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Interaction of the Hippo Pathway and Phosphatases in Tumorigenesis

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Interaction of the Hippo Pathway and Phosphatases in Tumorigenesis cancers Review Interaction of the Hippo Pathway and Phosphatases in Tumorigenesis Sahar Sarmasti Emami, Derek Zhang and Xiaolong Yang * Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; [email protected] (S.S.E.); [email protected] (D.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-613-533-6000 (ext. 75998); Fax: +1-613-533-2970 Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 25 August 2020; Published: 27 August 2020 Simple Summary: Recently, a group of genes called “Hippo” has been discovered that is critical for the development and progression of a wide types of cancers. Therefore, modulating the “Hippo” activity is one of the most important ways to stop cancer. In this review, we have summarized for the first-time recent research findings on the crosstalk between “Hippo” and another group of genes called phosphatases. We have also proposed future directions of this research field. Our review provides very useful information on targeting of Hippo-phosphatases interactions for more effective cancer therapies in the future. Abstract: The Hippo pathway is an emerging tumor suppressor signaling pathway involved in a wide range of cellular processes. Dysregulation of different components of the Hippo signaling pathway is associated with a number of diseases including cancer. Therefore, identification of the Hippo pathway regulators and the underlying mechanism of its regulation may be useful to uncover new therapeutics for cancer therapy. The Hippo signaling pathway includes a set of kinases that phosphorylate different proteins in order to phosphorylate and inactivate its main downstream effectors, YAP and TAZ. Thus, modulating phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the Hippo components by kinases and phosphatases play critical roles in the regulation of the signaling pathway. While information regarding kinase regulation of the Hippo pathway is abundant, the role of phosphatases in regulating this pathway is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we summarize the most recent reports on the interaction of phosphatases and the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis. We have also introduced challenges in clarifying the role of phosphatases in the Hippo pathway and future direction of crosstalk between phosphatases and the Hippo pathway. Keywords: Hippo pathway; protein phosphatase; tumorigenesis; YAP; TAZ; LATS; MST 1. Introduction 1.1. The Hippo Pathway in Tumorigenesis and Its Regulation by Phosphorylation Hippo pathway is a signal pathway that is involved in normal organ size control, tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, tumor suppression and metastasis, immune response, and drug resistance [1–7]. This evolutionary conserved signaling pathway was first identified in Drosophila Melanogaster and consists of a set of serine (S or Ser)/threonine (T or Thr) kinases [8]. The core components of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila includes two kinases Hippo (Hpo) and Warts (Wts), a scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), and an adaptor protein Mats [1,9]. These Drosophila Hippo core components have direct homologs in humans, including the Mammalian STE20-like 1/2 (MST1/2; Hpo), Large Tumor Suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2; Wts), WW45 (Sav), and Mps One Binder 1 (MOB1; Mats) [10–12]. Following the activation of the Hippo pathway by cell-cell contact, extracellular Cancers 2020, 12, 2438; doi:10.3390/cancers12092438 www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers Cancers 2020, 12, 2438 2 of 23 matrix (ECM) stiffness, or cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage, nutrient deprivation, etc.), MST1/2 kinases are activated, which subsequently phosphorylate MOB1/2 adaptor protein and SAV1 scaffold protein that assistCancers 2020 MST, 10 kinase, x to recruit and phosphorylate LATS1 at T1079 and LATS2 at T10412 [of3 23,12 ,13]. SAV1 acts as a scaffold protein to bring LATS and MST together by binding to both of them [14]. MOB1activated, binds to which LATS1 subsequently/2 and induces phosphorylate the autophosphorylation MOB1/2 adaptor of protein these kinasesand SAV1 in theirscaffold activation protein loop (S909that for LATS1assist MST and kinase S872 forto recruit LATS2), and which phosphoryl in turnate increases LATS1 at their T1079 kinase and LA activityTS2 at [ 15T1041,16]. [3,12,13]. LATS1/2 can be alsoSAV1 phosphorylated acts as a scaffold and protein activated to bring by LATS MAP4Ks, and MST a membertogether by of binding mammalian to both Ste20-likeof them [14]. family, MOB1 binds to LATS1/2 and induces the autophosphorylation of these kinases in their activation which act in parallel to MST to enhance the activity of LATS1/2 kinases [17–19]. Activated LATS1/2 