Protocols ~HDLC . Medium Access Control Sublayer Channel Allocation Problem ~Multiple Access Pro tocols ~Ethernet ~Wireless LANs ~Data Link Layer Switching. Simple Internetworking ~IP ~ARP~DHCP ~ICMP. Network Layer Design Issues ~Routing Algorithms ~Congestion Control Algorithms ~Internetworking ~IP Protocol ~IP Add resses ~Mobile IP ~IPv6. Transport Layer Transport Service ~Elements of Transport Protocols ~Internet Tra nsport Protocols UDP ~TCP. 35 Construction details ~output equation ~main dimensions~Choice of specific loadin gs ~choice of number of poles~armature design ~design of field poles and field c oils ~design of commutator and brushes. Construction details of A.C. machines ~output equation ~main dimensions~Choice o f specific loadings design of stator ~design of squirrel cage and slip ring rot orequivalent circuit parameter from design data ~Short circuit ratio~design of r otor of cylindrical pole and salient pole machines. Construction details of core and shell type transformers ~output rating of singl e phase and three phase transformers ~optimum design of transformers ~design of yoke, core and winding for core and shell type transformers equivalent circuit p arameters from design data~Design of tank and cooling tubes of transformers. 36 Need for computer aided design ~Analysis method ~Synthesis method ~Introduction to analysis of Electric machine parameters using FEM. Standard specification of frame size, conductors and insulation ~Magnetization a nd loss curves ~Choice of specific loadings~Heating and cooling of electrical ma chines. CRO~Storage oscilloscope ~Digital voltage meter (DVM) Digital multi meter ~XY R ecorder, Strip chart recorder ~Digital recording~Data logger ~Introduction to vi rtual instrumentation. Dissolved Analyzer Conductivity meter ~pH meter ~Dissolved oxygen analyser ~Sodi um analyser ~Silica analyser ~Turbidity meter ~Gas analyser ~NOx analyser ~H2S a nalyser~CO and CO2 monitor, Dust And Smoke measurement. Flow meters ~Variable head type flow meter ~Orifice plate ~Venture tube ~Positiv e displacement flow meter Nutating disc, Reciprocating piston, oval gear and hel ix type flow meter ~Rota meter ~Mass flow meters. Mechanical type vibration measuring instruments ~Seismic instruments as an accel erometer ~Vibrometers ~Viscosity ~Saybolt viscometer. Humidity ~Hot wire electro type hygrometer ~Dew cell~Electrolysis type hygrometer. Unit of Pressure ~Manometers~Different types, ~Elastic type pressure gauges ~Bou rdon tube ~Bellows ~Diaphragm ~Elastic elements with L VDT and strain gauge ~Cap acitive type pressure gauge ~Measurement of vacuum ~McLeod gauge ~Thermal conduc tivity gauge ~lonisation gauge. Equations governing motor load dynamics ~steady state stability ~multi quadrant Dynamics acceleration, deceleration, starting And stopping ~typical load torque characteristics. Stator voltage control ~energy efficient drive ~v/f control ~constant air gap fl ux ~field weakening mode ~voltage / current fed inverter ~closed loop control. Steady state analysis of the single and three phase converter fed separately exc ited DC motor drive ~continuous and discontinuous conduction ~Time ratio and cur rent limit control ~4 quadrant operation of converter / chopper fed drive. Transfer function for DC motor / load and converter ~closed loop control with cu rrent and speed feedback ~armature voltage control and field weakening mode cont rol design of controllers; current controller and speed controller converter sel ection and characteristics. V/f control and self control of synchronous motor Margin angle control and power factor control ~permanent magnet synchronous motor. 39 Economics of Electric power supply ~General rule for charging the energy ~Econom ical cross section of a conductor ~Ratings of a motor ~temperature rise in a mot or ~power factor improvement ~methods of reducing power factor occurrence ~Econo mic choice of equipment ~energy management ~energy auditing ~power quality ~effe ct on conservation. Fundamentals of Electric drive ~choice of an Electric Motor ~Application of moto rs for particular services. Traction Motors ~Characteristic features of Traction motor ~Systems of railway electrification ~Electric Braking ~Train movement and energy consumption ~Traction Motor control ~Track equipment and collection gear . Introduction ~advantages of Electric heating ~Modes of heat transfer ~Methods of electric heating ~Resistance heating ~Arc furnaces ~Induction heating ~Dielectr ic heating. Electric welding ~Types ~Resistance welding ~Arc welding ~Radiation welding ~Requirements of good weld ~Preparation of work ~Electrodes ~Power suppl y for arc welding. Introduction ~Definition and meaning of terms used in illumination Engineering ~ Classification of light sources. Incandescent lamps, sodium vapour lamps, mercur y vapour lamps, fluorescent lamps ~Design of illumination systems ~Indoor lighti ng schemes ~factory lighting halls ~outdoor lighting schemes ~flood lighting ~st reet lighting ~Energy saving lamps. Introduction ~Refrigeration cycle ~Refrigeration system ~Types of refrigerants ~ Domestic refrigerator ~Water coolers ~Air conditioning systems ~Air conditioning cycle ~Classification of air conditioning systems ~Central system ~Unitary syst ems ~Load estimation ~Heating of building. 40 Fibre optic sensors ~Fibre optic instrumentation system ~Different types of modu lators ~Detectors ~Application in instrumentation ~Interferometric method of mea surement of length ~Moire fringes ~Measurement of pressure, temperature, current , voltage, liquid level and strain ~Fibre optic gyroscope ~Polarization ~Maintai ning fibres. Fundamental characteristics of laser ~Three level and four level lasers ~Propert ies of lasers ~Laser modes ~Resonator configuration ~Q ~switching and mode locki ng ~Cavity dumping ~Types of laser ~Gas laser, solid laser, liquid laser, semi c onductor laser. Holography ~Basic principle, methods ~Holographic interferometry and application s ~Holography for non destructive testing ~Holographic components ~Medical appli cation of lasers ~Laser and tissue interaction ~Laser instruments for surgery ~R emoval of tumors of vocal cords, brain surgery, plastic surgery, gyaenocology an d oncology. L 45 Laser for measurement of distance, length, velocity, acceleration, current, volt age, and atmospheric effect ~Material processing ~Laser heating, welding, meltin g and trimming materials, removal and vaporization. Principles of light propagation through a fibre ~Different types of fibres and t heir properties ~Transmission characteristics of optical fibre ~Absorption losse s ~Scattering losses ~Dispersion ~Optical fibre measurement ~Optical sources ~LE D, LD, PIN, APD ~Optical detectors. ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG ~Lead systems and recording methods ~Typical waveforms. Cardiac pacemakers ~Defibrillators ~Ventilators ~Surgical diathermy ~Heart lung machine ~Laser in surgery and medicine. L Measurement of blood pressure ~Ultra sound blood flow meter ~Blood flow cardiac output ~Heart rate, heart sound, measurement of gas volume, flow rate of CO2 and O2 in exhaust air, pH of blood. Review of human anatomy and physiology of heart, lungs, eye and nervous systems ~Introduction to different types of bioelectric potentials ~Action and resting p otentials ~Propagation of action potentials ~Components of biomedical instrument ation system ~Different type of electrodes, sensors used in biomedicine ~Selecti on criteria for transducer and electrodes. X ray machine ~Computer tomography ~Magnetic resonance imaging system ~Positron emission tomography and endoscopy ~Introduction to telemetry systems ~Different types of telemetry systems. Brief survey of methods of power generation hydro, thermal, nuclear, solar and w ind power ~Importance of Instrumentation in power generation ~Thermal power plan ts ~Building blocks ~Details of Boiler processes ~P And I diagram of Boiler ~Cog eneration. Combustion control ~Air/fuel ratio control ~Furnace draft control ~Drum level co ntrol ~Main steam and reheat steam temperature control ~Super heater control ~At temperator ~Deaerator control ~Distributed control system in power plants ~Inter locks in boiler operation. Electrical measurements~Current, Voltage, Power, Frequency, Power factor ~Nonele ctrical parameters~Flow of feed water, fuel, air and steam with correction facto r for temperature ~Steam pressure and steam temperature ~Drum level measurement ~Radiation detector ~Smoke density measurement ~Dust monitor. Fuel gas oxygen analyzer ~Analysis of impurities in feed water and steam ~Dissol ved oxygen analyzer ~Chromatography ~pH meter ~fuel analyzer ~Pollution monitori ng instruments. Speed, Vibration, shell temperature monitoring and control ~Steam pressure contr ol ~Lubricant oil temperature control ~Cooling system. L Chemical from petroleum ~Methane derivatives ~Acetylene derivatives ~Ethylene de rivatives ~Propylene derivatives ~Other products. Parameters to be measured in refinery and petrochemical industry ~Selection and maintenance of measuring instruments ~Protection types for instruments. Petroleum exploration ~Recovery techniques ~Oil ~Gas separation processing wet g ases ~Refining of crude oil. Process control in refinery and petrochemical industry ~Control of distillation column ~Control of catalytic crackers and pyrolysis unit ~Automatic control of p olyethylene production ~Control of vinyl chloride and PVC production. Thermal cracking ~Catalytic cracking ~Catalytic reforming ~polymerisation ~Alkyl ation ~Isomerization ~Production of ethylene, acetylene and propylene from petro leum. Introduction ~Users ~Definitions ~Auto tuning ~Types of adaptive control Gain s cheduling controller ~Model reference adaptive control schemes ~Self tuning cont roller ~MRAC and STC~Approaches ~The Gradient approach ~Lyapunov functions ~Pass ivity theory~pole placement method ~Minimum variance control ~Predictive control . Linear Regression~The Least square estimate ~Best linear unbiased estimation und er linear constraints ~Updating the Parameter estimates for linear regression mo dels ~Prediction error methods~Description of Prediction error methods ~Optimal Prediction ~Relationships between prediction error methods and other identificat ion methods ~theoretical analysis. Instrumental variable methods~Description of Instrumental variable methods ~Theoretical analysis ~covariance matrix of IV est imates ~Comparison of optimal IV and prediction error methods. Nonparametric methods~Transient analysis ~frequency analysis ~Correlation analys is ~Spectral analysis. Stability ~Convergence ~Robustness ~Application of adaptive control. L The recursive least squares method ~Recursive Instrumental variable method the r ecursive prediction error method model validation and model structure determinat ion. Identification of systems operating in closed loop~Identifiability consider ations ~Direct identification ~Indirect identification ~Joint input ~Output iden tification. 49 Circuit modeling of MEMS~Resonator equivalent circuit, Thermal Circuits and Flui dic Circuits ~Signal Conditioning Circuits~Op Amp models and Circuits, transisto r level design ~Electronic and Mechanical Noise~Electronic noise sources, Browni an motion noise, circuit noise calculation procedure, SNR and dynamic range. 54 Elasticity, stress, strain and material properties, Bending of thin plates, Spri ng configurations, torsional deflection, Mechanical vibration, Resonance ~Thermo mechanics ~Actuators, force and response time, Fracture and thin film mechanics , material, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) . Electrostatics~basic theory, electro static instability, Surface tension, gap an d finger pull up ~Electro static actuators ~Comb generators ~Gap closers ~Rotary motors ~Inch worms ~Electromagnetic actuators ~Bistable actuators. MEMS and Microsystems~Miniaturization and Typical products ~Micro Sensors, Micro actuation ~MEMS with micro actuators ~Microaccelorometers and Micro fluidics ~M EMS materials ~Microfabrication. Microbridge gas sensors ~Piezoelectric rate gyroscope ~Capacitive Accelerometer ~Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor ~Thermal Sensors~Radiation Sensors, Mechanical S ensors and Bio Chemical Sensors. Introduction to life testing, destructive and non destructive tests, estimation of parameters for exponential and Weibull distributions, component reliability a nd MIL standards. Maintainability~Definition, basic concepts, relationship between reliability, ma intainability and availability, corrective maintenance time distributions and ma intainability demonstration ~Design considerations for maintainability ~Availabi lity and reliability relationship. Reliability~Definition and basic concepts, block diagrams, failure data, failure modes, reliability in terms of hazard rates and failure density function. Hazar d models and bath tub curve. Applicability of Weibull distribution. Reliability ca lculation for series, parallel series and K out of M systems. Safety Causes of failure and unreliability, measurement and prediction of human reliability, human reliability and operator training ~Reliability and safety Saf ety margins in critical devices ~Origins of consumerism and importance of produc t knowledge, product safety, product liability and product safety improvement pr ogram. Use of redundancy and system reliability improvement methods ~Maintenance~OBJECT IVES, types of maintenance, preventive, condition based and reliability centered maintenance ~Terotechnology, Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). Addition and subtraction of signed numbers ~Design of fast adders ~multiplicati on of positive numbers ~Signed operand multiplication and fast multiplication ~I nteger division ~Floating point numbers and operations. Accessing I/O devices ~Interrupts ~Direct Memory Access ~Buses ~Interface Circui ts ~Standard I/O Interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB). L Basic concepts ~Semiconductor RAMs, ROMs ~Speed, size and cost ~cache memories ~ Performance consideration ~Virtual memory ~Memory management requirements ~Secon dary storage. 