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Pais' History of and Magna Graecia Storia della Sicilia e della Magna Grecia, di Ettore Pais, Prof. ord. nella Università di Pisa. Vol. i. Carlo Clausen, Torino e Palermo, 1894. Pp.623. 4to.

E. S. Shuckburgh

The Classical Review / Volume 9 / Issue 04 / May 1895, pp 217 - 220 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00201777, Published online: 27 October 2009

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00201777

How to cite this article: E. S. Shuckburgh (1895). The Classical Review, 9, pp 217-220 doi:10.1017/ S0009840X00201777

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Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 132.174.254.155 on 05 Apr 2015 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 217 graphically probable, or we may be sure such characterized by broad and accurate learning, an expert in Assyrian palaeography as close, logical reasoning and a fertility of Professor Hilprecht would not have put it hypothesis happily combined with sobriety forward, and on careful examination com- and good judgment. mends itself. It has also the merit of It is to be regretted, from the standpoint representing a country of which we have of the English and American reader, that some information and seems to be a little this valuable little book is written in step towards the solution of the much-vexed German, though that will not affect its use Hittite problem. by scholars. If, however, the statement of These disconnected essays profess to be Professor Sayce, made at the Oriental nothing more than chips from the workshop Congress in London in 1892, were ever of a busy scholar, but they are contributions true, that ' Assyriology is one of the fashion- to the discussion of a variety of topics which able studies of the day in America,' the no Assyriologist can afford to do without, publication of such a work as this in and which are not without interest to the German will, we fear, place it beyond the classical scholar, since such investigations reach of those who study because it is the help us to a better understanding of the fashion. people from whom borrowed some of GEORGE A. BARTON. her elementary principles of art, and clear Bryn Mawr College, up for us many problems in such writers as Pennsylvania, and . The book is

