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Contributions, including in-kind, are gratefully acknowledged, including those from UNDP, DfID, UN Global Pulse, ECE, UN Secretariat - including DESA, DGACM, DM, and EOSG - UN Millennium Campaign, UN NGLS, Microsoft and UN Foundation.

We gratefully acknowledge help and advice from many others, especially Muhammad Abdullahi, Youlia Antonova, René Clausen Nielsen, Joe Colombano, Marie-Ange Diegue, Jaspreet Doung, Tala Dowlatshahi, Eleonore Fournier-Tombs, Caya Johnson, Eva Kaplan, Kate Krukiel, Paul Ladd, Yongyi Min, Keiko Osaki-Tomita, Anna Ortubia, Paul Pacheco, Matthias Reister, Stefan Schweinfest, Frances Simpson-Allen, Corinne Woods and Wailan Wu.

Independent Expert Advisory Group Secretary: Claire Melamed

Research team: Luis Gonzalez Morales, Yu-Chieh Hsu, Jennifer Poole, Benjamin Rae, Ian Rutherford.

Publication management: Admir Jahic

Design & layout: Green Communication Design Inc.

Produced by: Independent Expert Advisory Group Secretariat

Copyright Independent Expert Advisory Group Secretariat 2014 ©

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Mobilising the data revolution for sustainable development

Data are the lifeblood of decision-making and the raw material for accountability. Without high-quality data providing the right information on the right things at the right time; designing, monitoring and evaluating effective policies becomes almost impossible.

New technologies are leading to an exponential monitor , hold governments accountable increase in the volume and types of data available, and foster sustainable development. More diverse, creating unprecedented possibilities for informing integrated, timely and trustworthy information can and transforming society and protecting the environ- lead to better decision-making and real-time citizen ment. Governments, companies, researchers and feedback. This in turn enables individuals, public and citizen groups are in a ferment of experimentation, private institutions, and companies to make choices innovation and adaptation to the new world of data, that are good for them and for the world they live in. a world in which data are bigger, faster and more This report sets out the main opportunities and detailed than ever before. This is the data revolution. risks presented by the data revolution for sustain- Some are already living in this new world. But able development. Seizing these opportunities and too many people, organisations and govern- mitigating these risks requires active choices, espe- ments are excluded because of lack of resources, cially by governments and international institutions. knowledge, capacity or opportunity. There are Without immediate action, gaps between developed huge and growing inequalities in access to data and developing countries, between information-rich and information and in the ability to use it. and information-poor people, and between the private and public sectors will widen, and risks of Data needs improving. Despite considerable harm and abuses of human rights will grow. progress in recent years, whole groups of people are not being counted and important aspects of people’s lives and environmental conditions An urgent call for action: are still not measured. For people, this can lead key recommendations to the denial of basic rights, and for the planet, The strong leadership of the United Nations to continued environmental degradation. Too (UN) is vital for the success of this process. often, existing data remain unused because The Independent Expert Advisory Group (IEAG), they are released too late or not at all, not well- established in August 2014, offers the UN Secretary- documented and harmonized, or not available at General several key recommendations for actions the level of detail needed for decision-making. to be taken in the near future, summarised below:

As the world embarks on an ambitious project to 1. Develop a global consensus on principles meet new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and standards: The disparate worlds of there is an urgent need to mobilise the data revolu- public, private and civil society data and sta- tion for all people and the whole planet in order to tistics providers need to be urgently brought

OIIOOIOIOIOOII2 A World that Counts together to build trust and confidence among be needed to implement an education program data users. We propose that the UN establish aimed at improving people’s, infomediaries’ and a process whereby key stakeholders create a public servants’ capacity and data literacy to “Global Consensus on Data”, to adopt principles break down barriers between people and data. concerning legal, technical, privacy, geospatial and statistical standards which, among other 4. Leadership for coordination and things, will facilitate openness and information mobilisation: A UN-led “Global Partnership exchange and promote and protect human rights. for Sustainable Development Data” is pro- posed, to mobilise and coordinate the actions 2. Share technology and innovations for the and institutions required to make the data common good: To create mechanisms through revolution serve sustainable development, which technology and innovation can be shared promoting several initiatives, such as: and used for the common good, we propose • A “World Forum on Sustainable Development to create a global “Network of Data Innovation Data” to bring together the whole data Networks”, to bring together the organisations ecosystem to share ideas and experi- and experts in the field. This would: contribute ences for data improvements, innovation, to the adoption of best practices for improving advocacy and technology transfer. The the monitoring of SDGs, identify areas where first Forum should take place at the end common data-related infrastructures could of 2015, once the SDGs are agreed; address capacity problems and improve effi- ciency, encourage collaborations, identify critical • A “Global Users Forum for Data for SDGs”, research gaps and create incentives to innovate. to ensure feedback loops between data producers and users, help the international 3. New resources for capacity development: community to set priorities and assess results; Improving data is a development agenda in • Brokering key global public-private its own right, and can improve the targeting partnerships for data sharing. of existing resources and spur new economic opportunities. Existing gaps can only be over- 5. Exploit some quick wins on SDG data: come through new investments and the Establishing a “SDGs data lab” to support the strengthening of capacities. A new funding development of a first wave of SDG indicators, stream to support the data revolution for sus- developing an SDG analysis and visualisation plat- tainable development should be endorsed at the form using the most advanced tools and features “Third International Conference on Financing for exploring data, and building a dashboard from for Development”, in Addis Ababa in July 2015. diverse data sources on ”the state of the world”. An assessment will be needed of the scale of Never again should it be possible to say investments, capacity development and tech- “we didn’t know”. No one should be invisible. nology transfer that is required, especially for This is the world we want – a world that counts. low income countries; and proposals developed for mechanisms to leverage the creativity and For more information on the composition, terms of reference resources of the private sector. Funding will also and work of the IEAG, see www.undatarevolution.org

A data revolution for sustainable development 3OIIOOIOIOIOOII What is the data revolution for 1 sustainable development? Data are the lifeblood of decision-making. Without data, we cannot know how many people are born and at what age they die; how many men, women and children still live in poverty; how many children need educating; how many doctors to train or schools to build; how public money is being spent and to what effect; whether greenhouse gas emissions are increasing or the fish stocks in the ocean are dangerously low; how many people are in what kinds of work, what companies are trading and whether economic activity is expanding.

To know all this and more improve data for monitoring and Sustainable Development Goals involves a systematic effort of accountability. As a result, more (SDGs). Achieving these goals finding out. It means seeking is known now about the state of will require integrated action out high-quality data that can be the world and, particularly, the on social, environmental and used to compare outcomes and poorest people in it. But despite economic challenges, with a changes over time and between this significant progress, huge focus on inclusive, participatory and within countries, and con- data and knowledge gaps remain development that leaves no one tinuing to do so, year after about some of the biggest chal- behind. This in turn will require year. It means careful planning, lenges we face, and many people another significant increase in spending money on technical and groups still go uncounted. the data and information that is expertise, robust systems, and These gaps limit governments’ available to individuals, govern- ever-changing technologies. It ability to act and to communicate ments, civil society, companies means making data available, honestly with the public. Months and international organisations building public trust in the data, into the Ebola outbreak, for exam- to plan, monitor and be held and expanding people’s ability to ple, it is still hard to know how accountable for their actions. A use it, so that their needs are at many people have died, or where. huge increase in the capacity of the heart of these processes. many governments, institutions And now the stakes are rising. and individuals will be needed to Since 2000, the effort involved In 2015, the world will embark deliver and use this data. in monitoring the Millennium on an even more ambitious Development Goals (MDGs) has initiative, a new development Fortunately, this challenge comes spurred increased investment to agenda underpinned by the together with a huge opportunity.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII4 A World that Counts The growth of data: 400 100 Trends in data availability, data 350

openness and ousehold 300 75 mobile phone use 250 All Surveys 200 50 Open Access Surveys 150 etwork, by year in which nternational H Mobile-cellular 100 25

subscriptions umber of surveys registered 50 data collection was finished* N urvey N by the I

