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FALL 10 | OCT–DEC

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Volume 21, Number 4 PUBLISHER Donna Jacobs ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Neil Reynolds EDITOR Table of Jennifer Campbell ART DIRECTOR Paul Cavanaugh ADVERTISING ADVISOR Cu Van Ha CONTENTS cu@cuative .com 1-613-262-4908 DIPLOMATICA| BOOKS EDITOR George Fetherling Verbatim: Messages from Taiwan, Albania and the Philippines . . . 11 CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Fen Osler Hampson: On Canada’s new deputy foreign minister . . 13 Don Cayo Good Deeds: Ottawa Bach Choir goes international ...... 15 CULTURE EDITOR Margo Roston Diplomatic Agenda: Turkey on Islam and democracy ...... 16 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Questions Asked: German ambassador on defence and bailouts . . .18 Chantaie Allick Rafet Akgünay José Brillantes DISPATCHES| Margaret Dickenson Free Trade: A special Diplomat report Fen Osler Hampson Besnik Konci Donna Jacobs on Peter Van Loan’s main objective: Europe . . . . . 22 David T . Lee Where we’re at: A survey of Canada’s free trade agreements . . . . 29 Laura Neilson Bonikowsky Timothy Pychyl Lessons from Estonia: The shaping of a political philosophy . . . . 32 Phil Rourke Trade expert: Things are getting interesting; now the hard part . . . 36 Clyde Sanger Pieter Van den Weghe Besa: Muslims who saved Jews Randi Winter Portraits of the quiet heroes ...... 39 CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS Ulle Baum Albanian code of honour ...... 48 Rene Johnston The photographer who documents heroes ...... 51 Frank Scheme Lois Siegel The North Dany Veillette Gabi Von Gans The complex issue of Arctic sovereignty ...... 52 Dyanne Wilson Canada’s policy versus Norway's ...... 54 Business Management Jessie Reynolds Zimbabwe WEBMASTER One journalist’s view of the Mugabe regime ...... 56 Leslee McCabe DIPLOPORTAL WEB PARTNERS www .diploportal .com DELIGHTS| Alastair Sweeny Richard Evers Psychology: Some practical advice on goal-setting ...... 58 (Northern Blue Publishing) Wine: Try some late harvest wines ...... 60 PUBLISHER EMERITUS Entertaining: Margaret Dickenson’s new show ...... 62 Lezlee Cribb ADVERTISING INQUIRIES Residences: The palatial Italian dwelling ...... 64 Contact Neil Reynolds or Donna Jacobs Envoy’s album ...... 66 info@diplomatonline .com Canadiana: Thomas Haliburton’s alter ego ...... 79 SUBSCRIPTIONS Diplomat & International Canada is published four times a Books: The other Vietnam War ...... 80 year . Subscription rates: individual, one year $35 .70 . For Canadian orders add 5 per cent GST . U .S . orders please add $15 for postage . All other orders please add $25 . Dignitaries| SUBMISSIONS New arrivals in the diplomatic corps ...... 70 Diplomat & International Canada welcomes submissions . Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, National days ...... 73 at editor@diplomatonline .com or (613) 231-8476 . DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL ...... 74 CANADA DIPLOMATIC listings P .O Box 1173, Station B Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2 Phone: (613) 422-5262 destinations| Fax: (613) 422-7557 Visiting Dien Bien Phu ...... 84 E-mail: info@diplomatonline .com www.diplomatonline.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material . Published by No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Sparrow House publisher . The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors . © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343 Enterprises Inc . Publication Mail # 40957514 . Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Diplomat Magazine, P .O . Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 9 DIPLOMATICA|EDITOR’S NOTE

his upbringing and his Estonian heritage . CONTRIBUTORS Still on the trade front, we offer a look Clyde Sanger at Canada’s current and pending deals and have a column by trade expert Phil Rourke, who gets into the nitty-gritty of the Canada-EU deal . Also in Dispatches, we have the story of Albanian Muslims who quietly opened their homes to Jews during Albania’s

jennifer campbell occupation by Axis powers during the Second World War . The rescuers were operating under the concept of besa, an Al- The dominant issue banian code that means “faith” or “keep Mr . Sanger is an Ottawa-based jour- the promise .” This promise meant giving nalist and international development hen former EU Ambassador refuge to persecuted Albanian Jews and specialist . He spent eight years in East Dorian Prince arrived in late those who fled neighbouring countries . A and Central Africa, and was Africa W2006, he vowed that before he touring photo exhibit documenting these correspondent for The Guardian (1960- returned to Brussels, Canada and the stories will come to Canada this year and 1965) and then its UN correspondent EU would have a trade deal . That didn’t we offer a preview of photographer Nor- (1965-1967) before moving to Canada quite materialize (Ambassador Prince left man H . Gershman’s images . and joining the editorial board of The about a year earlier than expected ). But We also visit Canada’s North . After the Globe and Mail . He remained Ottawa by the time he did, the process was un- Harper government announced a new correspondent for The Economist until derway . A joint study looked at the costs Arctic strategy, it’s fitting that regular 2006 . He has also worked in CIDA, and benefits of a “closer EU-Canada eco- contributor Laura Neilson Bonikowsky IDRC and the Commonwealth Secre- nomic partnership ”. A “scoping exercise” gives us an overview of Arctic sover- tariat, and been a lecturer at Carleton followed to decide what would be on the eignty . Meanwhile, Chantaie Allick, who School of Journalism and in Zimbabwe table for the actual negotiations (which recently won a scholarship to travel to and Costa Rica . He has written a dozen were announced at the Canada-EU Sum- Norway, tells us how far ahead Norway books, mostly on international affairs, mit in Prague in May 2009 ). is in developing policy for the North . and once climbed Mt . Kilimanjaro in The Europeans are careful not to call it Further in Dispatches, veteran journal- three days . a free trade agreement because they feel ist Clyde Sanger, who covered Africa for it will go beyond that . Indeed, it will go the Manchester Guardian newspaper in the Randi Winter beyond the landmark Canada-U .S . Free 1960s, details how Nathan Shamuyarira Trade Agreement signed in 1988 . The — journalist, cabinet minister, godfather voices of dissension aren’t nearly as vocal to Mr . Sanger’s son and Mugabe loyalist now as they were back then, particularly — has changed during the regime of Rob- given the scope of the agreement which ert Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe for will cover trade in goods and services, 30 years . investment, government procurement, In Delights, books editor George regulatory cooperation, intellectual prop- Fetherling looks at titles about the first erty, labour mobility, competition policy, Vietnam war and provides an entertain- among others . ing travel piece about his visit to Dien This is clearly the deal that dominates Bien Phu . Ms . Winter is a travel writer based in Canadian trade strategy . Given this, pub- We also have our regular features on Vancouver who, as a former director of lisher Donna Jacobs interviewed Trade entertaining, residences, wine and Cana- The Eye Contact Foundation, has trav- Minister Peter Van Loan, who discussed dian history . eled to Israel, Albania, Kosova, the U S. . his department's priorities . He talked I hope you enjoy our fall edition . and Canada . She is currently writing a about the obstacles to the Canada-EU part- series of children’s books for the fami- nership and shared his own stories about Jennifer Campbell is Diplomat’s editor . lies of children diagnosed with life- threatening diseases . And through her travel agency, www .passionatetravel . UP FRONT com, she is working to create tourism Toronto Star staff photographer René Johnston took this experiences in Albania and Kosova as photo of Trade Minister Peter Van Loan at home on the her way to say, to the Muslims who Georgina farm his family has owned since the late 1960s . saved Jews in World War II, thank you His cabinet portfolio means he now travels the world in — in Albanian, faleminderit: “I bow to search of new trade opportunities for Canada, but on the your honour .” rare occasions when he is in his York-Simcoe riding, he lives at the farm . Our trade package, which features interviews with Mr . Van Loan, details from Canada’s trade agreements, and a column on the Canada-EU trade deal, begins on page 22 .

10 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC verbatim|DIPLOMATICA

Taiwan-Canada- bilities around the world, including China . Finally, after its successful acquisition of China: A triple- Taiwan’s Ulead Systems, Ottawa’s Corel transformed Ulead into an R&D and mar- win model to keting hub for its Greater China market which includes the 1 .2 billion Chinese- prosperity speaking people in Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau and China and is a By David T. Lee driving engine of the global economy . The connection of the three countries in the global supply chains such as this demonstrates the “triple-win model to prosperity” I like to emphasize . Speaking the same language, sharing a common heritage, having a deep understanding of the nuances of the Chinese business and political culture and, above all, accumulating two decades of both positive and negative experiences, all hen Taiwan and China signed constitute advantages behind Taiwan’s

the Economic Cooperation office government information success stories . WFramework Agreement (ECFA) Chiang Pin-Kung, chairman of Taiwan's Just like many multinationals that made in June 2010, it meant opening the door Straits Exchange Foundation (left) and Chen Canada their gateway to North America at Yunlin, chairman of China's Association for for deeper economic ties across the Tai- the birth of NAFTA, Canada should make Relations Across the Taiwan Strait, signed wan Strait but it was also a significant the Ecomomic Cooperation Framework Taiwan Canada’s gateway to Greater milestone after decades of hostilities and Agreement in China this summer. China in the post-ECFA era . With more confrontation . liberalized trade, investment, transporta- When Taiwanese President Ma Ying- tion and travel across the Strait, Taiwan jeou took office two years ago, he wanted extremely interested in the implications of can serve as a springboard for Canadian to improve on relations which, for more this new trade era . companies wishing to build up their foot- than a decade, had soured to the point of Taiwan has been a major, active trading print in Greater China . several mini-crises . China reciprocated country and known powerhouse of infor- accordingly . mation and communication technologies David T . Lee is the representative of the Travel for business or pleasure has internationally for decades while Canada Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in never been easier . More than 370 direct has been equally competitive in the same Ottawa . Contact him at tecoinfo@taiwan- flights go between Taiwan and China each areas . Collaboration between the two canada .org 613-231-4203 . week, both ways . The flight from Taipei to countries has been steady . After the global Shanghai takes only 90 minutes and last economic meltdown in 2008, the world year, 5 .5 million visits took place across economy is gradually reshaping itself with Albania: An the Strait . Three million of them were the the robust growth in the BRIC (Brazil, direct result of a ban that was lifted on Russia, India and China) countries, most investment direct flights . notably China . Today, China is no longer Among the 14 cross-strait agreements just a factory to the world but a consumer option signed between Taiwan and China under market with formidable potential . Need- President Ma’s administration, ECFA less to say, access to this market with Tai- By Besnik Konci is the most significant one . The key to wan in the post-ECFA era is strategically its speedy negotiations and effective important for Canada . implementation in the future is the “early Last year, when I was invited to testify harvest” mechanism, which sets out the before the Canadian Senate, I cited three elimination of tariffs on products rang- examples of successful partnerships in ing from petrochemical, steel and iron, which Canadian businesses worked with textiles, machinery and auto parts, to Taiwanese counterparts to access the even the most sensitive agricultural items . Greater China market . Tariffs on 539 Taiwanese products worth Vancouver’s Intrinsyc developed a CAD$460 million and 267 Chinese goods software package to accelerate logistic worth CAD$95 million are expected to be information integration between Tai- hough small in size and population, phased out in two years . wan’s Quata Computer, the world’s No . 1 Albania has arguably emerged as While ECFA is economically beneficial notebook manufacturer, and its plants in Tthe most dynamic economy in its to Taiwan and China, windows of oppor- China . And Taiwan’s TSMC, the world’s region . Even in these tough economic tunity open for Canada at the same time . largest semi-conductor foundry, acquired times, Albania’s GDP has grown for the I have discussed this with Canadian gov- Kanata’s Emerging Memory Technologies third year in a row . It grew by 7 8. percent ernment and business leaders and they are Inc . (EMT) to support its design capa- in 2008 and 3 1. percent in 2009 . Experts

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 11 DIPLOMATICA|verbatim

forecast the country will still see a 3 .5 option for investors . are blessed with a cordial and mutually percent growth — the highest growth in Albania and Canada enjoy very good beneficial relationship which is founded on Southeastern Europe — in 2010 . bilateral relations . Canada has supported shared values and goals as freedom-loving Both as a NATO member and, in the Albania in its process of political and eco- nations . near future, an EU candidate, Albania is nomic reforms and has been a strong sup- Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon a fast-consolidating democracy with rule porter of Albania’s integration into NATO . was among the first to congratulate our of law, political stability and a functional Experts in both countries are working on a new president, Benigno C . Aquino III, who open-market economy . Foreign Investment Promotion and Protec- was inaugurated June 30, revalidating Very rich in natural resources, Albania tion Agreement (FIPA) . once again the shared commitment of the offers great opportunities for investment Good progress has been made in pro- Philippines and Canada to the democratic in oil and gas, minerals (including nickel, moting cooperation in the field of educa- process . chromium, copper, zinc, gold, silver, iron, tion (at press time the Albanian minister Sixty years of relations between the coal and lead) . It is seeking investment for of education and science was on an official Philippines and Canada have strengthened its renewable energy requirements which visit to Canada) and sea transport (authori- mutually beneficial cooperation which include hydroelectricity, wind power ties from the Port of Durres will visit the is rooted in human terms . Canada now and solar power; for its infrastructure, port of Saint John in New Brunswick this receives 30,000 Filipinos as permanent or including construction of roads, ports, fall) . Successful parliamentary coopera- temporary residents each year, making the airports, tunnels, bridges, railways and tion and economic ties should be followed Philippines the country’s No . 1 source of sewer systems; and for the production and by regular contacts and dialogue at high temporary workers . The more than 400,000 distribution of water, waste recycling and governmental levels, in order to further Filipinos living in Canada make up the processing . Canadian companies already strengthen our bilateral cooperation . third largest group of immigrant commu- have success stories from their investments nities in the country . in oil, gas and mineral exploration as well Besnik Konci is Albania’s ambassador to I encourage Canadians to try the Philip- as hydropower dam construction and real Canada . Reach him at besnikkonci@ya- pines as their next vacation destination . I estate . hoo com. or 613-324-1927 . am 100 percent sure that Canadians who The country also seeks investment in holiday in the Philippines will fall in love, tourism, such as help in building tourist- and will come back again and again . attracting villages and resorts and also Philippines: The Philippines, in many senses, is establishing ecotourism opportunities . Canada in Asia . It is the only country in In addition, it’s looking for information A traveller’s Asia that is predominantly Christian — technology investment . Digital Albania, most Filipino are Catholic, and we share for example, is a huge project in place that paradise the same centuries-old Christian traditions . aims at digitizing all levels of educational Like Canadians, we are very friendly and and government services by 2013 . By Jose S. Brillantes deeply family-oriented . Our expanding domestic economy and Like Canada, we have excellent water- exports benefit from a low inflation rate, sports and ecological tourism facilities . We established trade with European Union have been rated as having the best scuba- and our geographical luck in being the diving areas in the world . Our Tubbataha gateway to the free trade Balkan area . Add Reef is a UN World Heritage Site while Bo- to that the fact that our total labour cost, racay Beach in the central Philippines has which is lower than comparable countries, been voted by a world tourist organization is driven by a skilled and adaptable young as “the most beautiful beach in the world ”. labour force . Coro, in Palawan, with its lagoons and We specialize in on-the-spot, one-stop- soaring cliffs, is said to be one of the most shopping for granting licenses, VAT credit magical places on earth . on machinery imports, subsidized leases of y priorities as ambassador of Only a few Canadians have discovered state-owned premises, and economic zones the Philippines to Canada are that Metro Manila has become one of the (a zone with a special economic status, Mto reflect the three pillars of most bustling metropolises in Asia, and either an industrial park or a free zone) . our foreign policy: firstly, to assist in our for shoppers, it’s a paradise . We have more Our law on concessions, and our special country’s economic growth, secondly, than two dozen malls in Manila, and the financial incentives for investors in tourism to strengthen our national security and, newest one, the Mall of Asia, located along and energy, are also reasons to consider Al- thirdly, to ensure and promote the welfare the historic Manila Bay, is said to be the bania, as is our massive privatization . of our citizens abroad . biggest and most beautiful in Asia now . We have the lowest taxes for business Under the third pillar and enshrined in Manila is known as a world-class shopping in Europe, fiscal policy incentives (includ- the Philippine Constitution is the mandate centre: prices of products are very, very ing a flat corporate tax of 10 percent, a flat for our foreign service to ensure the well- reasonable, and the variety of things avail- tax of 10 percent on personal income and being and protection of the rights of Fili- able covers the entire globe . a tax exemption on dividends designated pinos working abroad . This is a priority in for investments) in a fast-growing real es- Canada, where there are more than 400,000 Jose S . Brillantes is the ambassador of tate market . Taken as a package, all these Filipinos and Filipino-Canadians . the Philippines in Canada . Reach him incentives combine to make the Albanian The Philippines and Canada enjoy very at embassyofphilippines@rogers .com or market an extremely attractive, low-risk strong bilateral relations . The two countries 613-233-1121 .

12 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC discourse|DIPLOMATICA

Total diplomacy

A conversation with Morris Rosenberg, Canada’s new deputy foreign minister

levels of integration in Canada’s foreign policy machinery . Ten years later, the In- ternational Policy Review, conducted for the Martin government, tried to integrate foreign, defence, development and trade policies . The Harper Government continues to wrestle with the problems of developing an integrative, inclusive policy process that involves major departments and fen Osler hAmpson agencies with meaningful involvement from provincial governments, business, labour and other interested actors . Issues he American politician-turned-dip- such as Afghanistan, climate change, trade lomat, Chester Bowles, who served and development policy, and Canada’s Tas ambassador to India under Presi- relationships with the United States, Eu- dents Kennedy and Johnson, once opined rope, Latin America and Asia, especially that “We are coming to realize that for- India and China, all demand a “total di- eign operations in today’s world call for plomacy” approach to ensure coherence, a total diplomacy . . ambassadors can no program delivery and public support . longer be content with wining and din- No one understands the challenges ing, reporting, analyzing and cautiously of “total diplomacy” in the 21st Century Morris Rosenberg predicting ”. Bowles understood better better than Canada’s newly appointed than most of his contemporaries that deputy minister of foreign affairs, Mor- modern diplomacy is a highly complex ris Rosenberg, who assumed his post have a strong understanding of interna- affair, that it engages many domestic and two months ago . A graduate of McGill tional relations and public policy . The international partners, and that practically University (B A. ),. Université de Montréal most unpleasant surprise is, of course, the all of today’s so-called “international” (LL .L) and Harvard University (LL .M .), daunting financial and management chal- problems do not respect state boundaries he served as deputy minister of health lenges we continue to face as we bring or national jurisdictions . As he further (2006-2010), deputy minister of justice and the organization into the 21st Century . noted, the “extraordinary multiplication deputy attorney general of Canada (1998- of activities and agencies reflects the 2004), deputy secretary to the cabinet DM: What do you see as being the main complexity and interdependence of our (operations), privy council office (1996-98) challenges for the department in the modern world ”. and assistant secretary to the cabinet, eco- conduct and management of Canadian Successive Canadian governments have nomic and regional development, privy foreign policy and Canada’s international struggled with the “total diplomacy” de- council office (1993-96) . In a wide-ranging relations? mands imposed by war and peace, disease interview with Diplomat magazine, Mr . MR: On the management side, I have and disaster, global recession and persist- Rosenberg discussed some of the biggest spent the past two months learning about ing poverty . Almost without exception, surprises of his new job, what he sees as the job . The department faces the same these foreign policy issues compel coher- the main challenges for the department in problems that confront all foreign minis- ent and integrated decision and action helping to manage Canada’s international tries in a globalized world . Everybody is by multiple departments and agencies of relations and some of the key assets and wrestling with the same question ‘What’s the federal government — often aligned skills he brings to his post . The following the added value of a foreign ministry?’… with action by provinces, the private sec- has been edited for length . There has been lots and lots of discussion tor, NGOs and others . Almost invariably, everywhere on these issues … A modern securing co-ordination has proven an in- Diplomat magazine: What has been the foreign ministry has to play several key superable challenge . biggest surprise for you in your new job? roles: (1) integrating foreign policy and That is not to say that successive Ca- Morris Rosenberg: The incredible qual- a country’s international relations; (2) nadian governments have not tried to ity of people at headquarters and in our strengthening working relationships with reform the foreign policy-making process missions abroad . I knew about DFAIT’s other government departments and inter- to achieve a more integrated and coherent talent pool from my previous jobs, but I national partners; (3) positioning our mis- approach to the development and imple- am now seeing it first hand . There are so sions abroad with a whole-of-government mentation of Canada’s foreign policies . many outstanding young people in the approach . Canada and the World, the Chrétien Gov- department . It is quite clear that DFAIT In order to address these key strategic ernment’s policy review, called for greater attracts the very best and people who challenges, we will need to build up the

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 13 DIPLOMATICA|discourse

policy capacity of the department and to sion … Senior management has typically fronts … We have to be realistic and understand better the forces shaping the been the focus of the deputy’s interac- acknowledge that international relations world … The integration and interpreta- tions (but it should not stop there .) I in a globalized world affect everybody . tion of the international context is vital in would like to reach out and involve a The department can’t just talk to itself . It order to help not just DFAIT but its gov- much wider group of individuals in the has to talk to a wide range of people . At ernment partners understand today’s department … I have begun to have regu- the same time, our job is to provide ad- global challenges . The renewal of the for- lar luncheon meetings with junior foreign vice to the government . We won’t make eign service is also a key challenge . DFAIT service officers to hear about and learn promises when we consult with others, faces the same challenges as other depart- their concerns . but we can promise them that our advice ments . The baby boomers will eventually to the government will be much better need to be replaced . The department must DM: What would you like to accomplish informed .” represent the country it serves . It needs in the next six months? diversity in terms of its intellectual and MR: First, learning about the department, DM: Many see a tension in DFAIT be- ethnic composition . But it is not just a meeting people, visiting our missions . tween policy formulation and “process matter of substituting the young for the Second, building on the work initiated management .” They see senior managers old . It is also one of creating a workplace by my predecessor, Len Edwards, to in the department being chosen for their environment where people want to work provide a stable financial basis for the management as opposed to policy-devel- and a place where there is also real learn- department’s operations . Third, promot- opment skills . Is this a problem? ing on the job . ing outreach by strengthening the depart- MR: Certainly, the policy enterprise is ment’s relationships with both traditional very important . But we also live in an era DM: How do you conceive of the whole- and nontraditional stakeholders here in of accountability and transparency . How- of-government approach to managing Canada and abroad . ever, there is a real danger that focusing Canada’s international relations? too much on process simply feeds the MR: There are structural and attitudinal DM: What kind of team are you going beast . I think it is important that we orga- approaches to bringing about change . to assemble to take the department for- nize ourselves so as to effectively address There has been a lot of structural change ward? the substantive foreign policy issues fac- in the department in recent years . How- MR: I am still learning about the team I ing the country . In the final analysis, ap- ever, you can do things without turning have . The posting season is upon us . It propriate attention to management ought things upside down … I also want to affects the department at all levels . At to enable us to do this .” bring those who can contribute at any Health and Justice, I managed these de- level in the department into the discus- partments as a corporate, collaborative DM: What special assets in terms of your enterprise . I am looking for team players own background and experience do you who can work for the greater good and bring to your new job? look beyond narrow, short-term interests . MR: I worked in the trade law division We need leaders who understand the office in the mid-1980s as a lawyer and broader international context and can helped to implement the Canada-U .S . translate it into a domestic policy context Free Trade agreement . I also spent five … I also want a team that reflects the di- years in the Privy Council Office and versity of the country . served as deputy minister in two departments, Health and Justice . I know DM: How do you see the department’s how Ottawa works and have seen how relationship to other key departments many issues have a global character and involved in managing Canada’s inter- involve not just Canadian, but international relations? Has the whole-of- national, partners . I was in the justice government approach to foreign-policy department at the time of the September management been realized? 11 terrorist attacks when Canada had to MR: The reality is that we won’t succeed deal with Washington on a whole range unless we place a premium on collabora- of complex anti-terrorism and security tion . This involves engaging key players issues . I was at Health when Canada had at and beyond the federal level includ- to deal with the H1N1 flu crisis and work ing the provinces who are also impor- with drug companies and foreign regula- tant international players . We also need tors in the development and acquisition mechanisms for collaboration . There are of a new vaccine . Justice and Health are important lessons to be learned from our essentially knowledge-based organiza- collaborative experience in Afghanistan tions which place a real premium on in- where the mission has involved many novating thinking and outreach . DFAIT is departments including Corrections, no different . Public Safety, Border Services Agency, the RCMP, etc ., along with CIDA, DND Fen Osler Hampson is chancellor’s pro- … To remain relevant, government has fessor and director of The Norman Pat- to perfect those mechanisms . This is erson School of International Affairs at true on both the operational and policy Carleton University .

14 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC good deeds|DIPLOMATICA

From the French embassy to Carnegie Hall

f the ways in which they help out the Ottawa Bach Choir are any indication, Iit would seem that Johann Sebastian is a favourite composer among Ottawa’s foreign diplomats . The relationships started three years ago when board member Bill Caswell decided to approach some envoys about hosting fund-raising events . Once the Turkish embassy responded positively, and hosted a dinner, others got on board . The Afghan embassy, for example, hosted a dinner for 15 and, later, a larger gathering with buffet dinner for 35 . Last year, French Ambassador Francois Delat- tre and his wife, Sophie l’Helias Delattre, hosted a reception for 70 guests in the Art Deco embassy’s main reception hall . “Sophie and I were very happy to host a choir of superb quality which contrib- Stella G arcia Photogra p hy utes to Ottawa's reputation of excellence German Ambassador Georg Witschel and his wife, Sabine, hosted a July garden party for in music,” Mr . Delattre said . nearly 400, in support of the Ottawa Bach Choir. Following the success of a soirée hosted by his predecessor, German Ambassador In August, British High Commissioner “The diplomats help us by providing Georg Witschel and his wife, Sabine, Anthony Cary and his wife, Clare, hosted revenue we would otherwise not have,” hosted a garden party for nearly 400 a fund-raiser at Earnscliffe, their official Mr . Caswell said . “We help them connect in July to raise money for the choir’s residence on the Ottawa River . All 90 at- to the Ottawa community of business New York tour and Carnegie Hall debut . tendees, who paid $85 each, enjoyed hors people and choir enthusiasts . And, if they Guests, who paid $65 each, heard the choir d’oeuvres while the choir performed some like good music, we provide that, too . As sing and washed down authentic German of its best-loved works . well, some of them fill their own social ob- cuisine with German wine . Meanwhile, the Taipei Economic and ligations by inviting people they feel they “It is fair to say that the 2010 garden Cultural Office (Taiwan’s proxy for a should entertain .” party was one of the highlights of the diplomatic mission in Ottawa) offered the For the choir, the revenue means a year for both the Ottawa Bach Choir and choir a paying gig to perform at its March great deal . “Their help means that many the German embassy,” said Peter Finger, celebration, and the Polish embassy did of the choir’s financial obligations can be counsellor at the embassy . “Given the the same for a concert it put on in April . relieved . In the terrible economy of 2009, very high standard of the choir’s musical Mr . Caswell, who chairs the choir’s cor- the corporate income all but dried up but performances and its ever-increasing im- porate fundraising committee, estimates because of our diplomatic events increas- portance as a Canadian institution of clas- that the choir raises about $30,000 annually ing, we balanced our budgets . sical music featuring Bach’s oeuvre, the through diplomat-related events . That’s a “It also allows us to provide a novelty German embassy will continue to support considerable portion of its $150,000 bud- to our audience; they seem to really enjoy and assist it in the coming years .” get . these events .” D

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A personal perspective on religion and government

be motivated by the prospers when freedom, tolerance and worthiness of their mutual respect come together in a demo- FIRST NAME: Rafet “sacred” cause and cratic environment, and makes regimes Akgünay declare that they act stronger in the long run . That is what the LAST NAME: in the name of re- experience of Turkey tells us . Turkey rec- CITIZENSHIP: Turkish ligion . But a mere ognized its shortcomings and worked to claim of acting in overcome them . PRESENTED CREDENTIALS AS April 22, 2008 the name of Islam The West, for its part, must avoid neo- AMBASSADOR: does not validate Orientalist generalizations in dealing with Cyprus, previous postings: this assertion . Islam and Muslim societies . Unhelpful Israel, Greece, Rome, U.S., As we do not and ill-informed comments by prejudiced accept their ratio- individuals and groups still find their way and China. nale for terrorism to our e-mail accounts and media outlets . as a method, so Informed empathy, from all sides, is the should we reject best way to avoid Islamophobia as well as their claim to represent Westophobia . Islam . We can try to understand why a Still, religion as a social force is relevant he relationship between Islam and militant minority within Muslim societies to politics . There is no positive correla- democracy continues to be debated is successful in exploiting the sentiments tion between any theocracy, of any faith, Tby experts and laymen alike . When of masses, especially where perceptions of and liberal democracy . But this is not an I was asked by Diplomat magazine to deprivation are frequently associated with essentialist argument about the incom- write a short piece on the matter, I con- foreign powers . But we must oppose po- patibility of Islam and democracy . If this sidered the following: I am not an expert liticization of religion and reject violence argument were valid, and if Muslims by on Islam, nor do I personally or officially in any form . virtue of their beliefs were unable to prac- speak on behalf of all Muslims . But I The task is twofold — one for Muslim tise peaceful democratic politics, how can come from a country which is predomi- societies, the other for the West . Bluntly we account for millions of well-integrated nantly Muslim and has been practising put, Muslim polities must accept the Muslims living in liberal democracies, in- parliamentary democracy for decades . So primary responsibility to advance their cluding Turkey, or Canada? I decided to share my personal views on societies politically, socially and economi- Islam lends itself to a rational and the matter against the background of the cally . Arguing that present ills arise from humanistic understanding of the world . Turkish experience . the historical role of outsiders is not base- This quality produced remarkable social As Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civi- less, but it’s altogether a different topic . To and philosophical achievements in the lizations was being debated in the face solve their own problems, Muslim coun- past, contributing to the transmission of of vigorous rebuttals, the 9/11 attacks tries must use the intellectual capacity of classical thought to the modern era’s col- against the U .S . increased the risk of his their own people . This human potential lective wisdom . Glorification of the past thesis becoming a self-fulfilling prophesy . Knowledgeable people around the world have the intellectual responsibility to resist this . The re-emergence of religion as an important social force has been experienced across societies of different faiths for the last couple of decades, so the question of whether Islam and democracy are compatible has gained currency . We no longer even bother to question the ap- propriateness of juxtaposing two different categories — religion and a system of government, or religion (Islam) and geography (the West) . Despite this shortcoming, I shall be using a similar framework due to its wide usage .