PAIS' HISTORY OF SICILY AND MAGNA GRAECIA. Storia delta Sieilia e della Magna Grecia, di topography. The work therefore promises ETTORE PAIS, Prof. ord. nella Universita to be one of considerable magnitude. It is di Pisa. Vol. i. Carlo Clausen, Torino e in fact in a certain diffuseness, and in a ten- Palermo, 1894. Pp.623. 4to. dency to discuss at great length points of minor importance, sometimes only remotely THIS is the first instalment of a work connected with his subject, that the chief which seems likely to extend over many defect of Professor Pais' learned and labor- volumes. The four chapters which the ious work consists. Details of every kind volume contains cover little more than half are accumulated and discussed sometimes to the space and are of the nature of intro- the point of exhausting our patience, and the ductory dissertations: (1) on the ancient same proposition is restated and reviewed inhabitants of South before the arrival with what seems unnecessary and sometimes of the Greek colonists; (2) the ancient in- tiresome reiteration ; while the conclusion to habitants of Sicily before the arrival of the which the writer wishes to bring us is not Greek colonists; (3) the foundation of the always drawn sharply and clearly. It Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily ; (4) the would also have been of great assistance in extension of Greek colonization in Italy and reading such a book to have had the help of Sicily from the end of the eighth to the a marginal analysis or the mechanical aid of beginning of the fifth century. The other a more consistent division of the matter in half of the volume is occupied by sixteen paragraphs. In its laborious collection and appendices for the most part on points discussion of the ancient authorities, in already treated at some length in the text; knowledge of all that has been done by while two—on the ' sources' and on the scholars, historians, and archaeologists on chronology of the settlements—often referred the subject, the book is admirable. Many to at the foot of the page, are still held will differ with certain of his conclusions, over for the second volume, which has been but no one will be able to say that Professor kept back partly to enable Professor Pais Pais has been ignorant of what others have by renewed visits to and Sicily said, or has passed over difficulties. He is to examine the monuments lately brought to perhaps too much under the dominion of a light by and Antonino Salinas, ruling idea. He has, unlike Mr. Freeman, 'I'Ulustre diretlore del Museo nazionale di joined the story of Magna Graecia with that Palermo,' by means of which he hopes to be of Sicily, rightly judging that in origin and able to resolve various questions of historical historical development they are one; and 218 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. he has also, rightly as it seems to us, regarded the history of Adolf Holm, and of the the knowledge of the history of Sicily and expected appearance of that of Mr. Freeman Magna Graecia as indispensabile per ben —illustre storico im^ese —because he believed valulare'T origine et il significato delle piu himself to have arrived independently at antiche vicende del popolo romano. But he different and more correct conclusions than seems to be led by this idea into overstating they had done. In his first chapter after an the importance of the later connexion of exhaustive discussion of the ancient literary and Sicily. He says in his preface sources as to the inhabitants of South Italy, (p. ix.): Ho detto erede di Siracusa. from which he elicits the names of Messapi, Nel fatto la storia roniana non e che la Iapygii, Peucentes, Oenotrii (including many prosecuzione di quella della Sidlia e della various stocks), the Chones, the Siculi, and Magna Grecia. Roma ereditd da Siracusa the , he proceeds to attempt, chiefly tanto I''inimicizia con i Cartaginesi, quanto from the comparison of topographical names, I'amicizia con i Rodi, tanti i buoni rapporti a department of the subject which he con i Tolomei, quanto il desegno di constituirehas worked with great fulness and some uno stato signore della Peninsola, e non era originality, to draw certain conclusions as to certo una vuota /rase il celebre motto che pro-their places of origin. The most ancient nuncio Pirro, allorche abbandono il theatro inhabitants of Italy were, according to him delle sue splendide ma fugaci vittorie. To as well as to others, the and show the exaggeration which this paragraph, ; but he differs from Mommsen though not without fruitful suggestion, in maintaining that they were of distinct nevertheless contains, we have only to con- stocks. The former were of Illyrian origin, sider that when Rome first came into collision their name remaining in that of the Iapydes with Syracuse, at the beginning of the first known as an Illyrian people in late times, Punic war, she had already made herself while the latter came from Northern Greece, supreme from to Bruttium ; and that In Sicily he rejects the Iberian origin of the in the it was not the and, in spite of and possession of Sicily or 'of anything which Herodotus and the early topographers, looks had belonged to Syracuse that was in ques- upon them and the Siceli as identical, tion, but that of Spain. Rome in fact was explaining the difference of form in the not so much the heir of Syracuse as the words as arising from the variety of dialect mortgagee, who forecloses and takes over an between the Ionian and Dorian who estate, the obligations of which he will only came in contact with them respectively. fulfil as far as it suits his own wider pur- It cannot be said that he has satisfactorily poses. This exaggerated view of the proved this ; and he answers the objection importance of Syracuse in the fifth and that both names occur in the Odyssey, and fourth centuries has affected his judgment, were therefore presumably known before the and perhaps biased it, in treating several Greek colonization, by arguing (pp. 95-6) points connected with the early migrations that this is only another proof of the late into Sicily, as well as the chronological order origin of that part of the Odyssey—a mode of the Greek settlements in Sicily and Italy of dealing with authorities that (however respectively. According to him, the well grounded in this instance) has always having earliest developed power and produced an unpleasant suggestion of arguing in writers, the legends naturally took and a circle. As to the mysterious Elymi, retained a Sicilian colour, and represented while rejecting of course the Trojan origin facts in an inverse order : and though we assigned to them by Thucydides, he also may admit the truth contained in this rejects as impossible the explanation of doctrine, we must be on our guard against some that they were Phrygians who reached allowing it decisive weight against all other the island before the Greeks. The impos- evidence. sibility of this is not self-evident; and his own explanation that they were Phoceans is It would