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↓La Unidad De Lo Dual UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRIDiuiESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA uiLA UNIDAD DE LO DUAL TRADICIÓN Y MODERNIDAD EN LA OBRA DE TADAO ANDO Y TOYO ITO TESIS DOCTORAL uiGONZALO CANDEL ROVIRA, Arquitecto DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS 2015 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRIDiuiESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA uiLA UNIDAD DE LO DUAL TRADICIÓN Y MODERNIDAD EN LA OBRA DE TADAO ANDO Y TOYO ITO TESIS DOCTORAL Autor uiGONZALO CANDEL ROVIRA, Arquitecto Directores uiMIGUEL MARTÍNEZ GARRIDO, Doctor Arquitecto uiFÉLIX RUIZ DE LA PUERTA, Doctor Arquitecto DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS 2015 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID · ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA Tribunal nombrado por el Magnífico y Excelentísimo Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día ________ de ______________________________ de ________________ . Presidente D. _______________________________________________________________. Vocal D. ___________________________________________________________________. Vocal D. ___________________________________________________________________. Vocal D. ___________________________________________________________________. Secretario D. ________________________________________________________________. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de Tesis: LA UNIDAD DE LO DUAL. Tradición y modernidad en la obra de Tadao Ando y Toyo Ito, el día ___________ de ______________________________ de _______________________ , en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Calificación: _________________________________________________________________. EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO Me gustaría expresar mi más profunda gratitud a D. Miguel Martínez Garrido y a D. Félix Ruiz de la Puerta por el tiempo y la energía que me han dedicado durante la preparación de esta tesis. También a mis compañeros del grupo de investigación «Geometrías de la Arquitectura Contemporánea», de la E.T.S. de Arquitectura, UPM, coordinado por D. Miguel Martínez Garrido, por sus valiosas aportaciones, su apoyo y su colaboración. G.C.R. u ÍNDICE ÍNDICE ÍNDICE RESUMEN 7 < ABSTRACT 11 < INTRODUCCIÓN 13 < 1. EL ÁRBOL Y LA HIERBA 23 < 1.1. El lugar entre la quietud y el movimiento 25 < > 1.1.1. La estética de la pausa y la acción 28 < > 1.1.2. La habitación para la experiencia humana 33 < 1.2. El recinto calmo de Tadao Ando como lugar en la ciudad 36 < > 1.2.1. Paisaje delimitado 41 < > 1.2.2. El encuentro entre la geometría y la luz 51 < 1.3. El mikoshi laico de Toyo Ito recorriendo el collage urbano 56 < > 1.3.1. El traslado del espíritu 65 < > 1.3.2. Movimiento y collage 67 < 2. PRIMITIVISMO Y CONTEMPORANEIDAD 87 < 2.1. El lugar entre el individuo y la sociedad. 89 < > 2.1.1. La idea de edificio primigenio 94 < > 2.1.2. El edificio primigenio como prototipo para la «guerrilla urbana» 111 < 2.2. La tienda como nueva premisa para la vivienda dymaxion 115 < > 2.2.1. El concepto de mujo 118 < > 2.2.2. La «casa del arquitecto» y «la casa vivida» 135 < 2.3. El megaron como punto de partida para la nueva vivienda oriental 138 < > 2.3.1. El concepto de fudo 140 < > 2.3.2. El espacio extraordinario en la nueva percepción del espacio ordinario 148 < LA UNIDAD DE LO DUAL. TRADICIÓN Y MODERNIDAD EN LA OBRA DE TADAO ANDO Y TOYO ITO 3. CONTINUIDAD Y DISCONTINUIDAD 153 < 3.1. El lugar entre el umbral y el centro. 155 < > 3.1.1. El espacio interno japonés 156 < > 3.1.2. Envolviendo en profundidad como medio de coexistencia con las cosas 159 < 3.2. Tadao Ando y el concepto de interioridad centrípeta u okusei 177 < > 3.2.1. El poder del espacio que rompe la oscuridad 181 < > 3.2.2. Paisaje que ha sido filtrado 186 < 3.3. Toyo Ito y la idea de profundidad espacial multicapa u okuyuki 192 < > 3.3.1. La transparencia arquitectónica japonesa 193 < > 3.3.2. Arquitectura multiestratificada: la máquina moderna y el microchip 197 < 4. OBJETOS Y ESPACIOS 203 < 4.1. El lugar entre el artefacto y el entorno. 205 < > 4.1.1. El tercer espacio de la arquitectura japonesa 206 < > 4.1.2. La expresión de lo blando 219 < 4.2. El Templo del Agua Hompuku: cielo y tierra 227 < > 4.2.1. El espejo oriental 230 < > 4.2.2. El carácter dual de la arquitectura 240 < 4.3. La Arquitectura de los Vientos: la puerta y la torre 246 < > 4.3.1. El espacio líquido 251 < > 4.3.2. Fluidez y metamorfosis 254 < ÍNDICE 5. MATERIALIDAD Y DESMATERIALIZACIÓN 263 < 5.1. El lugar entre la forma y la no-forma 265 < > 5.1.1. La estética de la copia 270 < > 5.1.2. Un paso más allá de la modernidad 283 < 5.2. Las iglesias de Ando como nuevas boîte a miracles 287 < > 5.2.1. El carácter dual del centro cívico en la ciudad ideal de Le Corbusier 289 < > 5.2.2. Progresión gradual en tres fases 292 < 5.3. La Mediateca de Sendai como nuevo sistema Dom-ino 295 < > 5.3.1. El diagrama básico de la modernidad 303 < > 5.3.2. El espacio fluido y el espacio transparente 307 < 6. EL