To quickly make a point, it is deceptive E uro p ean U nion, 2010 to associate Islam, or any other religion, with terrorism . Conflict, violence and Turkish Ambassador Rafet Akgünay argues human potential is greatest when freedom and terrorism are products of political aspira- mutual respect come together which “makes regimes stronger in the long run.” This, he tions . Yes, there are terrorists who might says, is what Turkey’s experience has taught.

16 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC diplomatic agenda|DIPLOMATICA

can distract us from the need to look at today’s issues, but such past achievements demonstrate that Islam itself is not the problem . Rather, issues of governance need to be considered in the debate about Islam and democracy . Although historical conditions and cultural and political factors have led observers to talk about Turkish exception- alism, Turkey’s experience still speaks to the broader debate . Socio-cultural pluralism generated by Ottoman statesmanship made this an enduring, multi-cultural empire . But even more pertinent is modern Turkey’s self-imposed democratization that has been facilitated by its interaction with the West . Since the introduction of multiparty democracy, Turkish people have been voting governments in and out of office . While faith continued to play an important role in people’s lives, parliamentary democracy was consolidated and performed a socializing function on all, including radical groups . As societal groups start breathing the air of democracy, they gradually become shareholders and supporters of that system . Such democratic socialization can be an effective tool to accommodate radical inclinations of the disenchanted masses in Muslim countries . A key factor in the Turkish case, I believe, has been the principle of secularism . Following the founding of the new Inspiration found here. Republic in 1923, this principle became What does your daughter want to be? Who will the cornerstone of the political structure she become? She can get there from here. in Turkey . With the peaceful transition to a multi-party system, pluralism became At Elmwood School, each girl is inspired the norm institutionally . Secularism pro- to reach her full potential. In our all-girls vided one of the necessary, probably the environment she is encouraged to take on most important, pre-conditions for an new challenges, develop her self-esteem and environment where the state was expected conﬁ dence, motivate others and of course, excel in the classroom. to remain equidistant from all, within the religious diversity of society . Elmwood School Highlights: I do not claim that the Turkish model é IB Programme at all levels ensures ease of is directly applicable to other Muslim mobility for diplomatic families countries . Yet Turkey’s experience could é Outstanding graduate achievement and be a source of inspiration . This suggests university placement broader implications . Provided that the é Inspiring, dedicated faculty European Union maintains a vision to é Supportive atmosphere eases transition to become more than just a limited space of new school and city é Diverse, globally aware student body prosperity, Turkey’s eventual membership é ESL instruction available from JK to Grade 12 would contribute to the realization of the Union’s post-modern promise to serve as a For more information on the advantages positive global force in political, economic of an Elmwood education, please visit and cultural terms . elmwood.ca. To schedule a private tour, please call (613) 744-7783 or email Rafet Akgünay is the ambassador of Tur- [email protected]. key to Canada . The views in this article are those of the author and not necessar- Inspiring girls elmwood.ca ily those of the government of Turkey .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 17 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

Germany on Europe's aid to Greece: ‘We don’t see it as a bail-out’

German Ambassador Georg Witschel pre- tiations and everything is on the table . It’s sented his credentials just over a year ago a very intensive discussion with about 100 and since then the career diplomat with experts on both sides . (It's) interesting that a PhD in international law has developed on the Canadian side, the provinces take a a great love for Canada — so much so very active part . that he spent six weeks of his summer on We want an agreement which then will vacation in the Maritimes, as well as be implemented by all the provinces . That Newfoundland and Labrador. His wife, is a prerequisite . If one or more provinces Sabine, and daughter, Christina, are bail out, I don’t think CETA will happen . also very comfortable in their tem- That is why we’re quite happy the prov- porarily adopted country. Diplomat inces are taking an active part . We hope editor Jennifer Campbell sat down Newfoundland will take a more active with him for a wide-ranging chat part . For the time being, they’re observing about his home country. the whole thing but aren’t really active .

Diplomat magazine: What are the DM: What does Germany see as the ben- biggest concerns to Germany efits? about the proposed EU-Canada GW: It’s not really tariffs because most of trade deal? the tariffs are flat anyway but since CETA Georg Witschel: Germany was will be much further-reaching than just a driving factor in the Euro- free trade, we hope the government pro- pean Union to have these ne- curement area will be much more liberal- gotiations start . It was in 2007 ized than now, and that means federal when the EU-Canada Summit government, provincial government and took place in Germany that municipalities . The second point is agri- the whole thing was launched . culture which won’t be easy with the very Now if you ask why so, the special system here, particularly on dairy EU Commission had prepared products . The third area is intellectual a quite thorough study about property . We know from our pharmaceu- the benefits of a comprehensive tical industry that they are quite reluctant trade agreement for both sides . Of to invest in Canada because they perceive course, if you open markets, you that the protection of their intellectual will always lose something, but property is less tight here than in many the benefits were pretty clear and of the OECD countries and that is a voice they amount to 0 .08 percent for that one should take seriously . the EU area in GDP terms and 0 .07 to 0 .08 percent for Canada . DM: So the German concerns are basically That means more trade, more the same as the concerns of the EU as a turnover, more money, more whole? profit . That is why we thought ec- GW: Probably . I would say that geograph- onomically it makes a lot of sense . ical appellations is also a point for the EU Also, we thought it makes sense — specifically for Italy (with its Parma to have open markets among ham) and France (with its Champagne) . partners which are otherwise so On the other hand, we do see that the Ca- close . We are NATO partners, we nadian side has its issues — let’s take the have intensive trade and invest- export of agricultural products such as ment, so why not really open up meat or GMO . It’s not that the German or completely and have a kind of European side is the demander, but also integrated market? the Canadians who have a number of is- We have no major problems or sues and demands, understandably so . concerns with CETA (Comprehen- sive Economic and Trade Agree- DM: When do you think it will be final- ment) and we are hoping that ized? the EU and Canada will GW: I don’t dare make predictions but so make steady progress . far it’s been good — good progress and a So far, there have been good atmosphere . Let’s agree you come

dyanne wil s on dyanne four rounds of nego- back with that question after the stock-

18 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

taking in October . I do see that it will strong growth in Germany and reasonably be done in a decent period of time . Two whether we want it strong growth in the Euro-zone . years is a tough timetable but maybe it’s The Euro has stabilized nicely . But we possible . or not, we are Europe’s still need a lot of budgetary and fiscal economic engine. discipline in quite a number of countries . DM: The German parliament gave strong We are in for a pretty tough budget in Ger- approval for the Greek bailout . Can you We’re by far the largest many in 2011 . Like Canada, we are fight- talk a little bit about Germany's role in an ing to get our house in order . economy in Europe and economically weak EU? GW: I wouldn’t consider it to be a bailout . we’re the fourth largest DM: What was the reaction of the German The German parliament adopted the nec- people to the credits given to the Greeks? essary decisions to allow the handing out economy worldwide GW: The man in the street wasn’t happy of major credit lines to Greece and other initially but that has calmed down and it countries to enable them to lend at nor- has been more or less accepted . mal market interest rates and not to pay in the second quarter, which is a really exorbitant interest fees . It’s not a bailout, interesting growth . We are predicting GDP DM: Can you talk about Germany’s role it’s credits being given by European insti- growth of three percent for Germany for as Europe’s economic engine? tutions . Behind them are directives that 2010 and 1 9. or two percent for the EU . GW: First, whether we want it or not, we enable them to keep the interest rates at Of course, there are factors we can’t pre- are Europe’s economic engine . We’re by a normal market level . That means these dict that easily . If the U .S . housing market far the largest economy in Europe and countries have to repay their debt and leads to a new recession in the U .S ., that we’re the fourth largest economy world- I’m quite sure that they will . It was not a will have repercussions on the Euro-zone . wide, second largest exporting country . German action, alone; it was all European Our economic recovery has been driven We came under fire when we announced countries . mainly by exports to Asia, which have that from 2011, the stimulus packages If you look at the situation now, the picked up quite considerably, and do- would end and we would start to go into economy in Europe isn’t that bad . We had, mestic demand . That means imports have austerity, softly, so it would be slow and all over Europe in the second quarter of increased more than exports, so we’re also step-by-step . We will tighten our belts in 2010, an increase of two percent, compared helping other European partners who order to achieve a balanced budget by to the first quarter of 2010 . So the GDP export products to Germany, to get their 2016 . People said we’d make it harder does rise . In Germany, we had 2 2. percent economies in better order . We have pretty for other European countries to recover

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 19 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

because imports would go down . The facts are quite different: The moment we made these announcements, the economy stepped up . Imports stepped up further and quicker than exports . The theory that the more debt you have and the more stimulus, the more you will revitalize the economy seems not to be correct . Why? A lot of people realize that if the government finances ever more debt, it will come back to (haunt) them . It won’t be the tax of today but of tomorrow . What a lot of citizens do, if they don’t trust their Offering Exclusive government financially, is reduce their spending . Rates For Diplomat- s DM: Your defence minister recently At Accu-Rate Corporation our For your personal backed proposals to cut the German army team of highly experienced currency consultation please call: by a third and suspend compulsory na- traders and foreign banking partners Marie Boivin tional service . Can you comment on that? GW: allow us to negotiate currency prices Managing Director Defence minister Karl-Theodor lower than any other currency dealer 613-596-5505 ext. 101 Freiherr zu Guttenber and his depart- or commercial institution. [email protected] ment are preparing models to reshape Ottawa 2009:Delta Ottawa 12/16/08 9:18 AM Page 4 and reform the federal army . Why so? The coming austerity budgets mean there must be major savings with regard to the Ottawa 2009:Delta Ottawa 12/16/08 9:18 AM Page 4 Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza Accu-Rate Corporation armed forces . We have major changes in 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. our demographic development — fewer Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 young people, more old people . We have no need to conscript an entire generation . We only draw on 25 per cent of those eligible . The old days of Warsaw Pact Soviet MORGANTE armies are over and the army has no room for 60,000 conscripts . We have a number MENSWEAR of missions abroad, Afghanistan among LIMITED them, and we have hardship to support these missions with the necessary money, well-trained manpower and equipment . The level of ambition we now have might be too high for the present structure of the armed forces so there are various reasons why there is a clear need to reform the armed forces . Reform with savings means cuts in terms of numbers but there are four to five models under discussion . It’s downsizing and a major restructuring — cutting ranks in the hierarchy, slimmer structures, which might allow to set free some more money for investing in equipment . The whole thing is under discussion in the cabinet, custom made with the chancellor and parliamentary dress shirts available committees . Nothing is really set yet .

141 Sparks Street, DM: Would you say it’s a change in phi- Ottawa, ON losophy? GW: It’s an ongoing change in philosophy . Conscription was part of Germany’s post- 613.234.2232 war system until the fall of The Wall . morgantemenswear.com DM: Will it affect your service in Afghani-

20 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

stan where you have the third largest a long process . This is something where I as local procurement, but that’s nothing national contingent? wouldn’t dare to make any predictions . to the overall relationship . We have very GW: No, I don’t see that . We have about DM: But Germany generally opposes their intensive cooperation in various areas . 3,000 soldiers in Afghanistan . We have a entry . In science, we’re establishing a German- discussion about how and when to exit GW: All I can quote is the (government’s) Canadian centre for innovation in Alberta . from Afghanistan — someday we will coalition paper, which says that “Ger- We have established, with Helmholtz As- have to (withdraw) . many has a specific interest in deepening sociation, one of our largest think-tanks, mutual relations with Turkey and with a long-term project with the University DM: German Chancellor Angela Merkel linking Turkey closer to the European of Alberta on the recultivation of open-air — not to mention Nicolas Sarkozy — Union . The negotiations, which have pits and water systems . have made it clear they oppose Turkey’s been started in 2005, with the aim of an Oil sands drilling and open-air pits entry into the European Union . Can you accession, are a process with an open end have a negative impact and Germany has talk about the reasons for that position? which does not render any ultimate deci- a lot of experience with it . For example, sion and whose result cannot be guaran- one particularly problematic issue was GW: That is a long-standing issue . We do teed beforehand .” with uranium mining done by the Sovi- have a very special German interest in ets . There was a tremendous amount of improving and deepening both bilateral DM: Can you talk a little bit about Ger- hazardous substances on the surface of relations with Turkey, which are pretty man-Canadian relations? How is the waters and lakes which we have repaired intensive anyway, and the links between relationship? and recultivated . We will continue the Turkey and the European Union . This GW: As someone who spent six weeks cooperation that we have (with Canada) interest is there . Beyond that, the nego- vacation in Canada and sees Rockcliffe as in Afghanistan which is, across the board, tiations between the EU and Turkey are home, it’s clear that I’m happy here and pretty good . We have a strong increase in ongoing for quite a long time . To my that’s true for the whole family . There political contacts . knowledge, there are 13 out of 35 chap- are no problems in bilateral relations . We If you had asked a year ago, I would ters, regarding the integration of the Eu- have no stumbling blocks whatsoever . have told you that relations are good but ropean Union, under discussion between I mentioned a few trade-related is- so good that neither side bothers to visit . the two sides . One has been closed (on sues but that’s dealt with under the EU That has changed . We’ve probably had scientific cooperation) and the others are framework . We might, here or there, have more visits in the last year than we have in SW Col-Ad Diplomat.ai 9/1/10 3:29:16 PM not yet even open . Which means it will be an issue with provincial legislation, such the last 20 . D

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d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 21 Di spatches|Monfree atrrcadhye

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Canada – Europe: Peter Van Loan on the next big prize

“Canada will be, if we have this agreement in place, the only developed country in the world with a free trade agreement with both the United States and the European Union — the two biggest economies in the world”

By Donna Jacobs

nternational Trade Minister Peter Van Loan has no trouble making the switch from the negotiation nuances of a Canada-EU free trade deal to down-on-the-farm talk . “The corn is 10 or 12 feet high — it’s unbelievable . I’ve never seen it this high,” he says of the cash crop that a neighbour farmer is growing on the 172-acre Van Loan farm . Next year’s crop will revert to soybeans at the farm in the town of Georgina, an hour’s drive north of To- ronto on Lake Simcoe’s southern shore . But don’t try to get the trade minister on a big tractor for a photo shoot . His own farm mount is a John Deere lawn tractor . He laughs: “It wouldn’t look right .” And, anyway, as a globe-trotting trade salesman for Canada the Trading Nation, it’s hard to catch him or his four-member family — his wife Cheryl Carson, nine-year-old Caroline and 15-month-old John Aleksander Peter Van Loan — down on the farm . The minister named his son after the Scottish-born Sir John A . (for Alexander) Macdonald but spelled it in the Estonian way in honour of his own heritage . It’s his most recent tribute to Canada’s first prime minister . In 2007, as House leader, Mr . Van Loan began each caucus meeting with a Sir John A . story . And his Centre Block office is a virtual Sir John A . historical art gallery and library that spills into other rooms: “Come on out here (into the reception office) — “there’s more ”. P ETER B REGG

G a b i V on an s d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 23 Di spatches|free trade

ut the real topic is free trade, and One could expect more delay, though, very, very significant .” even though the sticky problem of given that the European Commission is U .S . “challenges” are showing up dra- Bprotected farm products comes up negotiating for 27 countries and Canada matically in Canadian trade . In 2009, Ca- — “I’m trying to resist the temptation to has all its provinces and territories at the nadian export of goods to the U S. . totalled negotiate in public” — he still answers as tables . Sometimes, casino-like, there are $270 billion — down 28 percent from 2008 . many questions as he comfortably can . 20 tables in action . The negotiations them- Canadian imports of goods from the U S. . Agriculture ranks as one of the most selves, says Mr . Van Loan, are incredibly totalled $187 billion, down 18 percent . contentious areas of any free trade agree- boring as they move into their more ad- And Europe’s slowdown is also taking ment, he says . And the disagreements vanced technical phase . a toll on Canada trade . In 2009, European include “geographical indications,” best Speed bumps and deferred disputes merchandise exports fell dramatically: known by France’s wish to allow the word aside, he cuts to Canada’s chase: Canada is France by 17 percent, Netherlands by 25 “Champagne” solely for the vintage from in hot pursuit of a first-and-only prize . percent, Germany by 16 percent . its Champagne province or Italy’s wish “Canada will be, if we have this agree- Mr . Van Loan: “A lot of people talk to use “Parma Ham” solely to describe ment in place, the only developed country about the growth in India and China, Prosciutto di Parma from its Parma region . in the world with a free trade agreement which is all very real and is a priority for (In Canada, Maple Leaf acquired the reg- with both the United States and the Euro- us . When you get away from percentages istered name “Parma” for its traditionally- pean Union — the two biggest economies and actually look at dollars, it takes a very cured ham . The issue has been before the in the world ”. small amount of growth of our trade with courts and the World Trade Organization Canada-U .S . two-way trade in goods Europe to result in huge benefits in dollar for several years .) and services was more than $700 billion terms . As for the Quebec dairy industry, he — or $1 .9 billion in cross-border trade “And we have tremendous people-to- says it’s up for future discussion with the every day — in 2008 . In the same year, people relations . I think what you’re go- Canadian position of protecting its supply Canada-EU bilateral trade in goods and ing to see is this: We have a generational management system . And, much as the services totalled $114 billion . change happening in our business sector, government wants to get rid of the Can- The EU (GDP: $19 trillion) is Canada’s in our law firms, in our financial sector . ada Wheat Board, he says, farmers should second biggest trading partner already, “Immigrants who came from Europe decide . “It shouldn’t be done through a and the world’s largest single trading bloc . were slugging it out trying to make a liv- trade agreement ”. According to a Canada-EU 2008 study, the ing . Now their children are moving into Compared to many other negotiations pact could boost bilateral trade by 20 per- positions of business leadership . They’re ambling their way along in Asia and Latin cent by 2014 . And it could boost Canada’s going to be the ones saying, ‘I’m the guy America, the Canada-EU Comprehensive GDP of $1 3. trillion by $12 billion . who knows how to speak Slovakian,’ the Economic and Trade Agreement is gal- Says Mr . Van Loan: “This is a conserva- guy who goes back to Slovakia and who loping . tive number .” succeeds there and who opens up new The fifth negotiation round is sched- “And that,” he says, “will put Canada markets for us . uled for October, the sixth and seventh in in a competitive position unlike any other “Canada has an advantage, unlike any January and April 2011 . “Then, I’m told, it developed country in the world .” other country in the world: to be able to takes another year of fine tuning and lega- “This is an advantage that we have do that in almost any other country in lese before you get to a final agreement,” to seize,” he says . “As the United States the world, but especially in the European says Mr . Van Loan . “Certainly, we’d like to economy is facing more challenges, the Union . And that generation is moving into compress that time frame, if possible .” opportunity to expand more in Europe is positions of business leadership, so I’m looking forward to them helping Cana- dian business to succeed abroad .” His trip to Europe in July was strategic . “Part of the purpose for selecting Estonia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Romania and Bul- garia was to draw attention to the fact that in Europe you have more than 100 million people who have been held back, economically, for half a century under Communism . “Some critics of the Canada-EU trade agreement say ‘Ah, you shouldn’t be doing that . You should be trying to do trade agreements with China and India . “Now China, obviously, there are real challenges to doing a trade agreement . India, we’re on our way ”. He returns to the Baltics: “The reality is that with those 100 million people, you have a population that is huge, that is sig- euro p ean uniion 2010 nificant, that has been experiencing for the Agriculture is important sector for both Canada and the EU in their wide-ranging trade deal negotiations. past 15 years the kind of growth you see

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from emerging economies — between five cerns are the actual architecture — this and 10 percent . concept of negative lists versus positive “And we’re going to have that for the lists . foreseeable future as they catch up to the Our approach is for a negative list rest of Western Europe . So there is an agreement, meaning everything is subject area of very high growth in Europe that to free trade except for those items you is worth targeting and paying attention . put on your list to exclude from free trade . Canada has very strong people-to-people A positive list is the opposite: The only ties in those countries . things subject to free movement or free “So I wanted to highlight that particu- trade are those items you put on your list . lar economic opportunity back in Canada . We prefer a negative list because we “You know, it’s fun,” he says . “I have think it results in a more ambitious agree- this standard speech I give everywhere . ment . Europeans have, in the past, used Canada has the lowest debt of any G7 positive lists . They’re very open to consid- country, the lowest deficit . Then I go to ering a negative list this time, though there Estonia — where they have a deficit equal are some issues with the member states . gérard Bélec to one percent of GDP, and debt equal to If you are concerned, for example, 3 .5 percent of GDP .” July, Russia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania, about the involvement of the provinces, He laughs unexpectedly, appreciatively, Slovenia and Slovakia . In May and June, you have to spend political capital to put as only a trade minister could, and zestily Sweden, Belgium and Spain followed by something on the list . And your peers say delivers the punch line . “And 3 5. percent China and Japan . In March, South Africa ‘Why are you doing that?’ is our deficit.” And then he fields questions and Kenya .) How do you deal with jet- If you make it harder to put items on a on Canada's trade deals . An edited tran- lag? list to be exempt from free trade, it obvi- script follows . PVL: Not very well . (He and Monika Bu- ously gets you a greater agreement . jalska, his press secretary, share a laugh .) Diplomat Magazine: What does Canada I don’t travel well so it’s always a chal- DM: Specifically, Quebec and dairy — want from this agreement? lenge for me . The best way is to keep go- how are you dealing with that? Is that an Peter Van Loan: Philosophically, we being until I get too tired and fall asleep . The issue or is it settled? lieve that as a country, as an economy, deadliest meeting is the 3 p m. . PowerPoint PVL: That’s an issue that we’ll deal with (Canada) is based on trade . The more presentation in a dark room with very down the road . We’ve made it quite clear free-trade arrangements we can have in little oxygen . Never put that in my sched- that our government will defend our sys- place, the better off we are . Philosophi- ule or I’m bound to fall asleep . tem of supply management for supply- cally, economically, our consumers are That used to happen in Public Safety . managed industries which are dairy, better off, our economy is better off . We (He was Minister of Public Safety from eggs, turkeys and chicken . get access to more markets . We don’t nec- October 2008 to January 2010 ). It hits you essarily look at (only) what we want to after lunch, when it’s quiet . So I try to DM: The EU balks at importing some get in a marketplace but rather at the no- simply keep going and to take an inter- GMO foods due to human health con- tion that freer trade is better on all fronts . est in wherever I am — the history, the cerns . Last autumn, the EU detected architecture — and learning a little bit GMO flax in the Canadian crop (Canada DM: You have often said that, along with about wherever I am as a way of staying is the world’s largest flax producer), goods and services, philosophy, gover- mentally engaged . halted shipments and damaged the Cana- nance, democracy and ideas go across dian flax market . Canada’s borders as well . DM: When it comes to the Canada-EU PVL: I’m a great believer, as is the govern- PVL: The stronger the relations on eco- trade agreement, what are the sticking ment of Canada, that GM properly used nomic basis, the better . There are debates points? can make a huge difference . I’ll use the whether that’s true or not — whether PVL: I think most people know what the example of my farm . countries that have free-trade agree- sensitivities are that are going to be most When I was a kid, you could hear the ments never go to war with each other troublesome . In every single free-trade frogs all the time . In fact, I played with the and whether greater trade does actually agreement between any two countries frogs and chased them in the stream . And result in greater behaviour . But you do anywhere on this planet, agriculture is a then, as pesticides became used much notice that more engagement gives you sticking point at some stage . more heavily, frogs basically disappeared . a greater opportunity to have flows of If something in the agreement affects And then along came Roundup Ready people, of ideas and of values . provincial or national law, legislation soybeans . All of a sudden, you’re putting We’re not necessarily value imperialists . might be needed, for example, some prov- Roundup down as a herbicide, wiping But I think there’s a general recognition inces have monopolies on liquor stores . everything out instantly . It disappears in that once people experience freedom and The name of products — that’s a big the soil in a few days . And then you’re democracy and value human rights, they issue with the Americans . We’re encoun- able to grow crops with very minimal ap- are more likely to fight to keep them . tering that right now in the ACTA nego- plications (of farm chemicals), not using tiations — the copyright and trademark any pesticides or herbicides other than DM: The maps on your website track agreement . Roundup . And all of a sudden over the your extensive travels . (In August, Chile, There will be some questions on labour years, the frogs are back . At the right tem- Argentina, Colombia and Costa Rica . In mobility, investor mobility . Other big con- perature in spring, you can’t hear yourself

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Prime Minister Stephen Harper, centre, watches as Trade Minister Peter Van Loan and Roberto Henríquez, Panama’s minister of commerce and industry, sign the Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement. from the sound of them . been showing a lot of expertise with the will lose our control over our healthcare As a result, I’m a great believer that strongest banking system in the world . system, or our water . there are enormous benefits for the en- They (critics) are not getting a lot of vironment, overall . Frankly, we’ve been DM: Europeans will bid on government attention . History shows that if loss of sov- doing genetic modification since Gregor procurement jobs here and there are a ereignty didn’t happen with the United Mendel (the 19th century Austrian priest whole lot more Europeans (pop . 500 mil- States, the likelihood of it happening with famous as the father of genetics for his lion) than there are of Canadians (pop . 34 Europe is virtually non-existent . It’s hard work on pea plants) . Mendel called it hy- million) . to take seriously the threat in 2010 that bridization and now we’ve gotten more PVL: I don’t think anyone is afraid that the Europeans are going to take over and advanced techniques for doing the same Canadians can’t compete . I know we can submerge our culture . thing . compete . To the extent that we’re going to have more of them bidding means DM: Poland is an example of a place DM: People want to know how they will we’re going to have more value for our where an experimental surgery is being benefit from a Canada-EU agreement — consumers here — lower taxes, or at least performed for treatment for multiple what new will be on store shelves? What more services for the same taxes . sclerosis patients, to improve blood flow is the benefit for us? What are we giving and oxygen to the brain . Aside from Sas- up? DM: So we will be hiring people from katchewan’s initiative to finance clinical PVL: The benefits are obviously more jobs, Europe? trials, it will not soon be available here . more growth and some lower prices for PVL: We don’t know the actual form la- Many pharmaceuticals are available in goods and products that come in with a bour mobility will take, but our objective Europe but are not approved here . tariff right now, ranging from European is to facilitate more movement of people PVL: We don’t have an agreement yet so automobiles to agricultural products . in both directions, particularly people it’s hard to prejudge . We’ve been already They already come in . What’s going to who are investors, who are management moving — on Health Canada’s front — be different is a little better pricing and trainees, who are spouses . separately and independently to acceler- a greater amount of goods flowing back ate approvals . and forth . DM: What are the critics saying? All the The question is: At what point and for But half the benefits of this agreement consequences can’t be positive . what issues do we accept the standards come not from tariffs, but rather from the PVL: The critics are saying the same things of Europe? The European Union makes other side of the equation . So you will see they said in 1988 during the North Amer- the case, quite rightly, that they are not a a lot of movement of people, of financial ican Free Trade Agreement — that we developing country with a track record of services . That’s an area where Canada has will lose our cultural sovereignty, that we putting fraudulent or counterfeit products

26 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC free trade|Di spatches P HOTO S: euro p ean uniion, 2010

Nets are hauled in from the North Sea. Italy wants the trade deal to specify that Canadian companies can’t call their made-in-Can- ada products “Parma” ham, which is one of its geographic designations. on the table — that the EU has fairly high it that way . I don’t see the same appetite that they may have with Korea . standards . And that’s very valid . on the American side . But the EU is try- We would need access to the “snap- That’s why the kinds of negotiations ing to set it up so they can — whether back” provision . we’re having over standards do take as with this administration or a subsequent If we were to see a sudden imbalance long as they take, and why they are com- one — have that option and be able to of the relationship, a snap-back provision plex . We can have a very ambitious agree- build on this agreement . allows for a kind of cooling down, correc- ment that covers a lot of stuff because both tion period to re-impose tariffs . Americans economies are very sophisticated, well- DM: If the U S. . doesn’t have an agreement have a snap-back provision in their negoti- developed economies . And neither of us is — and President Obama probably won’t ated agreement with Korea . We do not . competing to get jobs based on filling their seek one — will some U .S . products come Part of the problem with Korea is many dollar stores with cheaper plastic goods . through Canada and be free-traded to of the trade barriers are standards and Europe? safety rules that keep their market closed DM: And there will be no risk that regula- PVL: This is one of the issues that the Eu- to autos from elsewhere . They’re non-tariff tion will be used simply as a barrier? ropeans are concerned about, and that’s barriers . PVL: One hopes there won’t be . The objec- why origin rules are being discussed . tive is to allow legitimate regulation in That’s a challenge for us because much of DM: And are negotiations stalled with the marketplace for legitimate health or our economy is integrated . Automobiles CARICOM (the 15 members of the Carib- regulatory purposes . go back and forth across the border many bean Community)? Most of what people consider to be times in the manufacturing process, so PVL: I wouldn’t say stalled . They are mov- trade barriers in the form of regulations arriving at a proper approach to this is ing forward at a gentle pace . are actually a legitimate exercise of juris- important for Canada . The European Union is an exception diction to meet their objectives . And that because it negotiates through a commis- applies to interprovincial trade barriers in DM: And it’s one of the sticking points? sion . But when you negotiate with coun- Canada . These regulations are not made PVL: It is certainly a discussion point and tries where the organization is relatively specifically to keep out goods or products a complicated point . loose, and sovereignty of each country is or services from other provinces . still very strong and the interests different, To align standards or objectives — so DM: Can you update other agreements obviously it becomes more of a challenge . that goods can attain fuller access in both pending or contemplated? directions — improves consumer choice, PVL: With Korea, we have the same issues DM: The Central American Four free- gives better value and raises the standard — mainly beef and autos . With beef, they trade deal with El Salvador, Guatemala, of living for Canadians and for Europe- simply aren’t opening their market to our Honduras and Nicaragua? ans . beef and are not applying the accepted PVL: That’s even more of a challenge . scientific standards . We are continuing to advance with all of DM: Will the U .S . use this as a blueprint With autos, we have to have the same them . In the end, you may see bilateral for a free-trade deal with the EU? kind of treatment for our auto sector that agreements rather than one with the Cen- PVL: I think the European Union is using the Americans achieve in any agreement tral American Four .

