Centennial Edition Water Safety Instructor’s Manual American Red Cross Water Safety INSTRUCTor’s ManUAL This instructor’s manual is part of the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety program. Visit redcross.org to learn more about this program. The emergency care procedures outlined in this book reflect the standard of knowledge and accepted emergency practices in the United States at the time this book was published. It is the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of changes in emergency care procedures. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS BEFORE AGREEING TO ACCESS AND DOWNLOAD THE AMERICAN RED CROSS MATERIALS. BY DOWNLOADING THE MATERIALS, YOU HEREBY AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. The downloadable electronic materials, including all content, graphics, images and logos, are copyrighted by and the exclusive property of The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red Cross grants you (“recipient”) the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials, subject to the following restrictions: ■■ The recipient is prohibited from reproducing the materials for any reason. ■■ The recipient is prohibited from creating electronic versions of the materials. ■■ The recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, adapting or modifying the materials. ■■ The recipient is prohibited from creating any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials. ■■ The recipient is prohibited from downloading the materials and putting them on their own website without Red Cross permission. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by the Red Cross. The Red Cross does not permit its materials to be reproduced or published without advance written permission from the Red Cross. To request permission to reproduce or publish Red Cross materials, please submit your written request to The American National Red Cross. Copyright © 2014 American National Red Cross. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Red Cross emblem, American Red Cross® and the American Red Cross logo are trademarks of The American National Red Cross and protected by various national statutes. Published by Krames Staywell Strategic Partnerships Division Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-58480-606-6 Acknowledgments This manual is dedicated to the thousands of employees and volunteers of the American Red Cross who contribute their time and talent to supporting and teaching swimming and lifesaving skills worldwide and to the thousands of course participants and other readers who have decided to be prepared to take action when an emergency strikes. Many individuals shared in the development and revision process in various supportive, technical and creative ways. The Swimming and Water Safety program was developed through the dedication of both employees and volunteers. Their commitment to excellence made this manual possible. The following members of the American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council provided guidance and review: Peter Wernicki, MD Roy Fielding Terri Lees Aquatics Chair, American Red Cross Member, American Red Cross Scientific Member, American Red Cross Scientific Scientific Advisory Council Advisory Council Advisory Council Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgeon, The University of North Carolina at Aquatic Supervisor Vero Beach, Florida Charlotte, Department of Kinesiology North Kansas City Community Center Assistant Clinical Professor, Dept. of Coordinator, Exercise Science/Director North Kansas City, Missouri Orthopedic Surgery, Florida St. University of Aquatics College of Medicine Charlotte, North Carolina William Dominic Ramos, PhD Chair, International Lifesaving Federation Member, American Red Cross Scientific Medical Committee Louise Kublick Advisory Council Medical Advisor, U.S. Lifesaving Association Member, American Red Cross Scientific Indiana University Advisory Council School of Public Health – Bloomington Linda Quan, MD, FAAP Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Director – IU Aquatics Institute Vice Chair, American Red Cross Scientific Hospital Assistant Professor Advisory Council Operations Manager, Aquatics Bloomington, Indiana University of Washington School of Medicine Toronto, Ontario, Canada Seattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, Washington Stephen J. Langendorfer, PhD Member, American Red Cross Scientific Peter Chambers, PhD, DO Advisory Council Member, American Red Cross Scientific Professor, Kinesiology Advisory Council Bowling Green State University Flight Surgeon, Medical Corps Bowling Green, Ohio Patrick Air Force Base, Florida Guidance provided by the American Red Cross: Jack McMaster Dominick Tolli Jean Erdtmann President Vice President Executive Director Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Acknowledgments iii The American Red Cross team for this edition included: Margot Alloway Connie Harvey John Thompson Business Analyst Director, Centennial Initiative Manager, Business Operations Information Technology Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Anthony Altieri Denise Hensal Joy Zukauskas eLearning Systems Administration Business Analyst Product Manager, Training Support Information Technology Information Technology Center Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Catherine Barry Don Lauritzen Director, Aquatics Officer Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Communications Sue Degnan Annette Pallowick Senior Marketing Manager Instructor Trainer/Program Marketing Development, Aquatics Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Gina Gunn Product Manager, Training Support Stephanie Shook Center Senior Product Manager, Aquatics Preparedness and Health and Safety Services Preparedness and Health and Safety Services The StayWell team for this edition included: Nancy Monahan Danielle DiPalma Laura Scott Senior Vice President Editorial Director Content Manager Sunil Bheda Melanie Cann Maureen Pancza Senior Vice President Executive Editor Editorial Project Manager Product Development Michael DelPolito Michelle Clark Paula Batt Executive Editor Senior Graphic Designer Vice President Sales and Client Services Maryann Foley Molly Evans Senior Content Manager Marketing Manager David Cane Managing Editor Special Thanks Special thanks to the following individuals for their expertise as Subject Matter Experts: Matt Barbini Tara Eggleston, M.S. Karen Josephson USA Swimming National Team, Assistant Division Chief/Countywide Illustrator and Synchro Swimming High Performance Consultant Aquatics Coordinator Expert, esynchro.com Colorado Springs, Colorado Maryland-National Capital Park and Concord, California Planning Commission U.S. Olympian, 1988 Olympic Silver Jason Baumann Medal, 1992 Olympic Gold Medal, USA Diving, Director of Education Myriam Glez Duet Synchronized Swimming Indianapolis, Indiana High Performance Director, USA Synchronized Swimming Russell Mark Scott Colby Indianapolis, Indiana USA Swimming National Team, USA Swimming, Sport Performance High Performance Consultant Consultant Colorado Springs, Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado iv | | Water Safety Instructor’s Manual Contents PART A: Administration Chapter 1: General Program Administration Swimming and Water Safety Program ����������������������������� 3 Instructor Responsibilities ��������������������������������������� 6 Instructor and Instructor Trainer Resources ������������������������� 8 Facility Considerations����������������������������������������� 11 Staffing ����������������������������������������������������� 11 Class Safety ������������������������������������������������� 13 Records and Reports ������������������������������������������ 15 Course Evaluation �������������������������������������������� 15 PART B: Teaching Swimming and Water Safety Chapter 2: Promoting Effective Learning Developmental Principles of Learning Motor Skills ������������������ 19 Stages of Learning Motor Skills ��������������������������������� 22 Helping Participants Learn ������������������������������������� 24 Teaching Strategies ������������������������������������������� 32 Chapter 3: Planning and Conducting Effective and Safe Swim Lessons Planning a Course Session ������������������������������������� 40 Organizing the Class ������������������������������������������ 47 Holding and Support Techniques �������������������������������� 52 Flotation Devices ��������������������������������������������� 58 Chapter 4: Integrating Water Safety into the Courses Putting Water Safety into Practice ������������������������������� 65 Water Safety as Part of Learning to Swim ������������������������� 65 Key Water Safety Topics ��������������������������������������� 68 Contents | v Basic Water Safety Rules ______________________________________ 71 Recognizing the Lifeguards _____________________________________ 72 Staying Safe Around Water ____________________________________ 72 Circle of Drowning Prevention __________________________________ 74 General Water Safety Around the Home __________________________ 74 Safety at the Beach and at the Waterpark _________________________ 75 The Importance of Wearing a Life Jacket __________________________ 76 The Danger of Drains _________________________________________ 77 Recreational Water Illnesses ____________________________________ 78 Sun Safety __________________________________________________ 78 Water Toys and Their Limitations ________________________________