468 Index 468 Abdic, Fikret, 330–31 Afghanistan, Soviet Invasion Of

Cambridge University Press 0521773571 - Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country, Second Edition - John R. Lampe Index More information

468 Index

Index

Abdic, Fikret, 330–31 All-Albanian Army, 396 Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 324 Allen, George V., 258 Agitprop, 236–37, 262 Alliance of Reform Forces, 359 Agrarian Council, 243 Anderson, Benedict, 40, 43 Agrarian Union, 135–36, 142, 235 Anderson, David, 326 Agricultural Bank, 181 Andric, Ivo, 3, 90, 108, 199–200 agriculture, 10–13 Annunzio, Gabriele d’, 114 in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 81–82 Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement collectivization of, 250–51, 258 for Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), estate, 78 221–22 in First Yugoslavia, 118–19, Antonov, Stojan, 396 149–51, 188–90 architecture, Zagreb School, 148–49 in Great Depression, 171 army intelligence (KOS), 252 industrial, 183 Army of Yugoslavia (VJ), 374–75 and land reform, 81–82, 98, Artukovic, Andrija, 176, 208 117–19, 125, 135, 149–51, assassination, 90, 98, 130, 142–44, 189–90, 244 161–62, 173–76 in medieval Macedonia, 22 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, under Ottomans, 20–21 99–100 in Second Yugoslavia, 239, Austria, 114–15, 155–56. See also 243–45, 258, 288, 295–97 Habsburgs Serbian, 56–57 authoritarianism. See also Agrokomerc scandal, 330–31 dictatorship, royal Albania, 117, 157, 270 in independent Croatia, 383–85 Albanian Party for Democratic of King Aleksandar, 168–71 Prosperity (PDP), 396 automobile industry, 321 Albanians Autonomists, 69 Kosovar, 26, 97, 207–8, 228, 262, Avramovic, Dragoslav, 387, 404 302–4, 367, 409, 411–12 in Macedonia, 395–96 Bailey, S. W., 220 Albright, Madeline, 414 Bajt, Aleksandar, 292 Aleksandar, King, 110, 132 Bakaric, Vladimir, 290, 309 assassination, 173–76 Balkan Entente, 186 coronation, 127–28 Balkan federation, issue of, 245, 247 and royal dictatorship, 163–73 Balkan Wars, 72, 91–100 Alexander, Stella, 210 Banac, Ivo, 6, 33, 252

468

Index 469

bank failures, 172 economic issues, 405–7 Bank for International Settlements, ethnic war in, 373–81 326–27 as native state, 18–20 banking, 76, 120–21, 152–54, transition from Ottoman to 172–73, 287–88, 315–16, 403 Austro-Hungarian rule, 65–68 banovine, institution of, 165–68 Bosnia-Hercegovina (Bosnia- Ban Pudanin (People’s Ban), 62 Herzegovina), 365, 374, 378. Basic Organizations of Associated See also Hercegovina Labor (OOUR), 316–18 (Herzegovina) battle of Kosovo (1389), 17, 40, 49, annexation by Austria, 83–88 55, 99–100, 353 and Balkan Wars, 98–100 Beard, Charles, 126–27, 133 bloodbath in, 211–14 Belgrade declaration of independence, 364 as capital of First Yugoslavia, demographic shift in, 335–37 112–14, 145–49 elections of 1990, 362–64 and Great Serbia, 52 ethnic violence in, 211–14 industry in, 120 in First World War, 107–9 intellectuals in, 191–92 Habsburgs and, 63, 92 in 1980s, 346 under Ottomans, 22–24 pre-First-World-War, 86–87 pre-First-World-War, 80–83, 90 “rurbanization” of, 334 and Second World War, 222–24 in Second World War, 204–5, Botniak-Croat Federation, 399 225 Botniaks, 374–81 and Yugoslav Confederation of Bosnian Serb Army (BSA), 375–81 Strossmayer, 60 Botnjattvo, 68 Belgrade coup, 202–3 bratstvo i jedinstvo, 236 Belgrade Declaration, 268 Braudel, Fernand, 11 Belgrade Eight, 302 Brdko, 381 Beria, Levrenti, 267 Brezhnev, Leonid, 323 Berisha, Sali, 412 Bricklin, Malcolm, 321 Bevan, Aneurin, 263 Broz, Josip. See Tito, Josip Broz Bevin, Ernest, 258 Brubaker, Rogers, 8 Bicanic, Rudolf, 190 Budak, Mile, 208–9 Black Hand. See Union or Death Budita, Drayen, 308 (Ujedinjenje ili smrt) Bukoshi, Bujar, 412 Bled agreement, 247 Bulatovic, Momir, 362 Bloc of National Agreement, 179 Bulgaria, 91–92, 106–7, 116–17, Boban, Mate, 376–78 156, 207, 247 Bogomilism, 19–20, 23 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, Böhme, General Franz, 215–17 80 Borden, Anthony, 366 Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP), borders 247 in First Yugoslavia, 113–17 Burg, Steven, 305, 312, 366 in Second Yugoslavia, 231–32 Burian, Istvan, 81 Botkovic, Rudjer, 35 Bosnia Cankar, Ivan, 95 and Croatia, pre-First-World-War, Carinthia, 114–16 88–91 Catholic Action, 178–79

470 Index

Catholic church, 14–15, 19–20 Committee for the National and anti-Serb violence in Croatia, Liberation of Kosovo, 157 209–10 committees, interrepublic, 312 and Bosnia-Hercegovina, 67 committees, local, 257 and Communists, 229 Communists. See League of and First Yugoslavia, 112, 178–79 Yugoslav Communists (SKJ); and Habsburgs, 29 Partisans; Tito, Josip Broz; and NDH, 212 Yugoslav Communist Party and Second Yugoslavia, 293, 343 (KPJ) and Slovenia, 392 Communists, Greek, Yugoslav and Ustata regime, 223 support for, 241, 245, 247 favotki, Kosta, 6, 230 concentration camps eelebici, 375 Communist, 238, 253, 263 censorship, 177. See also media; Nazi, 205 newspapers Concordat with Vatican (1935), centralism, Serb, 49–52 178–79 centralization, in First Yugoslavia, confederalism, 126–27 121–28, 130–31 Congress of Public Employees, 134 Chamber of Nationalities, 306 Congress of Salvation, 354 Chamber of Republics and Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Autonomous Provinces, 313 Franz, 94, 109 Chamber of Republics and Constituent Assembly, in Second Provinces, 306 Yugoslavia, 233–34 Chetnik movement, 206, 213–22, constitutions, Serbia 225, 228 constitution of 1869, 51 legacy of, 367 constitution of 1888, 52, 54–55, chiftlik, 22 83 Christian Democrats (SKD), 392–93 constitution of 1903, 112, 126–27 Christianity, 11, 14–16. See also under Milot, 50 Catholic church; Protestantism; constitutions, Yugoslavia, 8 religion; Serbian Orthodox constitution of 1921, 121–28, 163 church constitution of 1931, 169–70 Christian-Social Party of Right, 79 constitution of 1946, 233–36 Churchill, Sir Winston, 218 constitution of 1953, 233, 255, Ciano, Count, 185, 194, 198 260–61 Cincar-Markovic, Aleksandar, 194 constitution of 1963, 284–86, 306, Civil Croatia, 28, 30–33, 41, 77. 308 See also Croatia; Military constitution of 1974, 311–14 Border, Habsburg contractual economy, 316 Clissold, Stephen, 263 conversion coast, Adriatic, 11 forced, 23, 209, 211 Cohen, Lenard, 141 to Islam, 21, 23–24 collaboration, with Nazis, 205–6, cooperative networks, 152, 172–73, 215, 225, 228 181, 223, 243–44 colonization Corfu Declaration, 105–6, 111 Communists and, 228 corruption, government, in First in First Yugoslavia, 151–52 Yugoslavia, 134 Cominform, 245, 247, 249 eosic, Dobrica, 301, 387