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make us more competitive . And, frankly, all these trade agreements are designed, as well, to improve our productivity and competitiveness . So I’m less concerned about productivity than the entrepreneur- ial and opportunity-oriented mindset of Canadian business .

DM: What concerns you the most about Canada’s free-trade deals? PVL: What concerns me the most is whether Canadians, businesses, manufacturers and others, will be sufficiently externally oriented to take advantage of Canada imports Colombia’s world-famous coffee. the opportunities that exist . Canada’s business sector often finds that when things are good, you can do very well focussing on the U .S . It’s easy . It’s a huge marketplace . Same language . You probably know people there already . The effort it takes to penetrate the Eu- ropean market requires a much greater cultural shift in your mindset . You’re dealing with many more languages, all these different countries, a whole different approach for a lesser benefit . Many business people say “Well, we’re good enough now, why should I make that effort?” In Europe, on the other hand, you’ve got 27 countries with some 20 languages C hevrolet amaro and CADA and Europeans are accustomed to travel- With the Panama deal signed, Canadian automobile exporters should benefit. ling and to manufacturing for their entire economy . The European Union economy is one unit, so their mindset is already DM: And the Transpacific Partnership our sound banking system . The one area there . For them, Canada is just a question (open to 21 member economies of the where we lag a little bit is productivity . of distance and they’re probably already Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)? Now we’ve been seeing movements in the interested in the American market, any- PVL: We’re discussing it with them to see right direction . We’ve been doing a lot in how . if Canada can contribute in a positive terms of government policies to encourage way . I think they have some further talks higher productivity . DM: What keeps you awake at night? coming up this fall that might provide a The tariff-free zone (that the govern- PVL: I used to get asked that all the time little more insight . ment established) for manufacturers was a in Public Safety . I haven’t been asked that big part of that . yet, until now, in International Trade . DM: What about APEC? (In its 2010 budget, the government Probably what keeps me awake is the PVL: If you were looking for a vehicle for announced — simultaneously, by Mr . Van earlier question . freer trade or to reduce trade barriers Loan and Finance Minister Jim Flaherty — Will our business community respond? in Asia, broadly speaking, APEC is the that it would eliminate all remaining tariffs Will Canadian entrepreneurs walk through best-placed vehicle to do that . But at this on manufacturing inputs, both products the door that we’re opening for them? Will point, we don’t see any appetite among and intellectual components such as tech- Canada have an economy that’s in a posi- the APEC countries for that kind of role . nical plans, machinery and equipment . tion to grow in the long term? We can, as They are assessing what the future holds . Essentially, the announcement created a a government, continue to create these Is it just going to be a talk shop or is it go- tariff-free zone for manufacturers, sav- opportunities, change all the rules, pave ing to be more ambitious in that regard? ing the industry $88 million a year right the way for our businesses . We can’t make away and as much as $300 million a year decisions to invest, to trade, to open up a DM: Despite its good economic perfor- by 2015 . This initiative makes Canada the new marketplace . That really comes down mance, Canada has lagged on productiv- first country in the G20 to allow manufac- to the innovation, appetite for risk and ex- ity . Is this a concern? turers to operate without tariff .) ternal orientation of our business sector . PVL: Productivity is a legitimate concern The accelerated capital cost allowance And this is where I count so much on when you go down all those economic write-off that we’ve had for a number of that new generation coming along . stats about our low debt, our low deficit, years to encourage investment in equip- our strong economic and job growth, ment and machinery is also designed to Donna Jacobs is the publisher of Diplomat .

28 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC free trade|Di spatches Canada’s nine free trade agreements

Canada started signing free trade deals as far back as 1988 when it signed the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, which eventually grew into the North American Free Trade Agreement. Since then, this country has signed deals with 10 other countries and one principality and has agreements pending with Ukraine, Morocco and Korea, to name a few. Find the details below.

North American Free Trade Agreement Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement

Population: Mexico, 111.2 million; United Population of Israel: $7.3 billion Population of Chile: 7.1 million States, 306.6 million; Canada, 33.3 million. GDP: $222.5 billion GDP: $187.2 billion GDP: Mexico, $1.4 trillion; United States, GDP per capita: $30,600 GDP per capita: $11,020 $14.1 trillion; Canada, $1.3 trillion. GDP per capita: Mexico, $13,940; United On July 31, 1996, Canada and Israel signed Canadian-Chilean relations reached a States, $49,000; Canada, $40,300. the Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement, milestone in 2007 with the 10th anniversary which became effective Jan. 1, 1997. It was of the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement In 1987, Canada and the United States Canada’s first free trade agreement outside (CCFTA). Signed on Dec. 5, 1996, and agreed to the Canada-United States Free the western hemisphere. implemented on July 5, 1997, the CCFTA is a Trade Agreement. Negotiations toward an Israel is Canada’s fourth largest merchan- comprehensive agreement that covers trade FTA with the U.S. began in 1985. Sixteen dise export market in the Middle East and in goods and services, as well as a bilateral months later, the two nations brought in North Africa. Bilateral merchandise trade in investment relationship. The CCFTA was an agreement that placed Canada and this goods-only agreement has more than Canada’s first Free Trade Agreement (FTA) the United States at the forefront of trade tripled since its implementation in 1997 with a South American country, while for liberalization. (from $507.3 million in 1996, to a record Chile, it was the first comprehensive FTA Key elements of the agreement included high of $1.8 billion in 2008). concluded with any country. the elimination of tariffs and the reduction In 2009, Canada’s exports totalled $353.2 Since the agreement entered into force, of many non-tariff barriers. It was among billion, notably in machinery, electrical bilateral trade in goods has increased by the first trade agreements to address trade equipment, recorders, chemicals, paper 226 percent, growing from $718 million in in services. It also included a dispute settle- and newsprint, plastics, wood and alu- 1997 to $2.34 billion in 2006. Bilateral trade ment mechanism for the fair and expedi- minium, iron, steel and associated products. in services reached $164 million in 2005 (the tious resolution of trade conflicts. Agricultural exports included vegetables, oil latest year for which statistics are available). The historic expansion of the FTA to seeds, oil-producing fruits, grains, industrial Canada’s exports to Chile fell in 2009, include Mexico (NAFTA) came into force or medicinal plants, straw and fodder. down from $644.4 million, a decrease of 11 in 1994. The NAFTA region is now home Canada’s imports totalled $946.3 billion; percent from 2008, Canada’s imports from to more than 450 million people. Trilateral top categories include chemicals, plastics, Chile also fell — to $1.7 billion — but not as trade has soared since then. Merchandise textiles, precision instruments, precious drastically: a year-over-year decline of 3.5 trade has nearly tripled since NAFTA came stones, metals, machinery, optical equip- percent. Canada’s Foreign Direct Investment into force in 1994, exceeding $1 trillion in ment, electrical, recording and television in Chile retreated as well: a 13.6 percent 2008. equipment. decline, year-over-year, to $8.3 billion. One in five jobs in Canada is linked to The Canada-Israel Industrial Research Since the implementation of the agree- international trade. As such, the North and Development Foundation (CIIRDF) was ment, Canada’s bilateral merchandise trade American continental partnership is an established in 1994 to promote collabora- with Chile has flourished and diversified. important competitive advantage for tive R&D between the countries. Two-way merchandise trade has more than Canada. The United States, which has Among CIIRDF’s projects are: 1) devel- tripled. The main Canadian exports to Chile largest and most diversified economy in opment of techniques to predict large include machinery, mineral fuels and oils, the world, is a world leader in computers, earthquakes and minimize their damage, and cereals. Merchandise imports from medical equipment and aerospace, and in 2) creation of cars that provide better fuel Chile to Canada include precious stones and services including financial services and tele- economy while minimizing greenhouse gas metals, copper, edible fruits and nuts (fresh communications, and agriculture. Mexico’s emissions, 3) transformation of sea water grapes), and fish and seafood. exports have diversified from primarily oil into fresh water to address the global short- to include a wide array of manufactured age of drinking water. products.

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Canada-European Free Trade Association Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement Agreement

Population of Columbia: 44 million Population of Jordan: 5.9 million GDP: $424 billion GDP: $24.1 billion GDP per capita: $9,700 GDP per capita: $45,480

The Canada-Colombia Free Trade On June 28, 2009, Stockwell Day, then- Population: Iceland, 4.2 million, Norway, 4.6 Agreement (along with companion labour minister of International Trade, signed million; Liechtenstein, 34,761; Switzerland, and environment agreements) has received the Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement 7.6 million. royal assent. Canada has now completed with his counterpart, Jordan’s minister of GDP: Iceland, $182.1 billion, Norway, its domestic approval process for these Trade Amer Hadidi. On March 24, 2010, the $282.4 billion; Liechtenstein, $4.3 billion; agreements. Once Colombia has completed government tabled legislation to imple- Switzerland, $332.3 billion. its processes, the two countries can decide ment the agreement. Once this legislation GDP per capita: Iceland, $43,300; Norway, when they will come into force. is passed, the government will work with : $60,630; Liechtenstein, $128,960; On Nov. 21, 2008, Stockwell Day, then- Jordan to implement it. Switzerland, $44.040 minister of International Trade, signed the Canada’s two-way merchandise trade Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement with Jordan is now $82.5 million. Canada’s On July 2, 2009, the free trade agreement (FTA). This was the third FTA signed by exports in 2009 ($65.8 million) included (FTA) signed by Canada and the European Canada in 2008 and Canada’s sixth FTA with vehicles, forest products, machinery, pulse Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries a country in the Americas. crops (mainly lentils and chickpeas), ships of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Colombia is a dynamic emerging market and boats and plastics. Switzerland, entered into force. Also enter- with an economy with high-growth poten- Canada’s merchandise imports from ing into force at the same time were three tial. Canadian investors and exporters are Jordan ($16.6 million) included knit and associated bilateral agreements on agricul- entering the Colombian market in greater woven apparel, precious stones and metals ture with Iceland, Norway and Switzerland numbers. In 2008, two-way merchandise (mainly jewelry, vegetables and inorganic and a separate Canada-Switzerland bilateral trade between Canada and Colombia chemicals. agreement covering Liechtenstein. totalled more than $1.3 billion, with Once implemented, the FTA will expand The Canada-EFTA FTA was a “first-genera- hundreds of Canadian companies doing Canada-Jordan trade and help further tion” agreement with an emphasis on tariff business with Colombia. Colombia is also strengthen the bilateral relationship. This elimination. It did not include substantial a strategic destination for Canadian direct agreement demonstrates the importance new obligations in areas such as services, investment (mining, oil exploration, print- that Canada places on further developing investment, and intellectual property. ing and education). relations with Jordan, especially given The EFTA countries are significant eco- Once implemented, the FTA with its role as a moderate Arab state that nomic partners for Canada. In 2008, two- Colombia will stimulate the growth of promotes peace and security in the Middle way merchandise trade was valued at $13.2 Canada’s commercial relationship and help East. billion, including Canadian exports of $4.2 level the playing field for Canadian business An FTA with Jordan was undertaken as billion. In addition, two-way investment vis-à-vis competitors who have or are seek- part of the government’s broader strat- trade with Norway and Switzerland reached ing preferential market access in Colombia. egy to strengthen the competitiveness of $28.4 billion in 2008. Canada’s merchandise exports to Colombia Canadian companies in global markets. Together, the EFTA countries are the (worth $708.3 million in 2008) include Canada and Jordan already enjoy good world’s 16th-largest merchandise trader wheat, off-road dump trucks, newsprint, economic and trade relations. In addition to and Canada’s seventh-largest merchandise copper wire, potassium chloride, lentils and the FTA, Canada has a bilateral air services export destination. barley. Canada’s service exports add another agreement and a nuclear cooperation Canadian merchandise exports to the $130 million. This includes services related agreement, as well as a FIPA agreement EFTA countries include nickel, precious to mining, oil and gas, engineering, envi- (Foreign Investment Promotion and stones and metals, pharmaceuticals, base ronmental, information and communication Protection Agreement), which was signed at metals and mechanical machinery. Canadian sectors. the same time as the FTA. merchandise imports include mineral fuels Canada’s imports from Colombia (worth and oils, pharmaceuticals, organic chemi- $643.7 million in 2008) include coffee, cals, mechanical machinery, and scientific bananas, coal, oil, sugar and flowers. and precision instruments. Canada announced in 2002 that it would In 2008, direct investment in Canada from seek a FTA with Colombia. The government Norway and Switzerland reached $18.4 launched extensive consultations with busi- billion. Canadian direct investment in those ness, citizen-based organizations as well as two countries reached $10.0 billion. with provincial and territorial governments — which indicated broad support for a FTA with Colombia.

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Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement

Population of Peru: 28 million Population of Panama: 3.5 million Population of Costa Rica: 4.5 million GFD: $133.9 billion GDP: $26.2 billion GDP: $51.2 billion GDP per capita: $8,980 GDP per capita: $12,800 GDP per capita: $11,500

On May 29, 2008, Helena Guergis, then On May 14, 2010, Canada and Panama The Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade secretary of state for Foreign Affairs and signed the Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement (CCRFTA) and two parallel International Trade, signed the Canada-Peru Agreement (FTA). The agreement must still accords on environmental and labour Free Trade Agreement (FTA). be approved by the parliaments of both cooperation entered into force on Nov. 1, On March 26, 2009, the government countries before it can go into effect. 2002. The negotiations took only nine introduced legislation in the Commons to Panama is an established market for months. The agreement itself was signed by implement the Canada-Peru Free Trade Canada, and the bilateral trade and invest- both trade ministers April 23, 2001. It was Agreement (and its companion labour and ment relationship has strong potential approved in the Commons Sept. 20, 2001 environment agreements) which formally for long-term growth. In 2009, bilateral and received royal assent Dec. 18, 2001. went into effect in August 2009. merchandise trade between Canada and The agreement eliminated tariffs on most In 2008, two-way merchandise trade Panama totalled $132.1 million, with industrial products. This includes some key between Canada and Peru totalled Canadian exports accounting for $91.4 mil- Canadian export interests such as automo- more than $2.8 billion, with hundreds of lion and imports totalling $40.7 million. tive goods, environmental goods, pre- Canadian companies doing business with Once implemented, the FTA will benefit fabricated buildings and some construction Peru. Peru is also a strategic destination for Canadian exporters in numerous sectors products, such as steel structures. Canadian direct investment (mining and through the elimination of Panamanian Canadian companies realized significant financial services). tariffs. Those sectors include agriculture competitive gains immediately with such The FTA with Peru will stimulate the and agri-food products; pharmaceuticals; products as French fries, pulses, grains and growth of Canada’s commercial relation- wood, pulp and paper products, electrical oilseeds products, fresh fruit and vegetables ship and help level the playing field for and industrial machinery, vehicles and auto and processed food products. About 94 Canadian business vis-à-vis their competitors parts, information and communication tech- percent of Canada’s current agriculture who may be benefiting from preferential nology, aerospace, plastic products, fish and and agri-food exports to Costa Rica gained market access terms in these markets. seafood, and iron and steel products. superior market access. Tariffs have been In 2008, Canada’s exports to Peru were In 2008, Panama had one of the highest eliminated gradually in a process that could worth $390.8 million, mostly cereals, pulses, real gross domestic product (GDP) growth take another few years to complete. paper, technical instruments and machinery. rates in the Americas at 10.7 percent. As usual in Canada’s trade agreements, Canada’s imports from Peru — gold, zinc Despite the global economic downturn, beef and supply-managed dairy, poultry and copper ores, oil, animal feed and vege- Panama posted positive growth in 2009 at and egg products were exempt from tariff tables — were worth $2.5 billion. Canadians 2.4 percent, and real GDP is expected to rise reductions — as were cultural industries. already invest heavily in Peru, $2.35 billion further in 2010. Strategically, Canadian exporters have in 2008. As home to the Panama Canal, Panama gained an important advantage over their The removal of barriers that limit plays a pivotal role in the flow of goods principal competitors in the Costa Rican Canadian participation in a growing market around the world. Expansion of the canal is market, including U.S., European and Asian should increase Canadian exports to Peru. underway and is slated to be completed by suppliers, as well as, ultimately, a level play- Tariffs have been eliminated on a range of 2014 at a projected cost of US$5.3 billion. ing field with Costa Rica’s other preferential sectors including mining, agriculture and trade partners, such as Mexico and Chile. agri-food products. primary source: DFAIT

FTA Pending Agreements power in the Mediterranean. South America. Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and Other agreements pending CARICOM is an association of the Grenadines, Suriname, and With varying degrees of prog- include: Ukraine, Morocco, 15 Caribbean countries as full Trinidad and Tobago. ress, Canada is negotiating Korea, the Caribbean members and five countries The Central American an expanding number of free Community (CARICOM), the as limited members. Members Four (“C4”) are El Salvador, trade agreements around the Dominican Republic, the include Antigua and Barbuda, Guatemala, Honduras and world, among them an historic Central American Four, India, The Bahamas, which is a mem- Nicaragua. deal with the European Union. the Andean Community and ber of the community but not The Andean Community Most recently, the government Singapore. A more distant the common market, Barbados, includes Ecuador, Bolivia, has announced that it will con- goal: a comprehensive trade Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Colombia and Peru. Canada sider seeking a trade deal with agreement that includes all Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, already has free trade agree- Turkey, a growing economic of the countries of North and Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, ments with Colombia and Peru.

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a Primary SOURCE: DFAIT 31 Di spatches|free trade Lessons from Estonia ‘The home I grew up in was Estonian,‘ says Trade Minister Peter Van Loan... ’At nine years old, the wisdom of age was upon me’

By Donna Jacobs

itting on a sofa in his simply- furnished office in Centre Block, SCanada’s International Trade Min- ister, Peter Van Loan explains how a first- generation Canadian of Estonian heritage wound up with a Dutch name . “On my father’s side, there is a Dutch heritage — Van Loon — which one of my ancestors changed to Van Loan to reflect the real pronunciation . But the home I grew up in was Estonian . “ His views of trade and politics meet and blend into a philosophy of freedom — non-protectionist movement of goods and services, and the ultimate freedom of democracy . The 47-year-old lawyer and former University of Toronto professor with the speak-easy style has packed a lot into his brief political career as Conservative MP for Ontario’s York-Simcoe riding . Since entering politics in 2004, Peter Nazi soldiers in Estonia. Van Loan has served in a number of cabinet-level positions — among them, parliamentary secretary for foreign affairs, “It sounds a little bit crazy from where beria and who ultimately died there . minister of intergovernmental affairs, and we sit today but if you put yourself in the “One can debate what the gulag was House leader and minister of democratic context of that time, that era, it was not about . I’m firmly of the view that these reform, and minister of public safety . Early that wild . He saw Canada not only as a were essentially concentration camps this year, he was appointed minister of safe place but also as a place of opportu- designed to depopulate, in the case of the international trade . nity . Baltics, the ethnic Estonians and Latvians Mr . Van Loan credits his family’s Es- “They came to Canada around 1950, — particularly the leadership . Those who tonian heritage for his political beliefs . In after the successive waves of Nazi and hadn’t been dealt with one way had to be conversations with Diplomat publisher Soviet occupation, because they believed dealt with another way . Using the gulags Donna Jacobs, Mr . Van Loan described the there was no other choice, really . If they also allowed the Russian occupation to important influences in his life: had stayed, they would have faced the take hold, to take root . Soviet efforts to- “I grew up in a home where I was same fate that many others in the family wards Russification, especially in Estonia essentially raised by my mother, my faced . and Latvia where they had small enough grandmother, Juta Valjaots Rentik, and “My grandmother had been a lawyer in populations, was a viable proposition . my grandfather, Leho Rentic, who were Estonia back in the 1920s, an unusual ca- “In Stalin’s time, there was an era of Estonians . reer at that time . And my grandfather had brutality . Anyone who represented any “They had fled Estonia during the Sec- been an agronomist which, in a largely kind of leadership was a threat and par- ond World War first as refugees to Sweden agricultural society, was a fairly significant ticularly if you represented any kind of and ultimately to Canada . responsibility . It made him into a bit of a leadership in an occupied country, you “Across Europe, my grandfather had community leader . were a particular threat . seen Finlandization .* He’d seen the Chi- “In the case of my grandfather’s broth- “The Poles suffered greatly, too, and nese Revolution . He’d seen the Korean ers and sisters, some were simply executed lost an entire generation of leadership . The War . And the fear of many people in Eu- and shot . “There was a particularly vicious loss was repeated in the tragedy we just rope was that Sweden was next . He chose attack — by some Communists with axes witnessed in the deaths of Polish leaders Canada as the country he thought was the — in their homes while they were sleep- who were en route to observe the memory best destination for freedom and democ- ing . They were bludgeoned to death in of the Katyn Massacre .** The April plane racy, and also a country that was far, far their beds . My grandfather’s parents were crash in fog near Smolensk Airport killed away from the threats he had faced . among those who went to the gulag in Si- Polish president Lech Kaczynski, his wife,

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Maria and 94 others, including senior “One of my favourite stories was about politicians and the heads of the Polish the time when my grandfather and a military . friend were on the run . In those days, “People argued, and you often hear hay was stacked up in an old-fashioned that unlike Hitler’s mass murders that haystack — just a big pile of hay . And to were methodical and orderly, Stalin’s were hide from the Red Army soldiers, they brutal and erratic . That is not entirely true . dug out a little cave for themselves within There always was, undoubtedly, a focus one of these haystacks to sleep . They were on the elites, the leadership in society, any- adults — my grandfather had a six -year- body who was educated . old daughter . “Once they were safely in Canada, my “So they’re sleeping in there . And along grandmother, the lawyer, went to work on come a couple of Red Army soldiers who the order desk at Sears . And my agrono- decide they’re going to sleep on top of this mist grandfather went to work in a paper haystack for the next while . factory in Riverdale, (a Toronto neigh- “’O, my God,’ they said, ‘we’re doomed bourhood) . I think they embraced their for sure .’ new home, were pleased to be in Canada “And then one of the legs — the boot and certainly encouraged me to think in of the soldier — drops into the cave they those terms . But they also graced me con- made for themselves . They carefully try to tinually with the stories of what they had gently push it back out so that the soldier endured . won’t notice . After several tries, it works . “I’m told that there are two strains in “It’s just a litany of stories of these close the Estonian personality . One is the sur- calls . Another time, they were shot at and vivors, the other is the warriors . On my a bullet just grazes by and hits the tree grandfather’s side were more warriors . behind them . And my grandmother’s side were more “They were targeted because they were survivors . Estonian nationalists, strong Estonian na- “They told so many stories — of hiding tionalists, and because they were leaders in the woods, of running away from the in the community, and therefore obvious Communists . targets . But it wasn’t just the Communists . "They were lucky sometimes to get a “German was the mother tongue in the heads up, to hear what was happening family because in Estonia, in the Czar’s and to be able to stay on the run and sleep . time before they gained independence — One memorable story, not actually told to before the First World War — the Hansi- me until I was in politics, was the story of atic League State (Estonia), had a German grandfather’s candidacy in an election the landed-class aristocracy . The language of Communists had held . Mr. Van Loan says you often hear that Hit- government was German . My grandmoth- “The non-Communist parties got to- ler’s mass murders were methodical and er’s father was township administrator . gether and fielded a single candidate . orderly and Stalin’s were brutal and erratic. He spoke German . They tried to be non-partisan . My grand- But, he says, that's not entirely true. “There “When my mother was about five years always was, undoubtedly, a focus on the father was tagged to be the candidate for old, the Nazis had already arrived . She elites, the leadership in society, anybody them . And the day of these rigged elec- who was educated,” he says. and my grandmother and grandfather en- tions, about three hours before the polls countered a couple of German soldiers on closed, a contingent of about 25 or 30 Red the street . It was obvious that the soldiers Army soldiers came up my grandfather’s And I saw a photo of one of my grandfa- were ready to shoot them . farm lane and showed up at his door . ther’s siblings standing beside old wooden “Who knows what happens in war? “They said: ‘We’re here to accept your crosses on the rocky graves . Those photos They were a threat . That’s what you concession of defeat .’ kind of seared in my memory . do if you’re a soldier . My mother starts “My grandfather, with his warrior per- “It wasn’t until I had been an MP for pleading for her life in German . And the sonality, said: ‘You won’t decide that . The about five or six years, my grandmother soldiers go from being angry and ready to people will decide .’ and mother — my grandfather had died shoot to laughing . “And they said: ‘We’ll give you 45 min- by then — got a little more explicit (about “There is this very funny little girl—she utes to think about it . We’ll be back .’ their initial lack of enthusiasm for a politi- speaks German .” (Mr . Van Loan is speak- “And they marched down to the end cal career) . ing German mimicking the soldiers .) So of the farm lane and my grandmother, the “They said that when the Russians the soldiers thought that was funny and survivor, said: ‘Are you nuts? They’re go- came to send the people to Siberia, one they let them go . ing to kill you .’ of the first things they did was go down “It’s on those little moments that life “And at that point, aided by the family’s the Party membership lists . So they had and death can turn . hired help, they were spirited off into the this fear— notwithstanding being very, “This was enough to make me commit- woods and once again were on the run . very strong in their views — of getting ted to learning a second language . I just “My grandfather’s parents — I saw the involved and exposing oneself to that kind speak English and French and some Ger- photo of them in Siberia where they died . of risk . man which I’ve largely forgotten, and about

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The Estonian Cyber War of 2007, which shut down websites of the Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, came amid Estonia’s dispute with Russia over the relocation of this monument, known as the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an important symbol of the Soviet era.