44 Functional units ~Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structures, Software Performan ce ~Memory locations and addresses ~Memory operations ~Instruction and instructi on sequencing ~Addressing modes ~Assembly language ~Basic I/O operations ~Stacks and Queues. Fundamental concepts ~Execution of a complete Instruction ~Multiple bus organiza tion ~Hardwired control ~Micro programmed control ~Pipelining ~Basic concepts ~D ata hazards ~Instruction hazards ~Influence on Instruction sets ~Data path and c ontrol consideration ~Superscalar operation. Fuzzy Logic controller ~Fuzzification ~Knowledge base ~Decision making logic ~De fuzzification ~Design of Fuzzy logic controller ~Adaptive fuzzy systems ~Case st udy. Fuzzy Neuron ~Fuzzification and rule base Using ANN ~Introduction to GA ~Optimiz ation of membership function and rule base using Genetic Algorithm ~Fuzzy transf er functions in neural networks ~Elements of evolutionary computation ~Case stud y. L Fuzzy set theory ~Fuzzy sets ~Operation on Fuzzy sets ~Fuzzy relations ~Fuzzy me mbership functions ~Fuzzy conditional statements ~Fuzzy rules. NETWORKS Artificial neuron ~Model of neuron ~Network architecture ~Learning proc ess ~Single layer perceptron ~Limitations ~Multi layer perceptron ~Back propagat ion algorithm ~RBF ~RNN ~Reinforcement learning, Kohnen s self organising maps and adaptive resonance theory. Schemes of Neuro control ~Identification and control of dynamical systems ~Param eterized Neuro ~Controller and optimization aspects ~Adaptive neuro controller ~ Case studies. Computer Networks~Introduction, Network hardware, Network software, Reference mo dels, Example of networks and Network standardization. The Physical layer~The th eoretical basis for data communication ~Guided Transmission media ~Wireless tran smission ~PSTN ~Mobile telephone ~Satellite Communication. The Application Layer~Domain Name System ~Electronic Mail ~World Wide Web ~Multi media ~Cryptography ~Digital signature ~Communication Security. The Data Link Layer~Data link layer design issues ~Error detection and correctio n ~Elementary data link protocols ~Sliding window protocols ~Example of data lin k protocols ~ETHERNET ~802.11, 802.16, Bluetooth~Data link layer Switching. The Network Layer~Network layer design issues ~Routing algorithms ~Congestion co ntrol algorithms ~Internetworking ~Network layer in Internet. 55 The Transport Layer~Transport layer design issues ~Transport layer protocols ~Si mple transport protocol ~Internet transport protocols ~UDP and TCP/IP. AS interface~Introduction, Physical layer, Data link layer and Operating charac teristics. Devicenet~Introduction, Physical layer, Data link layer and Applicati on layer. Industrial Ethernet~Introduction, 10Mbps Ethernet and 100Mbps Ethernet ~Radio an d wireless communication~Introduction, Components of radio link, the radio spect rum and frequency allocation and Radio modems ~Comparison between various indust rial networks. ISO OSI model ~EIA 232 interface standard ~EIA 485 interface standard ~EIA 422 i nterface standard ~\t20\tmA current loop ~Serial interface converters. MODBUS protocol structure ~Function codes ~Troubleshooting ~Data highway (plus) protocol ~Review of HART Protocol. Profibus~Introduction, Profibus protocol stack, Profibus communication model, Co mmunication objects, System operation and Troubleshooting ~Foundation fieldbus v ersus Profibus. Mathematical description of change of sampling rate ~Interpolation and Decimati on ~continuous time model ~Direct digital domain approach ~Decimation by an inte ger factor ~Interpolation by an integer factor ~Single and multistage realizatio n ~Poly phase realization ~Application to sub band coding ~Wavelet transform and filter bank implementation of wavelet expansion of signals. L Discrete Random Processes, Expectations, Variance, Covariance, Scalar Product, E nergy of Discrete Signals ~Parseval's Theorem, Wiener Khintchine Relation ~Power Spectral Density ~Periodogram ~Sample Autocorrelation ~Sum Decomposition Theore m, Spectral Factorization Theorem ~Discrete Random Signal Processing by Linear S ystems ~Simulation of White Noise ~Low Pass Filtering of White Noise. FIR adaptive filters ~Newton's steepest descent method ~Adaptive filter based on steepest descent method ~Widrow Hoff LMS adaptive algorithm ~Adaptive channel e qualization ~Adaptive echo chancellor ~Adaptive noise cancellation ~RLS adaptive filters ~Exponentially weighted RLS ~sliding window RLS ~Simplified IIR LMS ada ptive filter. Maximum likelihood criterion ~Efficiency of estimator ~Least mean squared error criterion ~Wiener filter ~Discrete Wiener Hoff equations Recursive estimators ~K alman filter ~Linear prediction, prediction error whitening filter, inverse filt er~Levinson recursion, Lattice realization, and Levinson recursion algorithm for solving Toeplitz system of equations. Non Parametric Methods ~Correlation Method ~Co Variance Estimator~Performance An alysis of Estimators ~Unbiased, Consistent Estimators Periodogram Estimator ~Bar lett Spectrum Estimation ~Welch Estimation~Model based Approach ~AR, MA, ARMA Si gnal Modeling ~Parameter Estimation using Yule ~Walker Method. Applications in medicine, manufacturing, measurement ~Case studies. Elements of Digital Image Processing systems ~Digital image representation ~Elem ents of visual perception~Image sampling and quantization ~Imaging geometry ~Dis crete Image transforms ~Properties. Image registration ~Translational misregistration detection ~Statistical correla tion function, two state methods Image fusion. Fundamentals of Image Compression ~Lossy versus Lossless coding techniques, pixel coding, predictive techniques, transform coding, algorithm and case studies. Image restoration ~Degradation model ~Unconstrained and Constrained restoration~ Inverse filtering ~Wiener filter ~Restoration in spatial domain~Segmentation ~De tection of discontinuities ~Edge linking ~Boundary detection ~Thresholding ~Regi on oriented segmentation. Point Processing methods ~Contrast stretching ~Gray level slicing~Histogram modi fication techniques Spatial filtering ~Enhancement in the frequency domain. Asynchronous Counter design and Synchronous Counter design ~Up/Down counter ~Mod ulus counter ~Shift Registers ~Johnson Counter ~Ring Counter Application of Cou nters and Shift Registers. Basic latch circuit ~Flip flops ~Truth table ~Excitation table ~Analysis and des ign of synchronous sequential circuits ~Transition table ~Transition diagram ~In troduction to asynchronous sequential circuits ~Race in sequential circuits ~Haz ards ~Techniques for controlling hazards. Construction of D.C. Machines ~Principle and theory of operation of D.C. generat or ~EMF equation ~Characteristics of D.C. generators ~Armature reaction ~Commuta tion ~Principle of operation of D.C. motor ~Voltage equation ~Torque equation ~T ypes of D.C. motors and their characteristics Starters ~Speed control of D.C. m otors ~Applications. Gates ~Universal set of modules ~Standard combinational modules ~Decoders ~Encod ers ~Multiplexers ~Demultiplexers ~Comparators ~Code Converters ~Function realiz ation using Gates and Multiplexers ~Adders ~Carry Look Ahead Adder ~Subtraction using adders ~BCD adder. Induction motor~Construction and principle of operation, Classification of induc tion motor, Torque equation, Condition for maximum torque, Equivalent Circuit, S tarting methods and Speed control of induction motors. Introduction to logic families ~RTL, DTL, ECL, TTL, NMOS, CMOS ~GaAs Building bl ocks ~Operating conditions Interfacing between different families. Principle ~Theory of ideal transformer ~EMF equation ~Construction details of sh ell and core type transformers ~Tests on transformers ~Equivalent circuit ~Phaso r diagram ~Regulation and efficiency of a transformer ~Introduction to three ~ph ase transformer connections. Principle of alternators~Construction details, Equation of induced EMF and Vecto r diagram ~Synchronous motor~Starting methods, Torque, V curves, Speed control a nd Hunting. Review of Number Systems ~Fixed point and floating point representations ~Review of computer codes ~Number complements ~Signed number addition and subtraction ~ Boolean Algebra ~Demorgan s theorem ~Canonical forms ~Simplification of Boolean fu nctions using K maps and Quine Mclusky methods. Types of single phase motor Double revolving field theory ~Cross field theory ~ Capacitor start capacitor run motors ~Shaded pole motor ~Repulsion type motor ~U niversal motor ~Hysteresis motor ~Permanent magnet synchronous motor ~Switched r eluctance motor ~Brushless D.C motor. Rectifier and Power Supply Circuits, clipper, clamper using diodes, Operational Amplifiers (Ideal) ~properties and typical circuits like differentiator, integr ator, summer, comparator, single stage BJT s and FET s amplifiers ~Multistage Amplif ier Principles(Qualitative Treatment only). Rectifier and Power Supply Circuits, clipper, clamper using diodes, Operational Amplifiers (Ideal) ~properties and typical circuits like differentiator, integr ator, summer, comparator, single stage BJT s and FET s amplifiers ~Multistage Amplif ier Principles(Qualitative Treatment only). Rectifier and Power Supply Circuits, clipper, clamper using diodes, Operational Amplifiers (Ideal) ~properties and typical circuits like differentiator, integr ator, summer, comparator, single stage BJT s and FET s amplifiers ~Multistage Amplif ier Principles(Qualitative Treatment only). Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors and Transformers ~properties, types. Simple PN Junction Diodes, Zener diode, Bipolar Junction transistor and Field Effect Tran sistors ~operating principles and characteristics. Other Devices ~UJT, SCR, LED, Photodetectors. Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors and Transformers ~properties, types. Simple PN Junction Diodes, Zener diode, Bipolar Junction transistor and Field Effect Tran sistors ~operating principles and characteristics. Other Devices ~UJT, SCR, LED, Photodetectors. Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors and Transformers ~properties, types. Simple PN Junction Diodes, Zener diode, Bipolar Junction transistor and Field Effect Tran sistors ~operating principles and characteristics. Other Devices ~UJT, SCR, LED, Photodetectors. Architecture of 8085 processors, Address Modes, Instruction set, simple programm ing like addition, subtraction, multiplication, logical operation, Peripherals a nd Interfacing ~8255, 8251. Applications like motor control, keyboard and PC int erface, Introduction to Microcontrollers. Architecture of 8085 processors, Address Modes, Instruction set, simple programm ing like addition, subtraction, multiplication, logical operation, Peripherals a nd Interfacing ~8255, 8251. Applications like motor control, keyboard and PC int erface, Introduction to Microcontrollers. Architecture of 8085 processors, Address Modes, Instruction set, simple programm ing like addition, subtraction, multiplication, logical operation, Peripherals a nd Interfacing ~8255, 8251. Applications like motor control, keyboard and PC int erface, Introduction to Microcontrollers. Basics of Boolean Logic ~Logic Gates, Flip Flops, Shift Registers, Counters, Dec oders/Drivers, Timer, Display Devices, A/D and D/A Converters. Basics of Boolean Logic ~Logic Gates, Flip Flops, Shift Registers, Counters, Dec oders/Drivers, Timer, Display Devices, A/D and D/A Converters. Basics of Boolean Logic ~Logic Gates, Flip Flops, Shift Registers, Counters, Dec oders/Drivers, Timer, Display Devices, A/D and D/A Converters. Definitions of Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Resolution, Linearity, Range, M easurement of Electrical Quantities ~Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt Meter, DMM, CRO, D SO, Transducers and signal conditioning systems for pressure, temperature, accel eration measurements (Qualitative Treatment only). Definitions of Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Resolution, Linearity, Range, M easurement of Electrical Quantities ~Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt Meter, DMM, CRO, D SO, Transducers and signal conditioning systems for pressure, temperature, accel eration measurements (Qualitative Treatment only). Definitions of Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Resolution, Linearity, Range, M easurement of Electrical Quantities ~Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt Meter, DMM, CRO, D SO, Transducers and signal conditioning systems for pressure, temperature, accel eration measurements (Qualitative Treatment only). Inductive potentiometer ~Variable Reluctance transducers~EI pick up and LVDT ~Ca pacitive transducers~Variable air gap type, Variable area type and Variable perm ittivity type ~Capacitor microphone. Piezoelectric transducer ~Magnetostrictive transducer ~Semiconductor sensor ~Dig ital transducers ~Smart sensors ~Fiber optic transducers ~Hall effect transducer s ~Introduction to MEMS Sensors and Nanosensors. L Principle of operation ~Construction details ~Characteristics and applications o f Resistance potentiometers ~Strain Gauges ~Resistance thermometers ~Thermistors ~Hotwire anemometer ~Piezoresistive sensors and humidity sensors. Static characteristics ~Mathematical model of transducers~Zero, first and second order transducers Dynamic characteristics of first and second order transducer s for standard test inputs. 