(per 100 inhabitants) S

0 0 ubscriptions per 100 inhabitants** 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 S

Source: * International Household Survey Network (http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog). For a detailed analysis of global trends in survey data availability, see, e.g., Demombynes and Sandefur (2014), “Costing a Data Revolution”, Center for Global Development, Working Paper 383. **  (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2), based on data from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database

The volume of data in the world societies are adjusting to a world the Secretary-General of the is increasing exponentially: one of faster, more networked and United Nations. We hope it estimate has it that 90% of more comprehensive data – and will also be helpful to Member the data in the world has been all the fears and dangers, as well States, the UN System as created in the last two years.i As as opportunities, that brings. a whole, and to the large the graph above demonstrates, constituencies that support the This is the “data revolution”: the the volumes of both traditional three pillars of the UN: peace, opportunity to improve the data sources of data (represented by human rights and development. that is essential for decision- the number of household surveys making, accountability and Revolutions begin with people, registered) and new sources solving development challenges. not with reports, and the data (mobile subscriptions per 100 This report calls on governments revolution is no different. This people) have been rising, and and the UN to act to enable report is not about how to create openness is increasing (num- data to play its full role in a data revolution – it is already bers of surveys placed online). the realisation of sustainable happening – but how to mobilise Thanks to new technologies, the development by closing key it for sustainable development. volume, level of detail, and speed gaps in access and use of It is an urgent call for action to of data available on societies, the data: between developed and support the aspiration for sus- economy and the environment is developing countries, between tainable development and avert without precedent. Governments, information-rich and information- risks, stop and reverse growing companies, researchers and poor people, and between the inequalities in access to data and citizens groups are in a ferment private and public sectors. information, and ensure that the of experimentation, innovation promise of the data revolution is and adaptation to the new world This report has been prepared realised for all. of data. People, economies and in response to a request by

A data revolution for sustainable development 5OIIOOIOIOIOOII OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO- IOIOOOIOOIO Defining the data revolution Since the phrase was coined in May 2013 in the report of The data revolution for sustainable development is: the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the post-2015 the integration of these new data with traditional data Development Agenda, the “data revolution” has come to produce high-quality information that is more detailed, to mean many things to many people. Here, we take it to timely and relevant for many purposes and users, espe- mean the following: cially to foster and monitor sustainable development;

The data revolution is: the increase in the usefulness of data through a much an explosion in the volume of data, the speed greater degree of openness and transparency, avoiding with which data are produced, the number of produc- invasion of privacy and abuse of human rights from ers of data, the dissemination of data, and the range misuse of data on individuals and groups, and minimis- of things on which there is data, coming from new ing inequality in production, access to and use of data; technologies such as mobile phones and the “internet ultimately, more empowered people, better policies, better of things”, and from other sources, such as qualitative decisions and greater participation and accountability, data, citizen-generated data and perceptions data; leading to better outcomes for people and the planet. a growing demand for data from all parts of society.

Minimising the risks footprints’ people leave behind, relationships is used with mali- and maximising the from sensor-enabled objects or is cious intent, such as hacking into opportunities of the inferred via algorithms. bank accounts or discriminating data revolution in access to services. People The growing gap between the and societies can be harmed As with any change, the data data people actively offer and in less material, but nonethe- revolution comes with a range the amounts of “massive and less real ways if individuals are of new risks, posing questions passive” data being generated embarrassed or suffer social and challenges concerning the and mediated by third parties isolation as a result of information access to and use of data, and fuels anxiety among individuals becoming public. threatening a growing inequal- and communities. ity in access to and use of There is a longer-term cost if Some of this is well-founded. information. These risks must a breakdown in trust between As more is known about people be addressed. people and the institutions that and the environment, there is a have access to their data means Fundamental elements of human correspondingly greater risk that that people do not feel confident rights have to be safeguarded: the data could be used to harm, giving consent to uses of their privacy, respect for minorities or rather than to help. People could data for the social good, such as data sovereignty requires us to be harmed in material ways, if to track patterns of disease or balance the rights of individuals the huge amount that can be assess inequalities. with the benefits of the collective. known about people’s move- Much of the new data is collected ments, their likes and dislikes, People and the planet could also passively, from the ‘digital their social interactions and be harmed inadvertently, if data

OIIOOIOIOIOOII6 A World that Counts OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO that have not been checked for As part of a project to engage young people in disaster risk reduction, quality are used for policy or teenagers in Rio de Janeiro have used cameras attached to kites to gather decision-making and turn out to aerial images, helping to identify the presence or absence of drainage systems, be wrong. the availability of sanitation facilities, and potential impediments to evacuation. In Rio, this has already led to the removal of piled-up garbage and the repair of There is also a risk of growing a bridge. inequality. Major gaps are already Source: UNICEF (http://www.unicef.org/statistics/brazil_62043.html) opening up between the data haves and have-nots. Without broadband subscription exceeds resources for investment, training action, a whole new inequality 10% of average monthly GDP per and experimentation. According frontier will open up, splitting the capita, compared to France and to McKinsey, African countries world between those who know, the Republic of Korea where it is spend about 1.1% of GDP on and those who do not. Many less than 0.1%.ii The information investment in and use of inter- people are excluded from the society should not force a choice net services, less than a third new world of data and informa- between food and knowledge. of what, on average, is spent by tion by language, poverty, lack richer countries – meaning that of education, lack of technology In several countries, the public the gap in internet availability infrastructure, remoteness or sector is not keeping up with and use is growing every year, prejudice and discrimination. companies, which are increas- as some regions accelerate While the use of new technolo- ingly able to collect, analyse and ahead.iii The graph below shows gies has exploded everywhere respond to real-time data as how advanced economies are in the last ten years, the costs quickly as it is generated. Richer ahead of the rest of the world are still prohibitive for many. In countries are benefitting more on almost every indicator of Nicaragua, Bolivia and Honduras, from the new possibilities than access to, use of, and impact of for example, the price of a mobile poorer countries that lack the the use of digital technologies.

inequalities in access to 1. Political and and use of ICT services* regulatory environment 7 Advanced economies 10. Social impacts 6 2. Business and innovation 5 environment Southern, Central and 4 Eastern European Countries 3 Commonwealth of Independent 9. Economic impacts 2 3. Infrastructure and digital content States and Mongolia 1 0 Developing Asia Latin America and 8. Government usage 4. Affordability the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 7. Business usage 5. Skills 6. Individual usage

* Regional score averages based on the Global Information Technology Report 2013, by the World Economic Forum

A data revolution for sustainable development 7OIIOOIOIOIOOII It is up to governments to put in place the rules and systems to realise this vision, working with domestic stakeholders and in the multilateral system, at regional and global levels. Governments, through the legal systems they enforce, are the © UNICEF/RWAA2011-00484/Noorani ultimate guarantors of the public good. If the new world of data is We believe that the data But if our vision is of a world to be based on public trust and revolution can be a revolution where data and information public consent, there has to be for equality. More, and more reduce rather than increase a confidence that governments open, data can help ensure that inequalities, we are still a long can and will play this role, at least knowledge is shared, creating a way from realising that ambition. in part through the creation and world of informed and empow- Without deliberate actions, the enforcement of new rules. ered citizens, capable of holding opportunities will be slower in decision-makers accountable for coming and more unequally dis- It is governments – ideally work- their actions. There are huge tributed when they arrive, and the ing in collaboration with forward opportunities before us and risks will be greater. looking and socially responsible change is already happening. private institutions, civil society and academia – that can set