30 or 40 words or phrases in Estonian . It be, it quickly became apparent that we do Peter Van Loan: All the countries of Eu- was in hearing those stories of my family have to work hard to ensure that the gains rope have the right to make their own that I became very highly politicized . aren’t rolled back, as they were in the past choices about the alliances to which they “When I was five, I was a big fan of — that those countries that gained their belong, their own choices about how Pierre Trudeau . He was very committed independence and restored their freedom they want to participate in those alliances to freedom and human rights, so we were continue to be able to retain their sover- militarily, what commitment they want to told . But then in the years that followed, eignty and freedom now . make . But no country should have a veto I saw him cozying up with Castro and “We’ve seen threats to them . We saw over those choices . No country should be Kosygin and Brezhnev and these are the the cyber attack which took place on Es- able to intimidate these countries . They’re people who are imprisoning what was left tonia . We saw the conflict that took place sovereign free countries . of my family still in the Soviet Union, in in Georgia . We know (what can happen) occupied Estonia . if we don’t remain committed and vigilant DM: What regions of the world does the “So that’s when I realized they (Trudeau towards protecting these countries, like state of democracy cause you concern? and his Liberal Party) were not really com- the Baltics, that are our NATO partners . PVL: As a government, we have great con- mitted to freedom and democracy . And “I don’t think we can be complacent .” cerns about democracy in many places . that’s when I became a Conservative . At We want to see human rights advanced nine years old (he chuckles) the wisdom of (The Estonian Cyber War has been de- and there’s no secret our government has age — as they say — was upon me . scribed as the world’s most sophisticated made that a cornerstone of our agenda . It’s “From 1972 on, I was a Conservative . cyber attack . It began in April, 2007, and not something that we’re going to com- So this is really what has always driven proceeded to close down the websites of promise for the sake of trade — which has my involvement in politics . It was a very the important Estonian institutions, in- happened in the past . strong concern that we have to do what cluding the Estonian parliament, banks, We continue to raise these issues, we can — at that time when I was grow- government ministries, newspapers and whether it be countries in the Middle East ing up — to work to restore freedom to broadcasters . The attack came amid Esto- that could treat women better and have these occupied countries that lost their nia’s dispute with Russia over the reloca- better human rights, or countries like freedom and to the millions of people all tion of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an Myanmar . We’re on the record with our across the Baltics and Eastern Europe who important symbol of the Soviet era . The concerns about the quality of democracy lived involuntarily under Communism, ef- Russian government denied that it was re- in Russia . We have concerns about human fectively as prisoners in their own society . sponsible for the cyber attack; one Russian rights in China — all of these we have “When independence and freedom national was eventually convicted .) spoken about clearly in the past and will were restored in 1991, with the fall of continue to . Communism, I almost had a bit of an identity crisis, a crisis of purpose . Then Diplomat magazine: What about the con- DM: Does this make it difficult to trade I realized: Those threats will remain and troversy between the U S. . and Russia over with these nations? will continue . Optimistic as some may a Poland-based missile defence of Europe? PVL: There is a lot of talk, but the reality

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is that every year since we’ve become the been a country . promotion . There’s a study looking at government, our trade with China has In Central America and Latin America, what other countries have done in that increased . So I would suggest we’ve suc- I think we’ve seen tremendous progress area — the British with the Westminster ceeded in trading at the same time staying in the last two or three decades . There are Institute, some of the Scandinavian coun- true to our Canadian values and our com- always hiccups and we always have our tries — what they have done . So that work mitment to those fundamental core values: countries of concern . But I should say that is continuing and (Minister of State for freedom, democracy, human rights and there is probably more good news today Democratic Reform) Stephen Fletcher will the rule of law . than bad . bring forward some very good proposals That’s why Canada is such an attrac- Africa is a little more mixed in out- in that area . tive place to invest, because people know comes . Zimbabwe remains an area of Each country has its own story . We we represent a stable democracy with the tremendous concern to us . We watch Zim- have a lot to offer and a lot to provide in rule of law . The rule of law is a concern to babwe with interest and hope we’ll see the way of help — but at the end of the Canadians who want to invest abroad . It progress there . There are some good news day, the solution is always with the people comes up repeatedly . In countries without stories, like Ghana . Kenya was very good of those countries . the rule of law, people feel they’ve lost news story until the violence after the last their investments, feel they aren’t treated round of elections; we’re working very fairly . They can’t rely on the courts . A con- closely with Kenya . They’re going through Footnotes: tract doesn’t mean a contract . a constitutional process right now hope- *The policy of neutrality of a country un- In Canada, no matter where you come fully that will resolve some of the tensions der the influence of another more power- from, you can count on the rule of law . that existed . ful one, without being formally allied to You can count on your property rights . One of the most important (pro-democ- it, similar to the neutralization of Finland You can count on a contract . And if some- racy) initiatives is our proposal in our plat- with respect to the Soviet Union after body defaults, you have remedies . And, of form last election to establish a Democracy 1944 . course, we’ll take the side of right . Promotion Institute . We will continue to advance our hu- When we were preparing our platform **In 1940, Stalin ordered his NKVD secu- man rights agenda all around the world last year, it was something I strongly ad- rity police to execute by gunshot 25,700 where we can . And we’ve been doing that vocated . It builds on work I began when Poles . The NKVD took more than 4,000 in Afghanistan at the cost of significant I was parliamentary secretary for Foreign Polish officers from the Kozelsk Prison blood, lives and treasure . This is consistent Affairs and we had the Foreign Affairs Camp to the Katyn Forest, shot them and 85778-pub-magazine.qxd:Layout 1 08/06/09 14:25 Page 1 with Canada’s history for as long as we’ve committee doing the work on democracy mass buried them . D

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d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 35 Di spatches|free trade Canada-EU deal: ‘Now the hard part starts’ As negotiators start to deal with the nitty-gritty of an agreement where everything is on the table, these trade talks are becoming interesting

By Phil Rourke euro p ean union, 2010 Dairy is one of the more contentious issues in Canada-EU negotiations, partly because of Canada's protection of the industry.

he easy part — if ever there were former trade negotiators as the observers . ment deal which Canada concluded ear- one — is over . Now the hard part We’ve created scenarios that are as close lier this year with the U S. . But the EU will Tstarts . to real-life as possible to provide insights insist on their inclusion . This fall marks the midpoint in the into the process and potential outcomes . Another example is what is referred two-year timeframe for the completion The latest simulation illustrated how to as geographical indications or GIs . of a Comprehensive Economic and Trade complex these talks have already become According to John Curtis, a former chief Agreement (CETA) . Canada and Europe From the beginning, it was agreed the ne- economist with DFAIT, “this is a very have had four rounds of formal nego- gotiations would be “ambitious” in both tough area for Canada .” tiations and many informal discussions . scope and coverage . What this means is For the Europeans, “parma” is both a Even a volcanic eruption in Iceland that that the agenda — agriculture, govern- type of ham and the place from which it grounded all but of few of the European ment procurement, services and invest- originates . The EU is intensely interested negotiators last May didn’t slow the pace ment, intellectual property, environment in trademarking this and many other of meetings . Both sides plugged in their and others — is filled with issues that are names, thereby stopping foreign competi- video conferencing gear and got down to difficult to negotiate and hit directly at tors from riding on the coattails of what business . domestic political sensitivities . the Europeans perceive as their brands . The Centre for Trade Policy and Law For example, the Europeans want their Any movement that Canada makes in (CTPL) has been monitoring these negoti- firms to be able to bid on contracts from this area could affect domestic producers ations from the beginning . We have run a the provincial governments, especially of cheese and meats . Indeed the parma simulation after each formal round, with provincially-owned hydro and telecom- ham issue has been before the WTO for graduate students representing each side munication utilities . These areas were several years . and some of Canada’s most experienced excluded from the government procure- The challenge, said Mr . Curtis, “is

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to work with the producers to deter- mine if there are any names that would have a minimal negative impact on business .”From that, government can then work with the producers to adapt if they are affected by the agreement . This approach worked with the wine industry when business and government got together to figure out a strategy to compete under the Canada-U .S . Free Trade Agreement . Could the same approach work for the artisan cheese producers who are gaining acclaim in the Eastern Townships, Prince Edward County and elsewhere? That may be a long-term solution . But it would require reforms that won’t be realized within the current timeframe for a deal . E uro p ean U nion, 2010 Another level of complexity is the Coast Guards and Official Fisheries Inspectors set out, at night, to control fishing vessels in number of players involved and how the North Sea. Everything — including fisheries — is on the table in the Canada-EU trade deal currently being negotiated. they are organized . Prior to the launching of formal negotiations, the EU developed a detailed mandate that was endorsed by negotiating in the absence of a business- highly-skilled foreign workers to meet all 27 member states . driven agenda,” he said . “If there is no growing labour shortages . By linking the The Canadian government went agenda, the agreement will have little ef- CETA negotiations to broader immigra- through a similar consultative process . fect on Canada-EU trade and investment ”. tion objectives, greater internal support But the number of players involved has “Without broad and persistent support for an agreement is possible . added to the complexity . from the Canadian business community, For Gilles LeBlanc, a former lead ne- The CETA negotiations are the first to there will be little countervailing pressure gotiator for Canada on trade rules during see representatives of 14 levels of gov- when inevitably some Canadian sector ob- the Doha Round, this illustrates a criti- ernment (one federal, 10 provincial, and jects to the concessions offered to the EU ”. cal point: “Are both parties prepared to three territorial) directly involved in the According to Pierre Gosselin, a former make reforms in key areas where they negotiations . Previously, the provinces chair of the Canadian International Trade have political sensitivities, with potential and territories were consulted but did not Tribunal and trade negotiator, this situa- implications that could well go beyond sit at the table . This ensures that they all tion also plays to the EU’s advantage . the Canada-EU context?” For Mr . LeB- have a stake in an agreement . But it has “The negotiations are all ‘plus’ for the lanc, this is a bellweather for how much also meant there is some “learning-by- Europeans . What they give us, they have can actually be realized . doing” involved in developing positions already given to others,” he said . “So any John Curtis described the longer term on key issues . gains are a net benefit for them . And if challenge: “The CETA negotiations are Canada’s position as the demandeur in the negotiations fail, they move on .” forcing us to think about what kind of these negotiations further complicates its And where would they go? Canada we envisage for the 21st Century .” team’s work . Canada has tried for years “Clearly, the Europeans are consider- Given these complexities and chal- to engage Europe in a closer economic ing the demonstration effect of these lenges, it is too early to tell what an relationship as part of a strategy to di- negotiations on the U .S .,” said Mr . Col- agreement that is politically saleable on versify its trading relationships . The EU lins-Williams . “Their negotiators have as both sides of the Atlantic might look like . finally agreed, laying out specific objec- much as admitted that .” It’s a work in progress . What all of our tives to be achieved within a limited time There has been progress . Draft text has former trade negotiations could agree frame . been prepared for several chapters . Both on is to caution against the tendency to- This is a difficult position for Canada . sides have exchanged offers that would wards “agreement syndrome” — allow- As Terry Collins-Williams, the chair of have 90 percent of tariffs (both by num- ing the momentum of the negotiations to the negotiation simulation and former ber of tariff lines and by value of trade) cloud judgment about what an acceptable Canadian deputy chief negotiator to the eliminated the first day the agreement deal should look like . WTO, said: “What was apparent early on comes into effect . The teams are now en- Meanwhile, negotiators on both sides in the simulation was how hard it is for gaged in how to eliminate the remaining continue to do what they do best: finding Canada to try to find a balance between 10 percent . solutions where there aren’t any just yet . what the EU wants us to put on the table Canada is being particularly aggres- and what we can put on the table that sive in finding an agreement on mutual Phil Rourke is the executive director makes practical commercial sense .” recognition of professional and technical of the Centre for Trade Policy and Law Former NAFTA negotiator Bill Dymond qualifications to allow greater movement (CTPL), a leading research and training cautioned that such a situation can com- of people across borders for business pur- centre on trade issues jointly sponsored promise Canadian interests . “The gov- poses . The issue is linked to the govern- by Carleton University and the Univer- ernment should be alive to the risks of ment’s broader interest in attracting more sity of Ottawa .

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Muslims who saved Jews A remarkable photographic exhibition of Albania’s inspiring record in saving Jews from the Holocaust

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Muslims Who Saved Jews? Albanian people. Equally important Who Ever Heard of It? is the message, through my portraits and stories, of the compassion When I first learned of the WWII extended to Jews by Albanian Muslim rescue of Jews in Muslim Albania and families during the Holocaust. Kosovo, my reaction was visceral. As a Jew, and a student of the Sufi Muslims who saved Jews? I must tradition, I always made it a point to record this forgotten event with my thank those Muslim families I photo- camera and tell the story through the graphed for the saving of Jews during various family histories of the people those harrowing times. I was to meet. As a Jew and a Sufi, my — Norman H. Gershman spiritual connection with the beauty of Islam and Judaism is seamless. Norman H. Gershman established The The old adage of “A picture is worth Eye Contact Foundation to promote a thousand words” is manifested in religious, political, cultural and eco- our photographic project. nomic understanding and tolerance For more than six years, I have among people worldwide through been traveling to Muslim Albania the use of portrait photography. Its and Kosovo, documenting and doing Nazis. The rescue of Jews in Albania origins lie in the citizen diplomacy portraits of Muslim families that was a unique experience in Holocaust of its founder, through his years of saved Jews in World War II. Although history as Jewish refugees fleeing international humanistic portrait besa is a traditional Albanian code of Hitler were welcomed not as refu- photography. And they lie in the honour, many Muslim families have gees, but as guests. Albanian honor code of besa, which incorporated it into their religious Besa is a message to the world of requires individuals to protect anyone beliefs and often were inspired by brotherhood and compassion for in danger regardless of all religious their faith in saving Jews from the those in need and unique to the and political affiliations.

Baba Haxhi Dede Reshat Bardhi (Previous page) Abaz & Zade Sinani (facing page) For fifteen years, I have been the head of the worldwide I was nine years old . We lived in a big house in the village of movement of Bektashi . There are more than seven million Lushmja, in southern Albania . My parents took in a Croatian Bektashi in the world, including in the United States . Our sect Jewish family of three — Fritz, Katherine and their daughter, derives from the Shia . We trace our heritage back to Imam Ali, Gertrude . I do not remember their family name . A fourth the son-in-law of the prophet Mohammed . member of the family was sheltered with our cousin . We gave We are the most liberal of Muslims . Our religious practices them false passports, and Gertrude went to school with me . are in the language of the country where we live . Many of our Fritz was a carpenter, and I remember that the family was rituals are secret . Ataturk expelled our order from Turkey in educated . We always treated Fritz and his family as guests . the early 1920s because we refused to take off our religious We never gave them work assignments . We were secular garb in public . It was then that we moved our centre here to Muslims . In our home, we celebrated all the holidays — Jew- Tirana . All around us is the colour green . This has been the ish, Muslim and Christian . colour of our mosques for 800 years . Green is pure, peaceful At times, the situation became dangerous because of Ger- and clean . It is the colour of the earth . man patrols, so we would move the Jews back and forth be- At the time of the Nazi occupation, the prime minister of tween our home and our cousin's home . They stayed with us Albania was Mehdi Frashëri . He was a member of the Bek- for six months and at the end of the war, they left for England . tashi . He refused to release the names of Jews to the Nazi After the war, we lost contact with all those we sheltered . occupiers . He organized an underground of all Bektashi to Why did we shelter the Jewish family? We had the biggest shelter all the Jews, both citizens and refugees . At that time, house in the village . Any villager would have done the same . nearly half of all Muslims in Albania were Bektashi . Prime We also sheltered two Italian soldiers during the German Minister Frasheri gave a secret order: “All Jewish children will occupation . And in 1912, after the war with Turkey, my moth- sleep with your children, all will eat the same food, all will er’s family sheltered Turkish soldiers . live as one family .” Why should we be honoured? We did nothing special . We We Bektashi see God everywhere, in everyone . God is in did what any Albanian would do . We are all human . every pore and every cell, therefore all are God’s children . This is a picture of my father . All else has been lost . There cannot be infidels . There cannot be discrimination . If one sees a good face, one is seeing the face of God . God is Beauty . Beauty is God . There is no God but God .

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Beluli Sadik & Son Rruzhdi (above) Esheref & Easuere Shpuza (facing page) We lived in the small village of Novosel in Kosovo . My father owned a pastry shop . My parents lived in the town of Durres . Our entire family fought against the Italians, the Bulgarian fascists and the Germans . In 1944, my father befriended the Jew- The Bulgarians jailed me in 1941, when I was 20 years old . It was easy to bribe them ish family of Raphael (Rudi) Abravanel . with a chicken and I was released . They were originally from Yugoslavia . He In 1942, a prisoner train from Serbia came through our region . Chaim Cohen es- provided the family with false passports caped with 72 other Jews into the mountains near our village . We sheltered Chaim in for Rudi, his wife and two children, and our home when he sought asylum . At first, we found it strange that he never took off escorted them to the border . They escaped his clothing . He even slept in his clothing . It was because Chaim had sewn gold coins first back to Yugoslavia, then to Italy . Then into his garments . We assured him that no one in our family would steal from him . We our family lost all trace of the Abravanels . then dressed Chaim as a woman in traditional Muslim clothing, including a veil . After It was through the help of another righ- three weeks, we sent him to my sister’s house where her father-in-law provided him teous Albanian, Refik Veseli, that in 1990 with false Albanian papers . My father then walked Chaim to the Albanian border . we again made contact with Rudi and his We know that he spent three years in Elbason, Albania, and opened a textile shop . family, now living in Israel . We received After the war, he immigrated to several countries in South America, to Italy, Israel, Ser- letters and exchanged telephone calls . It bia and then finally to Brazil . We know all this because Chaim visited us with gifts, first seems strange to ask why my father did in 1957 and then again in 1981 . We also were privileged to meet his family on his sec- what he did for this Jewish family . Besa is ond visit . Under the communists our family suffered . My father, as a nationalist, was a tradition of the entire nation of Albania . first condemned to death and then his sentence was commuted to 10 years in prison . Our family are Albanian nationalists and devout Muslims . It was through the Ko- ran and Besa that we felt the courage to shelter Chaim . No one in our village knew . We acted from our hearts .

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Family Of Ali & Ragip Kraja (facing page) Family Of Ali & Nadia Kazazi (above) Solomon Adixhes, his wife and son Isak escaped certain death Our grandfather sheltered refugees from the war in Yugosla- in Skopie, Macedonia, by bribing a guard and crossing at night via in 1913 . Our father was illiterate, and very kind-hearted . over to Albania after the entire Jewish community in Skopie had He was a baker . been rounded up for transport to a death camp . A courier brought This is the neighbourhood in Tirana where we lived and them to our fathers who were twins, shoemakers . The times were sheltered the Solomon family . It was a very friendly neigh- difficult and dangerous for any family to harbour Jews, but we buorhood and everyone, including the children, knew we sheltered the Jewish family in our village near Shkoder from 1943 were sheltering a Jewish family . We gave the family Muslim until the end of the war . All three families lived under one roof . names . Matilda and Memo played with us in the inner court- We often dressed Solomon in peasant women’s clothing to hide yard . The father and mother were terror stricken, but when his identity . Sometimes he worked in a garment factory owned there were searches, our Jewish guests were able to hide by by a friend of our father’s . Once Solomon cured a peasant of an scrambling through connecting doorways to other homes . infection, and the villagers then revered him as a healer . Isak was Those were dangerous times . always peering out the window in fear of a Nazi patrol . For six months in 1943, we sheltered the Solomon fam- After the war, the Adixhes family settled in Israel . In 1994, ily — David and Esther Solomon and their children, Matilda Solomon and Isak came from Israel to visit our families . What and Memo . We now know that Memo’s real name was Mori a joyous occasion! A film was made of that trip: One Wants To Amarilio Solomon . Esther was a dressmaker . She sewed gold Remember — One Wants To Forget . Last year, Isak again visited us into her dress as a potential source of survival . from Los Angeles . We have many pictures from his trip . Memo became a teacher of music in Beersheba, Israel . We are gathered near the sign that we erected: “The Jewish He now lives in Jerusalem . Matilda is a businesswoman in Refugees of Solomon Adixhes and family drank from this nearby Israel . well while being sheltered by Ali and Ragip Kraja when being Our parents were not very religious, but they believed chased by the Nazis ”. We sheltered the Adixhes family out of the in the Koran and Besa . Without the Koran there is no Besa . goodness of our hearts . We are all brothers and proud of our heri- Without Besa there is no Koran . For the heart there is no tage . If need be, we would do it again . colour of skin . No man or woman can forget God .

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Rexhep Rifat Hoxha (above) Basri Hasani (facing page) I was born after the war . My father only told me of his rescue of I do not remember my parents . I am an orphan . I have lived all a Jewish family shortly before he died, when I was 17 years old . my life in Mitrovica, Kosovo, and have been the city admin- He waited until he felt I was mature enough to accept the obli- istrator for many years . Our town is known as Red Mitrovica gation he had committed to and would be unable to complete . because we have seen so much bloodshed . We suffered under In 1944, under the German occupation, my parents sheltered the Nazis from 1941 to 1945, then experienced the Serb ethnic the (Bulgarian refugee) family of Nesim Hallagyem, his wife, cleansing and NATO bombing in 1998 and 1999 . I lived through Sara, and their son, Aron . They stayed with my parents for six it all . I know the history and suffering of the families, and espe- months . Fortunately, my father spoke Bulgarian, and he and cially of the Jews . Nesim became good friends . There were times of great danger, Before the war there were 11,000 inhabitants of Mitrovica . when German patrols went from house to house seeking Jews . There were Turks, Serbs, Jews and Albanians . All citizens My father then arranged shelter for Nesim and Sara in outlying worked together and respected the individuality of all . villages, safe from German patrols . Aron, who was 10 years old, The Rubenovic brothers were my next-door neighbours . stayed in my parents’ home, pretending to be their son . There was Rakamin, Aron and my best friend Moshe . Moshe’s Toward the end of the occupation, my father escorted Nesim uncle was the Rabbi of Mitrovica . The Jewish families of our and his family to the port city of Durres, where they embarked town were religious and prayed at the synagogue . Most of the as refugees, hopeful of gaining access to Palestine . Just before Jews were traders . leaving, Nesim entrusted to my father three beautifully bound In 1941, the Germans occupied our town . Rakamin’s shop books in Hebrew to keep until he could retrieve them “when the was closed . The Prefect of Mitrovica organized an escape for the waters are still,” after the war . “Save them as you would save Jews . They were hidden in surrounding mountain villages . We your eyes,” he told my father . also helped to shelter Italian soldiers whom the Germans were After the war, my father did receive a letter from Nesim that killing . he and his family were safely in Palestine . This was during the The Nazis captured both Rakamin’s and Aron’s families . We communist period in Albania, when any correspondence from never heard from them again . Moshe joined the partisans in abroad was considered a crime, subject to arrest . My father was 1941 and fought the Nazis throughout Albania and Kosovo . He prohibited from answering the letter, and that was the last time came back as a captain of the partisans and I sheltered him in there was any communication . my home while he and his band fought the Nazis in our town . My father gave me both the honour and the responsibility of In 1945 Moshe left for Israel and then I think he settled in safeguarding these Hebrew books until Nesim or his descen- America . I don’t really know as I have lost all contact with my dants return to retrieve them . This is a heavy burden and I will friend . Forgive my tears, but Moshe was such a good friend be saddened if I have to pass this responsibility on to my son . during those years . I long to be reunited with him . Perhaps Aron is alive in Israel . Perhaps there are grandchildren . I do not go to the mosque, but I am a true Muslim . The Holy I have never been outside of Albania and do not have the means Koran is in my genes . I say my prayers each evening . My door to travel . is always open to anyone in need . The books remain in my home . They are a treasure . I still await the Hallagyems’ return .

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d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 47 Di spatches|Muslims who saved Jews Understanding besa, the Albanian code of honour “All Jewish children will sleep with your children, all with eat the same food, all will live as one family” — Albanian Prime Minister Mehdi Frashëri, 1943

By Randi Winter

branded on the forehead with a J, were as- tonished to learn that the local population was jostling amongst themselves for the honour of sheltering them, for the honour of saving their lives . Neighbours even shared the privilege, based on their ability to contribute to the welfare of their “guest ”. In one case, a rich neighbour fed the people in their care, while a poor neighbour gave them a bed to sleep in each night . No threats of pun- ishment or death could cause these people to waver in their commitment . Now, as these extraordinary, ordinary individuals are rightfully coming into the world’s consciousness, we need to honour their simple requests . In some cases, they want to restore to the Jews the things — the money, the possessions — they left behind for safekeeping . After these 60 years, they hope that someday, some way, a letter or knock on the door will reunite them with the people who temporarily became family and, for most, are still sought out as long-lost relatives . Beyond their wish to find the people they sheltered, they are perplexed at the attention — at why someone would even want to photograph them and tell their stories to the world . Some 50 years of op- pressive dictatorship and then the harsh rule of Communism has dampened but not defeated their spirit . Each one said that if the knock came to their door today, they

J WM Production s , LLC would answer it again . Some of them an- Rachel Goslins, director of the upcoming film, Besa: The Promise, with Baba Haxhi Dede swered the knock many times, giving shel- Reshat Bardhi, in Tirana, Albania. ter not only to Jews, but also to some 25,000 Italians fleeing the Nazi wrath — and even s the only country in Europe of life joined the informal underground to Nazi defectors . It must be noted that whose Jewish population grew to shelter anyone fleeing the Nazis . It was Muslims were by no means the only rescu- A10-fold during World War II, and reminiscent of the underground railway ers, though being the predominant group included refugees from all over Europe, between the North and the South during in Albania, they saved the largest number Albania, with its 70 to 75 percent Muslim the U .S . Civil War . of Jews . In fact, relative to their popula- population, would seem an unlikely can- A secret statement by Prime Minister tions, Catholics and Orthodox Christians didate to stand alone in its way of provid- Mehdi Bej Frashëri, a Bektashi Muslim, de- equally sheltered and protected Jews . ing unwavering support of Jews . clared: “All Jewish children will sleep with Yet, King Zog and his foreign minister your children, all will eat the same food, hen he heard of these stories, led by example, rescuing people from all will live as one family .” photographer Norman H . Ger- outside their borders, and most often un- Here, Jews, who had escaped from Wshman, a former Wall Street known to them . People from every walk other countries and who had literally been broker and headhunter, felt compelled to

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document them . The results of many years of travel, interviews and photography are three-fold . There are photographic exhibitions that travel the world; there’s his book Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews in WWII; and there’s the soon-to-be-released film Besa: The Promise, originally titled God’s House. After speaking with many Albanians and Kosovars, Mr . Gershman came to understand how a deeply-ingrained cultural virtue saved thousands of lives from the Holocaust . For centuries, Albanian conduct has been guided by the Kanun and besa . The Albanian word besa is usually translated in English as “faith,” “trust” or an “oath of peace,” but its real spirit is “to keep the promise ”. Besa lies at the heart and soul of

trust in Albanian personal and familial life . M aru b i A rchive s Besa first gained prominence in the Ka- The Et'hem Bey Mosque in Tirana circa 1940. nun, a set of customary oral laws started in the 15th Century, passed down through generations, and not written down until the 19th Century . The Kanun says: What is promised must be done . According to the Kanun of Lek, article 601: “The house of an Albanian belongs to God and the guest .” Article 603 says: “The guest must be honoured with bread and salt and heart ”. Article 609 adds: “Receive a guest also with a fire, a log of wood and a bed .” While the Kanun of Lek (the best-known kanun) is often perceived as archaic or even feudal, its modern interpretation is really the essence of honour . Mr . Gershman was told: “Without the Koran, there is no besa, and without besa, there is no Koran .” He established The Eye Contact Foun- dation to use art as the primary form of expression to break down stereotypes J WM Production s , LLC and build upon the deep roots of human- From left: Neil Barrett, director of photography, with film director Rachel Goslins, and pho- ism that cross racial, ethnic, religious and tographer Norman H. Gershman on set in Tirana, Albania. national boundaries . His photographs are purposeful . What is reflected in his por- “Promoting the principles of besa is a serve as an inspiration, on its own, for traits is his overriding belief in the good- great service to the peoples of our world . generations to come . Many around the ness of people . We all want to live, and can live, in full world have already seen it . Besnik Konci, Albania’s ambassador peace and harmony free of prejudices and Yad Vashem, also known as the “Holo- to Canada describes besa as an Albanian mistrust . This is the fundamental message caust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance code of honour that means “to keep the found in Mr . Gershman’s photos, exhibits, Authority,” is Israel’s official memorial to promise” and “word of honour” and “to books, videos and upcoming documen- the Jewish victims of the Holocaust and protect someone in need regardless of tary .” was established in 1953 . The name comes faith, race and nationality .” from a Biblical verse: “And to them will “Besa is an important part of per- ow can we learn how to “keep the I give in my house and within my walls sonal and familial standing and is often promise?” Promise implies taking a memorial and a name (Yad Vashem) used as an example of ‘Albanianism,’ he Hresponsibility for others . We should that shall not be cut off .” The organization says . “Based on besa, Albanians saved ask ourselves: If there is a knock on our opened the first exhibition of Gershman’s thousands of Jews during the Holocaust . door, would we, as individuals, take re- work in 2007, finally bringing faces to a During one of the darkest period of hu- sponsibility? story shrouded for 60 years behind the man history, Albanians, by their example, If those are the questions, then the Iron Curtain . It’s had subsequent inter- showed that the spirit of humanism was principles of besa is an answer . Mr . Ger- national showings in South Africa, Italy, alive, and even strong . shman’s photographic exhibition should Turkey, the U S. . and Israel and at the UN