Index 471

Council for Mutual Economic Croatian National Party, 69–70, Assistance (CMEA), 270–71 76–77 Council of Europe, 394 Croatian National Peasant Party Council of Nationalities, 306 (HPSS), 79–80, 94. See also Counter-Reformation, 29 Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) Creditanstalt of Vienna, 172 Croatian Orthodox church, 211 Crnjanski, Milot, 147, 192 Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), 79, Croat National Organization, 82 119, 139 Croatia and annexation of Bosnia, 88–89 and Balkan Wars, 94–95 avoidance of extremism, 173–74, and Bosnia, pre-First-World-War, 178–79 88–91 in First Yugoslavia, 141, 143–44, and Communists, 228–29 159–60, 162 crisis of 1967–72, 305–9 and formation of First Yugoslavia, declaration of independence, 371 111–12, 122, 125 elections of 1990, 360–61 and intellectuals, 192 ethnic cleansing in, 367, 371 and land reform, 189 and First World War, 107–8 and NDH, 223, 229–30 and First Yugoslavia, 177–80 opposition to Ustata regime, 212 and Habsburgs, 30–31 post-Second-World-War, 243 as native state, 14–16 revival of, 384–85 after partition of First Yugoslavia, and royal dictatorship, 164–65, 208–10 170–71 post-dissolution, 378, 381–91, and Sporazum, 194 401–2 Croatian Republican Peasant Party privatization in, 402–3 (HRSS), 124, 137–38 Serbs in, 31 Croatian-Serbian Coalition, 78–79, and Slovenia, 394 89, 93–94, 107, 111, 136 and Sporazum of 1939, 195–96 Croatia-Slavonia, 77–80, 150–52 war of dissolution in, 365 Croato-Serbian Coalition, 112, 122 and Yugoslav Confederation, Croato-Serbian Radical Progressive 59–60 Youth Movement, 89–90 Croatia, Independent State of Croats, as ethnic group, 2, 8, 14, 53. (NDH), 208–10. See also Ustata See also peasants regime Crvena Zastava, 321 ethnic violence in, 211–14 Crvenkovski, Branko, 396 and Second World War, 222–24 fubrilovic, Vasa, 243 Croatian Catholic Association, 99 cultural policy, Communist, 237–38 Croatian Defence Force (HOS), 364 currency Croatian Defense Council (HVO), collapse, 356 374–81 devaluation, 260, 277 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), in First Yugoslavia, 120–21, 172 354, 376, 383–85 in successor states, 400–2, 404–5 Croatian Home Army (Domobran), Cuthiliero, Jose, 363 228 Cvetkovic, Dragita, 194–95 Croatian Liberation Movement Cvijic, Jovan, 102 (ZAVNOH), 224, 242 Czechoslovakia, 243 Croatian National Community, 99 Soviet invasion of, 300

472 Index

Dabdevic-Kudar, Savka, 308, 310, Donors’ Conference of 1999, 405 384 Donovan, William, 199 Dalmatia, 46, 69–70, 76–77, 94–95, Dratkovic, Count Janko, 44 223 Dratkovic, Milorad, 143 Danilo, Bishop, 27, 58 Dratkovic, Vuk, 348, 386, 390 Danube, 13 Drnovtek, Janez, 352, 393 Davidovic, Ljuba, 122, 135, 138, 173 Dryic, Marin, 35 Dayton Agreement, 378, 380–81, Dubrovadka Bank, 403 385, 387, 411 Dubrovnik, 33–35, 371–72 Deák, Ferenc, 60 Dulles, John Foster, 273–74 Deakin, F. W. (Bill), 220–21 Dutan, Tsar, 17 death camps, in NDH, 211 Dyaja, Sredko, 90–91 decentralization, in Second Yugoslavia, 233–34, 255–57 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 326 Dedijer, Vladimir, 5, 246, 263, 348 Economic Council, 243 “de-étatization,” in Second education Yugoslavia, 286 in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 67–68, 82 Defenders of the Constitution, in Croatia, 62 50–51 in early modern Sarajevo, 35–37 Demaci, Adem, 410, 413 in First Yugoslavia, 149 Democratic Alternative, 396 in Kosovo, 339–41 Democratic League for Kosovo in Montenegro, 58 (LDK), 409–12 in Second Yugoslavia, 292, Democratic Party, 122, 125, 297–98 134–36, 141–42, 160, 196–98 in Serbia, 54, 86 demographic decline, fear of, 307 in Slovenia, 29–30 Department for Protection of the educational system, Yugoslav, People (OZNa), 238 190–91, 237 DEPOS, 386 Egypt, 272 Despalatovic, Elinor Murray, 44 Ekmedic, Milorad, 5 devs¸irme system, 21, 23 elections, post-dissolution dictatorship, royal, 163–76 in Croatia, 384–85 Dimitrijevic, Colonel Dragutin in Macedonia, 396–97 (Apis), 86, 104 in Serbia, 385–91 Dimitrov, Georgi, 247 elections, shadow, in Kosovo, 410 Dinaric mountains, 10–12 elections, Yugoslav Dinkic, Mladjan, 390 elections of 1920, 122–25 Djilas, Aleksa, 236 elections of 1924, 137 Djilas, Milovan, 207, 214, 220–21, elections of 1925, 139 232, 234, 253, 255, 261–64, elections of 1927, 158–60 267 elections of 1931, 170 Djindjic, Zoran, 386, 390 elections of 1935, 177 Djordjevic, Jovan, 312 elections of 1938, 179–80 Djukanovic, Milo, 390 elections of 1945, 230–31 Djuretic, Veselin, 348 elections of 1969, 306–7 Djuritic, Pavle, 214–15, 227 elections of 1990, 357–64 Dobos, Manuela, 63–64 electoral process, in constitution of Donia, Robert, 82–83 1974, 313–14