OIOIOOOOOOIO- and enforce legal frameworks IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- to guarantee data privacy and IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution security of data for individuals, IOIOOOIOO and ensure its quality and inde- Indonesian authorities estimated that 50,000 people in Sumatra suffered pendence. It is governments that from respiratory illness as a result of forest fires in March 2014. Several can balance public and private major cities were effectively closed for weeks. The environmental impacts interests and create systems were equally severe, with valuable forest and peat land burned, contributing that foster incentives without significantly to Indonesia’s greenhouse gas emissions. The immediate avail- creating unacceptable inequali- ability of free forest fire data on the World Resources Institute (WRI)’s Global ties, adopt frameworks for safe Forest Watch site (GFW) enabled companies – Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) and responsible use and manage and Asia Pacific Resources Limited (APRIL), Indonesia’s two largest pulp and the international system that paper producers – to evaluate daily where their limited resources are best can transfer finance and techni- deployed to respond to fires on lands they are responsible for. The govern- cal expertise to bring the least ments of Singapore and Indonesia also used GFW-Fires’ ultra–high resolution informed people and institutions imagery, available through a partnership with Digital Globe, to crack down on up to the level of the most illegal burning by companies. And GFW-Fires, combined with the Indonesian informed. And it is governments Government’s Karhutla (Land and Forest Fires) Monitoring System, enabled that are elected to respond firefighters to reduce response time from 36 hours to 4 hours. to citizens on their choices Source: World Resources Institute (http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/global-forest-watch) and priorities.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII8 A World that Counts providing data that is human and We believe machine-readable, compatible that the data revolution can be a with geospatial information revolution for equality systems and available quickly enough to ensure that the data cycle matches the decision New institutions, new actors, sustainable development. To fill cycle. In many cases, technical new ideas and new partner- this role, however, they will need and financial investments will be ships are needed, and all have to change, and more quickly needed to enable those changes something to offer the data than in the past, and continue to to happen, and strong collabora- revolution. National statistical adapt, abandoning expensive and tion between public institutions offices, the traditional guard- cumbersome production pro- and the private sector can help ians of public data for the public cesses, incorporating new data official agencies to jump straight good, will remain central to the sources, including administrative to new technologies and ways of whole of government efforts to data from other government doing things. harness the data revolution for departments, and focusing on

OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOOIOOIOO- IOIOIOIOOOOOIOO- IOIOOIOIOOOIOO- IOOIOOIOOIOOIO-New data, health services and malaria OIOOIOOIOOIOIO- OOIOOIO average more than 350 actionable reports per month, and approximately 70% of these reports are successfully fol- Malaria is one of the biggest killers in several lowed up at the district level within 2 weeks. The number developing countries and imposes a huge strain on health of facilities that are out of stock of Artemisinin-based systems. Using new data sources to inform planning and Combination Therapies (ACTs) to treat malaria at any given policy can improve services and reduce deaths. time has fallen from 80% to 15%.

iv The Mtrac programme in Uganda, supported by UNICEF, Research in Cote d’Ivoire shows how, in the longer term, the WHO and USAID, uses SMS surveys completed by new sources of data might also have a role in tracking health workers to alert public health officials to outbreaks and predicting epidemics of malaria or other diseases. of malaria, and lets them know how much medicine is Combining strongly anonymised data on communication on hand at health facilities, so they can anticipate and patterns from the Orange mobile telephone network with resolve any shortages. Before Mtrac, the Ministry of information on the spread of malaria from the WHO, the Health had very little health facility-level data, either paper University of Minnesota School of Public Health produced or electronic. By March 2014, thanks to this programme, epidemiological models that are more detailed than any about 1,200 district health officials, 18,700 health facility currently in use. This knowledge could be used to create ser- workers, and 7,400 village health team workers were using vices to notify doctors, field hospitals and the general public the system. Now the Ugandan government is collecting ahead of epidemics, using mobile networks or local radio. data from thousands of health facilities, capturing and Similar work has been done on the spread of AIDS, cholera analysing results within 48 hours at a total cost of less and meningitis, and could, if the data is made available, be than US$150 per poll. The Anonymous Hotline receives on used for rapid response and planning for new epidemics.v

A data revolution for sustainable development 9OIIOOIOIOIOOII New data, health services and malaria (cont’d)

POPULATION DENSITY AND COMMUNICATION BY SUB-PREFECTURE

Number of calls between sub-prefectures 5.001 - 98,489 98,490 - 382,559 382,560 - 1,507,291

Population density per sq Km

4 - 25 26 - 45 46 - 64 65 - 95 96 - 176 177 - 585 586 - 4388

N 0 50 100 200 300 400 KILOMETRES

MALARIA PREVALENCE AND COMMUNICATION BY SUB-PREFECTURE

Number of calls between sub-prefectures 5.001 - 98,489 98,490 - 382,559 382,560 - 1,507,291

Estimated malaria prevalence

21.2% - 38.3% 38.4% - 48.7% 48.8% - 61.3% 61.4% - 81.69%

Communication patterns of mobile phone users in Côte d’Ivoire between sub-prefectures are shown, weighted by the number of calls that were made between December 2010 and April 2011, superimposed N on (a) the 1998 population density and (b) the prevalence of malaria, as 0 50 100 200 300 400 estimated by Raso et al. [25]. For clarity, only edges representing more KILOMETRES than 5,000 calls over the 5-month observational period are shown.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII10 A World that Counts The data revolution for 2 sustainable development In September 2015, the UN Member States are expected to commit to an ambitious new set of global goals for a new era of sustainable development. Achieving them will require an unprecedented joint effort on the part of governments at every level, civil society and the private sector, and millions of individual choices and actions. To be realised, the SDGs will require a monitoring and accountability framework and a plan for implementation. A commitment to realise the opportunities of the data revolution should be firmly embedded into the action plan for the SDGs, to support those countries most in need of resources, and to set the world on track for an unprecedented push towards a new world of data for change.

There is much to be done, and this is the moment to do it.

Why a data revolution There are two main problems countries still have poor for sustainable to address: data, data arrives too late development? • Not enough high-quality and too many issues are still barely covered by existing Although there have been steady data. In a world increasingly data. For example, in several and dramatic improvements in awash with data, it is shock- countries data on employment recent decades, there is still ing how little is known about are notoriously unreliable, work to do to create a clearer some people and some parts data on age and disability are and more up-to-date picture of of our environment. routinely not collected and a the world, to use in planning, The world has made huge great deal of data is difficult monitoring and evaluation of strides in recent years in track- to access to citizens or is not the policies and programmes ing specific aspects of human available until several years that will together achieve the development such as poverty, have passed since the time SDGs, and in holding to account nutrition, child and maternal of collection. those in positions of power over health and access to water and resources and other decisions sanitation. However, too many that affect people’s lives.

