Ground-Water Resources of Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas

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Ground-Water Resources of Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGINEERS Joe D. Carter, Chairman 0. F. Dent, Member H. A. Beckwith, Member ·· �-- o;.:· .. -. · · . ·· ..· .. ·. ��t�····=····· BULLETIN 6202 GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF VICTORIA AND CALHOUN COUNTIES, TEXAS Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey United States Department of the lnteric,r January 1962 TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGINEERS Joe D. Carter, Chairman 0. F. Dent, Member H. A . Beckwith, Member BULLETIN 6202 GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF VICTORIA AND CALHOUN COUNTIES, TEXAS By R. F. Marvin, G . H. Shafer, and 0. C. Dale United States Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior January 1962 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAC T- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------- 3 Purpose and Scope------------------------------------------------- 3 Location and Areal Extent ----------------------------------------- 3 Cultural Development ------------------------- ---------- ----------- 5 Previous Investigations----------- -------------------------------- 5 Acknowledgments-- ------------------------------------------------- 6 Well-Numbering System--------------------------------------------- 6 GEOGRAPHY-- ------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Climate----------------------------------------------------------- 7 Topography and Drainage------- ------------ --------- --------------- 9 GE OLOGY---------------------------------------------------------------- 10 DE FINITIONS OF TERMS --------- ------------------------------------------ 12 HYDROLOGY---------------------------- -------------------- -------------- 13 Movement of Ground Water-------------- ---------------------------- 13 Interpretation of Electric Logs-- --------------------------------- 14 Occurrence of Ground Water---------------------------------------- 16 Fluctuations of Water Levels---------------- ---------------------- 19 Aquifer Tests---- ------- ------------------------------------------ 21 Present Development ---------------------- - ------------------------ 23 Potential Development ------ --------------------------------------- 24 QUALITY OF WATER------------------- ---------------------------- -------- 25 Some Aspects of Quality of Water for Municipal and Industrial Use ------------------------------------------------ -- 35 TABLE OF CONTENTS ( Cont ' d. ) Page Change of Chloride Content Related to Depth----------------------- 37 Quality of Water for Ir rigat ion----------------------------------- 40 SUMMARY-- -------------------------------------------------------------- 40 SELECTED REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------- 43 TABLES 1. Index of previously published well numbers and corresponding numbers in this report , Victoria County-------------------------- 6 2. Index of previously published well numbers and corresponding numbers in this report , Calhoun County--------------------------- 7 3. Geologic formations in Victoria and Calhoun Counties--------------- 11 4. Summary of aquifer tests in Victoria and Calhoun Counties----- ----- 22 5. Chemical analyses of water from wells and springs in Victoria County----------------------------------------------------------- 28 6. Chemical analyses of water from wells and springs in Calhoun County----------------------------------------------------------- 32 7. Records of wells and sp rings in Victoria County-------------------- 45 8. Records of wells and sp rings in Calhoun County--------------------- 73 9. Drillers' logs of wells in Victoria County------------------------- 91 10 . Drillers' logs of wells in Calhoun County-------------------------- 125 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. Map of south-central Texas showing location of Victoria and Calhoun Counties--------- ---------------------------------------- 4 2. Annual precipitation, 1905-58 , and the normal monthly precipitation at Victoria------------------------------------------------------ 8 3 . Schematic diagram showing movement of ground water----------------- 15 4. Hydrograph of Victoria County well N-13, 1952 -59------------------- 20 5. Relation between drawdown and transmissibility in an infinite aquifer-------•-------------------------------------------------- 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont 'd. ) Plates Follows 2. Cross section A-At9 Calhoun County, Texas-------------------------- Plate 2 3. Cross section B-B', Calhoun County, Texas-------------------------- Plate 3 4. Cross section C-C', Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas----------- Plate 4 5. Cross section D-D', Victoria County, Texas------------------------- Plate 5 6. Cross section E-E', Victoria County, Texas------------------------- Plate 6 7. Cross section F-F', Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas----------- Plate 7 8. Cross section G-G', Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas----------- Plate 8 9. Approximate altitude of base of fresh or slightly saline water, Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas----------------------------- Plate 9 10. Iospachous map of sand containing fresh or slightly saline water, Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas----------------------------- Plate 10 .