Forest Hydrology and Watershed Edited by Fan-Rui Meng, Qiang Li, M. Altaf Arain and Michael Pisaric Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Forests www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forest Hydrology and Watershed Forest Hydrology and Watershed Special Issue Editors Fan-Rui Meng Qiang Li M. Altaf Arain Michael Pisaric MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Fan-Rui Meng Qiang Li M. Altaf Arain University of New Brunswick University of Victoria McMaster University Canada Canada Canada Michael Pisaric Brock University Canada Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Forests (ISSN 1999-4907) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests/special issues/Hydrology Watershed). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-385-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-386-3 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Forest Hydrology and Watershed” ............................. ix Tayierjiang Aishan, Florian Betz, Um¨ ut ¨ Halik, Bernd Cyffka and Aihemaitijiang Rouzi Biomass Carbon Sequestration Potential by Riparian Forest in the Tarim River Watershed, Northwest China: Implication for the Mitigation of Climate Change Impact Reprinted from: Forests 2018, 9, 196, doi:10.3390/f10020196 ...................... 1 Xu-dong Huang, Ling Wang, Pei-pei Han and Wen-chuan Wang Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Nonstationary Flood Frequency across a Forest Watershed: Linkage with Rainfall and Land Use Types Reprinted from: Forests 2018, 9, 339, doi:10.3390/f9060339 ....................... 16 Liangliang Duan and Tijiu Cai Quantifying Impacts of Forest Recovery on Water Yield in Two Large Watersheds in the Cold Region of Northeast China Reprinted from: Forests 2018, 9, 392, doi:10.3390/f9070392 ....................... 36 Yoshitaka Oishi Evaluation of the Water-Storage Capacity of Bryophytes along an Altitudinal Gradient from Temperate Forests to the Alpine Zone Reprinted from: Forests 2018, 9, 433, doi:10.3390/f9070433 ....................... 54 Yiping Hou, Mingfang Zhang, Shirong Liu, Pengsen Sun, Lihe Yin, Taoli Yang, Yide Li, Qiang Li and Xiaohua Wei The Hydrological Impact of Extreme Weather-Induced Forest Disturbances in a Tropical Experimental Watershed in South China Reprinted from: Forests 2018, 9, 734, doi:10.3390/f9120734 ....................... 68 Qinli Yang, Shasha Luo, Hongcai Wu, Guoqing Wang, Dawei Han, Haishen Lu ¨ and Junming Shao Attribution Analysis for Runoff Change on Multiple Scales in a Humid Subtropical Basin Dominated by Forest, East China Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 184, doi:10.3390/f10020184 ..................... 89 Krysta Giles-Hansen, Qiang Li and Xiaohua Wei The Cumulative Effects of Forest Disturbance and Climate Variability on Streamflow in the Deadman River Watershed Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 196, doi:10.3390/f9040196 ......................107 Na Liu, Guang Bao, Yu Liu and Hans W. Linderholm Two Centuries-Long Streamflow Reconstruction Inferred from Tree Rings for the Middle Reaches of the Weihe River in Central China Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 208, doi:10.3390/f10030208 .....................123 Zhipeng Xu, Wenfei Liu, Xiaohua Wei, Houbao Fan, Yizao Ge, Guanpeng Chen and Jin Xu Contrasting Differences in Responses of Streamflow Regimes between Reforestation and Fruit Tree Planting in a Subtropical Watershed of China Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 212, doi:10.3390/f10030212 .....................137 v Ruibo Zhang, Bakytbek Ermenbaev, Tongwen Zhang, Mamtimin Ali, Li Qin and Rysbek Satylkanov The Radial Growth of Schrenk Spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) Records the Hydroclimatic Changes in the Chu River Basin over the Past 175 Years Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 223, doi:10.3390/f10030223 .....................152 Siyi Tan, Hairong Zhao, Wanqin Yang, Bo Tan, Kai Yue, Yu Zhang, Fuzhong Wu and Xiangyin Ni Forest Canopy Can Efficiently Filter Trace Metals in Deposited Precipitation in a Subalpine Spruce Plantation Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 318, doi:10.3390/f10040318 .....................163 Ziyi Liang, Fuzhong Wu, Xiangyin Ni, Bo Tan, Li Zhang, Zhenfeng Xu, Junyi Hu and Kai Yue Woody Litter Increases Headwater Stream Metal Export Ratio in an Alpine Forest Reprinted from: Forests 2019, 10, 379, doi:10.3390/f10050379 .....................176 vi About the Special Issue Editors Fan-Rui Meng, Dr., started his career with a Bachelor and Master Degrees in Forest Engineering from Northeast Forestry University in Harbin, China. He then completed his Ph.D. in forest ecology from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. In 1997, Dr. Meng joined the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management as Industrial Research Chair, and served as the Research Director for the Noranda/Avenor Forest Watershed Management and Conservation Research Centre and later on Bowater/Nexfor Forest Watershed Research Centre. Qiang Li, Dr., is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Victoria, Canada. He obtained his Ph.D. degree at the University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Canada in 2018. He completed his Master’s studies at the University of New Brunswick, Canada in 2013. His finished his BSE in electrical engineering at Xi’an Jiaotong University City College in 2010. His research interests include forest change and climate change impacts on hydrological processes, surface water and groundwater interactions, and global water sustainability. M. Altaf Arain, Dr., is a professor in the School of Geography and Earth Science at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He is also the Director of the McMaster Centre for Climate Change. He is also associate member of the McMaster Department of Civil Engineering and United Nations University. He was the president of the Canadian Geophysical Union (CGU)— Biogeosciences Section—from 2009 to 2012. He graduated from the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. He has expertise in both micrometeorological measurements and land-surface atmosphere interaction modeling. Michael Pisaric, Dr., is a Professor and current Chair of the Department of Geography and Tourism Studies at Brock University, Ontario, Canada. He received his Ph.D. from Queen’s University in Kingston (Ontario) in 2001. Michael employs a number of paleoecological techniques to carry out his research, including lake-sediment analysis (fossil pollen, stomata and charcoal) and dendrochronology. He has carried out research in a number of regions throughout the world, including Siberia, western Canada and Montana (USA). He currently has ongoing research projects in Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Southern Ontario. vii Preface to ”Forest Hydrology and Watershed” Qiang Li 1, Fan-Rui Meng 2, M. Altaf Arain 3 and Michael F.J. Pisaric 4 1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada 2 Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen Drive. Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada 3 School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada 4 Department of Geography and Tourism Studies Brock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada Hydrological processes in forested watersheds are influenced by environmental, physiological, and biometric factors such as precipitation, radiation, temperature, species type, leaf area, and extent and structure of forest ecosystems. Over the past two centuries, forest coverage and forest structures have been impacted globally by anthropogenic activities, for example, forest harvesting, and conversion of forested landscapes for plantations and urbanization [1–3]. In addition, climate change since the industrial revolution has resulted in profound impacts on forest ecosystems due to higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or CO2 fertilization, warmer temperatures, changes in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and natural disturbances. As a result, hydrological processes in forested watersheds have been altered by these natural and anthropogenic factors and these changes are expected to accelerate due to future changing climatic conditions. Hence, understanding how various environmental, physiological, and physical drivers interactively influence hydrological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems is critical for sustainable water supply in forested watersheds. About 21% of the global population depends on water sources that originate in forested catchments, where forest coverage larger than 30% [4]. Furthermore, there are knowledge gaps in our understanding of mechanism of hydrological and hydrochemical cycles in forested