be impossible here to follow Pro- not strongly supported, though the com- fessor Pais through a tithe of the evidence plete of Elymian cities in the which he has accumulated with admirable fifth century, such as , gives us diligence in illustration of the arguments some reason to believe that they were at any and historical details with which he has rate partly of Greek origin. filled his pages. It must suffice briefly to state some conclusions for which he claims The third chapter, in which the traditions originality, or in which he differs from of the foundation of the Greek cities in others. He himself explains that he under- Italy and Sicily are traced, is full of interest took his work in spite of the existence of and is made exceedingly useful by the care- THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 219 fvil and complete array of authorities ; and the arose in South Brut- the same may be said of the fourth chapter, , but in the district south of a line in which the author discusses the value of extending from Tarentum to . The these traditions, and attempts to give a third appendix on ' the most ancient rational account of them founded on the communications between Greece and Italy ' circumstances of the various states. He is extremely interesting. In it he examines concludes (p. 196) that the geographical the assertion of Helbig that in pre-hellenic position of Italy and Sicily in respect to the times there was communication by land is a clear proof that the Italian between the Balcan peninsula and Italy, and colonies preceded by some years those in concludes that such communication was Sicily ; though he oddly deduces a confirma- rather by a road crossing Greece from the tion of this from a passage of Antiochus east to and thence by sea to Corcyra (ap. 262 C) in which that writer says and Italy. The fourth appendix on the that Myscellus was aided in founding Croton vexed question of the origin of the by Archias ' when on his way to found Etruscans seems hardly needed, and is mostly Syracuse' (r/viKo. wp/jLijro ITTI TOV rwv %vpa- negative in results, as was perhaps inevita- Kova&v oiKio-fiov), which as far as it goes ble. All we can say is that towards the supports the contemporary origin of the middle of the eighth century the Ligurians, cities. The general conclusion to which he the Veneti, the , Etrusci, Ausoni- comes in his fourth chapter, while admitting Oscans, Iapyians, and Messapians occupied and even perhaps exaggerating the obscurity the districts named after them, and Profes- as to date and origin of the cities, is that sor Pais with proper caution remarks of the the first colonies founded from the end of alleged discoveries of anthropologists and the eighth to the end of the seventh cen- craniometrists (p. 474) : atlendiamo prima tury had a character specially agricultural; die coloro i quali, sia pure con niolta dottrina, and that, the most fertile spots by that time fanno tali ricerche, die si mettano in grado di having been occupied, the stream of coloniza- potere sul serio stabilire se il materiale anlico tion, which did not stop, assumed a character che studiano appartenga realmente al popolo essentially commercial (pp. 330-331) ; but al quale essi lo attribuiscono. In the fifth that though these colonists were therefore appendix on the Aborigines and the Siculi naturally drawn from men of middle rank, he contends that the word Aborigines is a whose minds were set principally on gain, false formation in (as though connected they were also joined from political or other with origo) from the fiopuyovoi or men of the causes by men of education and refinement: mountain. And he accepts Zielinski's e con costoro giunsero in Occidente poeti e emendation of r/8e Bopeiycvtwi' for ^8' filosofi, come Archiloco, Saffo, Pitagora e 'Aflopiyiviwv in the oracle given in Dionysius Xenofane, precursori dell'arrivo su quesle 1, 19. The Aborigines therefore he concludes mcdesime spiagge di Epicarmo, di Pindaro, di (p. 480) ' meant the Sabini, Marsi, Peligni, Eschilo e di Erodoto. and Vestini, in short the whole Sabello- Samnite population which inhabited the Of the sixteen appendices the first and Abruzzi in the heart of Italy.' This is at longest is devoted to the subject of the least plausible, and has the advantage of Messapians and Iapygians, in whom he re- explaining a difficulty; especially if he is fuses, as has been before observed, to also right in thinkiDg that the word recognize with Mommsen branches of the Aborigines only came into use in the same stock; and in an appendix to this Annalistic period shortly before the time appendix he has laboured to prove (from a of Cato (p. 481). It would be impossible personal inspection made in 1891) that the here to go through the substance of all the so-called Messapian inscription at Eubi appendices, which are lengthy discussions [C.I.L. ix. p. xv.] is spurious. The second on details connected with particular settle- is on the origin and expansion of the name ments. I must confine myself to noticing Italia, in which he examines the legend that in the seventh, on the origin of the preserved by Dionysius, Strabo, and Aris- expression 'Magna Grecia,'Professor Pais totle from Antiochus of a king Italus who, rightly points out that the passage of ruling the Oenotrians with wisdom and (2, 39) implies that it was in use success, caused the change of name. Here in the fifth century. But he is not so again is an appendix to an appendix devoted successful, I think, in showing that we have to discussing a memoir of Professor Enrico an earlier literary use of it extant by Cocchia, in which he maintains that the Timaeus [apud Photium, fr. 77 Miiller, and passage of Antiochus has been misunder- ap. Athenaeum xii. 523 E]. On the whole stood, who did not mean to assert that 220 THE CLASSICAL EEVIEW. he endeavours (pp. 510 519) to give it founded alone on any one superiority of an origin and locality too precise ; nor does extent or wealth or achievement, but on a it seem at all certain that it was invented vague sentiment of the magnificent future from within, that is by the Sicilian writers awaiting the expansion of our race. Finally, of the fifth century, or that it referred it may be said that the language of the exclusively either to the greatness of the book is pleasing and lucid, and (if a grateful Pythagorean institutions, or the superiority foreigner may be allowed to say so) easy to of the country. It seems rather one of understand. If it were somewhat less those popular, as opposed to scientific or thorough, not to say prolix, if the innumer- literary, designations which grow up spon- able difficulties were treated at somewhat taneously, and indicate rather indefinite less length and with fewer repetitions, it information and hopes than actual facts. might perhaps have a greater chance of In our own day the term ' Greater Britain ' arresting the attention of a busy and as applied to America is an instance in point: impatient generation. not certainly invented from within, or E. S. SHUCKBUKGH.