Index 473

élite ethnic violence, in elections of 1924, Bosnian Muslim, 65 137 Croatian, 44, 46, 63 ethnic wars, use of term, 365–66 émigrés, Croatian, 308, 376 European Union, 372–73, 394, 405 employment Badinter Commission, 373, 392 in First Yugoslavia, 188 International Conference on the in Second Yugoslavia, 278, Former Yugoslavia (ICFY), 288–89, 318 377 employment, state extremist movements, in First in First Yugoslavia, 133–34, 191 Yugoslavia, 173–76 in Second Yugoslavia, 256 Enlightenment, 37–38 FADURK fund, creation of, 291 enterprise management issues, fascism, 175, 185. See also 282–84 Mussolini; Ustata enterprises, Yugoslav. See also February Patent of 1861, 59 privatization, in successor states Federal Assembly, 261 case studies, 319–21 Federal Chamber, 306, 313 state, 183–84 Federal Executive Council (SIV), Enverists, 410 261–62, 311–12 Estrin, Saul, 318 Federal Planning Commission of ethnic alliances, in Second 1946, 243 Yugoslavia, 252 federalism, 126–27, 141–42, 168, ethnic cleansing, 366 187, 236 in Bosnia-Hercegovina (Bosnia- Federalists, 141, 144 Herzegovina), 109, 364, 374 ﬁlm industry, 238, 342–43 campaigns of, 367 Fine, John V. A., Jr., 20 in postwar Croatia, 232 First Serbian Uprising, 47–49 by Ustata regime, 211–14 First World War in warfare of 1876–78, 55 economic effects, 117–21 ethnic groups, 9, 35–38, 236. postwar border disputes, 113–17 See also names of ethnic groups wartime regimes, 106–10 ethnic hatred Five Year Plans Albanians vs. Serbs, 207–8 Plan for 1961–65, 281, 283–84 “ancient,” 9, 367–68 Plan of 1947, 241–45 Bosnian Muslims vs. Serbs, 224 revival of, 280 Croats vs. Jews, 212 foreign investment, 320–21, 402 Croats vs. Muslims, 66 foreign trade, 119, 154, 253, Croats vs. Serbs, 209–12 270–71, 276–77, 400, 402 in First Yugoslavia, 164 Former Yugoslav Republic of Frank and, 79 Macedonia (FYROM), 394 Serbs vs. Muslims, 65–66 “four equalities, the,” 236 Stardevic and, 61–62 France, 41–43, 110, 116, 154–55 ethnic identity, 40, 59, 68, 300 Franchet d’Esperey, General, 110 ethnic politics, and disintegration of Frank, Josip, 79 Yugoslavia, 332–33 Frankist Party of Pure Right, 94, ethnic purity, in Croatia, 209–10 107, 111, 124, 175 ethnic unity, problem of, in Second Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, Yugoslavia, 284 assassination of, 99–100

474 Index

Friends of Yugoslavia, 321, 325–27, Great Serbia, 8, 16, 52–53, 86, 91, 329 365 Fulbright program, 292–93 Greater Illyria, 43 Greece, 156–57, 241, 245, 247, Gaj, Ljudevit, 43–46 394–95 Garatanin, Ilija, 51–52, 60 Green Beret units, 374–76 General Agreement on Trade and Green Cadres, 108, 150 Tariffs (GATT), Yugoslav Greens, 139, 214 membership, 283 Grenzer, 30–31, 64 General Agricultural Cooperatives, grey economies, 402–4 244, 251 Grol, Milan, 179, 197, 230–31 General Investment Fund (GIF), Gross, Mirjana, 59 277, 279–80, 287 Gross Social Product, Yugoslav Geneva Agreement, 111–12 concept of, 259 Genscher, Hans Dietrich, 372 Group of 17, 389 geography, 10–14 guest workers, 289, 294, 335 Georgievski, Ljupdo, 396–97 Gundulic, Ivan, 35 Germanization, 222 Germany, 154, 181–84, 373 Habsburgs, 9–10, 27–33 Germany, East, 269 acquisition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Germany, Nazi 66–68 and First Yugoslavia, 184–86, Hartwig, Nikolai, 85, 92 198, 201–4 HDZ. See Croatian Democratic and NDH, 213–14, 223 Union (HDZ) occupation of Serbia, 215–18 Hebrang, Andrija, 224, 242–44, Operation Maritsa, 202 249 Operation Weiss, 220 Helmreich, Ernst, 93 and Partisans, 220–21 Henderson, Neville, 163, 169 Stojadinovic and, 184–86 Herceg-Bosna, 376–77 Germany, West, 269, 276 Hercegovina (Herzegovina), 19, Glenny, Misha, 366 66, 373–81, 404–6. See also Gligorov, Kiro, 362, 391, 395 Bosnia-Hercegovina (Bosnia- Goli otok, 253 Herzegovina) Gorkic, Milan (Josip fziyinski), 174 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 43 Gospodarska Sloga, 243 historians, and Yugoslav idea, 4–6 Gotovac, Vladimir, 385 Hitler, Adolf, Stojadinovic and, government, local, 133, 140–42, 185–86 257 Hobsbawm, Eric, 40 government, Yugoslav, 131–40. Hoffman, George, 13 See also constitutions, Yugoslav; Holbrooke, Richard, 366, 378, names of government bodies 380–81, 413 Gow, James, 366, 373 Horthy, Admiral Mikls, 175 Granic, Mate, 380 Hoxda, Enver, 270, 409 Great Britain, 114, 154–55, 218–21, HSS. See Croatian Peasant Party 240–41 (HSS) Great Croatia, 8, 14–16 Hudson, Captain William, 217 Great Depression, 171–73, 181–84 human rights issues, 373. See also Great Migration of 1690 (Serb), 26 ethnic cleansing; ethnic hatred;