A data revolution for sustainable development 11OIIOOIOIOIOOII Percentage of MDG data 80 currently available for 70 developing countries by 60 nature of source* 50

Nature of data source: 40

ercentage 30 Global monitoring P 20 Modelled 10 Estimated 0 Country, adjusted 1990–94 1995–99 2000–04 2005–09 2010-13 Reference period Country

* Availability is defined as the proportion of country-indicator combinations that have at least one data observation within the reference period. Figures are based on 55 MDG core indicators, as of October 2014. Source: MDG database, maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division

The figure above presents a observation over the reference no five-year period when the summary snapshot of current period, and availability is availability of data is more than data availability in the MDG broken down by whether the 70% of what is required. The database (as of October 2014), data comes from country or drop in data availability after covering 55 core indicators international data sources, 2010 demonstrates the extent for 157 developing countries and whether it is estimated, of the time lags that persist or areas. There, a country is adjusted or modelled.vi Overall, between collection and release counted as having data for an the picture is improving of data. indicator if it has at least one though still poor, so there is There is considerable variation

OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- in data availability between OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- indicators, where, for exam- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO ple, data on malaria indicators As part of the development of their National Strategy for the Development of is very scarce, while for the Statistics (NSDS) completed in partnership with the Partnership in Statistics ratio of girls to boys enrolled in for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21), Rwanda identified some simple, primary, secondary and tertiary yet systematic, improvements that could dramatically help make better use of education there is relatively evidence for policy making. One innovation included moving up the publishing good country level data avail- date of the Consumer Price Index by five days each month in response to needs able for most countries and from both policy makers and businesses. The release date of the Demographic years (though much remains to and Health Survey and Living Conditions Survey was changed so that the infor- be done in tracking other indi- mation could be used in measuring Rwanda’s first poverty reduction strategy cators essential to monitoring and so the information could inform planning for the next one. These changes educational outcomes). in data scheduling increased the usefulness of the data and allowed for better evidence-based decisions to be made. Source: PARIS21 (http://www.cgdev.org/blog/better-data-rwanda)

OIIOOIOIOIOOII12 A World that Counts OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO If data availability is still low for Indonesia is one of the most social-media dense countries in the world today. some individual indicators and/ Indonesians tweet about a range of topics, including the cost of living. A project or countries, the graph below by UN Global Pulse, the Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning highlights how, when looked at and the World Food Programme found public tweets mentioning food prices from a country level, there has closely approximate official figures, leading to the development of a technology been a tremendous improve- that extracts daily food prices from public tweets to generate a near real-time ment in the ability of national food price index. This data mining approach could be adapted to other food statistical systems to provide items and locations, not just leveraging Twitter but other crowd-sourced and data directly over the past ten social data sources. years. This has been one of Source: UN Global Pulse (http://www.unglobalpulse.org/nowcasting-food-prices) the greatest achievements of MDG monitoring, and is Globally, the fact of birth has level, making it hard for policy testament to the tremendous not been recorded for nearly makers or communities to efforts of many national and 230 million children under age compare their progress with international organisations. five. In 2012 alone, 57 million that of other communities Beyond the MDG indicators, infants – four out of every ten or the country as a whole. In other disturbing gaps exist. babies delivered worldwide water supply, for example, the Entire groups of people and that year – were not registered analysis of many household key issues remain invisible. with civil authorities.vii Violence surveys produces a single Indigenous populations and against children is often under- national estimate of access to slum dwellers for instance, are reported, leading to failures to clean and safe water in rural consistently left out of most protect vulnerable children. areas, but does not show how data sets. It is still impossible to Data is often insufficiently it varies between districts. know with certainty how many disaggregated at sub-national disabled children are in school.

Increase over time in number of 80 MDG indicator series for which 70 trend analysis was possible 60 for developing countries* 50 No. of indicator series with 40 at least two data points: 30

0–5 ercent of countries 20 P 10 6–10 0 11–15 MDG database MDG database MDG database as as at July 2003 as at July 2006 at October 2014 16–22

* Figures are based on a subset of 22 MDG indicators. Source: Updated figures based on United Nations, “Indicators for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals”, Report of the Secretary-General, 45th. Session of the United Nations Statistical Commission, 4-7 Mar, 2014. (E/CN.3/2014/29).

A data revolution for sustainable development 13OIIOOIOIOIOOII and sex-age composition was available for just 35 percent. A lack of demographic and location information frequently hinders needs assessment and monitoring of the global response to emergencies.ix The new goals will cover a wider range of environmen- tal issues than the existing © UNICEF/NYHQ2014-1094/Nesbitt MDGs. Data on many environ- mental issues is particularly Gender inequality and the available on the distribution of sparse. There is almost no undervaluing of women’s money or the division of labour useful data on chemical pol- activities and priorities within households. Much lutants, despite toxic waste in every sphere has been more data are needed on the dumping being a serious envi- replicated in the statistical economic roles of women ronmental and health issue in record. Many of the issues of all ages as caregivers to some countries. Likewise, we of most concern to women children, older persons and lack sound and agreed-upon are poorly served by exist- the disabled in the house- metrics for tracking excessive ing data; just over half of hold and in the labour force. flows of reactive nitrogen. all countries report data on Of the 42.9 million persons It is quite clear that the intimate partner violence, and of concern to the United monitoring of the SDGs will where it is reported quality is Nations High Commissioner require substantial addi- not consistent, data is rarely for Refugees (UNHCR) globally tional investment in order to collected from women over at the end of 2013, sex com- consolidate gains made during 49, and data are not com- position was known for only the MDG era and to develop parable.viii Very little data is 56 percent of the population, reliable, high-quality data

OIOIOOOOOOIO- on a range of new subjects, IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- such as climate risk mitiga- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO tion or inequality, ensuring In Mexico, a budget research and advocacy group called Fundar developed an that no groups are excluded, online database of government farm subsidies. One of the problems brought and with an unprecedented to light was the way in which billions of dollars of the funds were distributed. level of detail. Though many farm subsidy programs claim to target the neediest farmers, • Data that are not used or the database revealed that a small group of wealthy farmers had captured not usable. To be useful, the vast majority of subsidy funds over time (the top 10 percent of recipients data must be of high quality, had received over 50 percent of the funds). The studies contributed to the at a level of disaggregation government decision to review and change the distribution of the subsidies. that is appropriate to the issue Source: Fundar (http://fundar.org.mx) at hand, and must be made

OIIOOIOIOIOOII14 A World that Counts OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO Household survey data can be of enormous value in identifying patterns of example, are much harder for progress among different groups and using this to inform policy. For example, potential users to work with; the Indian government’s Total Sanitation Campaign, launched in 1999, has a administrative data that are budget of $3.9 billion to improve access to sanitation in the country. However, not transferred to statistical data from household surveys showed that between 1995 and 2008, the out- offices; data generated by the comes were far from satisfactory. In this period, the percentage of households private sector or by academic from the poorest 20% of Indian society practicing open defecation fell from researchers that are never 99% to 95%, while among the second-richest quintile it fell from 56% to 20%. released or data released too Analysis of household data by UNICEF and others has helped to inform the gov- late to be useful; data that ernment’s efforts to improve the targeting of subsidies, in the hope of helping a cannot be translated into larger number of the poorest people. action because of lack of oper- Source: UNICEF (http://www.unicef.org/wash/) ational tools to leverage them. This is a huge loss in terms accessible to those who want data is still produced using of the benefits that could be or need to use them. Too different standards – house- gained from more open data many countries still have data hold surveys that ask slightly and from being able to link that are of insufficient quality different questions or geo- data across different sectors. to be useful in making deci- spatial data that uses different Data needs to be generated sions, holding governments to geographical definitions. There with users in mind. Too often account or fostering innova- is, for example, no standard data providers underinvest tion. Good data are relevant, definition of an “urban” in identifying and engaging accurate, timely, accessible, area. And too little data are those in a position to use data comparable and produced free available at a level of disaggre- to drive action. Agencies with of political interferences. gation that is appropriate to a mandate to collect public Comparability and standardisa- policy makers trying to make information are not always tion are crucial, as they allow decisions about local-level allo- well-suited to ensuring their data from different sources or cation or monitoring equitable information is used by stake- time periods to be combined, outcomes across regions. This holders, while civil society and the more data can be prevents researchers, policy and the private sector could combined, the more useful makers, companies or NGOs play a critical role in translating they are. Combining data from realising the full value of data into a form that is more allows for changes of scale – the data produced. readily useable. e.g., aggregating data from Access, too, is often restricted different countries to produce behind technical and/or legal The data we want regional or global figures. It barriers, or restricted by gov- for sustainable allows for comparison over ernments or companies that development time, if data on the same thing fear too much transparency, Too much that needs to be collected at different moments all of which prevent or limit known remains unknown. Data can be brought together to effective use of data. Data could be used better to improve reveal trends. But too much buried in pdf documents, for lives and increase the power

