JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131

Design and Analysis of Nilesh Masake[1], Sarvjeet Kale[2], Pallavi Kamble[3], Prof. Amit Belvekar[4] 1,2,3 Student, School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering, MITAOE Alandi, Pune, India 4Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering, MITAOE Alandi, Pune, India

Abstract— Cricket is one of the most popular sport involving the risk of ball to impact head. are used to avoid injury risk. Helmets are designed in such a way to bear the impact energy and distribute the impact force. Head and facial injuries occur in cricket despite of wearing helmet. The design parameters and features that determine performance of the helmet are thickness, material used and density and shell stiffness. Besides the energy ABS absorption capacity helmet’s weight and volume are important. So, material plays and important role in manufacturing. The aim of this project is to improve the strength of helmets for that composite of material is used. Helmet and ball is modelled in CATIA V6 software, after that impact and drop test are conducted on helmet which are carried out in SolidWorks to check the strength of ABS and CFRP material. After analysis it is observed that carbon fibre helmet is preferred ABS helmet.

Keywords— (CATIA V6, CFRP, ABS, Impact Test, Drop Test, Solid Works)

1. INTRODUCTION

Cricket is a popular ball sport. Batsman wears helmet to protect themselves from the injury caused by ball. Sometimes the ball might be striking at a very high speed at such time batsman need to protect their head and face to avoid serious injury. Cricket helmet covers the whole of the head, and have a grill or Perspex to protect the face. died on a cricket field even if he was wearing a helmet as the ball struck on the neck by a in a Sheffield Shield match at the SCG on November 25th , 2014. So there is a great length which have to be covered if cricket helmet is concerned. Cricket helmets are generally made up of a number of different features. Each of these features is customizable to offer various levels of protection, comfort and durability depending on the materials used and in some cases the complexity of their construction. Here we will aim to quickly outline the various features and highlight how variations may affect the wearer. Like many other elements of protective the key is offering maximum protection without impacting on the player's natural technique.

1.1 Literature Review

Jayanth Ivvala titled as ‘An Investigation on Cricket Helmet with the help of design and analysis’, K L University, January 2015 [1] The purpose of this study, is to increase the strength of the cricket helmet by making the modify material in existing one. In therefore, was to achieve the objective of the project the work is carried out in three stages. In the first stage a parametric model is designed by using 3D modeling module in Solid Works Software. After designing the helmet mold flow analysis is carried out on helmet by using plastic advisor which is a module in Solid works. Andrew Mcintosh, ‘Evaluation of cricket helmet performance and comparison with and helmet’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, September 2003 [2] To helps us to understand the performance of cricket helmets in laboratory tests; (b) to examine performance with regard to test standards, game hazards, and helmet construction; (c) to compare and contrast these findings with baseball and ice hockey helmets. Cantwell, W.J. and Morton, J. (1991) ‘The Impact Resistance of Composite Materials’ [3] In ‘open general of composite material vol. 7 No.1, January 16, 2017’ crushing process of fiber - reinforced polymer (FRPs) composites tubular structures. Working with anisotropic material requires consideration of specific parameter definition in order to tailor a well-engineered composite structure. These parameters include geometry design, strain rate sensitivity, material properties, laminate design, interlaminar fracture toughness and off-axis loading conditions which are reviewed in this paper to create a comprehensive data base for researchers, engineers and scientists in the field. Jon Soller, Soller Composites, ‘Choosing the Appropriate Resin Epoxy vs. Vinyl ester vs. Polyester Resins’ [4] This paper is helpful for choosing the right concentration of epoxy resin. There are three main types of Resins used today for use with Carbon Fiber, Fiberglass, and Aramid (Kevlar). These are Epoxy, Vinyl ester, Polyester Resins. Each has different characteristics and associated costs. The reinforcements share the major load especially when a composite consists of fibre reinforcements dispersed in a weak matrix (e.g., carbon/epoxy composite), the fibres carry almost all the load. The strength and stiffness of

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such composites are, therefore, controlled by the strength and stiffness of constituent fibre. Epoxy resins are typically about three times stronger than the next strongest resin type. Prashanth Banakar, H.K. Shivananda, ‘Preparation And Characterization Of The Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites’[5] The objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of Mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with carbon fiber. The effect of fiber orientation of laminates has been investigated & experimentation was performed to determine property data for material specifications, the laminates were obtained by hand layup process . The laminates were cut to obtain ASTM standards. This investigation deals with the testing of tensile and flexural strength on a universal testing machine. The graphs that are obtained from the tests are documented. This research indicates that the mechanical properties are mainly dependent on the fiber orientation of laminated polymer composites. Key words: Carbon fiber, Epoxy resin composites, Fiber orientation, laminated polymer composites. Mechanical properties. 1.2 Objective of the paper