HORTON-SMITH'S CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. The Theory of Conditional Sentences in Greek It would be a poor return for this labour and Latin, for the Use of Students, by of love to withhold from the author the EICHAED HOETON-SMITH, M.A. (694 pp. tribute of frank and candid criticism. I Macmillan & Co. 1894.) 21s. net. therefore feel bound to say that in my opinion his work, in spite of its many THIS elaborate work is the outcome of points of interest, does not constitute an nearly half a century's study of the subject advance in the theory of Conditional Sen- by a scholar who has evidently made it his tences ; and that his method is too uncritical hobby during a life of arduous and success- in dealing with disputed readings and cor- ful labour at the bar. The rubric of Con- ruptions of text. In indicating my grounds ditional Sentences has served him as a store- for this opinion I shall incidentally have an house in which to gather whatsoever of opportunity of replying to some criticisms interest has presented itself to him in the which have recently been made upon my course of his wide reading in classical own theory of Conditional Sentences, both literature ; and the full indices show the by the author and by Mr. J. Donovan in multifareity of the topics discussed in the his extremely kind and thoughtful review book. Modern literature—English, German, of my Greek Grammar in the Classical French, Italian and Spanish—has been Review (1895, No. 1). laid under contribution; questions of In regard to the classification of Con- orthography and accidence are discussed in ditional Sentences, there are a number of the Notes which form the second half of moot points under consideration by gram- the volume, side by side with questions of marians : (1) Ought we to classify according syntax; and even points of antiquities and to the Protasis (Subordinate Clause) or archaeology find a place. The reader who according to the Apodosis (Principal Clause), uses the indices as a guide will be sure to or according to both at once % (2) What is find something to interest and instruct the true place of sentences of the type el him ; of special value is the light which fir]—e«7 av and si sit—sit ? (3) How are the author throws upon the progress of we to treat sentences of the type et urj— classical philology during the present cen- eerrai (or tori) and si sit—erit (or est); are tury ; he has an intimate knowledge of the they ' mixed ' or not ? Such sentences are theories of such scholars as Key and far more common than has been ordinarily Maiden and Shilleto, to whose memory he supposed, as has been recently demonstrated dedicates the work ; and he has not neglected by H. Blase in Wolfflin's Archiv (1894, Heft to keep pace with more recent works, 1, pp. 17—45), and as 1 had previously though some names of living scholars are maintained on several occasions: see Blase's conspicuous by their absence, for instance statistics, p. 25. (4) What account are we the names of Goodwin and Gildersleeve; in to give of sentences of the type eav rj— discussing Catullus the author does not la-rail Are they parallel to the Latin si appear to know of the edition of Ellis. erit—erit, or ought they to be regarded as