14 Units and standards ~Calibration methods ~Classification of errors ~Error analys is ~Limiting error ~Probable error ~Propagation of errors~Odds and uncertainty~P rinciple of transduction ~Classification. Basic functional block diagram ~Characteristics and applications of ICs~555, 565 , 566, LM 723 voltage regulator and current regulator. Functional Block diagram of ADC and DAC ~Sample and Hold circuit ~Successive App roximation ADC ~Integrating ADC ~Sigma Delta ADC ~Study of successive approximat ion ADC IC ~Study of Integrating ADC IC ~Study of Sigma Delta ADC IC ~Study of 8 bit DAC IC ~Temperature Sensor IC ~Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor IC ~Hall Effec t sensor IC and Level sensor IC. L Introduction to Linear IC ~Operational amplifiers ~DC characteristics~bias, offs et and drift AC characteristics~bandwidth, slew rate and noise ~Inverting and n oninverting amplifiers ~Zero crossing detector with hysteresis ~Arithmetic Circu its. Precision rectifiers ~Active filters ~Butterworth low pass filter and Butterwort h highpass filter ~Waveform generators ~Square, triangular and sine wave ~V to I converter and I to V converter~Instrumentation Amplifier ~Log and antilog ampli fiers. Silicon Wafer Preparation ~Epitaxial growth Photolithography ~Etching ~Diffusio n ~Thermal Diffusion and Ion implantation ~Metallization ~Packaging ~Realization of passive and active devices~Resistor, Capacitor, diode, BJT, FET and MOS tran sistors. 15 Accelerometers~LVDT, Piezo electric, Strain gauge and Variable reluctance type a ccelerometer ~Mechanical type vibration instruments ~Seismic instruments as an a ccelerometer ~Vibrometers ~Calibration of Vibration pickups ~Units of density an d specific gravity, Baume scale, and API scale ~Density Measurement~Pressure hea d type densitometers, Float type densitometers, Ultrasonic densitometer and Brid ge type gas densitometer. Definitions and standards ~Primary and secondary fixed points Calibration of th ermometers ~Different types of filled in system thermometers Sources of errors in filled in systems and their compensation Bimetallic thermometers ~Electrical methods of temperature measurement Signal conditioning of RTDs and their charact eristics ~3 lead and 4 lead RTDs ~Thermistors. Electric balance ~Different types of load cells~Hydraulic, Pneumatic strain gaug e, Magneto elastic and Piezo electric load cell ~Different methods of torque mea surements~strain gauge and Relative angular twist ~Speed measurement~Capacitive tacho, Dragcup type tacho, D.C. and A.C. Tachogenerators and Stroboscope. Thermocouples ~Laws of thermocouple ~Fabrication of industrial thermocouples ~Si gnal conditioning ~Isothermal block reference junctions ~Cold junction compensat ion ~High temperature Measurement ~Radiation methods of temperature measurement ~Radiation fundamentals ~Total radiation pyrometers ~Optical pyrometers ~Two col our radiation pyrometers ~Fiber Optic temperature measurement. L 45 Units of pressure ~Manometers ~Types~Elastic type pressure gauges, Bourdon tube, Bellows and Diaphragms ~Electrical methods~Elastic elements with LVDT and strai n gauges, Capacitive type pressure gauge, Piezo resistive pressure sensor and Re sonator pressure sensor ~Measurement of vacuum~McLeod gauge, Thermal conductivit y gauges and Ionization gauges~Cold cathode type and hot cathode type ~Testing a nd calibration of pressure gauges ~Dead weight tester. \t20\t Basic elements in control systems ~Open and Closed loop systems ~Feedback charac teristics ~Effects of feedback ~Mathematical modeling of physical systems~Mechan ical, Thermal, Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems ~Transfer function ~AC and DC ser vomotors ~Block diagram reduction techniques ~Signal flow graph ~Control system components ~Computer simulation. Concepts of stability ~Location of roots in s plane for stability ~Routh Hurwitz criterion ~Root locus techniques ~Construction ~Nyquist stability criterion ~Co mputer simulation. Frequency response ~Frequency domain specifications ~Bode plot~Polar plot ~Deter mination of phase margin and gain margin ~Constant M and N circles ~Nichols char t ~Determination of closed loop response from open loop response ~Computer simul ation. PID controllers ~Performance criteria ~Selection of controller modes ~Lag, Lead, and Lag Lead networks ~Compensator design for desired response using Root locus and Bode diagrams ~Computer simulation. Time response ~Types of test inputs ~I and II order system responses ~Error coef ficients ~Generalized error series ~Steady state error ~Time domain specificatio ns ~Computer simulation. A/D and D/A Converters, plug in Analog Input/Output cards ~Digital Input and Out put Cards, Organization of the DAQ VI system ~Opto Isolation ~Performing analog input and analog output ~Scanning multiple analog channels ~Issues involved in s election of Data acquisition cards ~Data acquisition modules with serial communi cation ~Design of digital voltmeters with transducer input ~Timers and Counters . Design of ON/OFF controller and Proportional controller for a mathematically des cribed processes using VI software ~Modeling and basic control of Level and Reac tor Processes ~Case studies on development of HMI, SCADA in VI. Introduction to PC Buses ~Local busses~ISA, PCI, RS232, RS422 and RS485 ~Interfa ce Buses~USB, PCMCIA, VXI, SCXI and PXI Instrumentation Buses ~Modbus and GPIB ~Networked busses ~ISO/OSI Reference model, Ethernet and TCP / IP Protocols. PC based digital storage oscilloscope ~Sensor Technology and Signal Processing ~ Virtual Laboratory ~Spectrum Analyser ~Waveform Generator ~Data visualization fr om multiple locations~Distributed monitoring and control ~Vision and Motion Cont rol. Virtual Instrumentation ~Definition and Flexibility ~Block diagram and Architect ure of Virtual Instruments ~Virtual Instruments versus Traditional Instruments ~ Review of software in Virtual Instrumentation ~VI programming techniques ~VI, su b VI, Loops and Charts, Arrays, Clusters and Graphs, Case and Sequence Structure s, Formula nodes, String and File Input/Output. Level measurement~Float, Displacer type and Bubbler system ~Electrical level gau ge~Resistance and Capacitance ~Nuclear radiation and Ultrasonic types ~Boiler dr um level measurement~Differential Pressure Method and Hydra step method ~Solid l evel measurement. 28 Positive displacement flow meters ~Nutating disc, Reciprocating piston, Oval gea r and Helix type flow meters ~Inferential meter ~Turbine flow meter ~Area flow m eter~Rotameter ~Theory and installation ~Mass flow meters~Angular momentum, Ther mal and Coriolis ~Calibration of flow meters~Dynamic weighing methods. Principle and constructional details of Electromagnetic flow meter ~Ultrasonic f low meters ~Laser Doppler anemometer ~Vortex shedding flow meter ~Target flow me ter ~Guidelines for selection of flow meter ~Open channel flow measurement ~Soli d flow rate measurement. Variable head type flow meters~Orifice plate, Venturi tube, Flow nozzle and Dall tube ~Installation of head flow meters ~Pitot tube. Viscosity~Say bolt viscometer and Rotameter type viscometer ~Consistency meters ~Dry and wet bulb psychrometers ~Hot wire electrode type hygrometer, Dew cell an d Electrolysis type hygrometer ~Commercial type dew point meter ~Moisture measur ement~Different methods of moisture measurements and Application of moisture mea surement . L 45 Characteristic of on off, proportional, single speed floating, integral and deri vative controllers ~P+I, P+D and P+I+D control modes ~Electronic PID controller ~Auto/manual transfer ~Reset windup ~Practical forms of PID Controller. Evaluation criteria ~IAE, ISE, ITAE and ¼ decay ratio ~Tuning~Process reaction cur ve method, Continuous cycling method and Damped oscillation method ~Determinatio n of optimum settings for mathematically described processes using time response and frequency response approaches ~Auto tuning. Feed forward control ~Ratio control ~Cascade control ~Inferential control ~Split range and introduction to multivariable control ~Examples from distillation colu mn and boiler systems ~IMC~Model Predictive Control ~Adaptive control ~Introduct ion to Plant wide Control ~Controller design for a nonlinear process ~Introducti on to batch process control ~PAndID diagram. I/P converter ~Pneumatic and electric actuators ~Valve Positioner ~Control Valve s ~Characteristic of Control Valves~Inherent and Installed characteristics ~Mode ling of pneumatic control valve ~Valve body Commercial valve bodies ~Control val ve sizing ~Cavitation and flashing ~Selection criteria. 29 Need for process control ~Mathematical model of flow, Level, Pressure and Therma l processes ~Interacting and non interacting systems ~Degrees of freedom ~Contin uous and batch processes ~Self regulation ~Servo and regulatory operations ~Lump ed and Distributed parameter models ~Heat exchanger ~CSTR ~Linearization of nonl inear systems. Evolution ~Different architectures ~Local control unit ~Operator Interface ~Disp lays ~Engineering interface ~Study of any one DCSavailable in market ~Factors to be considered in selecting DCS~Case studies in DCS. Evolution ~Different architectures ~Local control unit ~Operator Interface ~Disp lays ~Engineering interface ~Study of any one DCSavailable in market ~Factors to be considered in selecting DCS~Case studies in DCS. Evolutions of PLCs ~Sequential and Programmable Controllers ~Architecture ~Compa rative study of Industrial PLCs. ~SCADA~Hardware and software, Remote terminal u nits, Master station, Communication architectures and Open SCADA protocols. Introduction~Evolution of signal standard ~HART communication protocol ~Communic ation modes ~HART Networks ~HART commands ~HART applications ~Fieldbus~Introduct ion, General Fieldbus architecture, Basic requirements of Fieldbus standard, Fie ldbus topology, Interoperability and Interchangeability ~Introduction to OLE for process control (OPC). L 45 Network hierarchy and switching ~ISO/OSI Reference model ~Data link control prot ocol HDLC ~Media access protocol Command/response, Token passing and CSMA/CD ~TC P/IP ~Bridges ~Routers ~Gateways Standard ETHERNET and ARCNET Configuration. PLC Programming~Ladder logic, Functional block programming, Sequential function chart, Instruction list and Structured text programming. Parameter optimization~Servo mechanisms ~Regulators ~Optimal control problems~T ransfer function approach ~state variable approach ~State regulator problem ~Inf inite time regulator problem ~output regulator and tracking problems ~LQR and LQ G. L Introduction ~Nonlinear system elements ~Linearization ~Phase plane analysis ~Ly apunov s method ~Describing function method ~Popov s method ~Circle criterion. Non Parametric methods~Transient analysis ~Frequency analysis ~correlation analy sis ~Spectral analysis ~Parametric methods~Least square method ~Recursive least square method. Review of z transform ~Modified of z transform ~Pulse transfer function ~Digital PID controller ~Dead beat control and Dahlin control ~Smith predictor ~Digital Feed forward controller ~IMC ~Model predictive controller. State equation of discrete data system with sample and hold ~State transition eq uation ~Methods of computing the state transition matrix ~Decomposition of discr ete data transfer functions ~State diagrams of discrete data systems ~System wit h zero order hold ~Controllability and observability of linear time invariant di screte data system ~Stability tests of discrete data system. Gas Chromatography~Principles, Types, Applications and Detectors ~Liquid Chromat ography~Principles, Types, Applications and Detectors ~HPLC~Principle, Types, Ap plications and Detectors. NMR Spectroscopy ~Principle and Detection ~GM counter ~Proportional counters X ray spectroscopy ~Mass spectrometer ~Applications. L 45 Oxygen analyzer ~CO and CO2 monitor ~NO2 analyzer ~H2S analyzer ~Dust and Smoke measurement ~Thermal conductivity type ~Thermal analyzer ~Industrial analyzer. Sampling systems ~Ion selective electrodes ~Conductivity meters ~pH meters ~Diss olved oxygen analyzer ~Sodium analyzer ~Silica analyzer ~Turbidity meter. Spectral methods of analysis~UV, Visible, IR, FTIR, atomic absorption ~Flame emi ssion mass spectrophotometers ~Sources ~Detectors ~Applications. Concepts of systems and surrounding; meaning of refrigeration; Types of refriger ation; vapour compression the refrigerating cycle, capacity, COPetc; Power consu mption , efficiency factors; Refrigeration cycle as a series of thermodynamics p rocesses refrigeration cycle; COP, capacity ~in vapour absorption refrigeration; comparative study between the above types of refrigeration; Types of regrigerat ants their advantages / disadvantages; Refrigeration load demands and their cal