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A Climate Change Vulnerability/Resilience Framework for Tourism – the Case Study of Vanuatu Dive Tourism

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“Buoyancy – Bifo and Afta”: A Climate Change Vulnerability/Resilience Framework for Tourism – The Case Study of Vanuatu Dive Tourism LOUISE MUNK KLINT B.Tour (Cultural Heritage) with Distinction, University of Western Sydney, 2007 M.Soc.Sc. with Distinction, University of Western Sydney, 2007 Centre for Tourism and Services Research Faculty of Business and Law Victoria University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2013 [BLANK PAGE] ABSTRACT The Earth's climate is changing. This affects physical, biological and social systems around the globe. Although it is recognised that tourism is a sector heavily affected by climate change, very little research has been undertaken on how tourism destinations/systems can adapt to climate change. Dive tourism represents a significant player in Vanuatu's economy and the country's tourism sector is highly vulnerable to climate change. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research on climate change adaptation for tourism in the Pacific, let alone in Vanuatu. In addressing the current research gaps, the overarching aim of this PhD thesis is to develop a conceptual climate change vulnerability/resilience (V/R) framework for tourism, using the dive tourism sub-sector in a specific area of Vanuatu as a case study. Luganville was selected as the case study, representing a key dive tourism destination in Vanuatu. Primary data was collected from key stakeholders of the sector through 56 semi-structured interviews, three group discussions undertaken across two field visits and three field diaries kept by the data collectors. Overall, 107 individuals participated in the research. These individuals represent the dive tourism sector covering public sector, private sector, NGOs, donor agencies and local community members. The key findings of this study can be divided into two parts. The first part is an examination of the factors that cause vulnerability in the dive tourism system in Luganville, Vanuatu and proposed adaptation action that will help build the system’s resilience to climate change. The second part is the development of a new climate change V/R framework. This builds on the knowledge from current vulnerability and resilience frameworks within disaster risk management, sustainability science and tourism, together with the knowledge gained from the case study in Vanuatu. The proposed climate change V/R framework provides the tool that allows the sector to identify its vulnerability and resilience and, thereby, develop effective adaptation measures. xiii STUDENT DECLARATION I, Louise Munk Klint declare that the PhD thesis entitled “Buoyancy – Bifo and Afta”: A Climate Change Vulnerability/Resilience Framework for Tourism – The Case Study of Vanuatu Dive Tourism is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Signature Date xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On March 28 2009, I signed the enrolment papers at Victoria University. Since then, I have travelled along my PhD journey expanding on my knowledge base, making new contacts and developing my thesis. The PhD journey is nearing the end and has opened up new paths. I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people that have helped me pursue my dream and supported me throughout my PhD journey, which has been challenging on both a professional and personal level. To my principal supervisor, Professor Terry DeLacy - thank you for believing in me from the very beginning. Terry has together with my previous co-supervisor, Dr. Emma Wong and my current co-supervisor, Dr. Sebastian Filep, supported me in a number of ways and challenged me and the ideas I have put forward. I am truly appreciative of their continuous encouragement. This thesis would not have been possible without their support and guidance. To Birgit, Matthias, Emma and Dale as colleagues and friends thank you for your complete support at the final stages of completion. I could not have done it without your care and support for me in completing my thesis. My heartfelt thanks go to Michael. Your faith and support in me has made me reach my goal and helped me set new ones. I owe my deepest gratitude to my ex-husband, Lars, for encouraging and supporting me in making the choice to undertake my PhD. To my parents, Helle and Erik, my brothers, Jacob and Morten, my grandmother (mormor), Bodil, and the rest of my family – thank you for being there for me throughout this entire PhD process. I have challenged myself on many occasions and