A data revolution for sustainable development 15OIIOOIOIOIOOII and control that citizens have and groups to be reflected in means for redress if they feel over their destinies. Data is a analysis and policy. that they are being harmed resource, an endless source of Rules and standards should be or their rights infringed by the fuel for innovation that will power aimed at reducing information use of their data. sustainable development, of inequalities and providing the • Data for now. If data is to which we must learn to become highest-quality information for be useful and support good effective and responsible stew- all, in the most easily under- decision-making, it has to ards. Like any resource, it must stood format. The priority be ready at the time when be managed for the public good, should always be to use data decisions are being made or and to ensure that the benefits and information to improve where the opportunity for influ- flow to all people and not just the outcomes, experiences and encing the outcomes is there. few. Data must be available, and possibilities for people in the Trade-offs between timeliness must be turned into the informa- short and long term.x and other quality dimensions tion that can be confidently used depend on the purpose to by people to understand and When the data is not confidential, it should be avail- which data is being put. New improve their lives and the world technologies and innovations around them. able and useable as open data. There must be respect for pri- provide the opportunity for the The world we need, if the data vacy and personal ownership public sector, citizens groups, we have is to be used to the of personal data, and mecha- individuals and companies to fullest to achieve sustainable nisms in place so that people have access to data that, with development, is a world of themselves have access to due regard for privacy, security data that is transformed in the the information and are able and human rights, is aligned following ways: to make choices accordingly. with their own decision- Crucially, people must have making cycles and information • Data for everyone. The needs – available when and rules, systems and invest- OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- ments that underpin how OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- official data is collected and OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution IOIOOOIOO and managed should be Integration of different data sources can reduce costs, increase coverage and focused on the needs of drive faster data collection. The MY World survey, run jointly by the UNDP, UN people, while protecting their Millennium Campaign and the Overseas Development Institute, has gathered rights as the producers of that over 5 million responses worldwide to a question about people’s priorities for information. These data, and themselves and their families. Data has been collected through face to face the information produced from interviews, via mobile phones and online. Standardisation of the question has them, should reflect what is meant that all the data has been aggregated into a single database, open to important to people and the all, and the data can be disaggregated by country, gender, age and level of constraints and opportunities education. People have used it to identify country priorities, to identify patterns that affect their lives. This pro- of concern about specific issues, and to illustrate differences and similari- cess should include all people ties in concerns by age and gender. MY World has shown how international – leaving no one out, and dis- organisations, together with civil society groups, can use data to feed people’s aggregating in ways that allow perceptions and priorities into the heart of political processes. the relevant differences and Source: UN Millennium Campaign ( http://vote.myworld2015.org/ ) similarities between people

OIIOOIOIOIOOII16 A World that Counts how they want it – and problems if they are part of a vibrant “global data ecosystem” strengthen policy planning, flexible and connected system, to support the monitoring and crisis early warning, pro- not tied to one project or implementation of the SDGs and gramme operations, service research question. Data that in which: delivery, impact evaluation, can be re-used at different Governments empower xi • and disaster response. scales, and combined with public institutions, including • Data for the future. Data other data, can better reflect statistical offices, protecting are a key resource not just the complex and dynamic their independence, to take for decision-making now interactions between people on the needed changes to but for future modelling and and the planet. We need respond to the data revolution problem solving. It is almost to begin investing in data and put in place regulatory impossible to precisely predict today as a shared resource frameworks that ensure robust future needs, or know how that will enable the innova- data privacy and data protec- current data could be re-used tions required to meet the tion, and promote the release in the service of complex and challenges of tomorrow. of data as open data by all data interconnected problems as producers, and build capacity yet unknown or unsolved. Data Our vision for the future for continuous data innovation. at different timescales will be By 2020, we hope to be most useful for solving future witnessing the emergence of a

OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-  IOIOOOIOO The value of better and more open data Collecting data, processing data and turning them into • a report from McKinsey Global Institute puts the global information, using data and making them open for others to value of better and more open data at $3 trillion per use and re-use all have costs. Deciding how much money year (with most of this benefit accruing to the USA to spend on data, as opposed to other priorities, is an eco- and Europe).xiii nomic and a political decision, and spending more money on data will not always be the right choice. Although research in • the U-report social monitoring platform established by this area is still limited, there is some evidence that more open UNICEF in Uganda has more than 240,000 young people data and new methods of data collection and use, can save reporting on issues that affect their communities. Early money and create economic, social and environmental value: reporting of an infectious disease in banana production contributed to halting the spread of the disease, which • a report produced by accountancy firm Deloitte for the could have cost the country $360 million per year if UK’s Department for Business, Innovation and Skills esti- left unchecked.xiv mates the economic value of the data held by the public sector in the UK and released for use and re-use to be • using mobile phone records to track the link between around £5 billion per year. This includes £400 million per employee interactions and productivity, a small year as the value of lives saved from reduced death change in the schedule of coffee breaks at a Bank rates among cardiac patients, and time savings worth of America call centre, so that employees took their between £15-58 million from the use of real-time trans- breaks together to encourage more interactions was xv port data and consequent adjustments in behaviour.xii found to increase productivity by $15 million a year.

A data revolution for sustainable development 17OIIOOIOIOIOOII • Governments, international of quality control and audit norms. They publish data, and regional institutions and for all systems and all data geospatial information and donors invest in data, pro- producers and users. They statistics in open formats viding resources to countries also support countries in their and with open terms of use, and regions where statistical capacity-building efforts. following global common prin- or technical capacity is weak; • Statistical systems are ciples and technical standards, develop infrastructures and empowered, resourced and to maintain quality and open- implement standards to con- independent, to quickly adapt ness and protect privacy. tinuously improve and maintain to the new world of data to • Governments, civil society, data quality and usability; keep collect, process, disseminate academia and the philan- data open and usable by all. and use high-quality, open, thropic sector work together They also finance analytical disaggregated and geo-coded to raise awareness of publicly research in forward-looking and data, both quantitative and available data, to strengthen experimental subjects. qualitative. They may be less the data and statistical literacy • International and regional about producing data and more (“numeracy”) of citizens, the organisations work with about managing and curating media, and other “infomedi- other stakeholders to set and data and information created aries”, ensuring that all people enforce common standards outside of their organisations. have capacity to input into for data collection, production, • All public, private and civil and evaluate the quality of anonymisation, sharing and society data producers share data and use them for their use to ensure that new data data and the methods used own decisions, as well as to flows are safely and ethically to process them, according to fully participate in initiatives transformed into global public globally, regionally, or nation- to foster citizenship in the goods, and maintain a system ally brokered agreements and information age. The private sector reports on OIOIOOOOOOIO- • IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO- its activities using common IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO-This is the revolution global standards for integrating IOIOOOIOO data on its economic, envi- RapidFTR (Rapid Family Tracing and Reunification, http://www.rapidftr.com/) ronmental and human-rights is an open source mobile application used to collect crucial information about activities and impacts, build- children who have been separated from their families in disaster situations. ing on and strengthening the Information is shared securely on a central database for family members collaboration already estab- looking for a missing child. RapidFTR uses the same type of security as lished among institutions that mobile banking to ensure that family-tracing information, especially photos, set standards for business is accessible only by authorised users, to protect these vulnerable children. reporting. Some companies In Nyakabande transit centre in Uganda, and Rwamwanja refugee settlement also cooperate with the camp in South Sudan, RapidFTR reduced the time required for information to public sector, according become available from more than six weeks to a matter of hours, speeding up to agreed and sustainable the process of family reunification. business models, in the Source: UNICEF (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/uganda_70090.html) production of statistical data