Index 475

Ustata regime; war crimes Italy (Hague Tribunal) and Civil Croatia, 33 humanists, Croat, 35, 41 and Dalmatia, 69, 76 Hungarian Revolution, 268–69 and First Yugoslavia, 111, 113–14, Hungary, 15, 32, 44–46, 60–65, 154, 157–58 115–16, 155–56, 175, 243. See and Second World War, 221–22 also Habsburgs; Magyarization and Slovenia, 29–30, 393–94 hyperinﬂation, in Serbia, 404 as trading partner, 183, 276–77 and Ustata, 175–76, 213–14 Illinden Uprising, 71 Izetbegovic, Alija, 252, 344, illiteracy, 297–98, 340 362–63 Illyrian provinces, 41–43 Illyrianism, 40–46, 59 Janicijevic, Miloslav, 191 Independent Democrats, 162, 171 Janissaries, 48 Independent Radical Party, 79, 86, Janta, Janez, 351, 369, 392–93 122, 135 Jashari, Azem, 413 Independent Workers’ Party of Jeladic, Josip, 46 Yugoslavia (NRPJ), 142–43 Jelincic, Zmago, 392 Industrijska Komora, 120 Jevtic, Bogoljub, 177 industry Jews, 209–10, 212 in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 80–81 JNA. See Yugoslav National Army in Croatia-Slavonia, 77 (JNA) in First Yugoslavia, 119–20, joint venture law of 1967, 320 152–54, 187–89 joint ventures, Yugoslav–Soviet, in Second Yugoslavia, 239, 246 253–54, 265, 270–71, 275, 278, Jones, E. L., 10 295 Jovanovic, Arso, 214 in successor states, 403 Jovanovic, Dragoljub, 235, 238 and U.S. aid, 259–60 Jovanovic, Ljuba, 139, 179 inﬂation, 322, 331, 357 Jovanovic, Slobodan, 126–27, 168, Inform Bureauists, 252 197, 214, 219 instant history, 366–68 Jovanovic, Vladimir, 51 integration, examples of, 33–38 Jovic, Borisav, 370, 382 intellectuals, 191–94, 333 Jugodelik (Yugoslav Steel), 183 Interim National Parliament (PNP), JUGORAS, 194 112–13, 121–22 jugoslovenstvo, 88, 261, 284, 286 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary justice system, 140–41, 238 Organization (VMRO), 90–92, 107, 144, 156, 173–74, 176, Kadijevic, General Veljko, 370 396 Kállay, Benjámin, 67–68, 80–81 International Monetary Fund, 259, kapitanates system, 24 326–27 kaputati, 64 internationalism, Catholic, 192 Karadjordje (Black George), 48–49 Islam, 18, 21, 23–24, 344. See also Karadjordjevic, Aleksandar, 51 Muslims, Bosnian; religion Karadjordjevic, Petar, 52, 84 Israel, 272 Karadyic, Radovan, 362–63, 374, Istria and Dalmatia, 113–14 379–80 Italianization, 158, 222 Karadyic, Vuk, 44, 61

476 Index

Kardelj, Edvard, 3, 193 declaration of independence, and contractual economy, 316 409–10 and Djilas, 263 demographic shift, 339 as drafter of constitutions, 234, education in, 339–41 261, 285, 299, 305, 311–14 in First Yugoslavia, 116–17 and “empty box” voting, 231 under Nazi occupation, 204–8 and fall of Rankovic, 289–90 in Second Yugoslavia, 302–4 and League of Communists’ and Serbia, 24–26, 55–56, 346–49 Seventh Congress, 269 war in, 406–15 meeting with Stalin, 246 Kosovo Liberation Army (UCK), and workers’ self-management, 408, 411–15 255 Kottunica, Vojislav, 6, 230 Kasche, Siegfried, 213 Kovadevic, Dutan, 1 Kavdic, Stane, 311 Kovadic, Viktor, 149 Khrushchev, Nikita, 267–71 Kraigher, Sergei, 328 Kidrid, Boris, 242, 244–45, 250, Kraigher Commission for Economic 255 Stabilization, 327 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Krek, Janez, 76 Slovenes, 110–13, 121–30. Krleya, Miroslav, 3, 94, 147, See also Yugoslavia, First 192–93, 262, 305 central government, 131–40 Krtko, 394 crisis of parliamentary government, Kudan, Milan, 332, 350–52, 360, 158–62 391 cultural life, 145–49 kulaks, accusation of, 244–45, 251 economic issues, 117–21, 152–54 Kulin, Ban, 19 international relations, 113–17, Kusturica, Emir, 1 154–58 Kvaternik, Eugen, 60–61, 212 land reform and colonization, Kvaternik, Slavko, 175, 208 149–52 regional law and local government, land reform, 81–82, 98, 117–19, 140–42 125, 135, 149–51, 189–90, 244 kmetovi, 81–82 Lane, Arthur Bliss, 199 kmetsvo, 150 language, role of, 43–45 knezovi, 48 languages Knin, 42 German, 30 Kocbek, Eduard, 193, 222 glagolitic alphabet, 15–16 Kon, Geca, 147, 205 Hungarian, 79 Konavle, 372 Serbian, 87–88 Kopitar, Jernej, 45 Serbo-Croatian, 305–6 Korean War, 271–72 Slovenian, 45 Korotec, Monsignor Anton, 3, 106, ttokavski dialect, 24, 43–44, 61 111, 137, 155, 162, 165, 171, law, regional, 140–41 176–78, 193. See also Slovenian Law for the Protection of the State, People’s Party (SLS) 169, 171 Kosovo Law on Associated Labor, 317 and Balkan Wars, 91–94, 97 Law on Legal Status of Religious colonization in, 151 Communities, 262 and Communists, 227–28 Law on Planned Management, 256

Index 477

Law on the Management of State Madek, Vladko. See also Croatian Economic Associations by Work Peasant Party (HSS) Collectives, 256 arrest of, 171 League of Communists / Movement avoidance of extremism, 173–74 for Yugoslavia (SK/PJ), 382 decision to emigrate, 229–30 League of Communists of Yugoslavia and Opposition Bloc, 177–80 (LCY), 286 opposition to royal dictatorship, League of Yugoslav Communists 169 (SKJ), 255, 262–63, 265, opposition to Ustata regime, 212 269–70, 286, 344, 352–55. as Radic’s successor, 162, 164 See also Yugoslav Communist refusal to collaborate, 208 Party (KPJ) and royal dictatorship, 170 “left deviation,” 214 and Simovic, 202 Liberal Democratic Party (LDK), and Stojadinovic, 163, 194–95 392 MacKenzie, David, 52 Liberal Party, 396 Maclean, Brigadier Fitzroy, 219 liberalism, Croatian, 58, 60–63 Magat, Branka, 351 liberals, in Second Yugoslavia, 284, Magyarization, 62–63, 65, 79 289–91, 301, 305–6, 309–11 Magyarone Party, 45 Liberals (Croatian), 60 Malenkov, Georgi, 267 Liberals (Serb), 51, 54 Maliqi, Shkelzen, 409 “lift and strike” policy, 378 Mamula, Branko, 345 Lilic, Zoran, 390 Manolic, Josip, 383–84 Linhart, Tomas, 29 Manufacturers Hanover Trust of literacy. See education New York, 326 literature, Yugoslav, 25, 35, 87–88, Maribor Program, 69–70 147, 149 Markovic, Ante, 332, 352, 355–57, Little Entente, 155 359, 399–400 livestock raising, 56–57 Markovic, Mihailo, 302 Ljotic, Dimitrije, 197, 215, 227. Markovic, Mirjana, 361, 382 See also Zbor Party Markovic, Predraig, 293 Ljubljana, 75, 148–49, 393 Markovic, Sima, 143–44 Ljubljanska Banka, 330, 393, 403 Marmont, Marshal Auguste, 42–43 loans, interwar, 171–72 Matica Hrvatska, 306–9 Lydall, Harold, 288, 322 Matica Srpska, 306 Matot, Antun Gustav, 87–88 Macedonia, 21–22 Mayuranic, Ivan, 62–64 and Balkan Wars, 91–97 McFarlane, Bruce, 319 and Bulgaria, 156, 207 media, 2, 293, 308, 333, 342, 375, economic issues, 402–3 383–84, 386, 390 elections of 1990, 361–62 Western, 366, 369–70, 372, 375 and First World War, 106–7 Memorandum of the Serbian and First Yugoslavia, 116–17 Academy of Arts and Sciences postwar politics, 394–97 (1986), 6, 347–48 and Second Yugoslavia, 247 Metic, Stipe, 360, 384 Macedonian question, Communists Mestrovic, Ivan, 149 and, 143–45 Michael, Prince, 51 Macedonians, as ethnic group, 14, 103 migration, Yugoslav, 334–39