culation; closed cycle air refrigeration (CCAR); Cryogenic refrigeration; Freezi ng time ~their prediction models, etc. Types freezer; ~Blast freezer, Cryogenic tunnel freezer, spiral freezer, fluidized ~bed freezer, Tumbling And rotary tunn el freezer, etc; Choosing the right freezer. Defining overall Shelf life, remaining shelf life in the context of Chilled & Fr ozen foods; ~Deterioration modes of food items; Models of quality deteriroration ~Kinetic model; shelf life model; Q10/q10 model; TTT model for the remaining she lf ~life; General procedure for shelf life testing ~the 11 steps procedure. Sto rage of frozen foods; ~Basic design requirements of storage to uphold the shelf life ~size , insulation, entry exit position, palletization, proper aisk space for air circulation, automatic door closing, proper lighting, temperature moni toring and recording facility; stacking systems, emergency exits, material handl ing devices like fork lifts, pallet trucks, etc floor heaters, vapour barriers, etc. Definition; Purpose; origins of HACCP; Developing the HACCP plan; Preliminary st eps~the five step process HACCP team assembly, Defining the product and its usa ge; Constructing the flow diagrams; On Site confirmation of flow diagram, etc. T he 7 point HACCP system ~conducting a hazard analysis; Identifying CCPs; Establi shing limits for each CCp; Estabilishing monitoring procedure for critical limit s; Corrective actions to be eatablished; Procedures setting for verification; Es tablish documentation and record maintaining. Top Management Commitment And invo lvement; Tranining of personnel; Implementation and integrating HACCP system wit h ISO, TQM, etc. Micro organisms and their growth phases; response of micro organisms; Inactivati on mechanism during Chilling and freezing; Rapid freezing and slow thawing;Categ ories (groups) of Organisms in respect of their ability to survivor under Cold / Chilling environment; Cold show proteins and cold shock response. Thawing techn iques, microbial quality of thawed foods. What is cold chain *Need for the chain for chilled / frozen food item, various l inks of the chain; importance of shelf~life; just ~in time delivereies; Temperat ure limits; in various countries~Europe, US, Australia etc; Chilling and freezin g;~Chilling injury, cook chilling systems; cold shortening; PPPand TTTconcepts; Temperature monitoring; Critical temperatures; Temperature time indicators(TT I); Time temperature correlation the kinetic approach, effective temperature; Transportation regulations; Role of packaging in cold chain ~MAS, MAP, CAS, CAP etc; Thaw indicators. Anatomy of the chemical senses; neural development of the chemical senses; recep tor mechanisms, neural coding; the control of eating. Chemical compound classes and their flavour responses; flavour development durin g biogenesis, flavour development during food processing; use of biotechnology t o develop flavours. Problem based learning; tongue and nose; Onion Beverage Maillard reaction Thio s tench Problems in flavour research ~classification of food flavours; chemical compound s responsible for flavour. Subjective versus OBJECTIVES methods of analysis; psychophysics and sensory eval uation; Instrumental analysis; sample handling and artifacts; data handling 9 Phytochemicals in food, the plants as chemical factories, synthesis of isotopi cally labeled phytoestrogens Factors affecting bioavailability , chemical and histochemical characterasition of cell wall polysaccharides in almond seed in relation to lipid bioavailability . In vitro and In vivo methods for the assessment of antioxidant activity, Compari son of different In Vitro methods to evaluate the antioxidant , Prediction of th e antioxidant activity of natural phenolics from electrotopological state indice s Optimising phytochemical release by process technology, Variation of Antioxidant Activity during technological treatments , new food grade peptidases from plant sources . Qualitative and quantitative methods phytoestrogens in plants; isoflavones; fala vnols, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, lignans Multiresidue method for penicilli ns and cephalosporins in Bovine muscle. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lactose intolerance; Glycemic and Non glycemic carbohydrtaes, blood glucose regulation, recommendations of sugar inta ke for health, health effects of fiber and starch intake, artificial sweeteners; Nutrition and Diabetes Complications of diabetes mellitus, importance of blood sugar regulation, dietary recommendations for NIDDM and IDDM 45 Lipid digestion, absorption and transport; Functions of the triglycerides; essen tial fatty acids~n 3 and n~6 fatty acids; trans fatty acids, Medium Chain Trigly cerides, phospholipids and sterols; Health effects and recommended intakes of li pids. Digestion and absorption of proteins; Functions of the proteins; amino aci ds; Protein quality, methods of assessing protein quality; Recommended intakes o f proteins; protein and amino acid supplements; Protein Energy Malnutrition, Mar samus and Kwashiorkor; Chronic Energy Deficiency~short term and long term effect s. Review of catabolic and anabolic pathways of glucose, fats and amino acids; Ener gy Balance and Body Composition Energy balance; body weight and body composition ; health implications; obesity, BMR and BMI calculations; Weight Control Fat cel l development; hunger, satiety and satiation; dangers of weight loss; how to ide ntify unsafe weight loss schemes; treatment of obesity; attitudes and behaviors toward weight control. Six classes of nutrients, calculating energy values from food, using the RDA, nu tritional assessment of individuals and populations, dietary recommendations; re search methods in nutrition; Planning a Healthy Diet Diet planning principles, d ietary guidelines; diet planning guides such as food groups, exchange lists, per sonal diet analysis; food labels serving sizes, nutrition facts, daily values, d escriptive terms, health claims. Digestion, Absorption and Transport Anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorptio n of nutrients. Water Soluble Vitamins B vitamins examined individually (Thiamine, Riboflavin, N iacin, Pyridoxine, Biotin, folate and B12, choline, pantothenic acid, carnitine) and in concert; B vitamin deficiencies, toxicities, and food sources; vitamin C roles and recommended intake, deficiency, toxicity and food sources Fat Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K Function, recommended intakes, toxicities, food sources of vitamin A, D, E, and K; vitamin E as antioxidant; beta carotene and vitamin A Water and the Major Minerals Water balance and recommended intakes; fluid/elec trolyte balance, acid base balance; function, recommended intakes, and regulatio n of sodium, potassium, and calcium. Trace Minerals Food sources, function, reco mmended intakes, toxicities, deficiencies and transport of iron and zinc; import ance of selenium, copper, fluoride, and chromium. General guidelines, placement, arrangement, citing books, citing articles in per iodicals, documenting sources, what is a document, parenthetical documentation, information required in parenthetical documentation, readability, sample referen ces. Introduction, time, common scholarly abbreviations and references words, publish ers names, symbols and abbreviations used in proof reading and correction, liter ary and scientific indexing. Spelling, punctuation, numbers, titles and quotations. The project/term paper, selecting a topic, using a library, compiling a working bibilography, taking notes, plagiarism, outlining, writing drafts, guides to wri ting. Typing, paper, margins, spacing, heading and title of paper, page numbers, table s and illustrations, corrections and insertions, binding. Judging and grading of milk; National and international standards of milk and mi lk products, in plant sanitation and hygiene. Manufacture of condensed milk, milk powder, cheese, ice cream, butter, ghee, mal ted products, evaporated and dried products. Substitutes for milk and milk products. Casein , lactose and other by products. Technology of milk and dairy products; Pasteurisation sterilization, HTST and UH T processes. Weaning foods, therapeutic foods. Fortification and enrichment. Traditional dair y products. Milk confections. 50 Choose Your Location and Set Up for Business Market Your Business Hire and Manag e a Staff Develop a Business Plan Finance, Protect and Insure Your Business Record Keeping and Accounting Financia l Management Meet Your Legal, Ethical, Social Obligations Growth in Today s Marketplace What Skills Do Entrepreneurs Need? Identify and Meet a Market Need Entrepreneurs in a Market Economy Select a Type of Ownership Concept and Scope of Operation Research (OR) ~Development of OR ~Phases of OR ~M odels in OR. Linear Programming Methods of solution ~Graphical and SIMPLEX metho ds of solution ~VARIATIONS ~Duality in LP ~Revised SIMPLEX method ~Application f or business and Industrial Problems. Integer programming Formulation ~Graphical Representation ~Gomory s Cutting Plane Method. Transportation and Assignment Problems Initial solution ~Methods of impr oving the initial solution ~travelling salesman Problem. Dynamic Programming ~Pr inciple of Optimality Inventory Problems Deterministic model Costs ~Decision Variables ~Economic orde r Quantity ~Instantaneous and Non ~Instantaneous receipt of goods with and witho ut Shortage ~Quantity Discount ~Probabilistic inventory Model ~Inventory systems ~Safety Stock ~Reorder Level (ROL) Reorder Point (ROP) determination. Maintenance and Replacement Problems Models for routine maintenance and preventi ve maintenance decisions ~Replacement models that deteriorate with time and thos e that fail completely. (srp/rm/vec) Sequencing and Scheduling Problems Job sequencing ~Jobs through Two Machines, Tw o Jobs through Machines and n Jobs through Machines. PERT and CFM techniques ~Cr itical Path ~Normal and crash time. Resource allocation ~Resource Leveling and S moothing Beta carotene in rice ,transgenic "heart healthy" canola oil; Edible vaccines , Hepatitis B vaccine in maize ,Cholera vaccine in potatoes Biotechnology ; Benefits, Risks and Public Perceptions; The Environment, The Thi rd World ,The Western World, Europe's Mistrust Frost resistance Drought and Salinity resistance , Herbicide Resistance , Monsan to Round~UpTM Ready ,Ciba Geigy BastaTM resistant crops Insect Resistance Bacill us thuringiensis toxin ,Ciba Geigy, B.t. maize ,Monsanto Golden Harvest Seeds ,F ungal Resistance Bintje potatoes ,Virus Resistance Genetically engineered proteins, Bovine Somatotropin in Milk ;Genetically engine ered bacteria, Chymosin Lite beer; Tryptophan ,Transgenic plants , Calgene Flavr SavrTM tomato; Methionine enriched oil , Growth hormone gene in pigs, alpha lactalbumin and lactoferrin in milk ,Transgen ic Fish ,Atlantic salmon A. WATER Chemistry, physical properties, free bound & entrapped water, water act ivity. Drinking water, mineral water, water hardness, water quality for food pro cessing B. MINERALS & VITAMINS Mineral & vitamin content of foods~Food and Pharm aceutical grades; stability & degradation in foods. C. COLOUR, FLAVOUR & AROMA C OMPONENTS Naturally occurring colours, acids, other flavour & aroma components p resent in herbs, spices, coffee, tea, cocoa, fruits, vegetables & fermented prod ucts; Synthetic Colours and Natuarally similar /artificial flavours, Threshold v alues, off flavours & food taints. D. OTHER COMPONENTS Naturally occurring toxi c substances, protease inhibitors, bioactive components: phytates, polyphenols, saponins, phytoestrogens etc. Food groups, proximate composition, food composition tables~uses, food compositi on data bases. Review of protein structure And conformation; Properties And reactions of protei ns in food systems Dissociation, optical activity, solubility, hydration, swelli ng, foam formation And stabilization, gel formation, emulsifying effect, thicken ing And binding, amino acids in Maillard reaction, denaturation; Food enzymes ; Texturized proteins; Food sources, functional role and uses in foods. Review of structure, composition And nomenclature of fats. Non glyceride compone nts in fats And oils; Properties of fats And oils crystal formation, polymorphis m, melting points, plasticity, isomerisation, unsaturation; Modification of fats hydrogenation~cis and trans isomers, interesterification, acetylation, winteriz ation; Hydrolytic rancidity And oxidative rancidity; radiolysis Shortening power of fats, tenderization, emulsification, frying~smoke point, auto oxidation, pol ymerization; Fat replacements; Food sources, functional role and uses in foods Simple Sugars mono and disaccharides, Hygroscopcity And solubility, optical rota tion, mutarotation; sensory properties sweetness index, caramelization, Maillard reaction; Glucose syrup, high fructose corn syrup, Dextrose Equivalent, Degree of polmerisation; Sugar alcohols; Oligosaccharides structure, nomenclature, occu rrence, uses in foods. Polysaccharides Starch~amylose and amylopectin~properties , thickening And gelatinization, modified starches, resistant starch, Dextrins a nd dextrans, Starch hydrolsates ~Malto dextrins and dextrins; Pectins, gums And seaweeds~gel formation And viscosity. Fiber~Cellulose And hemicellulose; Food so urces, functional role and uses in foods. Detection And Enumeration of microbes in foods; Indicator organisms