loop (S909 for LATS1 and S872 for LATS2), which in turn increases their kinase activity [15,16]. phosphorylate WW domain-containing transcription coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) at five LATS1/2 can be also phosphorylated and activated by MAP4Ks, a member of mammalian Ste20-like sites (S61,family, S109, which S127, act in S164, parallel S381) to andMST its to paralogenhance transcriptionalthe activity of LATS1/2 coactivator kinases with [17–19]. PDZ-binding Activated Motif (TAZ)LATS1/2/WW Domain-Containing phosphorylate WW domain-containing Transcription Regulator transcription Protein coactivators 1 (WWTR1) Yes-associated at four sites protein (S66, S89, S117,(YAP) S311) at with five sites a consensus (S61, S109,phosphorylation S127, S164, S381) an motifd its paralog of HxH transcriptional/R/KxxS/T (H, coactivator histidine; with R, PDZ- arginine; K, lysine;binding x, anyMotif amino (TAZ)/WW acid) [20Domain-Containing–24]. Phosphorylation Transcription of S127 Regulator on YAP orProtein S89 on 1 TAZ(WWTR1) by LATS at four creates a bindingsites (S66, site S89, for 14-3-3S117, S311) protein with that a consensus sequesters phos YAPphorylation/TAZ in motif the cytoplasmof HxH/R/KxxS/T and inhibits (H, histidine; YAP/ TAZ activityR, arginine; [25,26] (Figure K, lysine;1, “Hippox, any amino on”). acid) Phosphorylation [20–24]. Phosphorylation of S381 on of YAP S127 oron S311 YAP onor S89 TAZ on by TAZ LATS by can causeLATS their creates sequential a binding phosphorylation site for 14-3-3 protein by CK1 that kinase sequesters and subsequentYAP/TAZ in degradationthe cytoplasm byand SCF inhibitsβ-TrCP E3 YAP/TAZ activity [25,26] (Figure 1, “Hippo on”). Phosphorylation of S381 on YAP or S311 on TAZ ligase [27,28]. On the other hand, inactivation of upstream core components of the Hippo pathway by LATS can cause their sequential phosphorylation by CK1 kinase and subsequent degradation by or dephosphorylation of 14-3-3 docking site on YAP or TAZ reduces YAP/TAZ phosphorylation SCFβ-TrCP E3 ligase [27,28]. On the other hand, inactivation of upstream core components of the Hippo and increasespathway or nuclear dephosphorylation translocation of of YAP14-3-3/TAZ, docking thereby site leadingon YAP to or YAP TAZ/TAZ reduces activation YAP/TAZ (Figure 1, “Hippophosphorylation OFF”). The activated and increases YAP /TAZnuclear can translocat then bindion to of the YAP/TAZ, TEAD family thereb (TEAD1–4)y leading to of YAP/TAZ transcription factoractivation which can (Figure activate 1, the“Hippo transcription OFF”). The of activated its downstream YAP/TAZ target can genes then bind (Figure to 1the, “Hippo TEAD OFF”)family such as connective(TEAD1–4) tissue of transcription growth factor factor(CTGF), which can cysteine-rich activate the transcription 61 (Cyr61), of fibroblast its downstream growth target factor genes (FGF1), AXL,(Figure BMP4, 1, and “Hippo PD-L1 OFF”) [23,29 such–33 as]. Theseconnective upregulated tissue growth genes factor are involved (CTGF), cysteine-rich in tumorigenesis 61 (Cyr61), including increasedfibroblast cell proliferationgrowth factor and(FGF1), cell AXL, migration, BMP4, reducedand PD-L1 cell [23,29–33]. death, and These immune upregulated evasion. genes Therefore, are alteredinvolved expression in tumorigenesis or mutation including in the Hippo increased pathway cell proliferation components and can cell lead migration, to abnormal reduced cell cell growth, death, and immune evasion. Therefore, altered expression or mutation in the Hippo pathway transformation, and tumor metastasis [34–37]. components can lead to abnormal cell growth, transformation, and tumor metastasis [34–37]. FigureFigure 1. Core 1. Core components components of of the the HippoHippo pathway in in ma mammalianmmalian cells. cells. When When the Hippo the Hippo pathway pathway is ON, MST1/2 and MAP4K are activated, which subsequently phosphorylate and activate LATS1/2 is ON, MST1/2 and MAP4K are activated, which subsequently phosphorylate and activate LATS1/2 kinases. Activated LATS1/2 phosphorylate transcriptional coactivator YAP/TAZ, preventing entry kinases. Activated LATS1/2 phosphorylate transcriptional coactivator YAP/TAZ, preventing entry into into the nucleus by anchoring them to 14-3-3 protein and/or promoting their degradation in the the nucleuscytoplasm. by anchoringThis interrupts them their to 14-3-3 interactions protein with and the/or TEAD promoting family their of transcription degradation factors, in the which cytoplasm. This interruptssubsequently their change interactions the transcription with the of TEAD downst familyream ofgenes. transcription When the factors,Hippo pathway which subsequently is OFF, changeYAP/TAZ the transcription upstream kinases of downstream are inactivated, genes. which When results the Hippo in translocation pathway is of OFF, YAP/TAZ YAP/TAZ into upstream the kinasesnucleus are inactivated,to interact with which TEAD results transcription in
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