478 Index

Mihailovic, Drata, 205–6, 215–17, Movement for Yugoslavia (SK/PJ), 219, 225, 227. See also Chetnik 359 movement MSNZ, 369 Mijatovic, fedomil, 55 Mürzsteg Agreement, 92 Mikulic, Branko, 327, 349 “Muscovites,” 245 military, Habsburg, 107 Muslim Party of Democratic Action military, Serb, 85–86 (SDA), 362 in Balkan Wars, 93–96 Muslims, Bosnian, 2, 35–37, 68, 82, in First World War, 102, 104 91, 168, 209, 252 and formation of First Yugoslavia, and Balkan Wars, 99 111–12 and ethnic war, 374 under Prince Michael, 53 and First Serbian Uprising, 48 as Yugoslav army, 105 and opposition to Ustata regime, military, Yugoslav, 132–33. See also 212–13 Yugoslav National Army (JNA) as rural landlords, 81–82, 98, 135, Military Border, Habsburg, 28, 150–51 30–31, 41, 63–65, 77. See also and Sporazum of 1939, 195–96 Civil Croatia; Croatia and Ustata regime, 224 military service, under Habsburgs, Muslims, Croat, 88 30–31 Muslims, Montenegrin, 97 millet system, 21, 25 Mussolini, Benito, 157–58, 186 Milotevic, Slobodan, 3, 381–91 and Dayton Agreement, 380–81 Nadertanije, 52–53 rise of, 332, 346–49, 361 Nagodba, 60, 70 and Slovenian war, 370–71 Nagy, Imre, 268–70 and vuvar, 353 Narodna Banka Kr. Jugoslavije, 172 war crimes, 407–8 Narodna Odbrana, 85 and war in Kosovo, 407–15 Narodna Skupttina, 51 Milutinovic, Milan, 390 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 272–73 Minic, Milot, 238 National Assembly, in Second minority rights, in First Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, 234 116, 155–56, 163 National Bank of Yugoslavia (NBJ), Mirkovic, Bora, 202 330, 356 Mladic, Radko, 371, 375, 377, National Bloc, 138–39 379–80 National Committee for the modernization, 39, 62–63, 65, Liberation of Yugoslavia, 221 72–74, 81–82, 87 National Council, 110–12, 118, 122 Moljevic, Stevan, 206 National Guard Corps (ZNG, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 269 Zengas), 370–73 monarchy, abolition of, 233. See also National Party, 45, 59, 62 names of rulers nationalism Montenegro, 26–27, 57–58, 97–98, Christian, 76 214–15, 361–62, 391, 404–5. Croatian, 58, 60–63 See also Yugoslav Federation in Dalmatia, 69 (FRJ) ethnic, 294 Morava River, 13 romantic, 52–53 Moscow Declaration of June 20, Serb, 346–49, 371 1956, 268 Nationalist Party, 69

Index 479

NATO, 370–71, 378, 380–81 Panic, Milan, 387 intervention in Kosovo, 409, Pan-Slavism, 44, 52 413–15 Papandreou, Andreas, 395 Operation Deliberate Force, 380 Paraga, Dobrislav, 371 Nazis. See Germany, Nazi; Second Paris Club, 326 World War parliament, dissolution of (1929), NDH. See Croatia, Independent 164–65, 168 State of (NDH) Partisans. See also Tito, Josip Broz; Nedic, General Milan, 199, 215 Yugoslav Communist Party Nehru, Jawaharlal, 272 (KPJ); Yugoslav National Army Nemanja, 16 (JNA) Nettuno Conventions, 158, 161–62 vs. Chetniks, 213–21 Neubacher, Hermann, 225 legacy of, 367 “new path,” of King Aleksandar, rise of, 218–21, 226 165–68 Party of Democratic Renewal, 355 newspapers, 146–47, 165, 177, 293, Party of Progress, 89 342. See also media Party of Pure Right, 60, 62–63, 79, Nikezic, Marko, 272, 290, 309–10 88, 99, 112 Nikola, King, 58, 98 party reform, issue of, 291 Nindic, Momdilo, 155 Patic, Nikola Nit Declaration, 102–3 and constitution of 1921, 126–27 Njegot, Bishop Petar Petrovic, and Corfu Declaration, 106 57–58, 149, 237 and First World War, 102, 104 Non-Aligned Movement, 266–67, and Interim National Parliament, 271–73, 323–24 122 Novi Sad, 38 and King Aleksandar, 132 nuclear testing, 272–73 pre-First-World-War, 83–84, 91, Nutic, Branislav, 147, 192 93–94 and Pribicevic, 134–39 Obradovic, Dositej, 38 and Radic, 137–40 Obrenovic, Aleksandar, 55 and Timok rebellion, 55 Obrenovic, Milan, 54 Patterson, William, 240 Obrenovic, Milot, 46, 49–50 Pauker, Ana, 245 Obznana, 125, 143 Paul, Prince, 177–80, 194–95, Opposition Bloc, 178, 194 198–99 Organization for Security and Pavelic, Ante, 175–76, 208–10. Cooperation in Europe, 394–95 See also Ustata Organization for the Peoples’ Pavlowitch, Stevan, 6, 220 Defense (OZNa), 227 peacekeeping. See United Nations Oric, Naser, 379 peasant revolt of 1883, 63–65 Osimo Treaty of 1975, 394 peasants. See also agriculture; Otac na sluYbenom putu (ﬁlm), 253 Croatian Peasant Party (HSS); Ottomans, 9–10, 20–27, 47–50, 53, land reform 55, 65–66, 91–92 and collectivization of agriculture, Owen, Lord David, 366, 377–78 250–52 and Communist regime, 243–45 Pacta conventa, 15 Croat, 63–65, 72–73 Padu, Lazar, 93 economic relief for, 181

