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Medieval Settlement and Society in the Eastern Sussex Weald Before 1420

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Medieval Settlement and Society in the Eastern Sussex Weald Before 1420 MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE EASTERN SUSSEX WEALD BEFORE 1420 Mark Francis Gardiner Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. at University College London in the University of London, 1995 ProQuest Number: 10017482 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017482 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The High Weald in south-east England forms a pays with a distinctive landscape and settlement history. By far the greater part of that region hes within eastern Sussex, where it comprises a broad tract of wooded countryside with poor soils. The area was exploited during the Anglo-Saxon period by manors on the coastal fringe, which estabhshed outlying settlements in the woodland. The land within the valleys of the Weald was divided up at an early date into large areas, but the exposed ridges were avoided by the settlers and largely remained common land throughout the medieval period. The early usage established the pattern for later medieval settlement, land-holding and lordship. Most settlement was dispersed and villages did not develop in the area until the 13th century when they emerged as centres for trade and craft-work. Land was held in large free tenements or customary virgates, probably based upon the areas into which the land had been divided in the Anglo-Saxon period. Seigneurial control was generally weak for the scattered lands of many manors made regulation difficult. Villeins were not burdened with onerous work services. During the 13 th century the custom of partible inheritance was replaced by ultimogeniture. The practice of partibility persisted on some manors, particular those near the Kent border, where it was found even among free tenants. Various means were devised in the later 14th century to avoid customary laws of inheritance. Peasants established close bonds with their near neighbours to whom they were often related. A study of manors in the Wartling area suggests that they often married neighbours, sold land, and lent money and goods to them. Most peasants before 1350 were smallholders, but plague in the later 14th century reduced the level of population and enabled tenants to enlarge their lands by amalgamating holdings. An active landmarket enabled tenants to build up larger consolidated tenements replacing the earher pattern of smallholdings often comprising only a field or two. Table of Contents List of Tables 4 List of Figures 6 Acknowledgements 9 Abbreviations 10 Introduction: Background, Sources and Methods 11 PART 1 - The Origins of Medieval Wealden Settlement Chapter 1 - Reconstructing the Territorial Patterns of Anglo-Saxon Sussex 25 Chapter 2 - The Character and Progress of Medieval Settlement in the Eastern Sussex Weald 68 PART 2 - Medieval Economy, Settlement and Social Structure Chapter 3 - Geography and Rural Economy of the Eastern Sussex Weald, 1300- 1420 98 Chapter 4 - Units of Land Tenure in the Eastern Sussex Weald 129 Chapter 5 - The Development of Villages and Hamlets 146 Chapter 6 - Lordship and Social Structure 165 PART 3 - Inheritance, Life Cycle and Rural Society Chapter 7 - Patterns of Inheritance in the Eastern Sussex Weald 187 Chapter 8 - Settlement and Society in Wartling and Area 1300-1420, Part 1: Settlement and Inheritance 212 Chapter 9 - Settlement and Society in Wartling and Area 1300-1420, Part 2: The Land Market and Social Relations 239 Chapter 10 - Settlement and Society in the Eastern Sussex Weald 1300-1420: The Evidence of Other Manors 262 Conclusion 296 Appendix 1 - Wealden Outhers in the Rape of Pevensey 299 Appendix 2 - The Bounds of the Lowy of Battle 300 BibHography 303 List of Tables Table 1 - Summary of an analysis of the Bexhill charter (Sawyer no. 108) 49 Table 2 - Sussex lands recorded as lying within a denn 76 Table 3 - Churches recorded in the Rape of Hastings before c. 1100 85 Table 4 - Churches not recorded in the Rape of Hastings before 1100 86 Table 5 - Tenants giving animal heriots 1300-1420 120 Table 6 - Taxpayers by social category in poll tax returns 184 Table 7 - Manors with partible inheritance in eastern Sussex 195 Table 8 - Manors with Ultimogeniture (Borough English) in Eastern Sussex 196 Table 9 - Proportion of tenement granted as Widow's Bench on manors in eastern Sussex 198 Table 10 - Descent of land in the manors of Wartling, Herstmonceux, Bucksteep and the Battle lands at Bucksteep, 1300-49 230 Table 11 - Descent of land in the manors of Wartling, Herstmonceux, Bucksteep and the Battle lands at Bucksteep, 1370-1420 231 Table 12 - Number of land sales and average area in Wartling manor 240 Table 13 - Average length of leases in Wartling manor 241 Table 14 - Descent of land in the manors of Crowham,Crowhurst, Playden and Hammerden, 1300-49 274 Table 15 - Descent of land in the manors of Crowham, Crowhurst, Playden and Hammerden, 1355-1420 276 Table 16 - Number of sons inheriting customary tenements on manors with partible inheritance 277 Table 17 - Leases enrolled in Crowhurst manor, 1385-1419 284 List of Figures Fig. 1 The regions of Sussex (after King in H C Darby and E.M. J. Canq)bell, The Domesday Geography o f South-East England). 