Significant face and head injury occurs in cricket despite of wearing ABS helmet so, there is scope for design improvisation in such a way that it will sustain ball impact to the faceguard and shell of helmet. The objectives of the paper are to design and analyze the CFRP helmet for impact test. In first stage a parametric modeling of helmet is carried out in CATIA V6 software with appropriate dimensions. In second stage impact analysis is conducted in SolidWorks in different directions of ball. We can conclude from above research paper that there are great lengths up to which we can provide modification. The fiber glass plastic is good instead of ABS plastic helmet. Fiber glass plastic instead of ABS plastic for the manufacture of cricket helmets then, it may protect the user’s head more efficiently. The comparison of differently styled and constructed sports safety helmets is useful in showing the benefits that each design offers and provides valuable guidance for helmet development 1.3 Methodology i. Design of cricket helmet. ii. Generate a CATIA model of the cricket helmet and Ball with standard specification. iii. Impact testing is conducted in SOLID WORKS. iv. Drop test is conducted in SOLIDWORKS

2. MATERIALS USED

The Major material used for making the Cricket helmet is Thermoplastic material. Thermoplastic material is soft when heated and hard when cooled. Different types of thermoplastic materials are used to make the cricket helmet like ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). But in the view of injuries caused due to impact of ball on thermoplastic type of cricket helmet there is need to change the material of helmet so in this paper carbon fibre reinforced plastic(CFRP) is used for cricket helmet. Carbon fibre with Epoxy: Oven Carbon fibre with epoxy resin is having good strength and energy absorbing capacity with low volume to weight ratio. Carbon fibre is therefore considered the best material for cricket helmet shells. 3. PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR HELMET DESIGNING 3.1 Initial Structure and Part Details (CATIA Model)

It has following parts:

 Head cover  Grill/ Perspex visor  Ball

i) Head cover

It basis purpose is to protect head from injuries, so the brain will be safe. Following model is designed in Catia it is the basic model proposed for head cover where later grill will be added. ii) Grill/ Perspex visor Grill whole purpose is to protect the face from ball and eye line distance should be maintained properly. Catia model of helmet with a grill. iii) Cricket ball Cricket ball strike the helmet with a velocity so we have to protect our head and face from it as it can cause severe issues. Catia model of a ball.

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Fig. 1 with Grill/ Perspex visor

Fig. 2 Ball 3.2 Modified Structure and Part Details

Modification of the initial structure was necessary in order to have a hole so that air could pass through it. In Catia we have created the hole. With more number of ideas, we are keeping in mind the objective of project, possible assembly that can be used for comparison.

Fig.3 Modified Helmet with Ball

4. Finite Element Analysis Analysis is basically done to make us aware of the effects the design can sustain of that. For analysis purpose we used Solid works. For that we convert the Catia file into step file. Impact test and drop test were conducted in solid works for ABS and carbon fibre material .So we can check which material is more compatible for cricket players. 4. 1Impact Test a) Displacement results for impact test for both the materials when ball is striking from various direction

Fig4. Displacement result carbon fibre cricket helmet when ball is striking from a side.

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Fig5 . Displacement result for carbon fibre when ball is striking from back side

Fig6. Displacement result of carbon fibre when ball is striking from front side

Fig7. Displacement result for ABS cricket helmet when ball is striking from back side

b) Stress result for impact test for both the materials when ball is striking from various direction

Fig8 Stress result for ABS cricket when ball is striking from front side

Fig9 Stress result for ABS cricket helmet when ball is striking from back side

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Fig 10 Stress result for carbon fibre cricket helmet when ball is striking from front side

Fig11 Stress result for carbon fibre cricket helmet when ball is striking from back side

4.2 Drop helmets are dropped from different heights so that we can calculate the effect it is creating on a helmet. a)Displacement result Displacement results for drop test for both the materials when helmet is dropped from a height of 2m

Fig12 Displacement results of carbon fibre for drop test when drop from 2m height

Fig.13 Displacement results of ABS for drop test when drop from 2m height b) Stress results Stress results for drop test for both the materials when helmet is dropped from a height of 2m

Fig 14 Stress results for drop test for carbon fibre when helmet is dropped from a height of 2m