OIIOOIOIOIOOII18 A World that Counts for SDGs monitoring and other • The media fairly report on and data resources to guide public purposes. the statistical and scientific sustainable development • Civil society organisations evidence available on relevant at global, regional, national, and individuals hold gov- dimensions of sustainable and local scales. They make ernments and companies development and foster an evi- demographic and scientific accountable using evidence dence-based public discourse data as open as possible for on the impact of their actions, using advanced visualisation public and private use in sus- provide feedback to data pro- technologies to better commu- tainable development; provide ducers, develop data literacy nicate key data to people. feedback and independent advice and expertise to sup- and help communities and Academics and scientists • port accountability and more individuals to generate and use carry out analyses based on effective decision-making, and data, to ensure accountability data coming from multiple provide leadership in educa- and make better decisions sources providing long-term tion, outreach, and capacity for themselves. perspectives, knowledge building efforts.

OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO - Progress toward Universal Civil IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO- IOIOOOIOOOI Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) One of the most fundamental inequalities is between those electronically, boosting efficiency and driving innovation who are counted and those who are not. Millions of people and serving people, often in isolated areas. of all ages in low- and middle-income countries are denied Despite progress in recent years, many countries still lack basic services and protection of their rights because the capacity, infrastructure, and resources to implement they are absent from official records. Lacking records of well-functioning CRVS systems. their birth and civil status, they are excluded from health coverage, schooling, social protection programs, and humanitarian response in emergencies and conflicts. The good news is that international partners and countries have recently agreed on a CRVS A well-functioning CRVS system is essential to overcome Scaling Up Investment Plan.xv The plan covers activities this injustice. It is also vital for policy making and for over a 10-year period from 2015 to 2024, with the goal of monitoring, generating statistics for policy formulation, universal civil registration of births, deaths, marriages, and planning and implementation, and monitoring of population other vital events, including cause of death, and access to dynamics and health indicators on a continuous basis legal proof of registration for all individuals by 2030. Africa at the national and local level. These data help to iden- and Asia have already established regional programs to tify inequalities in access to services and differences in motivate political support, systematic national planning, outcomes. They also improve the quality of other statistics, and provision of technical assistance. And key donorsxvi such as household surveys, that depend on accurate announced recently the establishment of a trust fund to demographic benchmarks. One proven solution is through support developing countries’ plans to establish CRVS issuance of a digital identity, which gives government systems with the aim of accelerating progress toward the and business the ability to deliver citizen services health-related Sustainable Development Goals.

A data revolution for sustainable development 19OIIOOIOIOIOOII Mobilising the data revolution for sustainable development: 3 a call to action A revolution is an idea – an inspiring vision of a world of fast-flowing data deployed for the public good, and of citizens and governments excited and empowered by the possibilities this creates. But it is also a practical proposition. Getting from here to there involves deliberate actions and choices.

Decisive action now, taking advantage of the current political opportunities, can set the scene and have a positive impact for years to come. Achieving the SDGs demands embracing the data revolution. We urge the UN Member States and system organisations to dramatically speed up their work in this field to support the global aspiration for sustainable development.

Data will be one of the fun- damental elements of the accountability framework for the SDGs. Having high-quality data, and using it to create informa-

tion that can track progress, CIFOR monitor the use of resources, and evaluate the impacts of goals. However, we recognise information will be used in any policy and programmes on that data is not the whole story. specific accountability framework different groups, is a key ingre- This report is about how data, for the SDGs belongs to the dient in creating more mutually and information, can be improved UN Member States and, as such, accountable and participatory and made more accessible. The remains beyond the scope of structures to monitor the new decisions on how those data and this report.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII20 A World that Counts GOVERNANCE LEADERSHIP Our recommendations for how to TION mobilise the data revolution for A TECHNOLOGY sustainable development suggest INNOV LE ANALYSISOOIIIOIOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOP A - OOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOIOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOE N - OOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOD - IOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIO P - a comprehensive programme of OOIIIOIOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIO - OOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOIOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOR P - OOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOIOL - action in four areas, illustrated to OOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOO - IOIOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOF A - IOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOO - IOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOIOOOIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOION - the right: IOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIIOIOOOIIOOIOIOIOIOIOOOIIIOIOOOIO- OIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOOOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOOOOOIOIOIOA -

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We believe that mobilising revolution, drawing from tion on illicit financial flows; the data revolution for achieving and building upon those open data and digital rights sustainable development urgently described in the next two management and licensing; requires such a standard setting, pages, to be further devel- building on existing initiatives in oped by the appropriate UN - Protection of human rights, various domains. bodies and agreed by their including: standards for Member States; anonymising data that is personally identifiable, and We recommend … • Accelerate the development standards and enforce- and adoption of legal, … that the UN develop a com- ment mechanisms for data technical, geospatial and sta- prehensive strategy and a security, integrity, docu- tistical standards, in a range roadmap towards a new ‘Global mentation, preservation, of areas including, but not Consensus on Data’, and access. limited to:

A data revolution for sustainable development 21OIIOOIOIOIOOII OIOIOOOOOOIO- IOIOIOIOIOIOIO- OOOOOIOIOIO - Basic Principles foR THE Data Revolution IOIOIOIOIOOIO- OIOOIOIOIOIO- OOOOIOOIOIOO- IOIOOOIOO for Sustainable Development

The data revolution will need to be harnessed for sustainable and inclusive development through proactive measures and guided by the following Key principles:

Data quality and integrity of data. The value of data produced can be enhanced Poor quality data can mislead. The entire process of data by ensuring there is a steady flow of high-quality and design, collection, analysis and dissemination needs to be timely data from national, international, private big data demonstrably of high quality and integrity. Clear standards sources, and digital data generated by people. The data 1need to be developed to safeguard quality, drawing on the cycle must match the decision cycle. UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics and the Data transparency and openness work of independent third parties. A robust framework for quality assurance is required, particularly for official data. Many publicly-funded datasets, as well as data on public This includes internal systems as well as periodic audits spending and budgets, are not available to other ministries by professional and independent third parties. Existing or to the general public. All data on public matters and/ tools for improving the quality of statistical data should 4or funded by public funds, including those data produced be used and strengthened, and data should be classified by the private sector, should be made public and “open using commonly agreed criteria and quality benchmarks. by default”, with narrow exemptions for genuine security or privacy concerns. It needs to be both technically open Data disaggregation (i.e., available in a machine-readable standard format No one should be invisible. To the extent possible and with so that it can be retrieved and meaningfully processed due safeguards for individual privacy and data quality, by a computer application) and legally open (i.e., explic- data should be disaggregated across many dimensions, itly licensed in a way that permits commercial and such as geography, wealth, disability, sex and age. non-commercial use and re-use without restrictions). The 2 underlying data design and sampling, methods, tools and Disaggregated data should be collected on other dimen- sions based on their relevance to the program, policy or datasets should be explained and published alongside other matter under consideration, for example, ethnicity, findings to enable greater scrutiny, understanding and migrant status, marital status, HIV status, sexual orienta- independent analysis. tion and gender identity, with due protections for privacy Data usability and curation and human rights. Disaggregated data can provide a better comparative picture of what works, and help inform Too often data is presented in ways that cannot be and promote evidence based policy making at every level. understood by most people. The data architecture should therefore place great emphasis on user-centred design Data timeliness 5and user friendly interfaces. Communities of “information Data delayed is data denied. Standards should be tight- intermediaries” should be fostered to develop new tools ened and technology leveraged to reduce the time that can translate raw data into information for a broader between the design of data collection and the publication constituency of non-technical potential users and enable 3 citizens and other data users to provide feedback.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII22 A World that Counts Data protection and privacy of producing high-quality statistics in line with global standards and expectations. This requires investments in As more data becomes available in disaggregated forms human capital, new technology, infrastructure, geospatial and data-silos become more integrated, privacy issues data and management systems in both governmental and are increasingly a concern about what data is collected independent systems, as well as information intermediar- and how it is used. Further risk arises where collectors of 6 ies. At the same time, national capacity for data science big data do not have sufficient protection from demands must be developed to leverage opportunities in big data, from State bodies or interference from hackers. Clear to complement high-quality official statistics. Increased international norms and robust national policy and legal domestic resources and international support for devel- frameworks need to be developed that regulate opt-in oping countries are needed to have the data revolution and opt-out, data mining, use, re-use for other purpose, contribute to sustainable development. Applications of big transfer and dissemination. They should enable citizens data for the public good must be developed and scaled to better understand and control their own data, and up transparently, demonstrating full compliance with protect data producers from demands of governments and applicable laws. attacks by hackers, while still allowing for rich innovation in re-use of data for the public good. Within the agreed privacy constraints, people’s rights to freedom of expres- sion using data should be protected. People who correctly All public data provide, collect, curate and analyse data need freedom to should be operate and protection from recrimination. ‘open by default’