and microbio logical criteria; Rapid and automated microbial methods ~development and impact on the detection of food borne pathogens; Applications of immunological, techniq ues to food industry; Detection methods for E. coli, Staphylococci, Yersinia, Ca mpylobacter, B. cereus, Cl. Botulimum And Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes Nor walk virus, Rotavirus, Hepatitis A virus from food samples. Factors affecting spoilage of foods, Microbial flora associated with various foo d groups their spoilage potential. Microbiological spoilage problems associated with typical food products. Food borne infections and food poisoning, Microbial toxins, Gram Negative and Gr am positive food borne pathogens; Toxigenic algae and fungi; Food borne viruses; helminths, nematodes and protozoa. Microbes of importance in food fermentations, ~Homo And hetero fermentative bact eria, yeasts And fungi; Biochemistry of fermentations ~pathways involved, Lactic acid bacteria fermentation and starter cultures, Alcoholic fermentations Yeast fermentations ~characteristics and strain selection, Fungal fermentations. Micr obes associated with typical food fermentations~yoghurt, cheese, fermented milks , breads, idli, soy products, fermented vegetables and meats. Use of antimicrobial chemicals~organic acids, sugars, sodium chloride, nitrites, phosphates, sulphites, Benzoates, Sorbates / Propionates naturally occurring an timicrobials; Physical methods~Low and high temperatures, drying, radiation and high pressure; Tolerance of microbes to chemical and physical methods in various foods. Regime analysis of bioreactor processes, oxygen mass transfer in bioreactors ~M ass transfer Coefficient~methods for the determination of mass transfer coeffici ents; mass transfer correlations. Power requirements of Bioreactors. Scale up co nsiderations on heat transfer oxygen transfer, power consumption and impeller ti p speed. Thermal death kinetics of microorganisms, batch and continuous heat sterilizati on of liquid media, filter sterilization of liquid media, air sterilization and design of sterilization equipment ~batch and continuous. Modes of operation ~batch, fed batch and continuous cultivation. Simple unstruct ured kinetic models for microbial growth, Monod model, growth of filamentous org anisms, product formation kinetics ~Leudeking Piret models, substrate and produc t inhibition on cell growth and product formation. Stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation, elemental balances, degrees of reduction of substrate and biomass, available electron balances, yield coeffi cients of biomass and product formation, maintenance coefficients energetic anal ysis of microbial growth and product formation, oxygen consumption and heat evol ution in aerobic cultures, thermodynamic efficiency of growth. Study of structured models for analysis of various bioprocess ~compartmental mod els, models of cellular energetics and metabolism, single cell models, plasmid r eplication and plasmid stability model. Analysis of oils and fats for physical and chemical parameters and quality stand ards, protein analysis by different techniques; analysis of carbohydrates by dif ferent techniques. 23 Basic principles; application of paper chromatography and TLC in food analysis; detection of adulterants in foods; HPLC and GC in food analysis; FAME analysis i n oils and fats. Basic principles; application of the technique; Brixs value of fruit juices; tot al soluble solids in fruit products; Refractive indices of oils and fats; specif ic rotations of sugars. Basic principles; application of UV Visible spectrophotometer in the analysis of food additives; tintometer in color intensity determination; application of Ato mic Absorption Spectrophotometer in analysis of mineral elements and fluorimeter in vitamin analysis. Introduction, food regulations and standards; sampling methods, and sample prepa ration for analysis; statistical evaluation of analytical data. General methods of food analysis~Moisture determination by different methods; ash analysis diffe rent methods; titrable acidity in foods; determination of crude fiber and dietar y fibre. Definition; properties; HLB value; function of emulsifiers and stabilizers in fo ods; permitted emulsifiers and stabilizers used in foods; polyols ~physical and chemical properties of polyols, application in food industry, permitted polyols in foods. Definition; their function in food processing and preservation. Preservatives ~d efinition; natural preservatives; chemical preservatives; acidulants and low pH ~organic acids and esters; sulphur dioxide and its salts; nitrites; antibiotics; surface preservation. Permitted preservatives in foods ~Antioxidants; natural a nd chemical antioxidants; mechanism of antioxidant function; primary and seconda ry antioxidants; sequestrants; selection and application of antioxidants in food s; evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness ~permitted antioxidants in foods. Food ~Safety in the use of food additives in foods; regulations and monitoring a gencies; toxicological evaluation of additives; interaction of additives with fo od ingredients. Natural and chemical sweeteners; nutritive and non nutritive sweeteners; chemica l structure And sweetness; saccharine, acesulfame K, aspartame, sucrolose; restr iction on the use of sweeteners in foods; Food acids ~their function and applica tion in foods; permitted food acids; nutritive additives; enrichment of foods. Natural and synthetic colors; fake colors; inorganic pigments; application of co lors in food industry; restriction on the use of colors in foods. Flavoring agen ts ~concept of flavors in foods; natural flavors; nature identical flavors; arti ficial flavoring substances; restrictions on the use of flavoring agents in food s. 24 Characterisation of solid particles ~Mixing of solids ~equipments ~storage of so lids ~size reduction of solids ~Crushing, grinding Cutting Power requirements eq uipments size enlargement. 29 Cross flow filtration~Membranes Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Concentration P olarisation ~operation and equipments. Filtration ~Principles Equipments Centrifugal filtration Principles~equipments ~Centrifugal separation of immiscible liquids. Principles of Drying ~Drying equipments Principles of Crystallisation~crystalliz ation equipments. Separation of solids And suspension from gas medium screening~settling~Principle s and equipments classification clarification. Basic packaging materials, types of packaging, packaging design, packaging for d ifferent types of foods, retort pouch packing, costs of packaging and recycling of materials. Chemical preservatives, preservation by ionizing radiations, ultrasonics, high p ressure, fermentation, curing, pickling, smoking, membrane technology. Hurdle te chnology, Newer methods of thermal processing; batch and continuous; application of infra red microwaves; ohmic heating; control of water activity; preservation by concen tration and dehydration; osmotic methods. Rate of drying for food products; design parameters of different type of dryers; properties of air water mixtures. Psychrometric chart, freezing and cold storag e. freeze concentration, dehydro freezing, freeze drying, IQF; calculation of re frigeration load, design of freezers and cold storages. 30 Transport phenomena with respect to foods; Factors affecting heat and mass trans fer; Study of heat transfer and its application in the design of thermal process es and freezing. Thermal processing; calculation of process time temperature sch edules. Infant foods, formula foods, PKU, regulatory, industrial and international impl ications; fortified foods, sports nutrition, nutraceuticals, medical foods; Heal th claims; Labeling Allergens, goitrogens, lathyrogens, alkaloids, lectins, aflatoxins. Implementati on of FSIS program for pathogen reduction; prevention of food borne illness, dos e response, model risk assessment, management and communication; exposure assess ment, monitoring; Structured model for microbial risk reduction, microbial biofi lms, prevention of microbial hazards; Sanitation, antimicrobial plastics, intell igent packaging, headspace gas modification. Definition of food safety and concept of safe food; characterization of food haz ards~physical, chemical and biological; adulteration, filth, plastics, pesticide s, heavy metals; Changes due to food processing, trans fatty acids, pyrolytic an d thermal decomposition products, urethane, mycotoxins, scrombotoxin, migration, cross ~contamination, nitrates and related products, sulfites, phenolic antioxi dants, non nutritive sweeteners, colour additives, fat substitutes, chemical pre servatives, veterinary drugs and antibiotics. GM Foods, safety and labeling; International Food Standards ISO 9000 and related standards; Impact of food safety on global trade; Food safety in retail food bu sinesses; international food service operators, institutional food service opera tors; application of the principals of modern hygiene . HACCP, GMP; Surveillance networks, Consumer and food service operator education, function and roles of USFDA, USDA and EPA; Food Safety and Standards Act India \t20\t06; Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, India, 1954; Responsibilities of the Food service operator, consumer protection, food audit. 35 Ability to identify all commercially important fruits and vegetables with their names in important Indian languages, important regions, season, basic aspects o f cultivation, harvest ( Good Agricultural practices) permitted pesticides and s tages of application, yield Canning~General pre processing, specific or salient points in fruits and vegetab les like ~Blanching, exhausting, processing conditions; Indian Food Regulation a nd Quality assurance Fruit Juice / pulp/ Nectar/Drinks, concentrates ~General an d specific processing, different packing including aseptic. Indian Food Regulati on and Quality assurance Vegetable Purees/pastes ~General and specific processin g, different packing including aseptic. Indian Food Regulation and Quality assur ance Climatic and non climatic fruits, ripening process, phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables; Handling, transportation , controlled atmosphere ripening process, grading, cleaning, pretreatments, modified atmosphere packaging, chilling. 36 General pre processing, different freezing methods and equipments, problems asso ciated with specific fruits and vegetables; Dehydration ~General pre processing, different methods of drying including sun, tray, spray drying and low temperatu re, osmotic dehydration and other modern methods; Indian Food Regulation and Qua lity assurance. Ready to eat vegetable products, Jams/Marmalades, Squashes/cordials, Ketchup/sau ces, Chutneys, Fruit Bar, Soup powders, Candied Fruits, Natural colors, Fruit an d Vegetable Fibres~General and specific processing, different packing including aseptic. Indian Food Regulation and Quality assurance Common and commercially important meats; pre and post slaughter handling, meat i nspection and grading; animal welfare and safety in slaughter plant. Structure a nd composition of meat, carcass chilling, ageing; storage of fresh meat~Modified atmosphere packaging, packaging of retail cuts; Processing and preservation~art ificial tenderizing, chilling, freezing, curing, smoking, sausage manufacture, r eady to eat meats and meat products; Kosher and Halal certification, safety issu es, regulation and quality assurance. Marine and fresh water fish, shell fish~composition and nutrition commercially i mportant fish and shell fish, names in important Indian languages, important reg ions, season; spoilage factors, ship board operations, storage and transport. Pr ocessing and Preservation chilling, freezing, canning, smoking, curing, salting and drying, fish meal and fish oils; safety issues, Indian regulation and qualit y assurance. 