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a lamp . Electricity and even water were ra- tioned . “Yet the people always welcomed me with fruit, candy, their national drink of raki (distilled from fermented grapes and other fruits), and warmth . None spoke English and none sought any compensa- tion . They wished only to honour their family tradition and to be remembered . In turn, I gave them unadorned portraits that, I believe, reflect their simple dignity, and I thanked my Muslim hosts on behalf of the Jewish people for what they had done during World War II ”. No fewer than three separate travelling photographic exhibitions are on loan around the world in Holocaust memorial and education centres, galleries, museums, synagogues, churches, community buildings, universities and soon, Islamic centres . In addition to Yad Vashem’s on-line and worldwide travelling show, currently J WM Production s , LLC in Vancouver, Simon Fraser University’s JMW Productions, the Emmy-award winning film crew producing the movie Besa: The Teck Gallery and Centre for the Com- Promise, visit a synagogue in Vidin, Bulgaria. The story of Rexhep Hoxha, the main character parative Study of Muslim Societies and in their film, appears on page 46. Here, he’s the synagogue where he learned the man his Cultures are sponsoring The Hebrew father had sheltered was married in 1928. Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion exhibit until October 29 . The Vancouver and the European Union for the 60th an- is needed to help honour those who have Holocaust Education Centre at the Jew- niversary of its founding declaration . Its done so much and who expect nothing in ish Community Centre houses the exhibit newest international exhibit, specially return . from Nov . 8, 2010 through May 27, 2011, designed for Canada, will be opening in Mr . Gershman has also taken on a creating educational programs for stu- Toronto in November and will see a 2011 promise, his own besa . He believes that dents, teachers and community groups . date in the UK . every story of heroism, anywhere in the This exhibit normally only tours within Yad Vashem, which on behalf of the world, even incomplete, may be a miss- the U .S . State of Israel and the Jewish people, gave ing piece of an important puzzle . Wher- A third exhibit, Besa: Albanians Who the official title Righteous Among the Na- ever they are, people must be inspired in Saved Jews During WWII, is curated by the tions to non-Jews who risked their lives these troubled times to choose dialogue, U .S . Embassy in Albania and primarily to save Jews during the Holocaust, has goodness and trust . The Eye Contact tours the Balkans . It is the most compre- already documented 63 Albanians who Foundation’s mandates are specifically to hensive as it includes all rescuers of Alba- saved Jews . Recently, with help from Mr . continue the recognition of those rescuers nian descent from Albania and Kosova . Gershman’s Eye Contact Foundation, from this period, and to encourage young All three exhibits feature up to 70 Yad Vashem awarded the Rezniqi family photographers to look for goodness in compelling photos and stories that give a from Kosova the “Righteous Among the the world and to document it for future glimpse into the mettle of Albanians and Nations” designation . (Mustafa Rezniqi generations . why they chose — and as importantly, was also co-founder of the Kosova-Israel “During my travels in Albania, I met still choose — to exercise a moral honour Friendship Society with Xhangyle Ilijazi .) the children of rescuers, their widows and, to protect and shelter any “guest in need” Mr . Gershman has since found many occasionally, the elderly rescuers them- in their home . The answer often heard by more rescuers with help from Apostol selves,” says Mr . Gershman, “people like Mr . Gershman was that it was “not their Kotani and Petrit Zorba, both of the Alba- the Hoti family, who sheltered a young house,” in fact it was “God’s House ”. nian-Israel Friendship Association, as well Jewish girl named Rashela Lazar for al- Shining the light of recognition on all as from the corresponding Israel-Kosova most a year, even though Germans occu- acts of goodness anywhere in the world and Israel-Albania Friendship Societies pied the lower floor of their home . is the greatest gift and inspiration we can and from Mordechai Paldiel, former head “(I met) people like the Veseli family, give to ourselves and others . Towards this of Yad Vashem’s division to honour righ- whose youngest brother, at 13, smuggled goal, we have miles to go and promises to teous non-Jews . Rina Mandil and two Jewish families out keep . But, as the war gets further and further of Tirana dressed like Muslim villagers, away, time is running out . The Eye Con- through a German checkpoint, and then Randi Winter is a Vancouver-based travel tact Foundation and Yad Vashem are look- walked with them for two days to the writer . To contact photographer Norman ing for people who were saved — or those safety of their mountain village .” H . Gershman, email normgersh@sopris . who saved these fortunate Jews . Stories Photographing these rescuers in Alba- net or see The Eye Contact Foundation at and photos are not enough . Corroboration nia was not easy . Mr . Gershman rarely saw www .eyecontactfoundation .org

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Norman H. Gershman: The photographer who documents heroes By Randi Winter

eople are his passion . It was Nor- “There was no government conspiracy, man H . Gershman’s Wall Street no underground railroad, no organized Pheadhunting skills (he founded resistance — only individual Albanians Consultants Period, Ltd .) . that gave him acting to save lives,” says Mr . Gershman . the patience to track down an almost un- “My portraits and their stories are meant known story in a country cut off from the to reflect their humanity, their dignity, rest of the world for 50 years . their religious and moral convictions, and But it was his passion for people that their quiet courage .” led him to the quest to find and document The book is a tribute to the courageous the stories of the Muslims who saved Jews people whose remarkable, humble actions during the Holocaust . He used Yad Vash- resulted in 10 times more Jews living in em’s archives as his reference and traveled Albania after the war . Many Jews passed to Albania and Kosova with Stuart Huck, through Albania including, as Prince a photographer based in Aspen, Colorado . Leka, King Zog’s grandson, reminded me, Over a period of six years, they searched Albert Einstein . If you ask them, any Al- for, met and photographed Albanian res- banian would have done the same . They cuers or their descendants . were simply keeping their promise . In his interviews, he always asked Many Jews passed Albanians say: “If there is a knock on them why they had rescued Jews . Their the door, take responsibility because every response was besa, the code of honour through Albania, knock on the door is a blessing from God ”. deeply rooted in Albanian culture and including Albert A guest’s safety and honour become the incorporated in the faith of Albanian responsibility of the extended family . To al- Muslims, who believe that every man is Einstein. If you ask them, low harm or insult is the deepest disgrace . his brother’s keeper . It exemplifies what is any Albanian would A guest, protected by besa, is shielded by possible when humans act at their highest an invisible army . potential . have done the same. Mr . Gershman often heard these words: Mr . Gershman, at age 44, studied with “To do good is to get good from God” and They were simply keeping some of the greatest portrait photogra- “Everybody knew; nobody told ”. phers of our time — Ansel Adams, Roman their promise. He called the portraits and profiles “bit- Vishniac, and Cornell Capa of the Interna- tersweet — so many more stories, so many tional Centre of Photography (to whom more heroic people .” this book is dedicated) . Even today, at age homes to them . He continued: “I don’t know the end 78, Mr . Gershman continues to collect and People fought for the privilege of sav- to this story . I only know that there are deal in fine art photography . Travelling ing a Jew, not killing one . Albania’s King wonderful people in the world . I choose and documenting unique human condi- Zog personally issued more than 400 to look at (them) and honour them, as op- tions and stories is nothing new to him . visas . Among the people he rescued were posed to chronicling war . This is visceral His first project, commissioned in the 13-year-old Fritzi Weitzman and her fam- in me, important to me and I hope it is 1980s by singer-songwriter John Denver, ily of 11, from Vienna . He helped them important to the rest of the world to know was to photograph concerts in the Soviet to re-establish the family’s photography that there are so many good people in the Union . business in Albania, and rescued one of world, regardless of religion .” When he was researching his book, ev- their relatives from a concentration camp . “I believe in the goodness of people ”. ery story he heard from Albanian Muslims Years later, King Zog, in exile, found included a different description of how out that the Ostereichers, Austrian court Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews During besa influenced their lives and actions . jewelers whom he had rescued, were alive WWII, by Norman H . Gershman, was The mayor of Tirana told the Nazis: “We but destitute in England . He promptly published by Syracuse Press in 2008 . It is don’t know any Jews, we only know Al- returned the crown jewels he had commis- available online www .amazon .ca, www . banians .” They gave the Jews documenta- sioned from them, to give this family an eyecontactfoundation .org and at book- tion with Muslim names and opened their opportunity to rebuild their lives . stores .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 51 Di spatches|northern affairs Who owns the Arctic? By Laura Neilson Bonikowsky rary and A rchive s C anada/ -23659 L i b rary Vilhjalmur Stefansson and his ice party beginning an Arctic expedition in March 1914.

igh in the Canadian Arctic, work- can prove that its continental shelf extends whether discovered or not . Britain’s right ing from a camp on Borden Island, beyond the 200-mile limit . to give Canada undiscovered islands, Ha group of scientists uses autono- Canada asserts that the waters of the those discovered by foreign interests or mous vehicles to survey the floor of the Arctic Archipelago, including the North- regions inhabited by the Inuit was dubi- Arctic Ocean . If they are successful in west Passage, are internal, resting its claim ous at best . proving that Canada’s continental shelf to the North on history and proximity, Since the 1880s, the Canadian govern- is connected to a region around the geo- but the promise of energy resources has ment has sporadically undertaken ventures graphic North Pole, their work will sup- prompted challenges from other nations . to secure arctic sovereignty . Government port the Canadian government’s assertion The United States, Russia, Norway and sponsored voyages were made by explor- of sovereignty over the Far North . Canada Denmark are all staking similar claims . It ers such as Joseph-Elzéar Bernier and has announced plans to stake a claim is already apparent that some claims — Vilhjalmur Stefansson who left plaques or under the United Nations Convention on those of Canada, Russia and Denmark, cairns and raised flags on several islands, the Law of the Sea to an area that could for example — will overlap . Nothing in including Ellesmere and Melville . How- comprise 1 7. million km2, roughly the UNCLOS compels the arctic countries ever, such symbolic acts are insufficient size of the Prairie Provinces . A successful to accept the recommendations of a UN under international law . Besides, they claim would change our maps and, more commission ruling on competing claims . weren’t alone in their explorations . Ameri- significantly, our responsibilities as stew- No one could predict what would hap- cans Adolphus Greely and Robert Peary ards of the North . pen should the commission leave it up to were busy around Ellesmere Island at the For roughly 300 years, coastal nations individual countries to deal with disputed same time, and between 1898 and 1902 claimed sovereignty under customary law boundaries in energy-rich areas . The re- Otto Sverdrup became the first person to over a narrow region along their coast- gion could even be open to claims from set foot on the islands of Axel Heilberg, lines and the high seas were governed countries with no physical connection; Ellef Ringnes and Amund Ringnes; even by the principles of the Freedom of the Chinese Rear Admiral Yin Zhuo stated the Inuit had not been to the islands . Sver- Seas . Such freedom encompassed fishing, recently in comments relayed by the of- drup claimed them for Norway . trade, travel, navigation, warfare and re- ficial China News Service that the “Arctic The first real assertion of Canadian sov- search . In 1945, the United States claimed belongs to all the people around the world ereignty was made in 1903 with a North jurisdiction over the natural resources of as no nation has sovereignty over it ”. West Mounted Police post on Herschel its continental shelf beyond its territorial Canada’s original claim to the North Island . The RCMP operated a post office limits; other nations quickly followed suit . lies in the 1670 charter granted by Charles on Bache Peninsula, although no one lived In 1967, to satisfy the need for changes to II giving Rupert’s Land to the Hudson’s anywhere near it; despite once-a-year mail the law of the seas, the United Nations un- Bay Company . Today’s Northwest Ter- delivery, the operation of a post office was dertook a conference comprising a series ritories and Nunavut were added in 1821 . proof of sovereignty . In 1931, Norway for- of sessions spanning 15 years to produce When HBC transferred its title to the Do- mally abandoned its claim to the Sverdrup a comprehensive set of laws known as the minion of Canada in 1870, the new nation Islands and Canada paid $67,000 for the United Nations Convention on the Law of acquired sovereignty over the northern records of the Sverdrup expeditions . the Sea, or UNCLOS . The convention rec- territories but not over the islands north The reason for the current activity in the ognizes a nation’s sovereignty over natural of the mainland . In July 1880, the British High Arctic came to light in the 1950s due resources within 200 nautical miles and al- government transferred to Canada the to exploration by the oil and gas industry lows territorial claims up to 350 nautical rest of its arctic possessions, including “all and the Geological Survey of Canada . miles from shore provided the country Islands adjacent to any such Territories” In 1967, a partnership between govern-

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ment and industry created a consortium, Panarctic Oils Ltd ., which began drilling on Melville Island as a show of Canadian arctic sovereignty . In 1969, Panarctic discovered a gas field at Drake Point that held an estimated 99 billion cubic metres of gas . By the late 1980s, Panarctic had drilled more than 400 wells . Low gas prices, high transportation costs and the end of government incentives brought the consortium down . That may ultimately have been cause for celebration, because the company’s environmental record was poor . Besides dumping tonnes of junk steel and waste oil into the Arctic Ocean, the company had several well blowouts . The worst occurred in 1970 when the King Christian Island well blew, causing a fire- ball so hot it collapsed the ground around the camp . It spewed gas and fire for more and A rchive s C anada/ -29604 L i b rary than three months before it was brought Captain Bernier (with the young muskox) claims Canada's jurisdiction at Parry's Rock by lay- under control . ing a plaque in July 1909. Today, while scientists map the under- sea geography, others from the Geological but delivering oil out of the sea, traffic that Sea Project, which studied the impact of Survey of Canada and survey departments could very well be more than the fragile an oil spill in the Beaufort . Cleaning up an of other nations seek signs of gas and oil . environment could take . arctic spill would be much more difficult Geological studies suggest that there are And what of the Inuit? More than than a spill in any other environment — more than 400 oil and gas fields north 50,000 Inuit live in Canada (2006 census) . imagine rescuing oil-covered polar bears . of the Arctic Circle, estimated to contain Industrial development in the North There is substantial evidence that the 90 billion barrels of oil, 1 .6 trillion cubic would bring extensive economic changes arctic environment is at risk, and with feet of natural gas, and 44 billion barrels to them, but at the risk of their traditional it the traditional existence of the Inuit of natural gas liquids, of which approxi- way of life . More significantly, the North is people; global warming has opened the mately 84 percent is expected to be found among the areas that will feel the first and Northwest Passage and caused increased offshore, beneath waters that are ice- most substantial effects of climate change . glacial melting . Exploiting the Arctic’s nat- covered for most of the year . The extensive As permafrost and sea ice melt and shore- ural resources, particularly offshore, will exploration makes arctic sovereignty about lines erode, the fabric of northern life will increase that risk . The explosion of a Brit- more than territoriality, defence or mineral dissolve along with them . According to ish Petroleum well in the Gulf of Mexico rights . Sovereignty is the key to protecting Steven Ferguson, leader of the department has shown the world the impact of a failed a vulnerable and crucial environment . of fisheries and ocean’s global warming offshore oil rig . The damaged well pouring Canada, historically, has not been very and arctic marine mammals (GWAMM) tens of thousands of barrels of oil a day committed to asserting its authority “from project, declining sea ice appears to be into the ocean for months has proven the sea to sea to sea ”. However, the December shifting the Hudson Bay marine ecosystem insufficiency of safety regulations and the 2009 Report of the Standing Committee on from “a polar bear-seal system with Inuit unpreparedness of corporate oil to cope Fisheries and Oceans of the Canadian Sen- hunters at the apex to one dominated by with the failure of its equipment . When the ate recommended “that Canada develop cetaceans with killer whales at the apex ”. BP rig exploded, the company was actually a long-term plan and provide the funding Furthermore, the changes are happening trying to convince Canada’s energy regula- necessary for the acquisition of a suitable more rapidly than expected; predictions of tor that safety standards established for number of new multi-purpose polar ice- ice-free summers in the Arctic in 100 years offshore drilling in the Arctic were “expen- breakers capable of operating year-round have been re-evaluated to five years . sive, impractical and should be relaxed .” in its Arctic Archipelago and on the conti- An event similar to the Gulf of Mexico Offshore exploratory drilling was sched- nental shelf ”. To that end, the government disaster in this Arctic environment could uled to begin in the Arctic in July of this is pursuing a project worth $3 1. billion to be more catastrophic than we can imagine . year, but the well failure brought hearings build five new ice-class Coast Guard ves- It would probably exacerbate the effects to an end and Canada imposed a stay on sels, with delivery of the first anticipated of global climate change by creating in- drilling pending a review of existing rules . in 2014 . The new vessels would require an stability of the sea ice and speeding pack Although Canada’s environmental additional commitment of $4 3. billion for ice melting . It would cause the growth of record is far from spotless, we would be operation and maintenance for their ex- algae and plankton, seriously harming foolish to absolve ourselves of the respon- pected life span of 25 years . This implied fish and marine birds . Larger animals such sibility to protect our vulnerable northern commitment to standing on guard for the as polar bears would be harmed as well, coastline . “true north” is also a pledge to facilitate according to environmental scientists like increased traffic in arctic waters — traffic William Adams who was one of the re- Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is a writer not only for transporting goods to market searchers of the decade-long 1976 Beaufort from Alberta .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 53 Di spatches|northern affairs Arctic action Norway overshadows Canada as the big melt warms the north

By Chantaie Allick

here’s a kind of scorecard for where oil spills . Norway’s interest in developing Canada stands in Arctic develop- the oil industry in the North is based on Tment compared to its Arctic neigh- lots of experience and expertise in offshore bours, particularly Norway . drilling . In 2006, Norway published a detailed, Statoil, Norway’s state-owned oil and 92-page outline of what it intended in its gas company, is the largest offshore oil Arctic territory, and updated it three years and gas company in the world and much later . Canada got around to the same kind of its product comes from the country’s of outline in 2009, and it had full text in continental shelf and northern gas fields . English, French and Inuktitut crammed It calls itself “a test lab for technology de- into its mere 40 pages . velopment .” With about 39 million square kilome- In that vein, Norway is currently de- tres of polar sea ice during the darkness veloping a centre for climate and environ- of winter and about 21 million in summer, mental research in Tromsø, a northern city the Arctic is a huge, relatively self-con- which is also home to the Norwegian Po- tained ecosystem with vast economic and lar Institute and the University of Tromsø, a leader in high north research . strategic potential . And climate change is P MO making it an accessible option for devel- In contrast, Canada, with immense Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Chief of opment and resources . Defence Staff Walter Natynczyck visit Opera- Arctic territory and one of the few nations It’s been overlooked until now by tion Nanook, an annual military exercise to with indigenous people living there, has much of the world as of no use to anyone reinforce Canada’s sovereignty in the North. struggled to create a lasting Arctic policy . beyond its few inhabitants . But as the big Canada’s Northern Strategy says the govern- melt continues, governments, scientists ment “recognizes what must be done to and industries are beginning look to the While Canada has a vague plan set out secure the future of Canada’s North, for top of the globe . in Canada’s Northern Strategy, a document the benefit of all Canadians, and is taking Canada has lagged behind other more produced last year, it lacks detailed legis- concrete action to turn this vision for the organized and engaged regional neigh- lation to address the Arctic . North into reality .” bours in the Arctic, including Russia With clear policy guiding its govern- But it provides few details, simply a list with its history of Arctic exploration and ment, Norway has energetically pursued of intentions including the preservation of its fleet of seven nuclear icebreakers and research, funding and development in its Arctic sovereignty . It cites long-established plans for more . And the United States northern regions, particularly in climate mining and gas projects like the Mackenzie tabled a policy update with a strong na- research, the environment and biodiver- gas pipeline as cornerstones of “sustained tional security emphasis in January 2009 . sity . It has also invested in better satellite economic activity in the North,” but lays The U .S . plan begins with the statement, technology for shipping and scientific out no plans for future development . “The United States is an Arctic nation, research in the north . Scientists anticipate an all-season with varied and compelling interests in The country set seven political priorities Northwest Passage and other sea routes that region,” and goes on to outline what for the region (including the intent to be soon . But at the University of Alberta, Arc- those interests are and how they intend to the best steward of the environment and tic expert John England says the lack of a pursue them . natural resources in the north), and put to- clear Arctic policy means Canada cannot But in a less menacing way, Norway, gether a timeline with a 15-year horizon . hope to compete, prosper or lead in a re- using resources based primarily on money Norway’s first goal is to “develop gion where so many nations have a stake . from oil, has been actively engaged in Arc- knowledge about climate and the envi- “I think we do a lot of posturing and tic economic development and its clear- ronment in the high north,” the Building it’s time we stop posturing and actually headed action is something Canada would Blocks document says . It has pumped in get down to the brass tacks and produce do well to emulate . more than $250 million (the Canadian a proper national policy on the Arctic,” In 2006, the Storting, Norway’s parlia- dollar equivalent of 1 .5 billion Norwe- he said . ment, established its high-north policy . In gian krone) since 2006, when it allocated The Canadian Arctic conversation an update in early 2009, it said the North NOK 350 million ($58 .7 million) through centres on sovereignty disputes with was “Norway’s most important strategic the Research Council of Norway . (Nor- Denmark and the United States as well priority area ”. It’s there for anyone to read way’s population is about 15 per cent of as concerns over Russia, while Norway is in New Building Blocks in the North: the Canada’s ). forging ahead, an untapped source of ex- Next Step in the Government’s High North Along the way, the Norwegian plan perience and progress in the region . Strategy . lays out details of improved responses to For the government, Foreign Minister

54 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC northern affairs|Di spatches

Lawrence Cannon released a statement 1,500 troops from the three countries in Rune Raelfson, the head of the Norwe- on Arctic policy in August . “The Arctic is action . gian Barents Secretariat, a regional alliance part of us . Was, is and always will be,” he “For far too long, we feel that the Arc- of Russia, Norway, Finland and Sweden, said . “The importance of the Arctic and tic hasn’t been spoken for and we believe says he sees great opportunities for the Canada’s interest in the North has never it’s time that Canada takes full recognition Arctic, but is critical of a solely research- been greater,” he added . of the importance of the Arctic,” Minister based focus at the expense of develop- But Dr . England says a strategy alone Cannon said in his statement to the media ment . fails to commit government departments in August . He then expanded on the coun- “If you look at the Arctic Council, it has to action and Canada cannot expect to try’s Northern strategy, adding an interna- been a research-driven institute . They are compete with Russia and the U .S . with- tional element to the plan . more interested in ice and polar bears than out a clear policy, particularly when it He said Canada would work with they are in the economic development of comes to research . While Canada was the regional neighbours in developing the this area .” Raelfson says economic devel- largest contributor to International Polar North and continue to promote Canadian opment is necessary for the well-being of Year research projects between 2007 and arctic sovereignty abroad, he said . “We people living in the North, and it would 2009, scientists, including Dr . England, will pursue targeted actions on the inter- include oil exploration . are sceptical about the country’s ability national level to advance our sovereignty On the other side of the Arctic Ocean, to maintain those projects without policy agenda in concrete ways,” including the Minister Cannon seems to agree stating, commitments . settlement of boundary issues with the “Creating a dynamic and sustainable Over this past summer, the Canadian U .S . and Denmark . northern economy is essential to improv- military and the Department of Foreign While Canada is focused on military ing the well-being of northerners and Affairs staged Operation Nanook, a exercises to promote its sovereignty, unleashing the true potential of Canada’s yearly Arctic exercise to reinforce Cana- Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr North .” da’s sovereignty in the North and to let Støre’s government proposed a record This land of the midnight sun matters the military practise responses to mock increase in funding for the Arctic of al- to Norway in a way that is only beginning disasters . This year, Operation Nanook, most $90 million for 2010 . Canada has no to take root in Canada . The challenge is to which ran August 6-26, involved sover- exact figures readily available for total catch up . eignty patrols, emergency preparedness investment in the North, though the 2010 training and military exercises . American budget includes more than $400 million Chantaie Allick is an Ottawa-based free- and Danish troops were invited to par- for scientific research in the North over the lance journalist and master’s student at ticipate for the first time with a total of next two to five years . Carleton University .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 55 Di spatches|AFrica Enigma in Zimbabwe – a descent of man By Clyde Sanger

When I went to Southern Rhodesia in March 1957 to help launch a progressive magazine, The Central African Examiner, Shamuyarira was already editor of the African Daily News . He had taught at a secondary school near the Bechuanaland (now Botswana) border before landing in Salisbury in 1953 as a 24-year-old cub reporter . The Examiner at once broke the race barrier in journalism by inviting articles from leading African nationalists, and several — Dumbutshena, Takawira and others — contributed strong pieces . Nathan didn’t, probably too busy on his own paper, but we talked often and became friends . In 1960, when I was based in Nairobi as the Africa correspondent of the Manchester Guardian, its foreign editor appointed Shamuyarira as the paper’s stringer in Salisbury and later wrote: “His coverage was authoritative but also brave . He had to contend not only with the hostility of the (Rhodesia Front) government but also with the terrible faction fighting and house burning that broke out between Shona and Ndebele in the African townships .” Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe in 1983. By 1964, both divisive forces — black versus white and the tribal split — prompted him to look abroad and he imbabwe (in its earlier life, Rho- who died a political prisoner after years arrived suddenly in Nairobi with a half- desia) has been so many things working for multiracialism alongside the finished book . He stayed some weeks with Zfor different people: delight and desert war hero Colonel David Stirling . us, enjoying his role as godfather of our despair, opportunity and persecution . For Willie Musarurwa, honest contrarian as son, Toby . He and I worked together on me, half a century ago, it was an escape an editor . And for me, the best tutor and the second draft of his Crisis in Rhodesia, from my London birthplace and a fusty friend of all, Enoch Dumbutshena, school- which André Deutsch neatly published England clinging to Empire; a land of teacher turned lawyer in middle age, and the month before Ian Smith boldly de- glorious weather and broadest horizons; the first Zimbabwean black chief justice . clared Rhodesian UDI (Unilateral Declara- a romantic place where I met and courted Finally, the single one who has survived: tion of Independence) in November 1965 . my Canadian wife . Most of all, it was a journalist, scholar, cabinet minister and Shamuyarira by then was on his way, with graduate school in world politics where Mugabe loyalist, the enigmatic Nathan his wife, Dorothy, to Oxford University my best tutors were half a dozen memo- Shamuyarira . and then to Princeton where he completed rable African nationalists . Zimbabwe is itself an enigma . Why did a PhD in political science . Meanwhile, Nearly all of them are dead now, and it slide from high promise to deep disar- many African leaders of his generation — buried in Heroes’ Acre near Harare . ray? Why has its neighbours, why has the Nkomo, Musarurwa, Mugabe, Takawira Joshua Nkomo, too gentle for his role as wider world, not known how to deal with and dozens more — were in detention “father of the nation ”. George Nyandoro, its appalling decline and save its compara- camps or Smith’s prisons . an accountant remembered for his huge tively few millions of people from misery? Two passages in his book give clues to laugh as he predicted rivers of blood . Leo- Puzzling questions . And Nathan is central, the bitterness in his soul that erupted as a pold Takawira, “the lion of Zimbabwe” almost emblematic, in this story . cabinet minister in the 1990s . He tells how