Data governance and independence

Many national statistical offices lack sufficient capac- Data rights ity and funding, and remain vulnerable to political and Human rights cut across many issues related to the data interest group influence (including by donors). Data quality revolution. These rights include but are not limited to the should be protected and improved by strengthening NSOs, 7 right to be counted, the right to an identity, the right to and ensuring they are functionally autonomous, inde- privacy and to ownership of personal data, the right to due pendent of sector ministries and political influence. Their 9 process (for example when data is used as evidence in transparency and accountability should be improved, proceedings, or in administrative decisions), freedom of including their direct communication with the public they expression, the right to participation, the right to non-dis- serve. This can include independent monitoring of the crimination and equality, and principles of consent. Any same public services, for example, or monitoring of related legal or regulatory mechanisms, or networks or partner- indicators such as public satisfaction with services. ships, set up to mobilise the data revolution for sustainable development should have the protection of human rights Data resources and capacity as a core part of their activities, specify who is respon- There is a global responsibility to ensure that all countries sible for upholding those rights, and should support the 8have an effective national statistical system, capable protection, respect and fulfilment of human rights.

A data revolution for sustainable development 23OIIOOIOIOIOOII strengthening national capacities metadata produced by differ- ent institutions but according will be the essential test of to common standards, rules any data revolution and specifications. • Fill research gaps: Identify Technology, innovation • Urgently leverage emerging critical research gaps, such and analysis data sources for SDG moni- as the relationships between toring, through an ‘SDG data data, incentives and behaviour. Technology has been and will lab’: The lab should mobilise Engage research centres, continue to be a fundamental key public, private and civil innovators and governments driver of the data revolution. society data providers, aca- in the development of pub- To harness the benefits of new demics and stakeholders to licly available data analytics technology, large and continuing identify available and missing tools and alogrithms to better investments in innovation are data and indicators, as well as capture and evaluate long-term required at all levels, but espe- opportunities for benefitting trends affecting sustainable cially in those institutions which from new methods, analyt- development. are currently lagging behind. In ical tools and technologies addition, but beyond the scope • Create incentives: Engage to improve the coverage, of this report, an urgent effort social entrepreneurs, private timeliness and availability needs to be made to increase sector, academia, media, civil of indicators in each of the access to information technol- society and other individuals SDG areas. Drawing on the ogies by, among other things, and institutions in this global existing MDG monitoring increasing access to broadband, effort through initiatives such architecture, and working increasing literacy, including adult as prizes and data challenges. with other networks such as literacy, and increasing the use the Sustainable Development of ICT in schools worldwide, to Solutions Network, it would Capacity and resources ensure that all people, including develop new methodologies the poorest, have access to the Strengthening national capacities for monitoring new goals from technologies that can improve in all areas from data production January 2016 their lives. to use will be the essential test • Develop systems for global of any data revolution, in par- We recommend … data sharing: Identify areas ticular in developing countries where the development of where the basic infrastructure is … that the UN foster the common infrastructures to often lacking. Monitoring a new establishment of a “Network of exploit the data revolution and expanded set of Sustainable Data Innovation Networks” for for sustainable development Development Goals will not sustainable development bringing could solve capacity prob- be possible in many countries together a range of partners and lems, produce efficiencies without new and sustained existing networks to generate and encourage collabora- investment, so urgent mobilisa- knowledge and solve common tions. One such suggestion tion of new funds is needed. problems. Some specific areas would be a “world statistics of activity could be: cloud”, to store data and

OIIOOIOIOIOOII24 A World that Counts We recommend … analyse the challenges facing companies’ expectations of the very poorest people and time horizon and returns. ... that a proposal be developed communities, and to involve Capacity development: A for a new funding stream and • them as users of data. proposal to improve existing innovative financing mechanisms Managing funds: A proposal arrangements for fostering the to support the data revolution for • on how to manage and necessary capacity develop- sustainable development, for dis- monitor new funding for the ment and technology transfer. cussion at the “Third International data revolution for sustainable This should include upgrading Conference on Financing for development, taking stock of the “National Strategies for Development”, which will take existing sources and forms of the Development of Statistics” place in Addis Ababa in July 2015. funding. This should look at (NSDS) to do better at coordi- The proposal should be built on how funding from a range of nated and long-term planning, the following five pillars: sources could be used most and in identifying sound • Investment needs: An effectively, and managed and investments and engaging analysis of the scale of disbursed in line with national non-official data producers in a investments needed for the priorities to incentivise innova- cooperative effort to speed up establishment of a modern tion, collaboration and whole the production, dissemination system to monitor progress systems approaches, while and use of data, strengthening towards SDGs, especially in also encouraging creativity civil society’s capacity and developing countries. This and experimentation and resources to produce, use and analysis, building on various accepting that not all initiatives disseminate data. attempts currently ongoing, will succeed. • Global data literacy: A should highlight the costs • Private sector participation: proposal for a special invest- as well as opportunities for A proposal on how to leverage ment to increase global data efficiency gains associated the resources and creativity literacy. To close the gap with different production sys- of the private sector, including between people able to ben- tems. Particular attention an examination of suggestions efit from data and those who should be paid to the need for creating incentives for the cannot, in 2015 the UN should for investment in data to private sector to invest given work with other organisations