37 Principle, types and design of extruders, factors affecting extrusion performanc e, types of extruded foods~pasta , meat substitutes, textured plant and milk pro teins, specialty foods ; uses and advantages of extrusion technology; packaging of extruded products; regulation and quality assurance. Processing of Milk ~Pasteurisation, homogenisation, sterilization, HTST and UHT processes; Processing and preservation of milk products~cream, sour cream, butte r, ghee, skimmed milk concentrate and skimmed milk powder, whey concentrate and whey powder, yoghurt, cheese and other products; Traditional Indian products~cur d, lassi, buttermilk, khoa, kulfi, shrikhand, icecream ; packaging of dairy prod ucts~sachets, aseptic packs; chilled and frozen storage; Food Regulation and Qua lity assurance. Types of poultry, production, classification And designation, grading. Processin g plant operations~slaughter, bleeding, scalding, defeathering, eviscerating, ch illing, packaging; composition and nutrition, poultry meat products; safety issu es, regulation and quality assurance. Eggs~structure, composition, quality facto rs, storage, pasteurization, freezing and drying, egg substitutes; regulation an d Quality assurance. Basic agricultural aspects structure, composition, Storage, Insect control; proc essing traditional and modern methods of oil extraction, refining, bleaching, de odorizing, hydrogenation; oil blends; applications of different oils and fats in food processing And products. Basic agricultural aspects, structure, composition, storage, insect control, pro cessing~Milling/splitting, dhal milling, products ~puffed, flakes, flour, legume based traditional products, flour based Indian sweets and savouries, soya milk, soy protein Isolate, soya paneer Cereal Grains~Basic agricultural aspects, structure and composition; Storage, In sect control; Processing Wheat~milling, (Atta and maida), quality aspects of flo ur, wheat proteins and their function, rheology of flour; wheat based baked prod ucts ~Bread, Biscuit, Cakes, Extruded products, Pizza, Chapatis, malting and mal t products; Rice~Milling, Parboiling, Quick cooking rice, Traditional Indian Pro ducts~Puffed Rice, flaked rice, Idli/Dosa/vada mixes and other savouries; Corn~W et and dry milling, Corn Products ~Corn flakes, Corn starch, canned corn product s, puffed product; Oats~Milling, Oat Products ~Steel cut, rolled oats, quick coo king; Traditional and Fermented cereal products Honey~Composition and Quality aspects; Sugars~Manufacture of table sugar, High F ructose corn syrup and Glucose syrup; Jaggery ~sources, manufacture, uses in tra ditional food products; stages of sugar saccharine products Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger millet, Foxtail millet, Kodo Millet ~Basic agricul tural aspects, structure and composition; storage, insect control; processing ~p earling, Milling, Malting, Malt based foods, flaked and fermented products; Trad itional and Nutritional products based on finger millet. Collegiality and Loyalty ~Respect for Authority ~Collective Bargaining ~Confiden tiality ~Conflicts of Interest ~Occupational Crime ~Professional Rights ~Employe e Rights ~Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) ~Discrimination Engineering as Experimentation ~Engineers as responsible Experimenters ~Research Ethics ~Codes of Ethics ~Industrial Standards ~A Balanced Outlook on Law ~The C hallenger Case Study Multinational Corporations ~Business Ethics ~Environmental Ethics ~Computer Ethi cs ~Role in Technological Development ~Weapons Development ~Engineers as Manager s ~Consulting Engineers ~Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors ~Honesty ~Mo ral Leadership ~Sample Code of Conduct Safety and Risk ~Assessment of Safety and Risk ~Risk Analysis ~Reducing Risk ~Th e Government Regulator s Approach to Risk ~l Case Studies Chernoby and Bhopal Senses of Engineering Ethics ~Variety of moral issues ~Types of inquiry ~Moral dil emmas ~Moral Autonomy ~Kohlberg s theory ~Gilligan s theory ~Consensus and Controver sy ~Professions and Professionalism ~Professional Ideals and Virtues ~Uses of Et hical Theories. Introduction ~Need for quality ~Evolution of quality ~Definition of quality ~Dim ensions of manufacturing and service quality ~Basic concepts of TQM ~Definition of TQM ~TQM Framework ~Contributions of Deming, Juran and Crosby ~Barriers to TQ M. Leadership ~Strategic quality planning, Quality statements ~Customer focus ~Cust omer orientation, Customer satisfaction, Customer complaints, Customer retention ~Employee involvement ~Motivation, Empowerment, Team and Teamwork, Recognition and Reward, Performance appraisal ~Continuous process improvement ~PDSA cycle, 5 s, Kaizen ~Supplier partnership ~Partnering, Supplier selection, Supplier Rating . Need for ISO 9000~ISO 9000 2000 Quality System ~Elements, Documentation, Quality auditing~QS 9000 ~ISO 14000 ~Concepts, Requirements and Benefits ~Case studies of TQM implementation in manufacturing and service sectors including IT. Quality circles ~Quality Function Deployment (QFD) ~Taguchi quality loss functio n ~TPM ~Concepts, improvement needs ~Cost of Quality ~Performance measures. The seven traditional tools of quality ~New management tools ~Six sigma Concepts , methodology, applications to manufacturing, service sector including IT ~Bench marking ~Reason to bench mark, Bench marking process ~FMEA ~Stages, Types. Bottom up Synthesis Top down Approach Precipitation, Mechanical Milling, Colloid al routes, Self assembly, Vapour phase deposition, MOCVD, Sputtering, Evaporatio n, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Atomic Layer Epitaxy, MOMBE. Clean rooms specifications and design, air and water purity, requirements for pa rticular processes, Vibration free environments Services and facilities required . Working practices, sample cleaning, Chemical purification, chemical and biolog ical contamination, Safety issues, flammable and toxic hazards, biohazards. Introduction to optical/UV electron beam and X ray Lithography systems and proce sses, Wet etching, dry (Plasma /reactive ion) etching, Etch resists dip pen lith ography Nanoscale Science and Technology~Implications for Physics, Chemistry, Biology an d Engineering Classifications of nanostructured materials~nano particles~quantum dots, nanowires ultra thinfilms multilayered materials. Length Scales involved and effect on properties Mechanical, Electronic, Optical, Magnetic and Thermal p roperties. Introduction to properties and motivation for study (qualitative only ). X ray diffraction technique, Scanning Electron Microscopy ~environmental techniq ues, Transmission Electron Microscopy including high resolution imaging, Surface Analysis techniques~AFM, SPM, STM, SNOM, ESCA, SIMS Nanoin dentatio n Bottom up Synthesis Top down Approach Precipitation, Mechanical Milling, Colloid al routes, Self assembly, Vapour phase deposition, MOCVD, Sputtering, Evaporatio n, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Atomic Layer Epitaxy, MOMBE. Clean rooms specifications and design, air and water purity, requirements for pa rticular processes, Vibration free environments Services and facilities required . Working practices, sample cleaning, Chemical purification, chemical and biolog ical contamination, Safety issues, flammable and toxic hazards, biohazards. 50 Introduction to optical/UV electron beam and X ray Lithography systems and proce sses, Wet etching, dry (Plasma /reactive ion) etching, Etch resists dip pen lith ography Nanoscale Science and Technology~Implications for Physics, Chemistry, Biology an d Engineering Classifications of nanostructured materials~nano particles~quantum dots, nanowires ultra thinfilms multilayered materials. Length Scales involved and effect on properties Mechanical, Electronic, Optical, Magnetic and Thermal p roperties. Introduction to properties and motivation for study (qualitative only ). X ray diffraction technique, Scanning Electron Microscopy ~environmental techniq ues, Transmission Electron Microscopy including high resolution imaging, Surface Analysis techniques~AFM, SPM, STM, SNOM, ESCA, SIMS Nanoindentation Collection of ideas and purpose of project ~Selection criteria ~screening ideas for new products (evaluation techniques) Creative design ~Model Preparation ~Testing ~Cost evaluation ~Patent application Design of proto type ~testing ~quality standards ~marketing research ~introducin g new products Research and new product development ~Patents ~Patent search ~Patent laws ~Inter national code for patents ~Intellectual property rights (IPR). The process of technological innovation ~factors contributing to successful tech nological innovation ~the need for creativity and innovation ~creativity and pro blem solving ~brain storming ~different techniques Historical Background ~Constituent Assembly of India ~Philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution ~Preamble ~Fundamental Rights ~Directive Principles o f State Policy ~Fundamental Duties ~Citizenship ~Constitutional Remedies for cit izens. Indian Federal System ~Center ~State Relations ~President s Rule ~Constitutional A mendments ~Constitutional Functionaries ~Assessment of working of the Parliament ary System in India. Society Nature, Meaning and definition; Indian Social Structure; Castle, Religi on, Language in India; Constitutional Remedies for citizens ~Political Parties a nd Pressure Groups; Right of Women, Children and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other Weaker Sections. State Government ~Structure and Functions ~Governor ~Chief Minister ~Cabinet ~St ate Legislature ~Judicial System in States ~High Courts and other Subordinate Co urts. Union Government ~Structures of the Union Government and Functions ~President ~V ice President ~Prime Minister ~Cabinet ~Parliament ~Supreme Court of India ~Judi cial Review. Comparison of Actions and Laws ~Agreements ~Subject Matter ~Violations ~Appointm ent of Arbitrators ~Conditions of Arbitration ~Powers and Duties of Arbitrator ~ Rules of Evidence ~Enforcement of Award ~Costs Indian Contracts Act ~Elements of Contracts ~Types of Contracts ~Features ~Suita bility ~Design of Contract Documents ~International Contract Document ~Standard Contract Document ~Law of Torts Insurance and Bonding ~Laws Governing Sale, Purchase and Use of Urban and Rural Land ~Land Revenue Codes ~Tax Laws ~Income Tax, Sales Tax, Excise and Custom Dut ies and their Influence on Construction Costs ~Legal Requirements for Planning ~ Property Law ~Agency Law ~Local Government Laws for Approval ~Statutory Regulati ons Prequalification ~Bidding ~Accepting ~Evaluation of Tender from Technical, Contr actual and Commercial Points of View ~Contract Formation and Interpretation ~Pot ential Contractual Problems ~World Bank Procedures and Guidelines ~Transparency in Tenders Act. Social Security ~Welfare Legislation ~Laws relating to Wages, Bonus and Industri al Disputes, Labour Administration ~Insurance and Safety Regulations ~Workmen s Co mpensation Act ~Indian Factory Act ~Tamil Nadu Factory Act ~Child Labour Act ~Ot her Labour Laws Balance sheet and related concepts ~Profit And Loss statement and related concep ts ~Financial Ratio Analysis ~Cash flow analysis ~Fund flow Analysis ~Analysis a nd interpretation of financial statements ~Comparative financial statements. CAP ITAL BUDGETING (ELEMENTARY TREATMENT) Investments ~Risks and return evaluation o f investment ~Net present value ~Internal rate of return. Demand Types of demand ~Determinants of demand ~demand function ~demand elastic ity ~demand forecasting ~supply ~Determination of supply ~supply function ~suppl y elasticity. Determinants of price ~Pricing under different OBJECTIVES ~Pricing under differe nt market structures ~price discrimination ~pricing methods in practice. Production function ~returns to scale ~production optimisation ~least cost input ~Isoquants ~Managerial uses of production function. Cost concepts ~cost functio n ~Determinants of cost ~Short run and long run cost curves ~Cost output decisio ns ~Estimation of cost. Relationship with other disciplines ~Firm types And OBJECTIVES ~Managerial decis ions. Analysis methods. Case Studies on ~Patents (Basumati rice, turmeric, Neem, etc.) ~Copyright and re lated rights ~Trade Marks ~Industrial design and Integrated circuits ~Geographic indications ~Protection against unfair competition. Indian Position Vs WTO and Strategies ~Indian IPRlegislations ~commitments to WT OPatent Ordinance and the Bill ~Draft of a national Intellectual Property Policy ~Present against unfair competition. International convention relating to Intellectual Property ~Establishment of WIP O ~Mission and Activities ~History ~General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) . Introduction ~Invention and Creativity ~Intellectual Property (IP) ~Importance ~ Protection of IPR~Basic types of property (i). Movable Property ii. Immovable Pr operty and iii. Intellectual Property. IP ~Patents ~Copyrights and related rights ~Trade Marks and rights arising from Trademark registration ~Definitions ~Industrial Designs and Integrated circuits ~Protection of Geographical Indications at national and International levels ~Ap plication Procedures.. Definition ~causes, effects and control measures of (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution (c) Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Therma l pollution (g) Nuclear hazards ~soil waste management causes, effects and contr ol measures of municipal solid wastes ~role of an individual in prevention of po llution ~pollution case studies ~disaster management floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides. Field study of local polluted site ~Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural. Definition, scope and importance of environment ~need for public awareness ~conc ept of an ecosystem ~structure and function of an ecosystem ~producers, consumer s and decomposers ~energy flow in the ecosystem ~ecological succession ~food cha ins, food webs and ecological pyramids ~Introduction, types, characteristic feat ures, structure and function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oce ans, estuaries) ~Introduction to biodiversity definition genetic, species and ec osystem diversity ~biogeographical classification of India ~value of biodiversit y consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values ~Biodiversity at global, national and local levels ~India as a mega diversity na tion ~hot spots of biodiversity ~threats to biodiversity habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife conflicts ~endangered and endemic species of India ~co nservation of biodiversity In situ and ex situ conservation of biodiversity. Fie ld study of common plants, insects, birds Field study of simple ecosystems ~pond , river, hill slopes, etc. Forest resources Use and over exploitation, deforestation, case studies~timber e xtraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people ~Water re sources Use and overutilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, co nflicts over water, dams benefits and problems ~Mineral resources Use and exploi tation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case st udies ~Food resources World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and ove rgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer pesticide problems, water lo gging, salinity, case studies ~Energy resources Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. case studies ~Land resources Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, so il erosion and desertification ~role of an individual in conservation of natural resources ~Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. Field study o f local area to document environmental assets ~river / forest / grassland / hill / mountain. 