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Fig 15 Stress results for drop test for ABS when helmet is dropped from a height of 2m

Fig16 Stress result of side drop of carbon fibre cricket helmet

Fig 17 Displacement result of side drop of carbon fibre cricket helmet 5. Results 1) Impact analysis is carried out by SOLID WORKS and the results are tabulated below. a) Carbon fibre cricket helmet impact analysis results

Table no. 1 Carbon fibre cricket helmet impact analysis results Velocity Ball Stress Displacement(in of striking developed(in mm) cricket from N/mm2) ball(in m/s) 45 Side 1.426e+008 0.2324 45 Back 1.176e+009 3.174 45 front 9.744e+009 14.76

b) ABS cricket helmet impact analysis results

Table no. 2 ABS cricket helmet impact analysis results Velocity of cricket Ball striking from Stress developed(in Displacement(in mm) ball(in m/s) N/mm2) 45 Front 8.004e+008 44.04 45 side 1.109e+008 8.282 45 back 6.631e+008 3.464

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2) Drop test results a) Carbon fibre helmet drop test results

Table no. 4 Drop test results for Carbon fiber Dropped Ball Stress Displacement(in from striking developed(in mm) height(m) from N/mm2) 2 top 5.035e+008 0.8439

2 side 2.123e+008 0.6743

b) ABS helmet drop test results Table no. 5 Drop test results for ABS

Dropped Ball Stress Displacement(i from striking developed(in n mm) height(m) from N/mm2) 2 top 3.354e+008 1.256

2 side 1.934e+007 1.137

6. CONCLUSION

In this paper we have modelled a cricket helmet and Ball with standard size and shape in CATIA V6 software. Further we have tried to perform impact and drop test on helmet by considering two materials for helmet. The results of displacement and stresses are considered when impact of ball on different sides of helmet. Also drop test is aslo conducted in SolidWorks software on both materials at different height . We got Stress produced in carbon fibre is more than in ABS plastic for 45 m/s velocity of the hitting helmet. It indicates that the resistance against the load per unit area, factor of safety is more in carbon fibre than ABS plastic. From above results we can conclude that carbon fibre helmet is preferred over ABS helmet.

REFERENCES

[1] Jayanth Ivvala titled as ‘An Investigation on Cricket Helmet with the help of design and analysis’, K L University, January 2015, International Journal Of Scientific Progress And Research (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-4689 Volume-13, Number - 03, 2015 [2] Andrew Mcintosh,”Evaluation of cricket helmet performance and comparison with baseball and ice ”, British Journal of Sports Medicine, September 2003 [3] Cantwell, W.J. and Morton, J. (1991) ‘The Impact Resistance of Composite Materials’,open general of composite material vol. 7 No.1, January 16, 2017 [4] Jon Soller.: Choosing the appropriate resins – epoxy versus vinylester versus polyester resins; Soller composites, 1-5, (2004) [5] Prashanth Banakar, H.K. Shivananda, ‘Preparation And Characterization Of The Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites’, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE) ISSN : 2278-1684 Volume 1, Issue 2 (May- June 2012), PP 15-18 [6] Xiaosong Huang, ‘Fabrication and Properties of Carbon Fibers’ mdpi Published online 2009 Dec 16. [7] Suraj Vishwakarma, Pankaj Pande, Nitin Kumar Gupta, ‘Characterization of ABS Material: A review’ Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering Volume 3 ~ Issue 5 (2017) pp: 13-16 ISSN(Online) : 2321-8185 [8] P.Naresh,D.Mohan a Krishnudu A.V.Hari Babu, P.Hussain Design And Analysis of Industrial Helmet International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research.ISSN 2249- 0019 Volume 5, umber 1 (2015), pp. 81-95 [9] Subic A., Mitrovic C. & Takla M. (2002) Comparative structural evaluation of protective helmets using the finite element method. In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific & Engineering Computation, pp 506–509. Imperial College Press, UK. [10] Carre, M.J., James, D.M., & Haake, S.J. (2004) Impact of a non-homogeneous sphere on a rigid surface.Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.,218 Part C:J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 273–281.

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[11] Hoang, G. (2003)Virtual design and testing of a polycarbonate face guard for the use with cricket helmets. Honours Thesis, School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing, RMIT University, Australia [12] Subic A. & Cooke A. (2003) Materials in cricket. InMaterials in Sports Equipment (ed M. Jenkins), pp 342–372. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.

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