your unconditional support has been vital to me in completing this task. Karl – thank you for taking the time to listen to me and providing good feedback in return (bifo and afta). It was fantastic to share a part of this journey with a fellow tourism researcher sharing the same interests in diving and the environment. My life in Australia would not be the same without my dear friends Lorraine, Ron, Birgit, Emma, Alex, Jess, Alison, and many more, and all of my dear colleagues at xv Victoria University’s Centre for Tourism and Services Research (CTSR), in particular Alex, Alison, Helly, Min, Ryan and Sharon. To Emma Curtin, thank you for spending considerable time proofreading my thesis and providing editorial support. To my dear Danish friends, Pernille and Stine – thank you for being there for me, even if I was on the other side of the Earth, knowing that I had your support and friendship so many kilometers away, encouraged me to keep going. Finally, I would like to thank all the respondents, sponsors and partners of this study. First, a big thanks for the involvement of all 107 individuals in this research. Second, the research support that was provided by the Vanuatu Tourism Office and the Vanuatu Department of Tourism (prior Vanuatu National Tourism Development Office) was greatly appreciated and invaluable for my PhD. Finally, the sponsors and partners of this study include AusAID, the CTSR, University of New South Wales Australia’s Pacific Tsunami Research Centre – Natural Hazards Research Laboratory (APTRC- NHRL), University of the South Pacific’s School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Foundation of the People’s of the South Pacific International (FSPI), South-Pacific. Travel (SPTO), Pacific Asia Tourism Pty Ltd (PAT) and Oceania Sustainable Tourism Alliance require a big thank you for allowing me to be a part of the PT-CAP project. Without my involvement in this project, my current PhD research would not have been possible. This thesis is dedicated to my grandfather Knud Pedersen 27 February 1920 – 29 August 2011 xvi LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND AWARDS The research undertaken as part of this thesis has resulted in a number of publications including: Double-Blind Refereed Journal articles (Published): Klint, L. M., Jiang, M., Law, A., DeLacy, T., Filep, S., Calgaro, E., Dominey- Howes, D. and Harrison, D. (2012). Dive Tourism in Luganville, Vanuatu: Shocks, Stressors and Vulnerability to Climate Change. Tourism in Marine Environments, 8(1-2), 91-109. Klint, L. M., Wong, E., Jiang, M., DeLacy, T., Harrison, D., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2012). Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Island Tourism Sector: Analysing the Policy Environment in Vanuatu. Current Issues in Tourism,15(3) 247-274. Double-Blind Refereed Journal articles (Submitted for publication): Wong, E.P.Y., Jiang, M., Klint, L.M., Dominey-Howes, D., DeLacy, T., Harrison, D. (Submitted). Climate Change Adaptation in Tourism in South Pacific, Annals of Tourism Research. Conference papers: Klint, L. M. (2012). Tourism, the Environment and Sustainability: An Exploration of Melanesian Constitutions, 2012 National CAUTHE Conference, Melbourne, Australia, February 2012. Klint, L. M., DeLacy, T. and Filep, S. (2011). Developing a climate change vulnerability/resilience model for dive tourism, World Research Summit for Tourism and Hospitality (WRSTH), Hong Kong, December 2011. Klint, L. M., Jiang, M., Law, A., DeLacy, T., Calgaro, E. and Filep, S. (2011). Climate Change & Tourism – Sensitivities of the Dive Tourism Sector in Vanuatu, Islands and Small States Tourism Conference, University of South Pacific, Fiji, September 2011. Klint, L. M., Jiang, M., Law, A., Calgaro, E. and DeLacy, T. (2011). Climate Change & Dive Tourism: Understanding the Vulnerability of Luganville’s Dive Tourism System to Climate Change, 2011 National CAUTHE conference, Adelaide, February 2011. xvii Klint L. M. (2010). Climate Change Adaptation Processes and Dive Tourism: Understanding the Policy Environment in Vanuatu, the 3rd Conference ‘Oceanic Transformations’, Melbourne, Australia, April 2010. xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XIII STUDENT DECLARATION ................................................................................... XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ XV LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND AWARDS ......................................................... XVII TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... XIX LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................
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