480 Index

emigration of, 72 population, Yugoslav, 10, 131 in Istria and Dalmatia, 41–42 migration of, 294–98 and political Illyrianism, 46 population growth, rural, 72–73 and rural resistance, 39–40 populationism, 37, 117 in Second Yugoslavia, 319 Pozderac, Hamdija, 328, 330–31 Serb, 24, 54–57, 81–82, 98 Praxis, 301–2 Peasant–Worker Cooperatives predani, 49, 51 (SRZ), 250–51 press. See newspapers Pecanac, Kosta, 206, 215 Pribicevic, Svetozar, 78–79, 89, 111, People’s Councils (NO), 256 122, 127, 134–39, 149, 160–62, People’s Party, 76, 98 165, 169 Perovic, Latinka, 290, 309 Prickett, Russell, 284, 326, 329 Petar II, King, 200, 219–20, 233 Princip, Gavrilo, 90, 99–100 Peterle, Lojye, 360, 392 prison camps, in Bosnian war, 375 Petranovic, Branko, 232 Prittina, Hasan, 97 Petrovich, Michael, 35, 48, 50 privatization, in successor states, Pijade, Mota, 249, 261, 263 402–4, 406 Pirker, Pero, 310 Privredna Banka, 402 Planinc, Milka, 326–27 Prizad, 173 Planning Commission, 256 Prodanovic, Jata, 231, 235 Plednik, Jote, 149 Progressives, 54 PNP. See Interim National Protestantism, Habsburgs and, 29 Parliament (PNP) Protic, Stojan, 111, 126, 138 “political factories,” 281–82 pseudo-history, 211–12 political parties. See also names of purges, Communist, of liberal parties coalition, 308–11 Communists and, 229–31 ethnically based, 71–72, 158–60 Radan, Ivica, 354 in ﬁnal days of Second Yugoslavia, Radic, Punita, 161 352–55, 359–64 Radki, Franjo, 59 in First Yugoslavia, 121–25, 164, Radic, Ante, 80 186–87 Radic, Marija, 230 in successor states, 384–93, Radic, Stjepan, 80. See also Croatian 396–97, 410 National Peasant Party (HPSS); politicians, 130. See also names of Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) individuals arrest, 119, 138–39 Popular Front, 234–35, 262. See also assassination, 130, 161–62 Socialist Alliance of Working and Communists, 143–44 People (SSRNJ) as minister of education, 139–40 population and Mussolini, 158 of Belgrade, 109, 145, 334 opposition to Serbian connection, of Croatia-Slavonia, 72–73 88–89, 94, 111–12, 124, 127 of Habsburg Military Border, 31 and Patic, 137–40 of Montenegro, 57–58 and Pribicevic, 160–61 of Sarajevo, 34 Radical Party, 54, 91, 93, 122–25, of Serbia, 47, 56, 109 134–37, 159–60, 162, 387 of Trieste, 75 railways, 56, 118–20, 154, 156, 183, of Zagreb, 62, 145 239

Index 481

Rambouillet, negotiations at, 414 Schacht, Hjalmar, 181, 183 Ramet, Sabrina, 306 Schmid, Ferdinand, 80 Rankovic, Aleksandar, 227, 238, Second Serbian Uprising, 49–50 249, 253, 265–66, 269, 284, Second World War, 198–200. See 348. See also State Security also Chetnik movement; Croatia, Administration (UDBa) Independent State of (NDH); fall from power, 289–90 Germany, Nazi; Partisans; Raynjatovic, xeljko (Arkan), 361 Yugoslav Communist Party Red Terror, 214 (KPJ) regency, royal, 176–86 Allied policy, 218–21 regionalism, French rejection of, 43 and destruction of First religion, 21, 140, 168–69, 237, 262, Yugoslavia, 201–10 293–94, 343–44. See also effects on Yugoslavia, 239 Catholic church; Christianity; Seipel, Ignaz, 155 Islam; Serbian Orthodox church Sekelj, Laszlo, 314 Republican Party, 235 Sekulic, Isadora, 192 republics, in Second Yugoslavia, self-cleansing, in Bosnia- 234, 261, 281–82, 286, 290–91, Herzegovina, 374 303, 305, 312–13 self-management, workers’, 255–57, Republika Srpska (RS), 398 273, 277, 281–82, 292 resistance movement. See Chetnik Selo, Borovo, 376 movement; Partisans Serb Autonomous Regions (SAOs), Ribidid, Mitija, 304 363, 370, 374 Rijeka, 114 Serbia. See also Milotevic, Slobodan; Rijeka Resolution of 1905, 78 Yugoslav Federation (FRJ) rivers, 13–14 and Balkan Wars, 72, 93–94 road networks, 239, 304–5, 394 and Bosnian crisis of 1908, 83–88 Roberts, Walter, 221 Chetniks and Partisans, 215–18 Rogel, Carole, 95 confrontation with Slovenia, Rothschild, Joseph, 186, 194 351–55 Rubinstein, Alvin, 272 economic issues, 404–5 Rugova, Ibrahim, 409–12 elections of 1990, 361 Rusinow, Dennison, 279, 285, 307, ethnic composition, 47 359 and First World War, 109–10 Russia, 27. See also Soviet Union and Kosovo, 24–26 Russian Orthodox church, 27 as native state, 16–17 under Nazi occupation, 204–8 Sabor, 15, 59, 78–79, 89 as nineteenth-century nation-state, Sachs, Stephen, 318 46–57 “safe havens,” 378 Operation Horseshoe, 413 Sandyak, 124 rise of Milotevic, 346–49 Sanitäts Kordon, Habsburg, 31 role in constitutional process, 126 Sarajevo, 24, 34–37, 193–94, 337, and Second World War, 224–26 375 and war in Bosnia, 373–81 Sarkotic, General Stefan, 108–9, 175 and Yugoslav Committee, 102–6 varlo, 207 and Yugoslav Confederation of Sava, Saint, 16, 48, 179 Strossmayer, 59 Sava River, 13 Serbian Agrarian Party, 125