63 From unsustainable to sustainable development ~urban problems related to energy ~water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management ~resettlement a nd rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies ~role of no n governmental organization~environmental ethics Issues and possible solutions ~ climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accide nts and holocaust, case studies. ~wasteland reclamation ~consumerism and waste p roducts ~environment production act ~Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) a ct ~Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) act ~Wildlife protection act ~Fo rest conservation act ~enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislati on~central and state pollution control boards~Public awareness. Population growth, variation among nations ~population explosion ~family welfare programme ~environment and human health ~human rights ~value education ~HIV / A IDS ~women and child welfare ~role of information technology in environment and human health ~Case studies. 1. Resume / Report Preparation / Letter Writing: (3) Letter writing ~Job applica tion with Resume ~Project report ~Email etiquette. 2. Presentation skills: (3) E lements of effective presentation ~Structure of presentation ~Presentation tools ~Body language. 3. Soft Skills: (3) Time management ~Stress management ~Asserti veness ~Negotiation strategies, Psychometrics ~Analytical and logical reasoning. 4. Group Discussion: (3) Group discussion as part of selection process, Structu re of group discussion ~Strategies in group discussion ~Mock group discussions. 5. Interview Skills: (3) Kinds of interviews ~Interview techniques ~Corporate cu lture ~Mock interviews. Elements of effective presentation ~Structure of presentation ~Presentation tool s ~Body language. Group discussion as part of selection process, Structure of group discussion ~St rategies in group discussion ~Mock group discussions. Letter writing ~Job application with Resume ~Project report ~Email etiquette. Time management ~Stress management ~Assertiveness ~Negotiation strategies, Psych ometrics ~Analytical and logical reasoning. Data acquisition systems ~data reduction ~deformation of engineering structures ~pipe systems ~measuring communication antennas ~tunnel surveys ~cooling towers and other applications ~Applications in automobile industry ~Architecture applic ation Drawing of details, monuments preservation and archaeological applications . 41 Introduction ~Origin ~basic Geometric concepts ~Data acquisition ~Camera systems ~Metric ~Non metric cameras ~Analytic data reduction ~Collinearity adjustment ~ Direct linear transformation ~coordinate transformation ~acquisition of digital imagery and processing ~software modules for processing the data Monocular and binocular health studies, X ray Photogrammetry, surface area and v olume patients by Photogrammetry ~merits over usual methods. Postural analysis ~ historical use of Photogrammetric methods ~Study of body alignment and rate of b ody mechanics, remedial measures, advantages ~Bio stereometrics. Single and stereo photographs for forensic studies, investigation of criminal ca ses by blackAndwhite, ultra violet, infrared and colour Photogrammetry, examples . Use of stereometric camera for crime detection, accident investigations. Mono or stereo camera for investigation. Anthropometry ~Under water Photogrammetry ~E lectron microscopy, Hologrammetry ~Moire topography ~systems and applications ~e merging trend. Structural research Deformation studies of deflection, buckling, ~Advantages and disadvantages, Dam deformation, structural movement, Pavement yield. Hydraulic studies Pipe surface roughness, shifting sand bank, shoreline feature and coasta l currents, experimental fluid mechanics. Computer system for the processing of graphic data ~Hardware Software ~SICAD D igitising cartographic presentation ~Structuring and storage of data ~Cartograph ic data processing ~Output of cartographic presentation ~Examples and applicatio ns Data organisation ~Data compression ~Data measurement ~Basic statistical process ing ~Geographical Information System ~The measuring of GIS to cartography. Fundamentals of modelling, graph theory, topology ~Digital planimetric modelling ~Digital relief modelling ~Quality of digital landscape models ~Topographic mod el generalisation, Map revision ~Web Cartography ~Dynamic and Static Web Maps. Modern techniques in map production ~Dynamic and interactive mapping, animation, navigation system, simulation, interactive cartography, map as interface ~Trend s for future developments ~Expert systems and Web Maps. Theory of communication ~information and signs ~methods of computer assisted des ign of cartographic expressions, computer assisted evaluation of geo data for th ematic maps ~Cartographic aspects of GIS. 42 Introduction ~Derivation ~Precision estimation of special cases ~Application of least squares adjustment in GIS and GPS. Introduction ~the distance condition and its linearization ~azimuth condition an d its linearization ~angle condition and its linearization ~position fixing by D istance ~Two parameter similarity transformation ~Four parameter similarity Tran sformation. Pre analysis procedure ~Horizontal angle measurement with theodolite ~Distance m easurement by EDM ~elevation difference by Direct leveling ~Survey tolerances. Samples and statistics ~The Chi square distribution ~the t student distributionc ommon sample statistics ~estimation of mean and varianc ~Confident interval for the mean and variance ~statistical testing Test or the mean of probability distr ibution ~Test of the variance of a probability distribution. Bivariate normal di stribution. Theory of prediction and filtering ~sequential adjustment (static and Kinematic Kalman filter) Application of Kalman filter in Geodesy; Goodness of fit ~Test of any distribution. 9 Overview of LIDAR Applications in various domains ~Disaster Mitigation and Man agement ~3D city models ~Telecommunication Modelling ~Feature extraction, vector isation ~Surface and landuse classification Data Processing ~Strip Adjustment ~Geometric Correction ~Data quality enhancemen t ~Filtering ~Ground Point filtering ~Digital Elevation Model Introduction ~Principle and properties of LASER, LIDAR~Different LIDAR systems ~ Applications ~Comparison ~Airborne LIDAR missions ~Typical parameters of a LIDAR system. Laser Altimetry System ~Components of the system ~GPS, IMU LASER, LIDAR data for mats ~LIDAR Systems specification and accuracy standards LIDAR for Orthophoto ~Digital Photogrammetry software and LIDAR ~Integration of LIDAR DEM with other hyperspectral data Mapping of snow covered area ~snow melt runoff ~flood forecasting and inundated area ~soil moisture area ~drought affected area ~Drought prone area programme ~ Applications in aerial assessment. Hydrologic cycle, estimation of various components of hydrologic cycle ~clouds, rainfall ~runoff ~evaporation ~transpiration ~evapo transpiration ~interception ~depression storage. Spectral properties of water ~surface water modelling. Origin ~classification and properties of aquifer Ground water potential ~surfac e water indicators aquifer parameters ~Well hydraulics ~estimation of ground wa ter potential hydrologic budgeting ~Mathematical and GIS modeling ~modelling of sea water intrusion ~Water quality parameters . Water quality mapping and monit oring ~Correlation model for pollution detection. Project investigation, implementation, maintenance stage ~location of storage/di version works ~capacity curve generation ~conjunctive use of surface and ground water ~Mapping and monitoring the catchment and command area ~artificial recharg e of groundwater ~water harvesting structures ~sediment yield, modelling of rese rvoir siltation ~prioritization of watershed ~sustainable development. Watershed divide, stream networks, Delineation and codification of watersheds mo rphometric analysis linear, areal, relief aspects ~Rainfall ~runoff modelling ~ Stage discharge relationship ~Hydrograph ~unit hydrograph ~urban hydrology. Coastal Hydrodynamic ~Coastal erosion ~various protection structures ~Estuaries and their impact on coastal processes ~Hydrodynamic of pollution dispersion~Mode lling of suspended sediment. Coastal processes ~Oceanic circulation ~Upwelling and sinking ~Waves ~reflection , diffraction and refraction ~wave generated currents ~catastrophic waves ~Tides ~Tidal forces Bathymetry ~sediment drift ~navigation. Introduction ~Major issues/problems ~Thematic maps on coastal resources ~wetland classification ~mapping of shore line changes ~creation of CZIS ~Coastal aquife r modelling ~Integrated coastal zone Management Resolving conflict on resources utilization. Physical properties of sea water ~chemistry of sea water ~Biological parameters ~Oceanographic instruments ~collection of water samples ~current measuring devic es ~deep sea coring devices. Various Satellite and sensors for Ocean and Coastal applications~Application of CZCS~chlorophyll and suspended sediment estimation ~Retrieval of physical oceano graphic parameters ~sea surface temperature ~significant wave height ~wind speed and wind direction ~coastal Bathymetry ~sea level rise. Air Pollutants~Dispersion modeling Air quality monitoring ~case studies ~climat ology ~emissivity characteristics ~measurements of atmospheric temperature ~comp osition ~constituent distribution and concentration ~wind flows and air circulat ion ~Hurricane tracking ~meteorological satellite systems. Conservation and resource management ~spectral reflectance from vegetated surfac e ~Stress monitoring ~Land cover and Land use mapping ~forest conservation ~Biod iversity biomonitoring of the environment ~wild life studies ~monitoring non po int source pollution. Formation of Soils ~land forms ~soil erosion factors influencing soil erosion, soil contamination~distribution and accumulation of contaminants such as toxic m etals, synthetic chemicals in soil~disposal of solid waste ~mining pollution~met hods of conservation afforestation~EMR responses with contaminated soil ~modelin g soil characteristics using satellite data~~soil degradation assessment using R emote Sensing and GIS. Land reclamation. Sensors for environmental monitoring ~LIDARS~LASER Remote Sensing visible and o utside visible wave length absorption spectrometers ~selection of ground truth sites ~sea truth observation ~Radar techniques for sensing ocean surface ~therma l measurements ~application of remote sensing for oil slicks mapping ~Chlorophyl l detection ~Fisheries resources ~Coastal marine studies ~determination of tempe rature and sea state. Sources and demands of water ~Characteristics of water~Point and non point sourc es of water pollution ~Spectral responses of clear and contaminated water ~chlor ophyll~biota~Remote Sensing of Water quality assessment ~Runoff estimationflood prediction modeling. Classification of Plans ~Regional, Master and Detailed Development ~OBJECTIVES a nd Contents ~Use of remote sensing and GIS in plan preparation ~Urban Informatio n System ~Web GIS ~Solid Waste Management Planning ~Utility Planning ~case studi es. Delineation of urban area ~Physical Structure and Composition ~Mapping slums, CB D, urban fringe areas ~Urban Heat island ~Temporal mapping ~Use of Highresolutio n, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing ~Regional Mapping Relevance of Remote Sensing ~Scale and Resolution ~Scope and Limitations ~Charac teristics of Settlements ~Interpretation from Aerial and Satellite images ~Digit al Image Processing Techniques ~Texture based analysis ~Automated Feature extrac tion. Urban Growth Modelling ~Planning Support Systems ~Expert Systems in Planning ~Ur ban Environmental Modelling ~3D city models ~ALTM Urban Sprawl ~Urban Spatial Structure ~Housing Typology ~Census Estimation ~Wate r Demand Analysis ~Urban Safety Analysis ~Physical Transformation of City ~Urban Renewal ~Land Suitability Analysis ~Land valuation ~Tax assessment ~case studie s Different types of geophysical surveys, Electrical Resistivity surveys, aeromagn etic and Electromagnetic surveys for subsurface explorations. Planning geophysic al field surveys using satellite data. Introduction ~Different types and Geometry of folds, nature, mode of origin, and mode of occurrence of faults. Structural analysis and mapping using aerial and satellite data, theory and practicals ~digital techniques for structural analysi s. Introduction ~Lithological mapping using aerial photos and satellite imagery ~th eory and practicals ~Digital analysis for lithological discrimination. Introduction ~Nature and type of different Landforms such as Structural, Denudat ional, fluvial, Aeolian, glacial and volcanic landforms ~their pattern configura tion. Mapping Geomorphic Landforms using satellite data ~theory and Practical Surface and Ground Water Resources ~Hydrogeological mapping ~Mineral resources P etroleum ~Environmental Geology ~Engineering Geological studies ~Disaster Manage ment studies like Droughts, Floods, Landslides ~Integrated surveys using Geologi cal, Geomorphological, Geophysical and Remote sensing based data for Mineral exp loration, Groundwater studies. Introduction ~damage by pests and diseases ~crop loss assessment by floods ~floo d hazard zone mapping ~remote sensing capabilities and contributions for drought management ~land degradation due to water logging and salinity ~crop stress ~re flectance properties of stressed crops ~identification of crop stress. 