56 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC AFrica|Di spatches

to lead negotiations with Nelson Mande- la’s new government . He left parliament, but remained the main party spokesman . In this role, his pronouncements increased in violent language, lacking any academic balance . In March 2005, he described the Catholic archbishop Pius Ncube as “a mad, inveterate liar” fitting into “the scheme of the British and Americans, who are calling for regime change and are feed- ing him with these wild ideas .” In October 2006, he praised the North Korea-trained Fifth Brigade who, in 1983, massacred as many as 30,000 villagers in Matabeleland, saying its actions were “not regrettable as (the soldiers) were doing a job to protect the people” against some ZAPU dissidents . And in August 2007, in a private letter, he criticized as “the usual demonization of Mugabe” an article I had Nathan Shamuyarira holding Clyde Sanger’s son, Matt, in 1961. written in The Globe and Mail, suggesting a trio of Commonwealth ministers talk with his mother would send him as a small Mugabe’s retinue in Maputo . I met him Mugabe on rescuing Zimbabwe from utter child to chase a swarm of locusts that and Mugabe there in 1979, acting as envoy misery . “Mugabe is very angry with the would provide relish for the sadza por- for the Commonwealth Secretary-General Commonwealth for expelling him over ridge, and how the chase would abruptly Shridath Ramphal, and clearly Shamuy- an allegation of rigging elections which end at the fence of a European farmer arira was part of the inner circle . It helped he denies .” Shamuyarira is now writing nicknamed Mukandabutsu (he who that he is from Mugabe’s Zezuru clan . In Mugabe’s biography . throws the boot) “who threatened to shoot the April 1980 elections, he won a seat Most puzzling is his determination to any trespassers without warning .” In an and became minister of information and acquire Mount Carmel farm, which used adult encounter, he describes how he and tourism . to produce 600 tonnes of mangoes, as his brother behaved when his car broke From this point, his stellar career be- well as beef and milk from more than 500 down as they drove through a European comes murky . He at once organized the cattle . Last year, the elderly owners, Mike farming area: screening of foreign journalists, who had and Angela Campbell and their son-in-law “We took off our ties and shoes before to have a work permit approved monthly Ben Freeth, were abducted and beaten up going to the nearest farm to ask for assis- by the government . (I had to obtain perfor hours . This seemed to be revenge for tance . We greeted our host with the title mits during the four months in 1982-83 Freeth having won an appeal at a regional “Boss” from a long distance away, in order when I taught, at his invitation, at the In- tribunal to keep the farm . In April, a to indicate immediately our subservience . stitute of Mass Communication alongside group of war veterans under a “Comrade Expectedly, we got all the help we needed, the demoted Shelton Siwela .) Then, in Landmine” (otherwise, Lovemore Mad- although he was rather taken aback to find buying out the South African interests in angonga) invaded it again, saying it was we had a fairly new car, and to see that our Zimbabwe’s newspapers, the government on orders from his relative, Shamuyarira . jackets and ties were on the back seat .” set up the Mass Media Trust primarily to Recently the farmhouse was burnt to the Back in Zambia in 1971, among the protect the independence of editors . Yet ground . squabbling exile groups ZANU and Nathan sacked Willie Musarurwa as edi- Besides deploring the brutality, I am ZAPU, he helped form a third faction, tor of the largest circulation paper Sunday puzzled why a man of international stand- Frolizi (Front for the Liberation of Zim- Mail, to make way for “a true and trusted ing, who is now 81 and has no children babwe) under Shelton Siwela, who had cadre .” Later, he sued Geoffrey Nyarota, to inherit this farm, should be behind this studied both at Boston University and a then editor of the Bulawayo Chronicle, for plundering . Is it because everyone else in North Korean guerrilla school . Zambian defamation in the Willowgate scandal his circle has seized farms, and because president Kenneth Kaunda hoped it was over imported limousines that ministers land is the one dependable asset in infla- the start of a united front; but the leaders were allocated and then sold at large tionary Zimbabwe? Or does it go back of both parties condemned it from their profits . Nyarota fled the country in 2003 decades to the days of chasing locusts and places of detention . Shamuyarira scram- and, in his memoirs Against the Grain, he taking his shoes off before asking a white bled to regain favour with ZANU leaders writes: farmer to help with his car? Is bitterness — literally, by sweaty training with guer- “The turnover of editors between 1980 about apartheid still that deep? How sad rilla recruits in the Zambezi escarpment . and 2002 at Zimbabwe newspapers was and how enigmatic that lovely country The year 1975 opened up Mozam- the highest anywhere in the media world, has become . bique as a base for ZANU forces after the and editorship became arguably the most Portuguese abandoned their colony and endangered occupation in Zimbabwe ”. Clyde Sanger is an Ottawa-based jour- Nathan left a lecturer’s job (and his small Shamuyarira moved on to become for- nalist who has worked in Britain, Africa vegetable plot) in Tanzania to join Robert eign minister and then industry minister, and North America .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 57 DELIGHTS|management

Getting to your goals

When the goaling gets tough, try these simple tips to keep your motivation high

By Timothy A. Pychyl D ream s time

hat does a diplomat living in goals for which we hold great hope only is to visualize what you will do — and Ottawa have in common with to find that they become terribly aversive when . It’s important to do this, as it puts Wa public servant on the Hill or to us when we actually try to do them, the cue for action in the environment . For a private-sector CEO? Goals . Sure, the and we begin a self-sabotaging cycle of example, my goal may be to prepare a nature of the goals varies, but successful avoidance . report . My specific intention becomes: “if I goal-pursuit is the defining common fea- Goal success depends on strategies that have arrived at my office desk, then I will ture of success in any of our careers . fit the different stages of our intended immediately write out the main points .” We all have goals . We don’t all achieve tasks or projects . Although it is a complex Numerous studies demonstrate the effec- them . The question that fascinates me as a process, I think you’ll be surprised at the tiveness of this simple if-then strategy . psychologist is: Why? What contributes to power of simple “if-then” intentions to goal success, on the one hand, and what foster success . Staying on track factors lead to procrastination or goal It’s one thing to get started . It can be quite abandonment on the other? Problems with initiating goal action another to stay on task . Keeping our focus It turns out that there are many differ- The most important strategy for successful on the job at hand often means resisting ent answers to these simple questions . In goal pursuit is just get started . It’s that old temptations . Strangely enough, these fact, when we look at our goals over time, issue of “a job begun, is a job half done ”. temptations can even be other tasks . An we can see that goal success or failure can Getting started primes the pump for suc- if-then temptation-inhibiting intention can be determined at any stage in our goal cess, as research shows that progress on help here . For example, “if my email alert pursuit . For example, some goals are de- our goals boosts happiness and motiva- chimes, then I will ignore it until this task fined so badly at the outset that they are tion . But what if getting started is your is complete .” destined for failure even before we take problem? Interestingly, research has shown that action . Other times, we set meaningful A practical way to help get started the effects of these if-then intentions are

58 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC management|DELIGHTS

important at any age . Six-year olds who 5 . Make a plan for action. “In situation prepared for an experiment by thinking X, I will do behaviour Y to achieve goal “If I see a distraction, then I will ignore it,” Z” or “If this happens, then I’ll do this” more successfully ignored funny cartoon (anticipating possible obstacles to your pictures or movie clips while trying to goal pursuit) . This puts the stimulus for complete a categorization task than the action into the environment and makes children who did not prepare this way . If the control of behaviour more automatic . six-year-olds can actually ignore cartoons It may well be the thing that gets you to to stay on task, we can all enhance goal exercise in the evening even though you pursuit with these temptation-inhibiting usually feel much too tired to begin . “Just intentions . The trick is to make this if-then get started” supports this approach . D ream s time decision ahead of time . 6 . Self-regulation appears to depend Given the role of motivation here, it is on available blood glucose . Even a single Stop doing what doesn’t work crucial to acknowledge the role of higher- act of self-regulation has been shown to Let’s face it . We often get stuck in the pur- order thought in this process, particularly reduce the amount of available glucose in suit of a goal because we’re approaching it the ability to transcend the feelings at the the bloodstream, impairing later self-regu- the wrong way . One key to success then is moment in order to focus on our overall latory attempts . Interestingly, just a drink to recognize when to switch our approach goals and values . Otherwise, we may give of sugar-sweetened lemonade eliminated — or the goal itself . Research in this area in to ’feel good’, and stop trying . this self-regulatory depletion in experi- has shown that preparing mentally by It is exactly when we tell ourselves we’ll ments . The message from this research is thinking “If I receive disappointing feed- feel more like doing it tomorrow that we that if you become hypoglycemic, your back, then I’ll switch my strategy” kept have to stop, take a breath and think about self-regulation will suffer . Keep a piece people on task . This simple approach can why we intended to do the task today . of fruit (complex carbohydrate) handy to keep us from following a non-productive Why is it important to us? What benefit is restore blood glucose . route, procrastinating or from giving up there in making the effort now? How will 7 . Be aware that social situations can completely . this help us achieve our goal? require more self-regulation and effort Here are some willpower-boosting than you may think . For example, if you Preventing willpower burn out strategies you might use to ignite what are typically an introverted person but We are all familiar with the common ex- feels like the fumes left in your own will- you have to act extraverted, or you have pression, “where there is a will, there’s a power gas tank . to suppress your desired reaction (scream way ”. The successful completion of almost 1 . The “willpower is like a muscle” at your boss) in favour of what is deemed any goal requires effort, often courage and metaphor is a good fit, as the capacity more socially acceptable (acquiesce again always willpower . However, we all know for self-regulation can be increased with to unreasonable demands), you will de- that our willpower is a limited resource . regular exercise . Even two weeks of self- plete your willpower for subsequent ac- And, there are days when we’re convinced regulatory exercise has improved research tion . These social interactions may even it’s not a renewable resource, especially participants’ self-regulatory stamina . So, make it more likely that you will say or do as we reach the end of our ability to cope . take on some small self-regulatory task something you will regret in subsequent Not surprisingly, given these experiences, and stick to it . interactions . Getting along with others re- researchers argue that willpower is like This can be as simple as deliberately quires self-regulation, so you will need to a muscle that can be easily exhausted or maintaining good posture or using your think about points 1-6 to be best prepared underused in our human desire for feel- non-dominant hand to eat . The key ele- to deal with demanding social situations . good comfort . ment is to exercise your self-discipline . Finally, so much of our ability to self- Yet, when it comes down to it, being You don’t need to start big, just be consis- regulate depends upon our motivation . strategic and being able to muster up the tent and mindful of your focus . Over time, Even on an empty stomach, exhausted willpower to exercise self-control is at the you will be strengthening your willpower from not enough sleep and pushed to the heart of successful goal pursuit . In the muscle . limit for self-regulation, we can muster the excerpt below, taken from my recent book 2 . Sleep and rest also help to restore willpower to continue to act properly . It is chapter, “Willpower, willpower, if we only the ability to self-regulate . If you seem to difficult, but it can be done, particularly if had the willpower,” I outline some things be at the end of your rope, unable to cope we focus on our values and goals to keep to think about to strengthen and make and unwilling to do the next task, first ask perspective on more than just the present more strategic use of this important lim- yourself if you are getting enough sleep? moment . In doing this, we can transcend ited resource . Seven or eight hours of sleep are impor- the immediate (and temporary) feelings tant for most of us to function well . we are having to keep from giving in to Strategies for Change 3 . A corollary to sleep and rest is that ‘feel good,’ which lies at the heart of so We all feel depleted throughout the day . self-regulation later in the day is less ef- much self-regulatory failure . We all have moments where we think, fective . Be strategic, and don’t look to “I’m exhausted, I just can’t do anymore” exercise feats of willpower later in the day . Timothy A . Pychyl is an associate profes- or “I’ll feel more like this tomorrow .” This 4 . A boost of positive emotion has been sor of psychology at Carleton University is true, this is how we are feeling at the shown to eliminate self-regulatory impair- (procrastination .ca) . His just-published moment . However, successful goal pursuit ment . Find things, people, or events that book is The Procrastinator's Digest: A often depends on us moving past these make you feel good to replenish your Concise Guide to Solving the Procrastination momentary feelings of depletion . willpower. Puzzle .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 59 DELIGHTS|WINE

The romance of late harvest wine production

later . If the intention is to make a rich before the grapes could be picked . and concentrated still wine with slight The winemaker carried on anyway to significant sweetness, the grapes and produced a wine of great power, are usually harvested even later . This Eiswein . Though Germany and Aus- beautiful and expressive style of wine tria continue to produce Icewine to is labour intensive, difficult to produce this day, Ontario is now the world’s and delicious, especially at this time leading producer and has earned of year . much global acclaim . Late harvest Though late harvest wines can wines are a universally risky ven- be made in many wine-producing ture with animals, diseases and Pieter Van den Weghe countries, Ontario’s Niagara re- weather all posing as potential gion consistently produces some threats . Combine this with the utumn is an exciting time in a of the world’s best . VQA Ontario fact that the entire process is long, vineyard . After a long year of designates late harvest wines from arduous and uncomfortably cold Awork, patience and more than “Late Harvest” through “Select Late with hand-harvesting in sub-zero a little concern and anxiety, everything Harvest” to “Special Select Late Har- temperatures, and you can see comes to fruition . In the Northern Hemi- vest” depending on the sugar con- why the cost of these wines can sphere, the time for harvest can begin in tent of the grapes used . Each change be high . September and, depending on the grape in level is a step up in richness, An excellent example of a se- varietal, vineyard location, the year-to- power, and, typically, sweetness lect late harvest wine from Ni- date climatic conditions and the desired until the most concentrated level is final style of wine, can carry on until reached . That one is known as “Ice- February . Thinner skin grape varieties wine” . The first Icewine is thought Southbrook Vineyards’ 2004 Barrel and grapes destined for drier styles of to have been made in 18th Century Fermented Vidal Icewine is densely wine will usually be harvested earlier, Germany . Legend has it that one layered with flavours of apricot, pa- while thicker skin grapes are collected year, freezing cold weather arrived paya, orange and baking spices.

60 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC WINE|DELIGHTS

agara is Cave Spring’s 2007 “Indian Summer” Riesling . This wine is produced from grapes grown in selected vineyards of Niagara’s Lincoln Lakeshore sub- Canadian Club of Ottawa appellation, which lies along the south shore of Lake Ontario . The grapes were Luncheon left on the vine to partially raisin during late autumn, with a further concentration of sugars and acids occurring when the grapes became partially frozen . Selective Tuesday, December 7th , 2010 hand-harvesting occurred between the Fairmont Chateau Laurier (Ballroom) middle of December and early January at at 12 noon for 12:15 p.m. temperatures of -7˚C. The wine has aro- Speaker: mas of pear, apricot and ginger, followed David J. Mondragon, by a rich palate with hints of baking spice and a strong seam of acidity . This wine is President and CEO, an excellent accompaniment for foie gras Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited whether seared or done as a torchon, soft pungent cheeses or desserts involving tree fruits, nuts and citrus . The wine is available in 375ml bottles either through the LCBO or the winery, and, at $24 95,. serves as a reasonably priced introduction to the late harvest style of wine . www.immigrationkingston.ca An interesting alternative would be Cattail Creek’s 2008 Select Late Harvest Meritage . This red late harvest wine is made of Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvi- gnon and Merlot grapes from Niagara’s Four Mile Creek sub-appellation . Harvest occurred in mid-January at temperatures Kingston of -5ºC . Each grape varietal was vinified welcomes you! separately and blended together just before bottling . The wine exhibits enticing aromas of candied sour cherries and raspberries with a hint of spice and mint . Kingston Though very rich and robust, the wine vous souhaite is still elegant . Enjoy it with duck terrine or desserts with red and dark fruit, rhu- la bienvenue! barb pie and chocolate . A 375ml bottle is $30 and only available directly from the winery . If you want an Icewine, try South- Une ville brook’s fantastic 2004 Barrel Fermented Vidal Icewine . It’s densely layered with unique où il fait flavours of apricots, papaya, orange and bon vivre! baking spices . The texture is smooth and balanced with acidity while the finish is tremendously long . Enjoy with powerful, blue-veined cheese and desserts with A special place peaches and apricots . Coming in a 375ml to call home! bottle for $49 .95, this excellent wine is available only from the winery . As the days grow shorter and the air cools, you can experience the excitement and romance of late harvest wine production . Every taste will echo the labours and success of the grape growers and wine- makers .

Pieter Van den Weghe is the sommelier at Beckta dining & wine .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 61 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

Margaret’s Table on TV: A preview

escargots and even sushi . Be inspired, As for main course accompaniments, and remember not everything needs to be who isn’t thrilled to have a continuous homemade . Do what suits you . For family year-round supply of asparagus, baby po- meals or more casual occasions, you may tatoes or mini vegetables at their disposal? want to start with an enticing salad . For desserts, berries in some creative Dealing with the main course, the form are on my all-seasons menu . Straw- standard wide selection of meat, poultry, berries, blackberries and blueberries are fish and seafood is always in abundant particularly dependable, whether fresh supply . Only some species of seafood and or frozen . Everyone will dive into a berry fish, such as mussels and Arctic Char, are dessert . Margaret Dickenson more seasonal . When cooking these on a And remember, regardless of the cooktop or in an oven, the time of year is month, easily available fresh herbs bring irrelevant . freshness to plates . They are well worth On the other hand, if you prefer to use their small price tag . re you one of those ardent view- your outdoor grill, even in wintery weather, Attached is the perfect example of how ers of TV cooking shows? Many by all means do so . Yes, you may have to a great summer salad can be conveniently Apeople do spend hours each day shovel a path through the snow to reach adapted for year-round enjoyment . I have watching a myriad of chefs stir, toss, your barbecue grill, or perhaps, like myself, taken a delectable trio of principal ingre- sauté, purée and whatever . Well, this it’s simply a matter of rolling it out of the dients (Bocconcini cheese, grape tomatoes fall, I am again joining the ranks of those garage and onto the driveway . (Note of cau- and olives) and then dazzled the palate zealous chefs who attempt to share their tion: Keep the vehicle a safe distance from with a generous infusion of fresh herbs . own brand of culinary skills with viewers the barbecue .) For those who want to avoid The beauty of this salad is that practical — or who simply strive to provide great barbecuing in inclement weather, I suggest substitutes may be made for the tomatoes entertainment . investing in a heavy grill pan or two . Set on and herbs . Served in individual large bis- Actually, Margaret’s Table is both a top of a cooktop, they can be a reasonably tro bowls, the salad is allowed to breathe cooking and a lifestyle show . Each half- acceptable alternative to outdoor grilling . while the wide rims artistically frame it . hour episode consists of six segments . Broiling your food is another alternative . Bon Appétit! Four are devoted to cooking, another to a decorating tip, and, finally, a sign-off signature tip . The concept is mine . I chose the themes (for example “Creating a wow breakfast,” “The ultimate stacked dinner,” “Crêpes go exotic”) and have written all the scripts . The filming took place in our home with only a producer, a cameraman and one volunteer . My dear husband, Larry, and a special friend also offered their as- sistance . From a technical point of view, each segment had to be done at least three times . First, there was a dry run with voice and action but no product, then a real take, followed immediately by close-up shots featuring selected actions . Being well organized helped make the project great fun . The series is on Rogers (Channel 22) and will also be available on Rogers on Demand, a free service for Rogers Cable subscribers . Let’s take a peek into one of the epi- sodes . The philosophy behind “An all- seasons menu” is that one can rely on certain products being on the market all

year round, offering a sense of security, D icken s on L arry particularly when entertaining . Smart choices for appetizers include Margaret Dickenson's kitchen became a TV studio this fall. Here, the camera captures her Coconut-Crusted Shrimp. smoked salmon, pâté, scallops, shrimp,

62 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS arry D icken s on L arry

Bocconcini Tomato Salad with Fresh Herbs Makes 5 cups or 1.25 litres (4 servings)

1 1/2 cups (375 mL) red cherry/grape tomatoes, cut in half 1 1/2 cups (375 mL) yellow mini tomatoes*, cut in half 1 1/4 cups or 8 oz (300 mL/225 g) sliced mini Bocconcini cheese 1 cup (250 mL) marinated black olives**, whole and unpitted 2 1/2 tbsp (38 mL) fresh whole tarragon leaves*** 3 to 4 tbsp (45 to 60 mL) vinaigrette, a mustard herb type 1 tbsp (15 mL) balsamic vinegar THE HILTON LAC-LEAMY To taste salt and crushed black pepper- The ultimate Five-Star hotel in Greater Gatineau-Ottawa! corns Garnish (optional) • 349 guest rooms including 37 suites fresh sprigs of tarragon or herbs of choice • Executive Club guest privileges (e .g ., cilantro, dill, chevril) • Bacchus Cigar and Lounge • 24 hour room service 1 . Just before serving, toss ingredients together in a large bowl . (Be generous with • Multilingual personnel fresh tarragon leaves and crushed black • Spa, ﬁtness centre, outdoor and indoor pools peppercorns .) • Inter-connected to the exciting Casino du Lac-Leamy 2 . Garnish with sprigs of fresh herbs and • Free outdoor parking serve . • Just minutes from downtown Ottawa * Option: Yellow or orange bell pepper (cut into 2/3 inch or 1 .5 cm squares); small green or yellow zucchini (sliced) Celebrate your National Day at the Hilton Lac-Leamy ** Sun-dried black olives are excellent . and receive a complimentary Junior Suite for the night!* *** Option: dill weed, cilantro or herb of choice; but tarragon is our first choice . To enquire about our availability and how to receive Do-ahead tip: Hours in advance of serv- your complimentary Junior Suite, please contact ing, the ingredients may be prepared (i e. ,. our Account Executive and Protocol Specialist, tomatoes cut, cheese sliced and tarragon Maryse Morin, at 819 790.6487 leaves removed from their stems .) [email protected] Margaret Dickenson is author of the CASINO-DU-LAC-LEAMY.COM Margaret’s Table – Easy Cooking & Inspiring Entertaining. *Minimum food and beverage required. See www .margaretstable .ca for more .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 63 DELIGHTS|residences

An Italian castle in the woods

By Margo Roston WIL S ON DYANNE Italian Ambassador Andrea Meloni and his wife, Paola Bracci, live in this stately home, said to be built of the same limestone as the Par- liament buildings.

he phrase “It was a dark and stormy were re-built after their destruction by fire rara marble fireplace, all lit by two large night” might echo the thoughts of in 1916 . Ottawa artist Jennifer Dickson crystal chandeliers . Neapolitan-era paint- Tthe new Italian ambassador when he suggests in a book she wrote about the ings of cherubs demand attention from arrived at his home on the Aylmer Road residence that the stone of the house was one end of the room, while two Corinthian on a dark, frigid January night this year . quarried at the same location as the stone columns highlight a deep bay window But when he woke up, he found he was in for Parliament . area . one of the most beautiful diplomatic resi- The Italian government bought the These rooms are carpeted with oriental dences in the national capital region . house in 1956 from Blackburn’s daughters, rugs the ambassador and his wife, Paola “It’s a little isolated, but it’s beautiful,” one of whom lives next door . Bracci, have collected over the years . The says Andrea Meloni . “It was not the best “The house is cleverly designed,” says pair has had many postings, most recently welcome, but the next day was sunny and the ambassador . An abundance of large in Brussels, where two of their three chil- the house looked fantastic .” windows, the design of the rooms, and dren live . The cut-stone Aylmer Road mansion, some irregular angles assure there is light A bright conservatory with an informal built by lumber baron Robert L . Blackburn in every space . The curved ceiling of the tiled floor has windows facing the garden in 1924, is large and elegant, sitting on 2½ entrance hall, the nine windows lighting and the large loggia, used as an awning- hectares of land next to the elite Royal Ot- up the foyer and the polished oak stair- covered concert stage by Opera Lyra at its tawa Golf Club . From its site on a hill, and case, all invite guests into the glamorous annual fundraising garden party . past the entrance where a small fountain interior . Ambassador Meloni has moved his tinkles a merry tune, the house shows Elaborate woodwork and plaster cor- favourite desk, made in Pakistan, to the complementary charms on the inside . nices detail the main floor reception library, a dark walnut-panelled enclave Blackburn designed the house himself rooms, including the drawing room that with recessed book shelves . The plaster- with help from John Pearson, the architect runs almost the length of the house . This covered ceiling beams are decorated with for the Parliament buildings when they room has ceiling plaster work and a Car- floral emblems, including the fleur-de-lis,

64 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC residences|DELIGHTS WIL S ON p hoto s b y DYANNE

Mr. Meloni and Ms. Bracci; the grand foyer and staircase; the dining room, which seats 18 comfortably; and a dark-walled study with a stunning carved ceiling. the rose of York and the thistle of Scotland . In her book, Dickson again suggests that Designer showroom & professional the same plasterers and cabinet makers workroom on premises Artful who worked under Pearson on Parliament interiors Hill, may have worked at the residence as well . Among other points of interest is the dining room, set at a 38-degree angle to the rectangle of the house . It boasts an oval ceiling medallion with Canadian flora in its stucco design, and a dining room table in the style of Thomas Sheraton that seats 18 . Dinner often features Italian favourites but the menu varies depending on the guests, the ambassador says with a laugh . “If someone is familiar with the tech- 1134 Bank Street niques of Italian food, we might serve (near Sunnyside) tagliatelle . If not, the menu might include COMMITTED TO QUALITY 613.730.9090 INSPIRED BY DESIGN risotto, which anyone can manage .” www.elitedraperies.ca We sample flaky crostata cookies, provided by the residence’s cook, who, • Custom window coverings • Shutters • Blinds • Furniture • Upholstery • Slipcovers • Bedcoverings • Hardware while not Italian herself, has worked at the residence so long she has learned all the subtleties of fine Italian cuisine . A full-time Elite's talented team of designers and technicians can maid and a part-time driver/butler keep the residence ship-shape . take on any project of any scale — from expertly handcrafted As we leave, Ms . Bracci points to a draperies to interior design to complete custom home delicate reminder of her homeland . I love COMMITTEDrenovations. TO QUALITY Elite has the depth of experience and capabilities this,” she says, pointing to a small lemon INSPIRED BY DESIGN tree . to make your dream project a reality.

Margo Roston is Diplomat's culture editor .

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 65 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

1. 2.

5. 3.

4. THIS PAGE : 1. Italian Ambassador Andrea Meloni and his wife, Paola Bracci, hosted a fundraiser for Opera Lyra at their residence on June 16. (Photo: Jennifer Campbell) 2. Korean Ambassador Chan-Ho Ha, and his wife, Young Shin Kim, both centre, back row, hosted a reception June 18, for members of the Little Angels folk ballet, who were in town to perform at the National Arts Centre in June as part of a tour to honour all UN Korean War Veterans. (Photo: Embassy of Korea) 3. The Westin hosted its annual Canada Day fireworks party July 1. From left, Lady Diana Farnham, lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, Sally Verhey, William Verhey, the Westin’s director of protocol events and diplomatic hospi- tality, and Lady Susan Hussey, lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth. 4. Moroccan Ambassador Nouzha Chekrouni, left, with her daughter Sarah Bentefrit, at her national day reception July 30. (Photo: Ulle Baum) 5. Guatemalan Ambassador Georges de La Roche held a fundraiser June 30 and raised $16,000 to send directly to the Disaster Relief Institution in Guatemala to help in the wake of June’s volcanic eruptions followed by the flooding from tropical storm Agatha. (Photo: Lois Siegel)

66 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

5. THIS PAGE 1. Then-Gov. Gen. Michaelle Jean, centre, received credentials from several heads of mission June 16 including, from left, Slovakian Ambassador Milan Kollár, Iraqi Ambassador Abdulrahman Al-Hussaini, Venezuelan Ambassador Jhannett María Madriz Sotillo, Chilean Ambassador Roberto Ibarra García, Equatorial Guinea Ambassador Anatolio Ndong Mba, and Central African Republic Ambassador Stanislas Moussa-Kembe. (Photo: Corp. Dany Veillette, Rideau Hall) 2. British High Com- missioner Anthony Cary and his wife, Clare, hosted their annual British Summer Ball June 19. General Walter Natynczyk, chief of defence staff, attended with his wife, Leslie. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson) 3. Jose S. Brillantes, ambassador of the Philippines, raises the flag at the 112th Anniversary of Phil- ippine Independence on June 12 with the help of Joseph Angeles, minister and consul. 4. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip toured Canada this summer with a stop in Ottawa for Canada Day. (Photo: Frank Scheme) 5. American Ambassador David Jacobson and his wife, Julie, hosted a Fourth of July party for nearly 4,000 at their residence. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson)

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 67 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

THIS PAGE : 1. An event to celebrate the cultures of Latin America took place at Ottawa City Hall Aug. 22, and featured several Latino performers. 2. India’s independence day celebration took place Aug. 15 at Ottawa City Hall and was hosted by Deputy High Commissioner Narinder Chauhan and Rina Shashishekhar Gavai, wife of High Commissioner Shashishekhar Madhukar Gavai as Mr. Gavai had to return to India on short notice. Shown here are three Bangra dancers who performed that evening. (Photos: Frank Scheme)

68 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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THIS PAGE 1. Erfan Naza Ahari, renowned Iranian author, gave a talk entitled “Spiritual writing and the challenges of human beings today” at the Ottawa Public Library Aug. 14. She’s shown here with Hamid Mohammadi, cultural counsellor at the Iranian embassy. (Photo illustration: Dyanne Wilson) 2. Joyce Kallaghe, wife of Tanzanian High Commissioner Peter Kallaghe, held a reception to bid farewell July 3 at her residence. She asked guests to wear hats. Pictured are, from left, Keiko Nishida, wife of former Japanese Ambassador Tsuneo Nishida; Ms. Kallaghe; and Vera Lucia de Andrade Pinto, 241!Cfttfsfs!Tusffu-!Puubxb-!Poubsjp !724.343.3111!¦!2.911.378.2:9:!! wife of Brazilian Ambassador Paulo Cordeiro de Andrade Pinto. (Photo: Ulle Baum). www.les-suites.com

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 69 DIGNITARIES|NEW ARRIVALS

New Heads of Mission Roberto Cristian Ibarra Abdulrahman Hamid Mohammed Jhannett María Madriz Sotillo Ambassador of Chile Al-Hussaini Ambassador of Venezuela Ambassador of Iraq

Mr . Ibarra is a career diplomat who was born Ms . Sotillo is a lawyer, but has spent the in Santiago and joined the foreign service in Mr . Al-Hussaini’s background is in com- past several years working in politics . She 1974 . He studied law at the University of puter science and academia . He began his began her academic schooling by earn- Chile before pursuing diplomatic studies at formal education in 1980, eventually earn- ing a bachelor of law at the University of the Academia Diplomatica de Chile Andrés ing a bachelor’s degree in statistics at the Santa Maria in Caracas and then studied Bello . He also studied foreign relations at the College of Administration and Economics international economic rights and integra- University of Belgrano in Argentina . at the University of Baghdad and later tion and international politics at the Uni- His first assignment was as third secre- completed a master’s and PhD in computer versity of Central Venezuela . She served tary at the embassy in Argentina and he science in 1995 and 1998, respectively . as a member of the group of lawyers that has subsequently had assignments as first He began his working life in 1985, defended soldiers processed in the upris- secretary in Brazil (1984-1985), consul gen- teaching at the same college from which ing of Feb . 4, 1992 . eral in Rio de Janeiro (1986-1988), consul he graduated and held that position until She is the founder of the Movement general in Munich (1990-1991), counselor 2003 when he became head of the supervi- Fifth Republic, a political party known as in Italy (1992-1994), and minister-coun- sion and scientific office at the ministry of MVR . She entered politics in 1998 when sellor at the EU mission in Brussels (1997- higher education and scientific research . she was elected to the Andean Parlia- 2000) . He’s served as ambassador to Two years later, when life became danger- ment . She was re-elected in 2000 and again Malaysia (2000-2004) and consul general ous in Iraq, he moved his family to Bah- in 2006 . She held portfolios concerning in La Paz (2006-2009) . At headquarters, rain where he became a professor at the women, family, natives, human rights, he has worked in the South American College of Information Technology at the education, culture, science, technology division for political affairs, the consular University of Bahrain . and, most recently, foreign policy and par- and immigration division and the foreign In 2009, on his return to his native coun- liamentary relations . She was president of policy planning division . try, he joined the ministry of foreign affairs the Andean Parliament from 2001 to 2003 The ambassador speaks English, French, in Baghdad and presented his credentials and vice-president for two terms, from Italian and Portuguese . in Ottawa in June . 2003 to 2007 .