MURO Y EL MAKU 313 < 6.1. El lugar entre las rocas y las olas 315 < > 6.1.1. La idealización como método de domesticación del paisaje 316 < > 6.1.2. El concepto de crudeza según Claude Lévi-Strauss 320 < 6.2. El paisaje arquitecturalizado de Tadao Ando 338 < > 6.2.1. Una nueva versión de sabi 339 < > 6.2.2. El muro recortado como agente del mundo interno 346 < 6.3. La arquitectura de Toyo Ito como nuevo paisaje 351 < > 6.3.1. Arquitectura concebida como un jardín 352 < > 6.3.2. Cambios en la idea de límite. Las fronteras del mundo electrónico 359 < LA UNIDAD DE LO DUAL. TRADICIÓN Y MODERNIDAD EN LA OBRA DE TADAO ANDO Y TOYO ITO 7. EL INSTANTE Y LA ETERNIDAD 369 < 7.1. El lugar entre lo efímero y lo imperecedero 371 < > 7.1.1. Composición aditiva 374 < > 7.1.2. Recurrencia y reiteración 386 < 7.2. Tadao Ando y el lugar revisitado 393 < > 7.2.1. Continuum 394 < > 7.2.2. Incorporación 399 < 7.3. Toyo Ito y el lugar reiterado 403 < > 7.3.1. Recirculación 407 < > 7.3.2. Regeneración 416 < CONCLUSIONES 423 < BIBLIOGRAFÍA 439 < BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL 441 < > BIBLIOBRAFÍA BASE 441 < > ARTE Y ARQUITECTURA DE JAPÓN 444 < BIBLIOGRAFÍA ESPECÍFICA 448 < > BIBLIOBRAFÍA. TADAO ANDO 448 < > BIBLIOGRAFÍA. TOYO ITO 449 < OTRAS PUBLICACIONES 450 < > OTRAS PUBLICACIONES. TADAO ANDO 451 < > OTRAS PUBLICACIONES. TOYO ITO 452 < MEDIOS AUDIOVISUALES 453 < TESIS DOCTORALES 453 < ENLACES DE INTERÉS 454 < RESUMEN (ABSTRACT) RESUMEN RESUMEN. La referencia a la tradición como una fuerza capaz de aportar unidad, al abarcar tanto la continuidad como los cambios en las expresiones al margen de la época o las técnicas empleadas, ha sido siempre un componente muy importante de las manifestaciones artísticas de Japón y es la sutil ligazón que las conecta desde el pasado hasta la actualidad. Se entiende aquí que tradición no equivale simplemente a preservación, sino que se trata de una transmisión con una vertiente dual, pues permite una constante evolución sin que se altere su esencia básica. Es de esta forma que la cultura japonesa de la era Edo (1600-1868), con su alto grado de innovación, riqueza y sofisticación, pero además como epílogo histórico previo a la Restauración Meiji de 1868, ha sido la referencia clave en lo relativo a esa mirada a la tradición nipona para el desarrollo de esta tesis. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, todas estas características tan genuinas del período Edo quedaron en suspenso y, desde entonces, Japón ha seguido la vía de la modernización (que en muchos aspectos ha sido también la de la occidentalización). Los entrelazamientos de otras dualidades provocados en Japón por los ataques nucleares de 1945 condujeron a una inevitable fusión de aquel mundo físico con el mundo metafísico, de aquella terrible presencia con un tremendo sentimiento de ausencia y, en definitiva, de Oriente con Occidente. El consiguiente impacto sobre la cultura de la nación tuvo una especial repercusión en el ámbito arquitectónico. En este sentido, el pensamiento francés ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en el replanteamiento radical de muchos supuestos esenciales, de muchos conceptos y valores de la cultura occidental, incluyendo los procedentes de la Ilustración, en este mundo contemporáneo que es cada vez más complejo y plural. Éstos y otros hechos otorgan a la cultura japonesa tradicional una cualidad multidimensional (frente a la marcada bidimensionalidad que suele caracterizar a las culturas occidentales) que, tal y como esta tesis doctoral pretende poner de manifiesto, podría revelarse como una «síntesis de contradicciones» en la obra de los arquitectos japoneses Tadao Ando (Osaka, 1941-) y Toyo Ito (Keijo, actual Seúl, 1941-). En el pensamiento oriental una dualidad es entendida como la complementariedad entre dos polos, sólo en apariencia opuestos, que integra dos vertientes de un único concepto. Al igual que la idea de «parejas» budista, concebida según esta doctrina como una unidad entre dos extremos inevitablemente interrelacionados, el objetivo principal sería el de poner de manifiesto cómo la obra de ambos arquitectos trata de resolver los mismos conflictos partiendo de puntos de vista polarizados. 9 < ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The reference to tradition as a force for unity, encompassing both continuity and changes in expressions regardless of the time or techniques used, has always been a very important component of the artistic manifestations of Japan and it is the subtle link that connects them from the past to the present. It is understood here that tradition does not mean simply preservation, but it is a transmission with a dual aspect, because it allows a constant evolution without altering its basic essence. It is thus that the Japanese culture of the Edo era (1600-1868), with its high degree of innovation, wealth and sophistication, but also as a historical epilogue prior to the Meiji Restoration of 1868 has been the key reference concerning that look to the Japanese tradition for the development of this thesis.
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