482 Index

Serbian Cultural Club, 196–98 Skupttina, 170 Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), dismissal of (1929), 164 362–63 Slavonia, 28, 30, 32–33 Serbian Independent Party, 78, 122 “Slavoserb,” 61–62 Serbian National Organization, 82, Slovene People’s Party (SLS), 106, 98–99 124 Serbian National Party (Dalmatia), Slovenes, as ethnic group, 8, 14, 69 29–30, 75–76, 168–69 Serbian Orthodox church, 16–17, 86 Slovenia, 3, 41, 69–70, 152 and Bosnia-Hercegovina, 20, 67 and Balkan Wars, 94–95 constitution of 1931, 179 and Communists, 228–29 and First Yugoslavia, 169 confrontation with Serbia, 351–55 and Montenegro, 27, 57–58 elections of 1990, 359–60 under Ottomans, 21, 25–26 ethnic politics, 349–52 and Second Serbian Uprising, 50 and First World War, 106 and Second Yugoslavia, 293–94, independence, 370 343–44 intellectuals in, 193 Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), and Second World War, 222 386 and Second Yugoslavia, 304–5 Serbian Voluntary Guards, 361 as successor state, 391–94, Serbo-Bulgarian treaty of March 399–400, 402–3 1912, 92–93 war for independence, 365, Serbo-Croat Progressive 369–71 Organization, 90 Slovenian Communist Party, 222 Serbs, as ethnic group, 2, 8, 14, Slovenian Democratic Alliance 25–26, 45, 65–67, 367, 373. (DEMOS), 353 See also peasants, expulsion, Slovenian Liberal Party, 137 conversion, and killing of, in Slovenian National Party (SNS), 393 NDH, 211–12 Slovenian People’s Party (SLS), 76, serfs, 24, 32. See also peasants 95, 111, 122, 125, 137, 141, Service for State Security (SDB), 290 165, 178, 392 vetelj, Vojislav, 387, 390 Slovenian Social Democratic Party Seton-Watson, R. W., 111, 114, 138 (SDSS), 392 ship-building, 11 Slovenian Village Guard, 228 Shoup, Paul, 366 Smodlaka, Josip, 94 show trials, under Communists, 229, Social Democratic Party, 82, 112, 237 125, 409 Silajdyic, Haris, 376, 380–81 Social Democratic Union (SDSM), Silber, Laura, 366 396 Silverman, Lawrence, 323 socialism, in Second Yugoslavia, Simovic, General Dutan, 202, 219 236, 250, 255 Sino-Soviet split of early 1960s, 268, Socialist Alliance of Working People 270 (SSRNJ), 262–63 SIV. See Federal Executive Council Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), 361, (SIV) 386–91 Skerlic, Jovan, 87–88 Social-Liberal Party (HSLS), SKJ. See League of Yugoslav 384–85 Communists (SKJ) Sokoli, Mehmed, 25

Index 483

Sonnenfeldt Doctrine, 323 Stepinac, Archbishop Alojzije, 192, Sonnino, Sidney, 114 209–10, 212–13, 223, 229 South Slavs, as ethnic group, 14 Stoianovich, Traian, 19 conversion to Islam, 23 Stojadinovic, Milan, 153, 163 Soviet model, drawbacks of, 233 and royal regency, 176–86 Soviet Union. See also Non-Aligned Stokes, Gale, 55, 104 Movement; Tito-Stalin split of Stopanska, 403 1948 strikes, labor, 144, 188, 279, attempted coup of August 1991, 317–18, 334 382 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj, 59–60 and Croatian crisis, 308–9 student movements, 89–90, 99–100, invasion of Afghanistan, 324 301–2, 350–51, 388–89 Nazi invasion of, 207, 222 vubatic, Ivan, 195, 226, 230 relations with Second Yugoslavia, succession, wars of, 369–81 243, 245–49, 253–54, 267–71, successor states, 373. See also names 323 of states support for Communists, 218, economic issues, 393–95, 397–406 226 suffrage, 75, 123, 147 Spaho, Mehmed, 136, 177–78. Sugar, Peter, 80 See also Yugoslav Muslim Sundhaussen, Holm, 223 Organization (JMO) Supilo, Frano, 77–78, 84, 103–4 vpegelj, Martin, 383 Supremists, 92, 107, 144 Split, 41 vutak, Gojko, 376, 383 Sporazum of 1939, 163, 194–98 vuvar, Stipe, 352–53 Srebrenica, 377–79 Srtkic, Milan, 170 tariff war of 1906–11, 85 SRZs, 258 TAT, 402 Stability Pact, 415 technocrats, 307, 315 Stadler, Archbishop Josip, 67, 82, Territorial Defense Force (TO), 112 369–71 Stalin, Josef, 245–49 terrorism, 90, 99–100, 143–44, 176. Stambolic, Ivan, 346–49 See also assassination Stambolic, Petar, 309 textbooks, uniform, 237 Stamboliiski, Aleksandar, 80, 144, Third World, 271–73, 324 156 Tigers, the, 361, 374 standard of living, in Second timar system, 20–22, 27 Yugoslavia, 265 Timok rebellion (1883), 54–55 Stanojevic, Aca, 170 Tito, Josip Broz, 73, 125, 145, 174. Stanovnik, Janez, 351 See also Partisans; Yugoslav Star of Vergina, 395 Communist Party (KPJ) Stardevic, Ante, 60, 62 as army commander-in-chief, 239 State Agricultural Bank, 172–73 and consolidation of Communist State Security Administration power, 226–32 (UDBa), 238, 247, 252. See also and constitution of 1974, 311–14 Service for State Security (SDB) and Croatian crisis of 1967–72, statehood, lost, Serbs and, 25 308 states, native, 14–20 death, 324–25 Stefan, King, 16 diplomacy, 2–3

484 Index

on economic reform, 283–84 UCK. See Kosovo Liberation Army and fall of Rankovic, 289–90 (UCK) as KPJ leader, 196 UDBa. See State Security meeting with Brezhnev, 323 Administration (UDBa) and Non-Aligned Movement, Ujevic, Augustin (Tin), 147, 193 271–73, 324 unemployment, 278, 333–34, 339, and ouster of Serbian liberals, 404 309–11 uniﬁcation. See Yugoslavia, First power and prestige, 265–66 Union or Death (Ujedinjenje ili as president, 263 smrt; Black Hand), 85–86, as prime minister, 233 90–91, 96, 100, 104 and Seventh SKJ Congress, 269 Unionist (Magyarone) Party, 62 at Sixth Party Congress, 262 United Nations, 271–73, 404 Tito–Stalin split of 1948, 233, 241, sanctions against Serbia, 385–87 245–49 UNPREDEP, 395 Tomasevich, Jozo, 150 UNPROFOR, 376–78, 380–81 Tomislav (Croatian ruler), 15 UNRRA (Relief and Rehabilitation trade, 19, 33–34, 51, 56–57, 118. Agency), 239–40 See also foreign trade United Opposition of Democrats, export, 73, 78, 171, 181, 183, Agrarians, and Republicans, 179 278–79 United States, 154–55, 240–41, 323 trade agreements, bilateral, 241 aid to Second Yugoslavia, 240, trade unions, 142–44, 279 255, 257–60, 267, 273–76 tradition, uses of, 40 and Chetniks, 225 Transition, 366 Clinton Administration, 377–78, Treaty of Berlin, 56, 58, 66 380–81 Treaty of Karlowitz, 34–35 and Kosovo, 413–15 Treaty of London, 103 support for Partisans, 218–21 Treaty of Rapallo, 114, 158 United VMRO, 144 Treaty of Tirana, 158 universities, 292, 301–2, 340–41 Trebinje, 372 U.S. Agency for International Trieste, 34, 75, 240–41, 258, 277 Development (AID), 275, 404 Tripalo, Mika, 308, 310 U.S. Export–Import Bank, 275 Tripartite Agreement (U.S.–British– Ustata, 173, 175–76, 196–98, 207, French, 1952), 259–60 228, 308 Tripartite Pact, 198–200 legacy of, 367, 376 Triune Kingdom, 33, 44, 69, 77 Ustata regime, 208–10, 212–13, Trumbic, Ante, 77–78, 103, 105, 219, 222–24. See also Croatia, 111, 125, 164, 171 Independent State of (NDH) Tsankov, Aleksandar, 156 ethnic cleansing by, 211–14 Tucker, Robert, 39 Uzunovic, Nikola, 140, 160 Tucovic, Dimitrije, 88 Tudjman, Franjo, 6, 354, 360, 365, Vance, Cyrus, 377–78 371, 376, 381–91 Vatican Tudjman, Miroslav, 383 Concordat of 1935, 178–79 Tuperkovski, Vasil, 396 and joint protocol, 293 Turkey, 262 Venice, 14–15, 41–42. See also Italy Tvrtko, Ban, 19 Veselica, Marko, 308