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70 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC NEW ARRIVALS | DIGNITARIES

Ms . Sotillo is divorced and has one served as counsellor, legal adviser, and Mr . Ishikawa graduated in law from the grown daughter . deputy head of mission at the Hague . At University of Tokyo in 1972, at which the ministry’s headquarters, in addition to point he joined the foreign ministry . Two Milan Kollar being director of the international law de- years later, he studied at l’Ecole Nationale Ambassador of Slovakia partment, he’s served head of the treaties d’Administration in Paris . division, head of the law of treaties divi- Mr . Ishikawa had early postings to sion, and director general for legal affairs . Paris, Cairo, Geneva and Kinshasa and He has also taught public international then returned to headquarters to become law and diplomatic protocol at Matej Bel director of the developing economies divi- University . sion . He held several positions in Tokyo Mr . Kollar is married and has two before being appointed minister at the daughters . He speaks English, Russian, embassy in France in 1996 . Two years later, German, French and Norwegian . he became deputy director-general of the Middle Eastern and African affairs bureau . Kaoru Ishikawa He worked on Tokyo’s international con- Ambassador of Japan ference on African development and as a sous-sherpa for the G8 summit in foreign affairs . In 2005, he became director-general in the economic affairs bureau and two Mr . Kollar is returning to Ottawa for the years later, he was appointed ambassador second time after a 1994 posting as second to Egypt . His posting to Canada follows secretary and consul . He began his studies that one . in the faculty of law at Comenius Univer- The ambassador has received decora- sity in Bratislava, Slovakia, and then went tions from the governments of France to the Moscow State Institute for Interna- and Egypt . He is married and has two tional Relations in Moscow . daughters . He speaks Japanese, French He joined the federal ministry of for- and English . eign affairs in Prague as a legal officer in photos from Rideau hall 1991 and then became director of the international law department in 1993 . He also

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d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 71 DIGNITARIES|NEW ARRIVALS

Non-heads of mission

Algeria Honduras Mahboub Bensmaili Luis Francisco Bogran Moncada Attaché Minister-Counsellor Ivonne Bonilla Medina Australia Counsellor Rachel Stephen-Smith Minister-Counsellor Iceland Kristin Anna Tryggvadottir Belarus Attaché Igor Zalomai First Secretary & Consul Indonesia Endang Trisnowati Benin Counsellor Yaou Amos Boute Attaché Ireland Hilary Reilly China Deputy Head Of Mission Julian Juarez Cadenas Rashed H.H. Alajme Qi Yin Counsellor Attaché First Secretary Israel Maria Teresa Rosas Jasso Eliaz Luf Counsellor Slovak Republic Costa Rica Minister-Counsellor Daniel Belansky Eliana Villalobos Cardenas Netherlands Second Secretary Minister-Counsellor Italy Simone Marlene Bakker Maria Michela Laroccia Second Secretary South Africa Cuba First Secretary Fredrik Stam Elmarie Barnard Alexis Muchuly Beltran Defence, Military, Naval & Air Attaché Attaché Attaché Japan Chizuru Kaneko Nigeria Syria Czech Republic Third Secretary Katyen Catherine Jackden Bashar Akbik Ivana Krahulcova Yuji Sekiguchi Minister Counsellor Counsellor First Secretary Takashi Nishiyama Norway United Kingdom Ecuador First Secretary Trond Grytting Liliana Biglou Hilda Josefina Sisalema Hidalgo Defence Attaché Counsellor Minister Kenya Alice Njambi Kinyungu Peru United States Of America Egypt Counsellor Jose Alberto Ortiz Artola Darrin Lee Hink Tarek Ibrahim Khalil Elmalt First Secretary First Secretary Attaché Korea Katrina Jo Amos Soo Wan Lee Philippines Assistant Attaché Finland Defence Attaché Flerida Ann Camille Mayo Charles Nance Helms Petri Ensio Kruuti First Secretary & Consul Assistant Attaché Minister-Counsellor Libya Porfirio Jr. Mayo Michael Jerome Kresse Mohamed.R. Benzriba First Secretary & Consul First Secretary France Third Secretary David Anderson Biggs Nicolas Gilles Ricquemaque Russia Second Secretary Third Secretary Macedonia Dmitry Zaletkin Enrique Galindo Ortiz Konstantin Dorakovski Second Secretary Attaché Germany Minister-Counsellor Kay Kuhlen Saudi Arabia Venezuela Defence Attaché Madagascar Faisal Falah Rabah Al Harbi Yrasema Rafaela Sanchez Monika Abdelaziz Mamy Prisca Ranaivoson Second Secretary Second Secretary Attaché Attaché Nasser Abdulaziz A. Alshalaan, Maria Varela Varela Birte Erdmann Attaché Counsellor Attaché Mexico Abdullah Saeed A. Alqahtani Francia Coromoto Malvar Miguel Mojedano Batel Attaché Counsellor Attaché

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72 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC NATIONAL DAYS | DIGNITARIES

Celebration time

A listing of the national and independence days marked by the countries

October 1 Nigeria National Day 1 Palau Independence Day (1994) 1 China National Day 1 Cyprus Independence Day 1 Tuvalu National Day 2 Guinea National Day (1958) 3 Korea, Republic National Foundation Day 3 Germany Day of German Unity 4 Lesotho National Day 9 Uganda Independence Day 10 Fiji National Day 12 Spain National Day 12 Equatorial Guinea National Day Commemoration of the 1956 Revolution and Day of 23 Hungary Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary 24 Zambia Independence Day 26 Austria National Day 27 Turkmenistan Independence Day 27 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Independence Day (1979) 28 Czech Republic Proclamation of Czech State 29 Turkey Proclamation of the Republic (1923) November 1 Antigua and Barbuda Independence Day (1981) 1 Algeria National Day 3 Panama Independence Day 3 Dominica Independence Day (1978) 3 Micronesia Independence Day (1986) 9 Cambodia National Day 11 Angola Independence Day 18 Oman National Day 18 Latvia Independence Day 19 Monaco National Day 22 Lebanon Independence Day (1943) 25 Suriname Independence Day (1975) 28 Mauritania Independence Day (1960) 28 Albania National Day 28 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Independence Day 30 Barbados Independence Day (1966) December 1 Central African Republic Proclamation of the Republic 1 Romania National Day 2 Laos National Day 2 United Arab Emirates National Day (1971) 5 Thailand National Day 6 Finland Independence Day (1917) 11 Burkina Faso National Day 12 Kenya Independence Day (Jamhuri Day) 16 Bahrain National Day 16 Kazakhstan Independence Day 18 Qatar Independence Day 23 Japan National Day

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a 73 c ts AFGHANISTAN AUSTRIA BENIN BURUNDI His Ex . Jawed Ludin His Ex . Werner Brandstetter His Ex . Honoré Ahimakin Mrs . Justine Semonde Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Austria Embassy of the Republic of Benin Chargé d'Affaires Afghanistan 445 Wilbrod Street 58 Glebe Avenue Embassy of the Republic of Burundi 240 Argyle Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M7 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C3 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 815 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1B9 TEL 789-1444 FAX 789-3431 TEL 233-4429 FAX 233-8952 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 TEL 563-4223 FAX 563-4962 www .austro .org ambaben@benin .ca TEL 789-0414 FAX 789-9537 contact@afghanemb-canada .net ambabottawa@yahoo .ca www .afghanemb-canada .net AZERBAIJAN BOLIVIA www .ambabucanada .com con ta His Ex . Farid Shafiyev His Ex . Edgar Torrez Mosqueira ALBANIA Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan Embassy of the Republic of Bolivia CAMEROON His Ex . Besnik Konci 275 Slater Street, Suite 904-C 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 His Ex . Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a- Embassy of the Republic of Albania Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Gheyle 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 TEL 288-0497 FAX 230-8089 TEL 236-5730 FAX 236-8237 High Commission for the Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 info@emboliviacanada .com of Cameroon TEL 236-4114 FAX 236-0804 BAHAMAS www .emboliviacanada .com 170 Clemow Avenue embassyofalbania@on .aibn .com His Ex . Michael D . Smith Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2B4 Bahamas High Commission BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TEL 236-1522 FAX 236-3885 ALGERIA 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313 Her Ex . Biljana Gutic-Bjelica cameroon@rogers .com His Ex . Smail Benamara Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina www .hc-cameroon-ottawa .org Embassy of the People’s Democratic TEL . 232-1724 FAX 232-0097 130 Albert Street, Suite 805 Republic of Algeria ottawa-mission@bahighco .com Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 CHILE 500 Wilbrod Street http://bahamas .com TEL 236-0028 FAX 236-1139 His Ex . Roberto Ibarra García Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N2 embassyofbih@bellnet .ca Embassy of the Republic of Chile TEL 789-8505 FAX 789-1406 BANGLADESH www .bhembassy .ca 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413 diplomatic www .embassyalgeria .ca/eng .htm His Ex . A .M . Yakub Ali Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 High Commission for the People’s BRAZIL TEL 235-9940 FAX 235-1176 ANGOLA Republic of Bangladesh His Ex . Paulo Cordeiro Pinto echileca@chile .ca Embassy of the Republic of Angola 340 Albert St ., Suite 1250 Embassy of the Federative Republic www .chile .ca 189 Laurier Avenue East Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7Y6 of Brazil Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6P1 TEL 236-0138 FAX 567-3213 450 Wilbrod Street CHINA TEL 234-1152 FAX 234-1179 bangla@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 His Ex . Lijun Lan info@embangola-can .org www .bdhc .org TEL 237-1090 FAX 237-6144 Embassy of the People’s Republic www .embangola-can .org mailbox@brasembottawa .org of China BARBADOS 515 St . Patrick Street ARGENTINA His Ex . Edward Evelyn Greaves BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5H3 His Ex . Arturo Bothamley High Commission for Barbados Her Ex . Rakiah Haji Abdul Lamit TEL . 789-3434 FAX 789-1911 Embassy of the Argentine Republic 55 Metcalfe St ., Suite 470 High Commission for Brunei www .chinaembassycanada .org 81 Metcalfe Street 7th Floor Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6L5 Darussalam Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7 TEL 236-9517 FAX 230-4362 395 Laurier Avenue East COLOMBIA TEL 236-2351 FAX 235-2659 ottawa@foreign .gov .bb Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 His Ex . Jaime Giron-Duarte embargentina@argentina-canada .net TEL 234-5656 FAX 234-4397 Embassy of the Republic of Colombia www .argentina-canada .net BELARUS bhco@bellnet .ca 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 Mr . Pavel Pustovoy Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 ARMENIA Chargé d’Affaires BULGARIA TEL 230-3760 FAX 230-4416 Mr . Arman Akopian Embassy of the Republic of Belarus His Ex . Evgueni Stoytchev embajada@embajadacolombia .ca Chargé d’Affaires 130 Albert Street, Suite 600 Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria www .embajadacolombia .ca Embassy of the Republic of Armenia Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 325 Stewart Street 7 Delaware Avenue TEL 233-9994 FAX 233-8500 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K5 CONGO (ZAIRE) Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2 belamb@igs .net TEL 789-3215 FAX 789-3524 His Ex . Dominique Kilufya Kamfwa TEL 234-3710 FAX 234-3444 embgottawa@hotmail .com Embassy of the Democratic Republic armcanadaembassy@mfa .com BELGIUM of the Congo www .armembassycanada .ca Hi Ex . Bruno van der Pluijm BURKINA FASO 18 Range Road Embassy of Belgium Her Ex . Juliette Bonkoungou Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 AUSTRALIA 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 Embassy of Burkina Faso TEL 230-6391 FAX 230-1945 His Ex . Justin Hugh Brown Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 48 Range Road Australian High Commission TEL 236-7267 FAX 236-7882 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 COSTA RICA 50 O’Connor, Suite 710 ottawa@diplobel .fed .be TEL 238-4796 FAX 238-3812 Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 www .diplomatie .be/ottawa burkina .faso@sympatico .ca 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 407 TEL 236-0841 FAX 236-4376 www .ambaburkina-canada .org Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 www .canada .embassy .gov .au TEL . 562-2855 FAX 562-2582 embcrica@travel-net .com www .costaricaembassy .com

74 | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC CÔTE D’IVOIRE ESTONIA GUATEMALA INDONESIA c ts His Ex . Louis Leon Boguy Bony Mr . Riho Kruuv His Excellency Georges de La Roche Her Ex . Dienne H . Moehario Embassy of the Republic of Chargé d’Affaires Embassy of the Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Guatemala Indonesia 9 Marlborough Avenue 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 55 Parkdale Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5 TEL . 236-9919 FAX 563-8287 TEL . 789-4222 FAX 789-9555 TEL . 233-7237 FAX 233-0135 TEL . 724-1100 FAX 724-1105 acica@ambaci-ottawa .org embassy .ottawa@mfa .ee embassy1@embaguate-canada .com info@indonesia-ottawa .org www .ambaci-ottawa .org www .estemb .ca www .embaguate-canada .com www .indonesia-ottawa .org con ta CROATIA ETHIOPIA GUINEA IRAN Her Ex . Vesela Mrden Kora´c Ms . Almaz Amaha Tesfay Mrs . Hawa Diakité Mr . Bahram Ghasemi Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Chargée d’Affaires Counsellor & Chargé d’Affaires Chargé d’Affaires 229 Chapel Street Embassy of the Federal Democratic Embassy of the Republic of Guinea Embassy of the Islamic Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 Republic of Ethiopia 483 Wilbrod Street Republic of Iran TEL . 562-7820 FAX 562-7821 151 Slater Street, Suite 210 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N1 245 Metcalfe Street Croatia .emb@mvpei .hr Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 TEL . 789-8444 FAX 789-7560 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K2 www .croatiaemb .net TEL . 235-6637 FAX 235-4638 ambassadedeguinee@bellnet .ca TEL . 235-4726 FAX 232-5712 info@embassyofethiopia .net iranemb@salamiran .org CUBA www .embassyofethiopia .net GUYANA www .salamiran .org Her Ex . Teresita de Jesús Vicente His Ex . Rajnarine Singh Sotolongo EUROPEAN UNION High Commission for the Republic IRAQ Embassy of the Republic of Cuba His Excellency Matthias Brinkmann of Guyana His Ex . Abdulrahman Mohammed 388 Main Street Delegation of the European 151 Slater Street, Suite 309 Al-Hussaini Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 Commission to Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Embassy of the Republic of Iraq

TEL . 563-0141 FAX 563-0068 150 Metcalfe St . Suite 1900 TEL . 235-7249 FAX 235-1447 215 McLeod Street diplomatic cuba@embacuba .ca Ottawa, ON K2P1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8 www .embacuba .ca TEL . 238-6464 FAX 238-5191 HAITI TEL . 236-9177 FAX 236-9641 delegation-canada@ec .europa .eu Ms . Marie Nathalie Menos-Gissel media@iraqembassy .ca CZECH REPUBLIC www .delcan .ec .europa .eu Chargé d’Affaires www .iraqembassy .ca His Ex. Karel Žebrakovský Embassy of the Republic of Haiti Embassy of the Czech Republic FINLAND 130 Albert Street, Suite 1500 IRELAND 251 Cooper Street His Ex . Risto Ensio Piipponen Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Embassy of Ireland Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0G2 Embassy of the Republic of Finland TEL . 238-1628 FAX 238-2986 130 Albert Street, Suite 1105 TEL . 562-3875 FAX 562-3878 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 bohio@sympatico .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ottawa@embassy .mzv .cz Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5 TEL . 233-6281 FAX 233-5835 TEL . 288-2233 FAX 288-2244 HOLY SEE Ottawaembassy@dfa .ie DENMARK embassy@finland .ca His Ex . Pedro Lopez Quintana www .embassyofireland .ca His Ex . Erik Vilstrup Lorenzen Apostolic Nunciature Royal Danish Embassy FRANCE 724 Manor Avenue ISRAEL 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 His Ex . Francois Delattre Ottawa, Ontario K1M 0E3 Her Ex . Miriam Ziv Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1 Embassy of France TEL . 746-4914 FAX 746-4786 Embassy of Israel TEL . 562-1811 FAX 562-1812 42 Sussex Drive 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005 ottamb@um .dk Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2C9 HONDURAS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 www .ambottawa .um .dk TEL . 789-1795 FAX 562-3735 Chargé d’Affaires TEL . 567-6450 FAX 567-9878 www .ambafrance-ca .org Embassy of the Republic of info@ottawa .mfa .gov .il DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Honduras www .embassyofIsreal .ca His Ex . Jose Del Carmen Urena GABON 151 Slater Street, Suite 805 Embassy of the Dominican Republic His Ex . André William Anguilé Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 ITALY 130 Albert Street, Suite 418 Embassy of the Gabonese Republic TEL . 233-8900 FAX 232-0193 His Ex . Andrea Meloni Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 4 Range Road, P .O . Box 368 Embassy of the Italian Republic TEL . 569-9893 FAX 569-8673 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5 HUNGARY 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor www .drembassy .org TEL . 232-5301 FAX 232-6916 Embassy of the Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 ambgabon@sprint .ca Hungary TEL . 232-2401 FAX 233-1484 ECUADOR 299 Waverley Street ambital@italyincanada .com His Excellency Franklin Chávez GERMANY Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0V9 www .italyincanada .com Embassy of the Republic of Ecuador His Ex . Georg Witschel TEL . 230-2717 FAX 230-7560 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 316 Embassy of the Federal Republic of www .mfa .gov .hu/emb/ottawa JAMAICA Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Germany mission .ott@kum .hu Her Ex . Sheila Ivoline Sealy- TEL . 563-4286 FAX 235-5776 1 Waverley Street Monteith Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0T8 ICELAND 151 Slater Street, Suite 1000 EGYPT TEL . 232-1101 FAX 594-9330 Her Excellency Sigridur Anna Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3 Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt info@otta .diplo .de Thordardottir TEL . 233-9311 FAX 233-0611 454 Laurier Avenue East http:/www .ottawa .diplo .de Embassy of Iceland hc@jhcottawa .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R3 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 TEL . 234-4931 FAX 234-4398 GHANA Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 JAPAN egyptemb@sympatico .ca His Excellency Richard Benjamin TEL . 482-1944 FAX 482-1945 His Ex . Masahiro Fukukawa www .mfa .gov .eg Turkson icemb .ottawa@utn .stjr .is Embassy of Japan High Commission for the Republic WEB: www .iceland .org .ca 255 Sussex Drive EL SALVADOR of Ghana Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 Embassy of the Republic of El Salvador 153 Gilmour Street INDIA TEL . 241-8541 FAX 241-2232 209 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0N8 His Ex . Shashishekhar M . Gavai infocul@embjapan .ca Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8 TEL . 236-0871 FAX 236-0874 High Commission for the Republic www .ca .emb-japan .go .jp TEL . 238-2939 FAX 238-6940 ghanacom@ghc-ca .com of India embajada@elsalvador-ca .org www .ghc-ca .com 10 Springfield Road JORDAN Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1C9 His Ex . Nabil Ali Barto Eritrea GREECE TEL . 744-3751 FAX 744-0913 Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom Embassy of the State of Eritrea His . Ex . Nikolaos Matsis hicomind@hciottawa .ca of Jordan 75 Albert Street, Suite 610 Embassy of the Hellenic Republic www .hciottawa .ca 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 80 MacLaren Street, Suite 76 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 TEL . 234-3989 FAX 234-6213 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6 TEL . 238-8090 FAX 232-3341 TEL . 238-6271 FAX 238-5676 embassy@greekembassy .ca www .greekembassy .ca

d i p l o m a t a nd i nte r n a t i on a l c a n a d a | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 75 75 diplomatic contacts 76 234-3882 FAX 234-3882 TEL .233-1852 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1006 Suite Street,130 Albert Macedonia of Republic the of Embassy TevdovskiLjuben Ex . His OF) (REPUBLIC MACEDONIA FAX567-5458 TEL .567-5315 1P1 K2P ON Ottawa, 1600 Suite Street, Metcalfe 150 Lithuania of Republic the of Embassy Damusis Ginte Ex . Her LITHUANIA info@libya-canada .org FAX230-0919 TEL .230-0683 6K7 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1000 Suite Street, Metcalfe 81 Jamahiriya Libyan Arab People’s Socialist Great the of Embassy LIBYA Tel 5G4 K1P ON Ottawa, 1820 Suite Street,130 Albert Lesotho of Kingdom the for Commission High LESOTHO www info@lebanonembassy FAX236-5825 TEL .232-1609 3Z5 K1S Ontario Ottawa, Lyon640 Street Lebanon of Embassy LEBANON www embassy FAX238-6014 TEL .238-7044 7S8 K1R Ontario, Ottawa, 1200 Suite Street, Sparks 350 Latvia of Republic the of Embassy Mar Ex . His LATVIA FAX780-9999 TEL .780-9905 1J9 K1N Ontario, Ottawa, Drive Sussex 333 Kuwait of State the of Embassy Ex . Ali Al-Sammak His KUWAIT www FAX244-5010 TEL .244-5034 5A6 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Boteler 150 Korea of Republic the of Embassy Ha Chan-ho Excellency His KOREA, www kenyahighcommission@rogers .com FAX563-1773 TEL .233-6599 6R4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Laurier Avenue415 East Kenya of Republic the for Commission High WanyonyiSimon Ex . Nabukwesi His KENYA FAXTEL788-3704 788-3702 0B1 K1S ON Ottawa, Hawthorne Avenue56 Kazakhstan of Republic the of Embassy YerlanEx . His Abildayev KAZAKHSTAN : 234-0770 : .lebanonembassy .ottawamfagov .emb-korea .ottawaonca .kenyahighcommissionca .canada@mfagov EMBASSIES | REPUBLIC ` gers Krams gers F : 234-5665 ax: .lv .ca .ca |

HIGH COMMISSIONS .lv

www ambamadcanada@bellnet .ca FAX567-0505 TEL: 567-2882 1A3 K1R Ontario Ottawa, Street Raymond 3 Madagascar of Republic the of Embassy Horace Constant Simon Ex . His . MADAGASCAR Ott-cdp@minbuza .nl FAX237-5030 TEL .237-6471 1A4 K1R Ontario Ottawa, 2020 Suite Street,350 Albert Netherlands the of Kingdom the of Embassy WilhelmusP Ex . J . His NETHERLANDS FAXTEL680-5513 422-5149 5A7 K1R ON Ottawa, Street Queen 408 Nepal of Embassy d'AffairesChargé Ghimire Raj Bhoj Ex . His nepal meottawa@rogers .com 232-9990 TEL . 8J6 K1N Ontario Ottawa, 902 Suite Road, Range 85 Myanmar of Union the of Embassy d'AffairesCharge Kyu Ba Aung MYANMAR FAX236-7391 TEL .236-6164 8J4 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 38 Morocco of Kingdom the of Embassy Chekrouni Nouzha Ex . Her MOROCCO mail@mongolembassy FAX569-3830 TEL .569-3916 5H3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 503 Suite Street, Slater 151 Mongolia of Embassy Tundevdorj Uul Zalaa Ex . His Ex . His MONGOLIA www info@embamexcan .com FAX233-8988 TEL .235-9123 1A4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1000 Suite Street, O’Connor 45 States Mexican United the of Embassy Terrazas Barrio Javier Francisco Ex . His MEXICO www ambassadedumali@rogers .com FAX232-1501 TEL .232-7429 8C8 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Goulburn Avenue50 Mali of Republic the of Embassy Diawara Bandiougou Mamadou Ex . His MALI malottawa@kln .gov FAX241-5182 TEL .241-5214 8Y7 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Boteler 60 Malaysia for Commission High VijayarajanSelwyn Das Ex . His MALAYSIA .madagascar-embassy .embamexcancom .ambamalicanadaorg ‑ |

OTHER INTERNATIONALOTHER REPRESENTATIVES FAX 232-6999 .my .org Geerts . .ca embassyofparaguay consularsection@ FAX567-1283 TEL .567-1679 5H3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 501 Suite Street, Slater 151 Paraguay of Republic the of Embassy Kanonnikoff Schaerer Manuel Ex . His PARAGUAY embassyof panama@gmail FAX236-7177 TEL .236-5775 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 300 Suite Street,130 Albert Panama of Republic the of Embassy Escobar Carlo Francisco Ex . His PANAMA palestinegd@rogers .com FAX:736-0535 736-0053 TEL: 9W1 K1V Ontario Ottawa, Dr Club Country 45 Delegation General the of Head Mr PALESTINE parepottawa@rogers .com FAX238-7881 TEL .238-7296 8J3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Road Range 10 Pakistan of Republic Islamic the for Commission High Zeb Ex . Akbar His PAKISTAN www echcc@oecs .org FAX236-8952 TEL .236-3042 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 700 Suite Street,130 Albert States Caribbean Eastern of Organization the of Countries the for Commission High BrowneBrendon Ex . His STATES CARIBBEAN EASTERN O/OF www emb .ottawa@mfano FAX238-6571 TEL .238-2765 1P1 K2P ON Ottawa, 1300 Suite Street, Metcalfe 150 Embassy Norwegian Royal Eikeland Berit Else Ex . Her NOR Tel236-0529 Fax 236-0521 . 1R9 K2P Ontario Ottawa, Street Metcalfe 295 Nigeria of Republic Federal the for Commission High Hagher Iyorwuese Ex . NIGERIA FAX232-4291 TEL .230-9808 8A3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Blackburn Avenue38 Niger the of Republic the of Embassy Foumakoye Nana Aicha Ex . Her NIGER www info@nzhcottawa .org FAX238-5991 TEL .238-5707 6G3 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 727 Suite Street, Bank 99 Commission High Zealand New Ex . Needs AndrewHis ZEALAND NEW . Amin Abou-Hassira WAY .oecsorg/ottawa .emb-norway .nzembassy .com/canada