- .. GR OUND-WATE R R E S 0U R C E S 0 F VICTOR IA AND CALHOUN C 0 U N T I E S , TEXA S ABSTRACT Unconsolidated sand, gravel, and clay of Quaternary age crop out over the greater part of Victoria and Calhoun Counties. Much of the ground water used is withdrawn from wells tapping theLissie formation, Beaumont clay, and Recent alluvium, all of Quaternary age. Some water is withdrawn from wells tapping the Goliad sand which is exposed in northwestern Victoria Countyj the underlying Lagarto clay and Oakville sandstone also contain fresh-water aquifers in that areae The Goliad sand, Lagarto clay, and Oakville sandstone are of late Tertiary age. Both the Tertiary and Quaternary formations dip gently toward the coast and strike northeast-southwest. Artesian ground-water conditions exist in the gently dipping, alternating sand and clay beds. Victoria County has a large reservoir of fresh or slightly saline water that extends from the water table, which is near or above sea level, to at least 94C feet and locally as much as 2,000 feet below sea level. The average daily rate of withdrawal was about 19 million gallons in 1958 . More than half' the water withdrawn was used for rice irrigationj approximately one- fourth was used for public supply. Most of the water was withdrawn from the Lissie forma­ tion and the Goliad sand. The quality of the usable ground water in Victoria County deteriorates slightly from east to west and deteriorates considerably from the northern to the southern part of the county$ Most of the water now being brought to the surface meets the standards for drinking water established by theU. S. Public Health Service for interstate carrierso Water from some wells ( mainly shallow wells ) in the southern and western parts of the county may contain excessive a­ mounts of iron, chloride, nitrate, or dissolved solids. Water of better quality generally is obtainable at greater depths. Water in the fresh or slightly saline zone is suitable for most industrial purposes although most of it is hard or very hard. Ground water of varying quality has been used for irrigation for many years in Victoria County without apparent harm to the soil. Although most of this wa­ ter would be considered marginal or unsuitable in arid to semiarid climates by Ua S. Department of Agriculture standards for irrigation waters, the climate of Victoria County is humid. Calhoun County has a much smaller quantity of fresh or slightly saline ground water than Victoria County. The base of the fresh or slightly saline water is as much as 1,500 feet below sea level in the northwest corner of the county, b1.;.t is much shallower in the rest of the county. Fresh water is scarce. Only a thin zone of usable, slightly saline water exists in the center of Calhoun County between Point Comfort and a point south of Seadrift. In the central and southern parts of the county, the fresh or slightly saline water is overlain by a zone of moderately saline to saline water as much as 250 feet thick. Shallow bodies of fresh water may be found in the surface sands in the Recent alluvium along the coast. The e.verage daily rate of withdrawal in 1958 in Calhoun County was 2.1 mil­ lion gallons; most of it was used for public or stock supply. The water is with­ drawn from wells tapping the Lissie formation, the Beaumont clay, and the Recent alluvium., Ground water in Calhoun County is generally of poor quality, as much of the usable ground water in the county contains excessive amounts of chloride and dis­ solved solids. The water of best quality is found ( l ) in the northeast corner of the co�nty, (2) in the area northwest of Port Lavaca and along the Victoria­ Calhoun county line to the Guadalupe River, and (3) in small areas southeast of Seadrift in the Recent alluvium. Six irrigation wells in a sn�ll area east of Green Lake are pumping water from an aquifer about 250 feet below the surface. The water has a very high salinity l":.azard but is used for supplemental irrigation and its effect upon the soil has r-ot yet been determined. - 2 - G R OUND - WAT ER R E S 0 U R C E S 0 F VICT O RIA AND CALHOUN C 0 U N T I E S , T EXA S INTRODUCTION _Purpose and Scope The water resources of Victoria and Calhoun Counties were investigated as a part of the statewide cooperative program of the Texas Board of Water Engineers and the U . s. Geological Survey. Factual
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