A data revolution for sustainable development 25OIIOOIOIOIOOII to develop an education to mobilise and coordinate as experimentation with user program and promote new many initiatives and institutions forums at country and agency learning approaches to improve as possible to achieve the vision level, increasing demand for people’s, infomediaries’ and sketched above. The GPSDD and use of data. Particular public servants’ data liter- could promote several initiatives, attention should be paid acy. Special efforts should such as: to how to involve poor and be made to reach people • World Forum: The marginalised people and living in poverty through establishment of a biennial communities in the forum. dedicated programmes. “World Forum on Sustainable • Partnerships and Development Data”, and asso- coordination: Work in part- Governance ciated regional and country nership with international and and leadership level events and ongoing regional organisations, and engagements. These would with other initiatives looking Strong leadership by the UN is maintain momentum on data at best practices related to vital to make the data revolution improvements, foster regular public data such as the Open serve sustainable development. engagement between private, Government Partnership Such leadership should be made public and community level (OGP) and the G8 Open Data very concrete through various data collectors and users, Charter. The aim would be to actions and activities, and the showcase ongoing activities enhance coordination of work continuous engagement of all rel- and initiatives, create a net- in various areas, share knowl- evant partners, maintaining a very work of ‘data champions’ edge on SDG monitoring, and open and transparent approach around the world, and provide encourage good practice such with governments, the private practical spaces for innovation, as open data and harmonisa- sector, NGOs, the media, and knowledge sharing, advocacy tion. Also, to work together academic researchers. The pri- and technology transfer. The on developing common legal mary aim would be to add value first Forum should be organ- frameworks around rights to existing institutional setups, ised by the end of 2015, once to data and information and accelerating the delivery of their the SDGs are agreed. redress from abuses of data, outputs and building new partner- Users forum: Establish a to work together to implement ships. Short- and medium-term • “Global Forum of SDG-Data new standards once agreed, results should be clearly spelled Users”, to ensure feedback and to streamline capacity out, and periodic reviews should loops between data produc- building initiatives and reduce be undertaken to ensure that ers, processors and users to duplicated effort, mobilising global cooperation in this area is improve the usefulness of new resources. on the right track. data and information pro- • Data sharing: Broker some We recommend … duced. It would also help key global public-private the international community partnerships with private ...the establishment of a “Global to set priorities and assess companies and civil society Partnership for Sustainable results achieved, and could organisations for data sharing. Development Data” (GPSDD) encourage replication and Drawing on existing efforts

OIIOOIOIOIOOII26 A World that Counts already underway, these would • SDGs analysis and new ideas and innovations provide models for best prac- visualisation platform: To be and a source of high quality tice, useful for national and launched in September 2015, and up to date information regional bodies trying to nego- using the most advanced tools on progress. tiate similar arrangements, and features for exploring • A dashboard on ”the state would identify incentives and and analysing and re-using of the world”: This would constraints specific to various data, and demonstrating best harness the richness of tradi- industries, would allow for practices in the engagement tional and new data, maintain economies of scale, and would with data users through the the excitement and openness demonstrate the value and the provision of guidance and of the whole SDG process, possibility of sharing data and educational resources for data engage think-tanks, academ- collaborating between public re-use, building on and coor- ics and NGOs as well as the and private sectors. dinating with other platforms whole UN family in analysing, We recommend … in other sectors. The develop- producing, verifying and audit- ment of the website would ing data, provide a place for ... some “quick wins” on SDG also represent a laboratory for experimentation with methods data to demonstrate the fea- fostering private-public part- for integrating different data sibility of different approaches, nerships and community-led sources, including qualitative experiment and innovate with peer-production efforts for data, perceptions data and partnerships and methods as data collection, dissemination citizen-generated data, and a first step to setting up longer and visualisation. It would be eventually produce a ‘people’s term initiatives. In addition to the continuously updated during baseline’ for new goals. proposed “SDG Data Lab”, these the lifetime of the SDGs, could include: remaining a showcase for

Taken together, we believe that these recommendations could move the world onto a path of information equality, where all citizens, organisations and governments have the right information, at the right time, to build accountability, make good decisions, and ultimately improve people’s lives. This is the world we want … … A World that Counts

A data revolution for sustainable development 27OIIOOIOIOIOOII Endnotes i See, e.g., http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/ vii UNICEF (2013). Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities bigdata/what-is-big-data.html and trends in birth registration. (http://www.unicef.org/ mena/MENA-Birth_Registration_report_low_res-01.pdf) ii ECLAC (2014). “Latin American Economic Outlook 2013: SME Policies for Structural Change”, p. 124 viii A UN Women’s compilation of country surveys on (http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/5/48385/ violence against Woman is available from leo2013_ing.pdf) http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/ vawprevalence_matrix_june2013.pdf iii McKinsey Global Institute (November 2013). “Lions go digital: The Internet’s transformative poten- ix UNHCR (June 2014). “UNHCR Global Trends 2013: tial in Africa.” (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/ War’s Human Cost”. (http://unhcr.org/trends2013/) high_tech_telecoms_internet/lions_go_digital_the_ internets_transformative_potential_in_africa) x This is also the aim of the initiatives launched around the world to go ‘Beyond GDP’. For a review of these iv See Ugandan Ministry of Health (www.mtrac.ug) initiatives see www.wikiprogress.org

v Enns, E.A and Amuasi, J.H. (2013). “Human mobility xi UN Global Pulse (June 2013). Big Data for and communication patterns in Côte d’Ivoire: A Development: A Primer, p.4 network perspective for malaria control”, published (http://www.unglobalpulse.org/bigdataprimer) in Mobile Phone Data for Development: Analysis of mobile phone datasets for the development of Ivory xii UK Department for Business, Innovation & Coast. Selected Contributions to the D4D challenge Skills and Cabinet Office (May 2013). “Market sponsored by Orange. (http://perso.uclouvain.be/ assessment of public sector information.” vincent.blondel/netmob/2013/D4D-book.pdf) (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ public-sector-information-market-assessment) vi The coding of the nature of the data in the MDG database (http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx) is xiii Chui, M. Farrell, D. and Jackson, K. (April 2014). as follows: “How government can promote open data”. • Country data: Produced and disseminated by the McKinsey&Company. country (including data adjusted by the country to (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/public_sector/ meet international standards). how_government_can_promote_open_data) • Country data adjusted: Produced and provided by the country, but adjusted by the international xiv Kumar, R. (2014) “How Youth Saved Bananas in agency for international comparability to comply Uganda” (http://blogs.worldbank.org/youthink/ with internationally agreed standards, definitions how-youth-saved-bananas-uganda) and classifications. xv Pentland, A. (October 2013). “The Data Driven Society”, • Estimated: Estimated are based on national data, Scientific American, pp. 78-83 such as surveys or administrative records, or other sources but on the same variable being estimated, xvi World Bank and WHO (May 2014). Global Civil produced by the international agency when country Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling Up Investment data for some year(s) is not available, when multiple Plan 2015-2024. Working Paper 88351. sources exist, or when there are data quality issues. (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/ • Modelled: Modelled by the agency on the basis of global-civil-registration-vital-statistics-scaling-up- other covariates when there is a complete lack of investment) data on the variable being estimated. • Global monitoring data: Produced on a regular basis xvii The World Bank Group and the governments by the designated agency for global monitoring, of Canada, Norway, and the United States based on country data. There is no corresponding figure at the country level.

OIIOOIOIOIOOII28 A World that Counts This report is the work of the UN Secretary-General’s Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development:

Enrico Giovannini (Co-Chair, Italy) Robin Li (Co-Chair, China), TCA Anant (India), Shaida Badiee (Iran), Carmen Barroso (Brazil), Robert Chen (United States), Choi Soon-hong (Republic of Korea), Nicolas de Cordes (Belgium), Fu Haishan (China), Johannes Jütting (Germany), Pali Lehohla (South Africa), Tim O’Reilly (United States), Sandy Pentland (United States), Rakesh Rajani (Tanzania), Juliana Rotich (Kenya), Wayne Smith (Canada), Eduardo Sojo Garza- Aldape (Mexico), Gabriella Vukovich (Hungary), Alicia Barcena (ECLAC), Robert Kirkpatrick (Global Pulse), Eva Jespersen (UNDP), Edilberto Loaiza (UNFPA), Katell Le Goulven (UNICEF), Thomas Gass (ex officio) and Amina J. Mohammed (ex officio) www.undatarevolution.org