.ca ., .ca . com | OCT-NOV-DECFALL | 2010 ambassn@sympatico .ca FAX238-6392 TEL .238-2695 8E8 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Marlborough 57 Avenue Senegal of Republic the of Embassy TidianeEx . Amadou WoneHis . SENEGAL Tel 1K6 K1N ON Ottawa, Drive Sussex 201 Saudi Arabia of Embassy Royal Sanosi Ahmad Bin Ahmad Al Osamah Ex . His ARABIA SAUDI www generalinfo@ambarwaottawa .ca 569-5421/5423 : Fax 569-5420/22/24 Phone: 3V1 K1Y Ontario Ottawa, Drive Sherwood 121 Rwanda of Republic the of Embassy Mukabagwiza Edda Ex . Her R www info@rusembassy FAX235-4341 TEL .236-6342 8L5 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Charlotte 285 Federation Russian the of Embassy Mamedov Georgiy Ex . His RUSSIA http://ottawa .maero Romania@romanian-embassy FAX789-3709 TEL .789-4365 6A3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Street Rideau 655 Romania of Embassy Stefoi Elena Ex . Her ROMANIA embportugal@embportugal/ottawaFAX729-0883 TEL .729-4236 0B8 K1Y Ontario Ottawa, Drive Park Island 645 Portugal of Embassy de Almeida Moitinho Pedro Ex . His POR Ottawa@polishembassy FAX789-0468 TEL .789-1218 6H3 K1N Ontario Ottawa, Daly Avenue443 Poland of Republic the of Embassy Kosiniak-Kamysz Zenon Ex . His POLAND www embassyofphilippines@rogers .com 233-1121TEL . FAX 233-4165 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 606 Suite Street,130 Albert Philippines the of Republic the of Embassy Brillantes S . Jose Ex . His PHILIPPINES emperuca@bellnet .ca FAX238-1777 TEL .232-3062 5G4 K1P Ontario Ottawa, 1901 Suite Street,130 Albert Peru of Republic the of Embassy Bellina José Antonio Ex . His PERU WANDA

237-4100 TUGAL .ambarwaottawaca .rusembassy .philippineembassy F ax .ca .ca 237-0567 .ca .ca .com . org SERBIA SWEDEN TUNISIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA c ts Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Embassy of Sweden His Ex . Mouldi Sakri His Ex . David Cary Jacobson 17 Blackburn Avenue 377 Dalhousie Street Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia Embassy of the United States of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9N8 515 O’Connor Street America TEL . 233-6289 FAX 233-7850 TEL . 244-8200 FAX 241-2277 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3P8 490 Sussex Drive generalinfo@serbianembassy .ca Sweden .ottawa@foreign .ministry .se TEL . 237-0330 FAX 237-7939 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 www .serbianembassy .ca www .swedishembassy .ca atottawa@comnet .ca TEL . 238-5335 FAX 688-3088 www .usembassycanada .gov SLOVAK REPUBLIC SWITZERLAND TURKEY

His Ex . Milan Kollár His Ex . Werner Baumann His Ex . Rafet Akgünay URUGUAY con ta Embassy of the Slovak Republic Embassy of Switzerland Embassy of the Republic of Turkey His Ex . Enrique Juan Delgado 50 Rideau Terrace 5 Marlborough Avenue 197 Wurtemburg Street Embassy of the Oriental Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L9v Uruguay TEL . 749-4442 FAX 749-4989 TEL . 235-1837 FAX 563-1394 TEL . 789-4044 FAX 789-3442 130 Albert Street, Suite 1905 ottawa@slovakembassy .ca ott .vertretung@eda .admin .ch turkishottawa@mfa .gov .tr Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 www .ottawa .mfa .sk www .turkishembassy .com TEL . 234-2727 FAX 233-4670 SYRIA SLOVENIA Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic UGANDA VENEZUELA Ex . Tomaz Kunstelj 46 Cartier Street His Ex . George Marino Abola Her Ex . Jhannett Maria Madriz Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Ottawa, ON K2P 1J3 High Commission for the Republic Sotillo 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 TEL . 569-5556 FAX 569-3800 of Uganda Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1P1 www .syrianembassy .ca 231 Cobourg Street of Venezuela TEL . 565-5781 FAX 565-5783 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J2 32 Range Road vot@gov .si TAIPEI Economic & Cultural office TEL . 789-7797 FAX 789-8909 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 http://ottawa .veleposlanistvo .si/ David Tawei Lee, Representative uhc@ugandahighcommission .com TEL . 235-5151 FAX 235-3205

45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960 www .ugandahighcommission .ca www .misionvenezuela .org diplomatic SOUTH AFRICA Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 High Commission for the Republic TEL . 231-5080 FAX 231-7112 UKRAINE VIETNAM of South Africa publicaffairs@on .aibn .com His . Ex . Ihor Ostash His Ex . Sy Vuong Ha Le 15 Sussex Drive Embassy of Ukraine Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1M8 TANZANIA 310 Somerset Street, West, Vietnam TEL . 744-0330 FAX 741-1639 High Commission for the United Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9 470 Wilbrod Street rsafrica@southafrica-canada .ca Republic of Tanzania Tel . 230-2961 Fax 230-2400 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 www .southafrica-canada .ca 50 Range Road emb_ca@ukremb .ca TEL . 236-0772 FAX 236-2704 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 www .ukremb .ca SPAIN TEL . 232-1509 FAX 232-5184 YEMEN His Ex . Eudaldo Mirapeix tzottawa@synapse .ca UNITED ARAB EMIRATES His Ex . Khaled Mahfoodh Bahah Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain www .tanzaniahighcommission .ca His Ex . Mohamed Abdulla M . Bin Embassy of the Republic of Yemen 74 Stanley Avenue Mutleq Al Ghafli 54 Chamberlain Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1P4 THAILAND 125 Boteler Street Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1V9 TEL . 747-2252 FAX 744-1224 His Ex . Adisak Panupong Ottawa, Ontario K1N 0A4 TEL . 729-6627 FAX 729-8915 embespca@mail .mae .es The Royal Thai Embassy TEL . 565-7272 FAX 565-8007 www .yemenembassy .ca www .embaspain .ca 180 Island Park Drive Consulate FAX: 565-1444 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2 reception@uae-embassy .com ZAMBIA SRI LANKA TEL . 722-4444 FAX 722-6624 uae-embassy .com His Ex . Nevers Mumba Her Ex . Chitranganee Wagiswara thaiott@magma .ca High Commission for the Republic High Commission for the UNITED KINGDOM of Zambia Democratic Socialist Republic TOGO His Ex . Anthony Cary 151 Slater St ., Suite 205 of Sri Lanka His Ex . Bawoumondom Amelete British High Commission Ottawa, Ontario 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 Embassy of the Togolese Republic 80 Elgin Street K1B 5H3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1 12 Range Road Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5K7 TEL . 232-4400 FAX 232-4410 TEL . 233-8449 FAX 238-8448 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 TEL . 237-1530 FAX 237-7980 slhcit@rogers .com TEL . 238-5916 FAX 235-6425 www .britainincanada .org ZIMBABWE www .srilankahcottawa .org Her Ex . Florence Zano Chideya TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UN Refugee agency Embassy of the Republic of SUDAN High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Abraham Abraham Zimbabwe Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan of Trinidad and Tobago UNHCR Representative in Canada 332 Somerset Street West 354 Stewart Street 200 First Avenue, Third Level 280 Albert Street, Suite 401 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0J9 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K8 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2G6 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 TEL . 421-2824 FAX 422-7403 TEL . 235-4000 FAX 235-6880 TEL . 232-2418 FAX 232-4349 Tel: 613-232-0909 info@zimottawa .com ottawa@ttmissions .com Fax: 613-230-1855 visa@zimottawa .com www .unhcr .ca www .zimottawa .com

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78 FALL 2010 | OCT-NOV-DEC canadiana|DELIGHTS

Thomas Chandler Haliburton, aka Sam Slick By Laura Neilson Bonikowsky

homas Haliburton was lonial administration in ways ignorant, lazy or uncouth, and who was an upper-crust Tory, a a colonist never could . His endowed with an ironic Bluenose sense Tsuccessful lawyer and observations on Nova Scotia of humour . The Squire embodied the businessman who was ap- life were pointed and sarcastic . positive qualities of industriousness and pointed to Nova Scotia’s Su- “We (Americans) reckon hours energy that Slick contended Nova Scotians preme Court and held office in England and minutes to be dollars and cents . They should acquire . after his retirement . He was wealthy, do nothin’ in these parts but eat, drink, Sam Slick was wildly popular on both respected and influential — and deeply smoke, sleep, ride about, lounge at taverns, sides of the Atlantic . Haliburton estab- frustrated . make speeches at temperance meetin’s, lished his reputation as a writer with seri- As a member of the conservative elite, and talk about ‘House of Assembly ’”. ous works on provincial history, including Haliburton could not freely express his An energetic entrepreneur and an An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova progressive opinions in Nova Scotia unscrupulous con man, Slick’s business Scotia (1829) . But it was The Clockmaker; or where conservative anti-republicanism the Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slick- and pro-British colonial patriotism domi- ville that made him the first internationally nated, bolstered by memories of the popular Canadian writer . His contribu- violent American Revolution and years of tions to literature were recognized in 1858 war against the bloody French revolution- when Haliburton became the first colonial ary republic . writer to be awarded an honorary degree Haliburton thought protests against in literature by Oxford University . Britain’s mismanagement of the colonies When Haliburton died in 1865, his writ- were justified but feared that a campaign ing career had spanned 37 years, he had for “responsible government” would written 18 major works and had become a end in demands for independence from prominent figure in 19th-Century English Britain, ultimately resulting in absorption literature . Haliburton’s work does not into the United States . He maintained that resonate politically with modern readers Nova Scotians could help themselves by as it did with his contemporary audience . emulating Yankee industriousness to ex- Today we value Slick’s dialogue more for Thomas Haliburton ploit their abundant natural resources, but how he says things . His colourful lexis they must avoid American vices . has greatly enriched the English language . To assuage his frustration, Haliburton motto was “let the buyer beware .” He “He drank like a fish .” “The early bird gets created alter-ego Sam Slick, a Yankee clock- insisted that, although stealing a watch the worm .” “It’s raining cats and dogs .” maker who peddled his wares around was wrong, it would be “moral and legal” “You can’t get blood out of a stone ”. “As Nova Scotia . Slick cantered into public to cheat someone out of one . He was a quick as a wink .” “Six of one and half a view on his horse, Old Clay, in September great conniver and an astute observer of dozen of the other .” 1835 in Joseph Howe’s newspaper, The his fellow human beings, and allowed that Although he wrote in a satirical and Novascotian . Slick, with acerbic wit, made it was the “knowledge of soft sawder and comedic tone as Sam Slick, as Haliburton pithy observations and critiqued Bluenose human natur” that made him a successful put it, “There’s many a true word said in attitudes, dispensing homespun homilies pedlar . jest .” in an over-the-top regional dialect . To counter his protagonist’s critical out- Under the guise of a slick Yankee, Hali- sider persona, Haliburton created a foil, Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is the associ- burton could criticize Britain and her co- the Squire, a Nova Scotian who was not ate editor of The Canadian Encyclopedia .

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The French debacle in Dien Bien Phu By George Fetherling

ien Bien Phu is a market town in an almost preposterously remote Dcorner of northwest Vietnam . Today it has a population of about 9,000 . In 1953, however, it was so small it wasn’t even considered a community and, in fact, didn’t have a name . The phrase Dien Bien Phu translates roughly as “border-area administrative post ”. Few outsiders had ever heard of it . By the spring of 1954, though, it was a place very much in the news internationally . What was commonly called Indochina consisted of colonies that the French built up in Southeast Asia in the latter half of the 19th Century . They had different names and configurations at various times but are now Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia . The Japanese had occupied them during the Second World War, but in 1946 the French were eager to resume their rather lucrative control . The ambition was stymied by a growing nationalist movement known as the Viet Mihn . The most important figure of the force was a professional revolutionary, an intellectual who had been educated in France, the U S. . and the Soviet Union and who had spent more half his life living in exile under various names . The alias that stuck was Ho the Enlightened, or Ho Chi Mihn . He was the political brain of the liberation movement . The military brain was Vo Nguyen Giap, a former Hanoi high-school history teacher whose father had died in one of the French colonial prisons . Ted Morgan writes of him as “a man of action with a chess player’s mind .” Mr . Morgan, a senior American journalist and biographer, is himself a pseud- onymous individual . Until he chose to become an American in the 1970s, he was Sanche de Gramont, a minor member of the lingering French nobility . (He selected “Ted Morgan” because it is an anagram of “de Gramont” ). As a young man, he was an intelligence officer in the French Army, serving during the war in Algeria, where he knew fellow soldiers who had survived the horrible battle at Dien Bien Phu, the encounter at which General Giap drove the French out of Indochina (just as he Vo Nguyen Giap, now 90 years old, is a former Hanoi high-school teacher whose father would later drive out the Americans) . had died in one of the French colonial prisons. He was the military brains behind Vietnam’s Few battles of the 20th Century were liberation movement. more resoundingly decisive or remain such

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powerful cautionary tales . What took single coup . The French believed place at Dien Bien Phu has become they were well prepared for their the subject of a vast literature in both mission . They had even brought celebratory Vietnamese and exculpa- along two field-brothels (bordels tory French . In English, too, the topic militaires de campagne) staffed with keeps recurring in new books . Some Algerian and Vietnamese women . are as scholarly as The First Viet- But French G-2 work was very nam War: Colonial Conflict and Cold poor at best and at worst almost War Crisis edited by Mark Atwood non-existent . They didn’t know Lawrence and Fredrik Logevall how many Vietnamese they were (Harvard University Press, US$22 95. facing or where exactly these ene- paper); others are as relentlessly pop mies were or even how they were as Voices of the Foreign Legion: The armed . They knew only that the History of the World’s Most Famous Viet Mihn, which admittedly had Fighting Corps by Adrian D . Gilbert no air force, likewise had no artil- (Skyhorse Publishing, $31 50). . lery to speak of or the skill to use Until now the foremost work in it effectively if they had . These English has been Hell in a Very Small assumptions were mistaken . It Place by Bernard Fall . It was pub- was the French who became the lished in 1966, the year before its au- sitting ducks . thor was killed by a landmine in (the The commander in Indochina Second) Vietnam War while report- was General Henri Navarre, who ing for the New York Times . But now came from NATO headquarters comes Mr . Morgan’s Valley of Death: in Europe . In his ignorance of In- The Tragedy at Dien Bien Phu That Led dochina, some saw the promise of America into the Vietnam War (Ran- a fresh perspective . He gave field dom House of Canada, $43) . His sub- command at Dien Bien Phu to title says a great deal . I suppose he an officer who had served under is still so French that his former na- him in Italy during the Second tion’s defeat seems a tragedy in more World War: Colonel (but now, than just loss of life . It also probably instantly, General) Christian Marie indicates that he has become so American per) . By 1953, however, the former ragtag Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries, a cav- that, like many others in the United States, guerrillas had become a formidable and alryman, had chosen to work his way up he continues to seek precedents for what highly disciplined army . We all know the through the ranks rather than profit from happened between 1965 and 1975 . In any cliché about the tendency of generals to re- the influence of his ancient military family . case, the two books are quite different . fight the previous war . In this case, the pre- One of the officers Castries himself would Mr . Fall loved military jargon and put far vious war was the recently concluded one most rely on at Dien Bien Phu was Colonel more effort into explaining logistics, for in Korea . As historian Bruce Cummings re- Charles Piroth . He too was a veteran of example, than ideology . By contrast, Mr . minds us in his own new work The Korean the Italian campaign, during which he had Morgan writes excellent journalistic prose War: A History (Random House of Canada, lost his left arm at the shoulder . He was an and attempts the difficult task of giving us $28), the war’s most glaring feature came artilleryman whose task was to keep the the serious political context for the battle right at the beginning, in June 1950, when Vietnamese human wave at bay until the narrative and vice versa . the North invaded the South by suddenly optimal moment . What exactly went so wretchedly wrong sending a “human wave” of 213,000 across There were 13,000 French troops in for the French? Cultural condescension, the 38th Parallel . all . Most of the rank-and-file were Alge- certainly, but impatience as well . There In Vietnam, the French, tired of the rians, Moroccans or members of the Lé- were 50,000 French people—the colons—in standard anti-colonial scrapping, and gion Étrangère . Of this last group, many, Vietnam and 23 million Vietnamese . The fearful that the Viet Mihn would expand perhaps a majority, were ex-Nazis who latter had stereotypes of the former: for the war into neighbouring Laos, came up considered questions about the previous instance, that of the fat French officials with a plan . They would fortify a strange decade somewhat impertinent . There were and businessmen, growing rich and cruel misty valley a few miles from the Lao bor- also some loyal tribal people, whom the on exorbitant taxation, rigidly imperial der . It was, and is, an elliptical plain made French called Autochthones . The French economics and military might while living of red clay and surrounded on all sides weren’t fully aware that there were 50,000 with their Vietnamese mistresses (congai) . by thick jungle and very high mountains . Vietnamese with as many again in reserve . For their part, the French saw the local Such a tempting target was supposed to When the first French troops arrived by population as backward and ignorant . lure the Viet Mihn into making a human- parachute in November 1953, during the For a number of years, the Viet Mihn wave attack . The French imagined tens of dry season, they began building an airstrip had been using standard guerrilla and ter- thousands, maybe scores of thousands, and then, on either side of the Nam Yum rorist tactics in both the cities and the rural of lightly armed bo dois in those conical River, nine defensive positions, what Mr . areas, as David Kilcullen analyses in his straw hats called condong charging over Morgan calls “this network of overlapping highly important new study Counterinsur- open ground, only to be mowed down little fortresses, this labyrinth of barbed gency (Oxford University Press, $19 .95 pa- by French artillery and air power in a wire and sandbags . . .” The strongholds

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were given feminine forenames, lose .” His listener replied tactfully: beginning with Anne-Marie and “My only desire is to believe you, extending down the alphabet to Isa- General ”. At one point Washington belle (and, contrary to legend, these considered using nuclear weapons were not the names of Castries’—or but decided against the plan, fear- anybody else’s — mistresses back ing it would lead to sending U .S . in Paris) . They were made of earth, ground troops into Vietnam . concrete and barbed wire, and were A few French troops were getting connected to one another by com- in by parachute, but only a few . One munication trenches . The building sergeant wrote to his brother back materials for these and for the all- home: “The Viets are two hundred important airstrip, not to mention metres from our barbed wire, hid- all the weapons, ammunition, food, ing in trenches . They look at us . medical supplies — everything — We look at them .” He added: “On had to be flown in, for although top of everything, we’ve run out of Hanoi was only 185 miles away, wine ”. A major with a safe desk job it was 16 hours distant by road: a in Saigon learned that his wife was road controlled by the Viet Mihn in lost at sea en route from France by any case . The airlift involved cargo steamship . In despair, he asked to planes acquired from the United be dropped into Dien Bien Phu . He States: C-47 Dakotas (in the early was volunteering to commit suicide stages, they made 80 flights a day) or, as he put it, “doing Camerone” . and C-117 Flying Boxcars . This is The reference was to a famous 19th- when the trouble began . century battle in which an entire Lé- The French foresaw no danger gionnaire command was wiped out, in occupying the lower ground down to the last man . Colonel Piroth rather than the higher, because no longer counted enough pieces of they doubted that the Viet Mihn artillery to keep the enemy away had much artillery . The French pos- and or enough gunners left alive to sessed 60 guns . Although none of man the guns if he still had them . the Viet Mihn pieces was as large He retreated to his bunker . Hav- as the heaviest French ones, they num- Bien Phu was surrounded . The only way ing only one arm, he found it difficult to bered 200 in all, many of them from China . in was by parachute, and there was no load and cock his pistol, so he committed Similarly, the French couldn’t accept that way out .” And as the cannon in the moun- suicide by using his teeth to pull the pin their enemy could move their big guns to tains pounded away, the Viet Mihn down on a grenade . Castries was, in the author’s the rugged mountaintops that surrounded in the valley continually dug trenches of words, “marinated in despondence ”. (Mr . the plain . But that’s precisely what General their own, moving ever closer . “Here, nine Morgan enjoys culinary metaphors . A few Giap did . He disassembled the field pieces years into the nuclear age, was a return to pages on, a certain section of the battlefield as much as possible, cordelling them with siege warfare that went back to medieval is “truffled” with landmines .) ropes, dragging them inch by inch and times .” General Giap was a close student Most of the French strongholds were foot by foot, using thousands of ungloved of the military classics — Napoleon, quite low, but there was one, code-named hands and sandaled feet; for “although the Clausewitz and, most tellingly of all, the Dominique, that was 1,500 feet high and French had tanks and airpower,” the au- Marquis de Vauban (1633−1707), the fa- 300 yards long . Indeed, it is still the domi- thor writes, “it turned out that long lines ther of modern siege tactics . For his part, nant geographical feature of Dien Bien of coolies were more dependable .” The Castries asked Hanoi to air-drop him four Phu, overlooking the town . A full battalion Viet Mihn dug heavily disguised caves copies of the official manual of siege war- was needed to defend it properly . Towards in which to conceal the cannon, bringing fare published during the First World War . the end, it was manned by only two thin them out of hiding just long enough to do The siege became a daily melodrama in companies of Algerians, whom Castries their work, before retracting them again . the eyes of the world, including of course considered unreliable in any case . ``Better Also, they dug dummy caves at which the United States, which, then as later, saw to obliterate a company than rout a bat- they set off tiny explosions that mimicked Ho Chi Mihn not as a nationalist primar- talion,” Giap observed, as he tightened his muzzle flash, tricking Colonel Piroth into ily but as a tool of the Third International, stranglehold on each of the sorry outposts wasting ammunition . bent on propagating global communism . in turn . In Paris, the government began With terrible and inexorable efficiency, When General Navarre took over in the to look a bit shaky . In Dien Bien Phu, the guns in the mountains destroyed the region, insisting that the purpose of the the monsoon had begun . Mushrooms fix-winged aircraft of the French as well as campaign was to prevent the Viet Mihn sprouted on the soldiers’ boots after only helicopters and tanks . Food, ammunition from attacking Luang Prabang, the old twenty-four hours . The troops were out of and medical supplies were running out royal capital of Laos, he told a subordinate: almost everything . Both the living and the as the casualties piled up, with no way to “We’ve had American generals, veterans dead were sucked down into the mud . transport the wounded to Hanoi where of Korea, tell us how satisfied they were On May 7, 1954, after 56 days of actual they could be treated effectively . “By the with our deployment . They invested a lot siege, General Castries surrendered . The end of March,” Mr . Morgan writes, “Dien of money here and they didn’t want us to most famous photograph of this First

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taken prisoner, relatively few survived cap- tivity and made it back to Europe or North Africa . Today, Dien Bien Phu’s principal boulevard is named May Seventh Street . The lessons of Dien Bien Phu are numerous and altogether obvious . At the end of his book, Mr . Morgan writes: “When he later read that some of Castries’ men had died without showing any apparent A Second World War-vintage M24 Chaffee wounds, Giap concluded that ‘their endur- light tank operated by the French. ance had failed, because they did not know what they were fighting for .’ Navarre’s defeat at Dien Bien Phu, Giap believed, had come from ‘an error in judgment in that he did not understand his adversary . He didn’t realise it was a people’s war .’ For the French elite troops, war was their pro- fession . But what were they fighting for? Navarre’s mistake was that he couldn’t believe illiterate peasants could become good artillerymen, or that cadres who hadn’t graduated from Saint-Cyr could solve strategic and tactical problems .” Ho Chi Minh was the political brains behind As I write these words, Vo Nguyen the liberation movement Giap is still alive, age 99 . He is, to say the least, his country’s greatest living hero . Vietnam War is one of Viet Mihn soldiers standing atop the round corrugated-iron George Fetherling is the author Walt roof of the general’s bunker, waving their Whitman’s Secret, a novel (Random House flag . Of the thousands of French troops Canada) .

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To hell and back By George Fetherling

ien Bien Phu was made the capital countryside clean of valuable scrap metal . of Lai Chau Province 17 years ago, The Englishman’s discovery of the Dbut partly by default . The previ- helmet was somewhat out of the ordi- ous capital kept suffering devastating nary in another way as well, as relatively floods, caused partly by deforestation . few western visitors spend time in DBP . It may soon disappear altogether under I was the only one aboard the incoming the reservoir of a huge hydro dam . But, flight, and while there I saw no more than of course, there was also another reason three or four particularly hardy Ameri- to elevate the status of DBP: patriotism . can and Canadian backpackers . Groups The stunning Vietnamese military victory of Vietnamese school children on field there in 1954, ending French colonialism trips—certainly . People with parents and in Southeast Asia, is an event celebrated grandparents buried in neat rows in the in school books, songs and public art, in The stunning military victory at Dien Bien huge Vietminh cemetery—of course . But street names, memorials and museums . Phu remains its major tourist attraction. few Europeans, for example . The ranks of The town’s place in history has brought Frenchwomen widowed by Dien Bien Phu a certain amount of tourism, leading to motion and less cosmopolitanism . Let me are pretty thin now, and the place is so far construction of such modest local institu- illustrate further . away and so difficult to get to, even from tions as the Lottery Hotel, the Construction I have one badly arthritic knee that the major Vietnamese cities . In fact, it’s Hotel and the Beer Factory Guesthouse . will need replacing in the next few years . hard to get out of as well . But the past hasn’t made anybody rich . Until then, it acts up from time and time, The tiny airport is built on the site of the DBP is a town of small-business people, buckling at inopportune moments . I had French military airstrip whose destruction families mostly, who live upstairs over one such incident in DBP while climbing by General Giap’s artillery ensured the their shops . Old men kneel on the side- stairs at the only place with a vacancy: a Vietminh victory . After an hour or so on walk to spit, talk and gamble . Their game combination hotel/massage parlour . The the ground, the empty Vietnam Airlines resembles checkers except that the pieces next day I had to hobble about in search flight to Hanoi hadn’t refuelled or allowed are numbered and, like the board itself, of ice with which to bring down the swell- us few ticket-holders to board . Eventually, very crudely carved from scrap lumber . ing . The only supply I found was in a cell two workers came and removed all of our Development, such as it is, has chewed phone shop that also sold beer from an luggage from the hold . Then mechanics, up some of the edges of the battlefield but ancient fridge badly in need of defrosting . overseen by an official with a clipboard, not enough to keep visitors from getting a I paid the owner a few dong for the ice that began to disassemble part of the engine clear understanding of what the fighting had built up at the bottom . For days after- and the fuel system, leaving the compo- must have been like . In contrast to China, ward, I was a famous personage in town: nents on the tarmac before quitting for the which will often raze some historical site the westerner who spends good money on day . Eventually we heard an announce- to build a modern replica of it, Vietnam frozen water! ment that no other plane would be avail- tends to skilfully redo or replace lost or The community, whose local crops able for a day or two . damaged elements without taking away include rice and (in nearby tribal areas) I had an important meeting in Hanoi from the original . Examples include some opium, sits on red clay soil that reminded the next morning . There being no bus and, parts of the French blockhouses and bun- me of Prince Edward Island . In the dry sea- of course, no train, I hired a taxi . The fare kers . Others include the surprisingly deep son (I was there in February, the driest of was astonishingly low but the journey trenches dug by both armies during their the dry), the stuff is hard and dusty, but by took the rest of the day and all night, over deadly and deadly serious game of cat- the end of the rainy season it has the con- narrow mountain roads, unpaved for long and-mouse . sistency of pancake batter . For the past 56 stretches, with rock cliffs on one side and One reference puts the town’s popula- years, as it has dripped down the hillsides 1,000-foot drops on the other — with no tion at 22,000, another at 9,000 . The latter and embankments at the conclusion of guard-rails or even white lines . The driver seems more accurate to me, but judging each monsoon, it has revealed artifacts, in- played loud Vietnamese rock on a CD the number of people in any Asian town cluding bits of human bone and sometimes player the whole time and honked the or city is an iffy thing for westerners to teeth (French teeth, presumably) . I was horn whenever he feared another vehicle attempt because density is so high and there to research part of a book about the was approaching in the darkness or when, census-taking is not a cherished art . The French in Indochina, and without any ef- as sometimes happens, a water buffalo, place is a world away from Hanoi . There fort whatever, I found three dirt-encrusted trying to stay cool, had taken refuge in a are no stylish shops and no fancy restau- brass casings from 50-calibre machine gun mud puddle in the middle of road . rants . The best spot to eat is a depress- ammunition . Two days before my arrival, I got to my meeting with moments to ing seafood place where customers sit a history buff from Britain discovered spare . crunched together at long tables, as in a a French helmet . Inside was a scrap of prison, and the drinking water is served in scalp . But that was exceptional . After the George Fetherling is the author Walt old vodka bottles . In short, DBP is a very French War, just as after American War two Whitman’s Secret, a novel (Random House small and isolated locality with little com- decades later, the Vietnamese picked the Canada) .

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