Index 485

Vienna Manifesto (Comintern, Yellow and White Books, 285 1924), 144 Young Bosnia, 90–91 Vinski, Ivo, 187, 292 Young Muslims, 252 Vitezovic, Pavao Ritter, 33 Young Turk Revolution, 92 VJ. See Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) youth, rural, support for Vlachs, 23–24 Communists, 236 Vlasto, A. P., 15 youth brigades, and postwar Vllasi, Azem, 410 economic recovery, 239 VMRO. See Internal Macedonian youth culture, in Slovenia, 350–51 Revolutionary Organization Yugo America, Inc., 321 (VMRO) Yugonostalgia, 1, 342 Vojvodina, 28–29, 35, 37–38, “Yugoslav,” use of term, 71 46–47, 53, 114–16, 151, 186, Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland. 349 See Chetnik movement Von Horstenau, General Edmund Yugoslav Association of Economists, Glaise, 213 285 Vrhovec, Josip, 329 Yugoslav Committee, 103–6, 111 Vucinich, Wayne, 90 Yugoslav Communist Party (KPJ). Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, 228, See also League of Yugoslav 279 Communists (SKJ) Vukovar, 371–72 and Belgrade coup, 202–3 and Chetniks, 227 Wachtel, Andrew, 7 consolidation of power, 226–32 war crimes (Hague Tribunal), 380, formation, 120, 122 407 intellectuals and, 192 War Report, 366 and Kosovo, 227–28 Warriner, Doreen, 189 and Macedonian question, 143–45 wartime loans, repayment of, 155 membership, 236, 250, 252, 263 Westendorp, Carlos, 405 in 1920s, 140, 142–43, 173–74 Western intervention, 376–78, as opposition party, 124–25 380–81 opposition to Sporazum, 196–98 in Kosovo, 413–15 postwar mobilization of support, White Eagles, 197 236–38 White Guard, 228 promotion of economic recovery, White Hand, 104, 132 238–40 Whites, 139 and resistance movement, 207–8 Wickham Steed, Henry, 111, 114 suppression of opposition, 238 Wilson, Woodrow, 110, 113–14 use of expulsion, 252–53 Wilson line, 114 Yugoslav Confederation, of women, status of, 147–48, 292 Strossmayer, 59–60 Woodward, Susan, 329, 366, 373 Yugoslav Federation (FRJ), 381–91 workers’ councils, 255–57, 264, Yugoslav idea, 4–8, 43, 58, 69–70, 279 79, 108, 191–94, 261. See also World Bank, 257, 259, 267, 273, Illyrianism 275, 326–27, 404 emergence of, 39–40 failure of, 367 Xemijet Party, 124–25, 139 Yugoslav Investment and Foreign Xhaferi, Arben, 396–97 Trade Banks, 287

486 Index

Yugoslav Investment Bank, 279 successor states; Tito, Josip Yugoslav Left Party (JUL), 382 Broz; Yugoslav Communist Yugoslav Muslim Organization Party (KPJ) (JMO), 122, 124–25, 136–37, borders in, 231–32 141, 193, 195, 252 debt crisis, 325–27 Yugoslav National Army (JNA), demographics, 334–39 239, 332, 344–45. See also dissolution, 3–4, 357–65, 397–99 Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) economic decline, 299 legacy, 366 economic growth (195361), purges, 382–83 277–81 and Slovenia, 350–51, 369–71 economic issues, 242–45, 281–84 and threat of Soviet invasion, 254, economic recovery, 238–40 269 economic reform, 266, 283–89, U.S. aid, 258–59 301–2, 306–7, 355–57 war in Bosnia, 374 education, 339–41 war with Croatia, 371–73 ethnic controversy, 300–5 Yugoslav National Bank, 241, 283 ethnic politics, 345–52 Yugoslav Radical Union (JRZ), failure of market reform, 327–31 177–80 failure of restructuring, 332–33 Yugoslav Social Democratic Party, foreign policy and debt crisis, 95 321–27 Yugoslavia, Federal People’s growth of opposition, 301–11 Republic of (SNRJ), 233. intellectual freedom, 266 See also Yugoslavia, Second opening to West, 266, 273–76 Yugoslavia, First, 101, 126, 163. popular culture, 293, 333, 341–42 See also Kingdom of Serbs, positive signs, 291–98 Croats, and Slovenes regional imbalance, 281–82, 291, balance sheet, 186–94 295, 307, 334–41 destruction, 201–10 relations with Soviet Union, 243, economic issues, 164, 171–73, 245–49, 253–54, 267–71, 323 181–84, 187–89 role of dissent, 262–64 entry into Second World War, social strains, 333–45 198–200 and U.S. aid, 240, 255, 257–60, ethnic imbalance, 187 267, 273–76 extremist movements, 173–76 wars for succession, 369–81 government-in-exile, 205–6, and Western Allies, 240–41 219–20, 225–27 Yugoslavism, 69–70, 90–91, 95, industry, 187–89 168, 236 partition, 203–10 Yugospeak, 346 problems of authoritarian politics, 168–71 Zadar, 41 regional imbalance, 187–88 zadruga system, 25, 31, 64 royal dictatorship, 164–76 Zagreb, 62, 77, 110–12, 119–20, royal regency, 176–86 148–49, 152–53, 191–93 Yugoslavia, Kingdom of, 163–64. Zagreb points of November 1932, See also Yugoslavia, First 171 Yugoslavia, Second, 2–3, 233–36. Zajedno (Together), 387–91 See also names of successor states; xanko, Milot, 308

Index 487

ZAVNOH. See Croatian Liberation Zimmermann, Warren, 363 Movement (ZAVNOH) xivkovic, General Petar, 132, 165, Zbor Party, 197 168–69, 177–78 Zedevic, General, 133 Zogu, Ahmed, 157–58 Zedevic, Momdilo, 5–6 Zubak, Kresimir, 378 Zengas. See National Guard Corps xujovic, Sreten, 249 (ZNG, Zengas) Zulﬁkarpatic, Adil, 362 Zhukov, General Georgy, 269 Zveno (Link), 174