62 Introduction ~forest taxonomy ~inventory of forests ~forest type and density map ping ~biomass assessment ~timber volume estimation ~factors for forest degradati on ~mapping degraded forests ~deforestation and aforestation ~forest fire mappin g and damage assessment ~sustainable development of forests. Introduction ~land use / land cover definition ~land use / land cover classifica tion ~concepts and approaches of land evaluation ~parametric methods ~change det ection in land uses ~decision support system for land use planning ~optimum land use planning for sustainable agriculture. Introduction ~leaf optical properties ~identification of crops and crop inventor ying ~crop acreage estimation ~vegetation indices ~yield estimation ~crop produc tion forecasting through digital analysis ~microwave and hyper spectral sensing for crop inventory ~crop monitoring and condition assessment in command areas ~c ase studies. Introduction ~soil survey, types of soil surveys ~soil genesis and soil classifi cation ~soil taxonomy ~soil reflectance properties ~soil mapping using remote se nsing ~problem soils ~saline, alkali soil characteristics ~mapping of saline alk aline soils ~soil erosion and sedimentation ~assessment of soil erosion ~estimat ion of reservoir capacity. Identification ~Tracking of weather systems ~Derivation of cloud motion vector D vorak s technique of cyclone intensity estimation ~T number and current intensity No. ~Application to storm surge estimation Satellite soundings ~Tiros Operationa l and Vertical Sounder ~Retrieval methods and algorithms. Orbital dynamics of Satellites ~Critical velocities ~Polar and Geo stationary we ather satellites ~Active and passive sensors (Radars/Lidars/Radiometers) ~Absorp tion bands of atmospheric gases Design and characteristics of different types o f sounders and imagers used in Meteorological satellites ~Viewing geometry ~INSA T Meteorological Data Processing System (IMDPS), IRS series ~High Resolution Pic ture Transmission ~APT ~AVHRR ~Need for Remote Sensing techniques in weather for ecasting and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Precipitation ~Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and Sea Surface Temperture (SST ) estimation and their applications ~Normalised Digitised Vegetation Index ~Ocea n colour monitoring ~coastal pollution Image interpretation ~Satellite communica tion systems in operational meteorological application (Cyclone Warning Dissemin ation system / Automatic Weather stations ~Meteorological data dissemination) ~E stimation of snow and ice cover ~Waterbody boundary mapping ~Atmospheric aerosol s ~Dust storms ~Velcanic ash clouds and fires Principles and classifications of Radar ~components of Radar ~Meteorological app lications. Upper air temperature exploration of the atmosphere (Radio Sonde) ~Up per air wind estimation through Pilot Baloon ~Wind estimation through Radar (Raw in Sonde), Doppler technique ~Precipitation estimation through Radar and problem s associated with it ~Precipitation Radar (PR) on board satellites such as Tropi cal Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Oz one soundings ~general principle and special satellite measurements of ozone ~Ae rosol soundings ~Tracking of weather systems such as Thunderstorms, Tropical cyc lones, Tornadoes through Radar ~Structure of weather systems as observed by Rada rs ~Hydro meteorological applications of Radar ~Application to aviation meteorol ogy. Weather and climate ~composition of atmosphere ~temperature and pressure distrib ution ~Winds over the earth s atmosphere ~scales of atmospheric processes ~Land / Ocean coupling ~Indian monsoons ~other major weather systems of seasons ~brief i ntroduction to Indian Climatology ~Radiative transfer ~radiation spectrum ~Absor ption and emission of radiation by molecules ~Radiative laws ~scattering princip les ~Cloud physics ~Mechanism of cloud formation ~Types of clouds ~precipitation processes ~warm and cold cloud concepts and processes. Geographical perspective on transportation ~Transportation and energy ~Equity is sues ~Urban transportation policy alternatives ~Transportation and the environme nt ~Urban transport planning processes ~Transportation agencies ~Roles and respo nsibilities ~Socio demographic data and travel surveys ~Transportation modeling ~Traffic congestion ~Plan evaluation and implementation ~Planning and financing ~Critiques of transportation modeling and forecasting ~Web resources GIS and Spatial analysis ~coupling transportation models with GIS ~TRANUSPLAN ~M etroSIM ~Modelling land use transport interaction. ITS development ~architecture ~integration with GIS ~applications ~case studies. Study of geographic pattern of urban development using remote sensing data produ cts ~urban sprawl ~parking studies using aerial photos ~traffic analysis ~accide nt analysis ~site suitability analysis for transport infrastructure ~population distribution studies ~improvisation of rural road network ~regional road network connectivity. Transportation analysis in GIS Introduction ~network flows ~shortest path algori thms ~transportation databases creation and maintenance ~transportation analysis in GIS ~facility location ~vehicle routing ~highway alignment ~railway alignmen t 52 Basic concepts and principles ~Hydrological and geological disasters, characteri stics, crisis and consequences ~Role of Government administration, University re search organization and NGO s ~International disaster assistance ~Sharing technolo gy and technical expertise. Information systems management ~Spatial and non spatial data bank creation ~Oper ational emergency management ~Vulnerability analysis of infrastructure and settl ements ~Pre disaster and post disaster planning for relief operations ~Potential of GIS application in development planning ~Disaster management plan ~Case stud ies. Needs and approach towards prevention ~Principles and components of mitigation D isaster legislation and policy ~Insurance ~Cost effective analysis ~Utilisation of resources ~Training ~Education ~Public awareness ~Roles of media. Remote sensing in Hazard evaluation ~Zonation ~Risk assessment ~Damage assessmen t ~Land use planning and regulation for sustainable development ~Communication s atellite application~Network~Use of Internet ~Warning system ~Post disaster revi ew ~Case studies. 53 Slope stability of Ghat roads Structural safety of Dams, Bridges, Hospitals, In dustrial structures, ~Disaster resistant structures ~Low cost housing for disast er prone areas ~Cyclone shelter projects and their implications ~Reconstruction after disasters Issues of practices. Compass ~Types ~Bearing ~systems ~Local attraction ~Magnetic declination ~Dip ~T raversing ~Plotting ~Adjustment of error ~Plane table ~Instruments and accessori es ~Merits and demerits ~Methods ~Radiation ~intersection ~resection ~traversing . Definition ~Plane Surveying ~Geodetic surveying ~Branches of Surveying ~Basic pr inciples ~Fieldwork and office work ~Scales ~Mistakes and errors ~and accuracy. Equipment ~ranging and chaining ~reciprocal ranging ~well conditioned triangles ~Errors in linear measurement and their corrections ~Fieldwork ~Office work ~Obs tacles. Level line ~Horizontal line ~Datum ~Levels and staves ~Bench marks ~temporary an d permanent adjustments ~Fly levelling ~Check levelling ~Procedure in levelling ~Booking ~Reduction ~Curvature and refraction Reciprocal levelling ~Longitudinal and Cross section ~Plotting ~Contouring ~Methods ~Characteristics and uses of c ontours ~Plotting. The Planimeter ~Areas enclosed by straight lines ~Irregular figures ~Volumes ~Ea rthwork calculations ~Capacity of reservoirs ~Mass haul diagrams. Cartographic design ~Colour theory and models ~Colour and pattern creation and s pecification ~colour and pattern ~Typography and lettering the map ~Map compilat ion ~Demography and Statistical mapping. Cartographic design ~Colour theory and models ~Colour and pattern creation and s pecification ~colour and pattern ~Typography and lettering the map ~Map compilat ion ~Demography and Statistical mapping. Cartography today ~Nature of Cartography ~History of Cartography ~Cartographic V isualization ~Web Cartography ~Graticules ~Cartometry Map Characteristics ~Mode rn Trends. Cartography today ~Nature of Cartography ~History of Cartography ~Cartographic V isualization ~Web Cartography ~Graticules ~Cartometry Map Characteristics ~Mode rn Trends. Earth Map Relations ~Basic Geodesy ~Map Projections ~Scale ~Reference and Coordi nate system ~Transformation ~Basic Transformation ~Affine Transformation. Earth Map Relations ~Basic Geodesy ~Map Projections ~Scale ~Reference and Coordi nate system ~Transformation ~Basic Transformation ~Affine Transformation. Selection and Generalisation Principles ~Symbolisation ~Topographic and thematic maps ~Map production and Reproduction ~Map series. Selection and Generalisation Principles ~Symbolisation ~Topographic and thematic maps ~Map production and Reproduction ~Map series. (L = Sources of data ~Ground Survey and Positioning ~Remote Sensing data collection ~ Census and sampling ~data ~Models for digital cartographic information ~Map digi tising. Sources of data ~Ground Survey and Positioning ~Remote Sensing data collection ~ Census and sampling ~data ~Models for digital cartographic information ~Map digi tising. Stereoscopic depth perception ~Different types of stereoscopes vertical exagger ation ~base lining and orientation ~principle of floating mark ~methods of paral lax measurement ~vertical photographs ~geometry, scale, parallax equations, plan imetric mapping ~Tilted photograph ~Geometry, Coordinate system, Scale, Planimet ric mapping ~Rectification ~Geometry, Graphical and Analytical methods ~Mosaics. Basic characteristics of Photographic images ~Interpretation keys ~Visual interp retation ~Basic elements in Photographic interpretation ~Example ~Equipments for interpretation. L45 + T15 Flight Planning ~Crab And Drift ~Computation of flight plan ~Specification for A erial photography ~Basic horizontal and vertical control ~Pre pointing and Post pointing ~Planning for Ground Control ~Cost estimates. History of Photogrammetry ~Definition, Applications ~Types of Photographs, Class ification ~Photographic overlaps ~Use of mirror, prism, wedges, lens formula, Sc heimpflug condition, and lens aberration ~lens resolving power ~light distributi on over image plane ~Filters used ~fiber optics. Principles of photographic proc ess ~relationship of aperture and shutter speed ~contact printing ~projection pr inting. Types of Aerial cameras ~Construction ~Camera accessories ~Camera calibration T errestrial Metric cameras. Coordinate measurement using comparators ~Two dimensi on coordinate transformation ~refinement of photo coordinates. ADO .Net Object Model using OLE DB managed provider ~Other data providers ~Acces sing XML data ~Building Windows application using VB.Net ~Programming web applic ations with web form Data ~Information ~File system vs DBMS ~Data models ~Hardware and software requi rements ~Database Management Systems ~Database languages, Database Architecture, users and administrators ~Classification of Database Management Systems Design process ~Entity Relationship Model ~Constraints ~EER ~Diagrams ~Atomic do main and First Normal Form ~Functional Dependency ~Decomposition using Functiona l dependencies ~Normalization using Multi Valued Dependencies and Join Dependenc ies ~Basic concepts of file organizations, indexing and hashing ~Database recove ry techniques ~Database Security ~Handling Spatial Database Relational model ~Data Structure ~Constraints ~Keys ~Codd s Rule ~Relational Algeb ra ~Fundamental operations ~Additional operations ~Extended operations ~Null val ues SQL ~Data Definition ~Basic structure of SQL queries ~Set operations ~Aggregate Functions ~Null values ~Nested sub queries ~Complex queries ~Views ~Embedded SQL ~Dynamic SQL ~Triggers a) Study of chain and its accessories b) Ranging, chaining and Pacing c) Chain t raversing without cross staff d) Chain traversing with cross staff a) Study of plane table and its accessories b) Radiation c) Intersection Triangu lation problem d) Resection ~Three point problem e) Mechanical method f) Trial a nd error method g) Graphical solution h) Resection ~Two Point problem i) Plane t able traversing a) Study of Prismatic and Surveyor s Compasses b) Triangulation problem c) Compass traversing
Various Cases ~Orbit Deviations Due to Injection Errors