16 Fig. 2 The hundreds and parishes of the Rapes of Pevensey and Hastings (source: Ordnance Survey first-edition six-inch maps). Detached areas of parishes are shown by hght arrows. Parishes paying pensions or otherwise associated shown with heavy arrows. 17 Fig. 3 The land of Thomas Aynscombe on a base map of the first-edition six-inch Ordnance Survey map, surveyed 1873-4. 23 Fig. 4 Places mentioned in Sawyer no. 50 in relationship to the 19th-century bounds of the manor of South Mailing Lindfield. 39 Fig. 5 Linked -ingas names in Sussex. 42 Fig. 6 Plan showing relationship of parent manors in the Rape of Pevensey and then Wealden outliers. 46 Fig. 7 The boundaries of rapes and deaneries. 52 Fig. 8 Parent manors and detached Wealden holdings in the hundreds of East Giinstead, ShoysweU, Henhurst, Hawksborough, Baldslow, Netherfield and Battle. 56 Fig. 9 Minster churches in western Sussex and the probable boundaries of the Domesday hundreds. 60 Fig. 10 The pattern of detached Wealden holdings in Sussex. 64 Fig. 11 Denn place-names in Hastings Rape and southern Kent. 66 Fig. 12 Some tenements in the upper Rother valley. 71 Fig. 13 Some denns in Ticehurst parish. 73 Fig. 14 Sussex lands recorded as lying with a denn. 75 Fig. 15 Detached manorial holdings near Waldron on a base map of the first-edition six-inch Ordnance Survey map, surveyed 1874-5. 77 Fig. 16 Feld, fearn and fiyhd(e) place-names in eastern Sussex. Contours in feet. 81 Fig. 17 Churches in the Rape of Hastings. 87 Fig. 18 The lowy of Battle in the late 11th century. Contours in metres. 89 Fig. 19 Battle Abbey holdings at Bucksteep. Base map: first-edition six-inch Ordnance Survey maps (reduced), surveyed 1873. 92 Fig. 20 The glebe of Westfield. Base map: first-edition six-inch Ordnance Survey map, surveyed 1873. 94 Fig. 21 Customary land north of Heathfield. Contours in metres. 103 Fig. 22 Some elements of landholding in Rotherfield. 112 Fig. 23 The virgates of Possingworth. 134 Fig. 24 Virgates in Withyham 135 Fig. 25 Towns, villages and selected hamlets in the eastern Sussex Weald. 148 Fig. 26 The village of Rotherfield shown on the first-edition 25-inch Ordnance Survey map (reduced). The inferred purpresture is shown by tone. 153 Fig. 27 Settlements and routeways in the Robertsbridge area. 155 Fig. 28 Inheritance customs in north-east Sussex. 201 Fig. 29 The Men of Broomhill. 208 Fig. 30 Tenement size distribution for Wartling and Herstmonceux manors in the mid- 14th century. 217 Fig. 31 The descent of land in the tenement of Tilley. 222 Fig. 32 A community in Herstmonceux. 253 Fig. 33 The genealogy of tenants at Wilsons Farm 254 Fig. 34 Interaction between tenants of Tilley and Wilsons Farm 256 Fig. 35 Tenement size distribution for Heathfield. 265 Fig. 36 Tenement size distribution for Be>diill manor. 266 Fig. 37 Tenement size distribution for the Greenhurst borgh of South Mailing manor. 267 Fig. 38 Tenement size distribution for Iden manor. 269 Fig. 39 Tenement size distribution in Crowham manor. 270 Fig. 40 A community in Playden. 292-3 Acknowledgements I have amassed many debts of kindness and generosity of ideas during the overlong period while this thesis had been in preparation. I have tried to acknowledge in the footnotes aU those who have shared their knowledge with me. I wish to thank my first supervisor in the Department of Medieval Archaeology at University College London, Dr Helen Clarke, who steered my research into more acceptable directions. Dr Martin Welch in the same department shared with me his understanding of the early history of Sussex. After the retirement of Dr Clarke, Professor James Graham-Cançbell at University College, and particularly Dr Tim Hudson, Sussex Editor of the Victoria County History at the Institute of Historical Research, both wisely advised me in the final stages of my work. I also wish to thank Christopher Whittick who has given me the benefit of his encyclopaedic knowledge of documentary material available both in the East Sussex Record Office and elsewhere.
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