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Edomite' Archaeology and Scholarly Discourse

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Durham E-Theses Complexity and diversity in the late iron age southern Levant: the investigation of 'Edomite' archaeology and scholarly discourse Whiting, Charlotte M. How to cite: Whiting, Charlotte M. (2002) Complexity and diversity in the late iron age southern Levant: the investigation of 'Edomite' archaeology and scholarly discourse, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4102/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Complexity and Diversity in the Late Iron Age Southern Levant: The Investigation of 'Edoniite' Archaeology and Scholarly Discourse Charlotte M. Whiting Department of Archaeology University of Durham Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D May 2002 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Volume One To Mum, Dad, and Barnes CONTENTS gj Volume One Contents i Abstract ix Declaration x Statement of Copyright x Acknowledgements xi List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction l SECTION 1 Research Traditions in the Iron Age Archaeology of the Southern Levant CHAPTER 2 Historiography of Iron Age Archaeology in Israel 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The Southern Levant in Christian History and Thought 8 2.2.1 Introduction 8 2.2.2 Christian Pilgrimage and the Development of the Idea of the 'Holy Land' 9 2.2.3 European Perceptions of the 'Holy Land' in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 11 2.2.4 Perceptions of the 'Holy Land' in America 13 2.3 Developments in Nineteenth Century Biblical Scholarship 16 2.3.1 Biblical Studies and Historicism 16 2.3.2 Biblical Criticism 18 2.3.3 Edward Robinson and Biblical Topography 20 2.4 The Advent of Systematic Excavation in the Southern Levant: 1890-1908 24 2.4.1 William Mathew Flinders Petrie and his Excavations at Tell el-Hesi (1890) 24 2.4.2 Laying the Foundations of South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology: Culture-History and the Work of Bliss, Macalister, Welch, and Thiersch 28 2.4.3 Summary 30 2.5 Archaeology in the Southern Levant Pre-World War I 30 2.5.1 Early Developments in the Architectural Characterisation of the Iron Age and the Consolidation of Iron Age Chronology 30 2.5.2 Summary 32 2.6 Archaeology in the Southern Levant between the World Wars 33 2.6.1 Introduction 33 2.6.2 The Influence of German Biblical Scholarship on South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 33 2.6.2.1 Albrecht Alt (1883-1956) and Martin Noth (1902-1968) 33 2.6.2.2 The Influence of Alt's Conception of 'Ancient Israel' on South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 35 2.6.3 The Influence of American Biblical Scholarship on South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 36 2.6.3.1 William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) 36 2.6.3.2 The Influence of Albright's Biblical Scholarship on Archaeological Practice in the Southern Levant 38 2.6.3.3 Albright's Excavations at Tell el-Ful (1922-1923) and Tell Beit Mirsim (1926-1932) 40 2.6.3.4 George Ernest Wright (1909-1974) 44 2.6.3.5 The Influence of Wright's Biblical Scholarship on Archaeological Practice in the Southern Levant 45 2.6.3.6 Wright's Excavations at Beth Shemesh (1928-1933) 47 2.6.3.7 Summary: Albright and Wright's Legacy 48 2.7 The Excavations at Megiddo (1925-1939) 49 2.8 The Development of South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology in the 1950s 52 2.8.1 The Publication of the Excavations at Tell ed-Duweir-Lachish: 1953 52 2.8.2 The Publication of the Excavations at Samaria: 1957 54 2.9 The Development of Israeli Archaeology 55 2.9.1 Introduction and Background: 1914-1948 55 2.9.2 The Excavations at Hazor (1955-1958) 56 2.9.3 Summary 60 2.10 The Excavations at Gezer (1964-1973, 1984) 61 2.10.1 Summary 62 2.11 Late Iron Age Chronology in Southern Israel: 1969-1987 63 2.12 The First Critical Assessments of the Traditional Archaeological Framework for the Iron Age in the Southern Levant: 1990-1996 65 2.13 Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 3 The Development of 'Edoimite' Archaeology 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 The Development of 'Edomite' Archaeology in Southern Jordan 69 3.2.1 The Influence of Biblical Scholarship on the Study of Edom 69 3.2.2 Nelson Glueck 72 3.2.3 The 'National' Characteristics of Edom 74 3.2.3.1 The Theophoric Name Qos 74 3.2.3.2 The 'Edomite' Script 75 3.2.3.3 'Edomite' Pottery 76 3.2.4 Crystal-M. Bennett 78 3.2.5 Further Iron Age Excavations in Southern Jordan 79 3.2.6 Current Interpretations of Iron Age Southern Jordan 80 3.3 The Development of 'Edomite' Archaeology in Southern Israel 84 3.3.1 The 'Edomite Invasion' of Judah 84 3.3.2 Alternative Interpretations of 'Edomite' Pottery in Southern Israel 89 3.3.3 Conclusion 92 ii SECTION 2 The Intellectual Foundations of Iron Age Archaeology in Wider Academic Context: Review and Critique CHAPTER4 Reassessing the Use of Historical Sources in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 94 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Traditional Approaches to Old Testament 'History' 95 4.2.1 Introduction 95 4.2.2 The German Historiographic Tradition 95 4.2.3 Historicism and Biblical Studies 97 4.3. Recent Approaches to Historical Theory and Methodology 101 4.3.1 Introduction 101 4.3.2 Literature and History - Fiction and Fact 101 4.3.3 Text and Context 104 4.4 The Bible as History? 104 4.5 The Historical Sources for Edom and Their Interpretation 107 4.5.1 Introduction 107 4.5.2 Summary of the Sources 108 4.5.3 Discussion of the Sources 110 4.5.4 Conclusion 112 CHAPTER 5 The Practice of Iron Age Archaeology in the Southern Levant: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation, and Publication 114 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Archaeological Interpretation in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 116 5.2.1 The Relationship Between History and Archaeology 116 5.2.2 Illustrating, Justifying, and 'Filling-in-the-Gaps' in the Iron Age Southern Levant 118 5.2.3 Texts as an Interpretative Framework 119 5.2.4 Summary 121 5.3 Excavation and Recording Methods in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 122 5.3.1 Introduction 122 5.3.2 The Architectural Focus 124 5.3.3 G.A. Reisner 124 5.3.4 C.S. Fisher 126 5.3.5 W.F. Albright 128 5.3.6 Nelson Glueck 132 5.3.7 Kathleen Kenyon 134 5.3.8 Crystal-M. Bennett 136 5.3.9 Israeli Archaeology 137 5.3.10 The American Excavations at Gezer 141 5.3.11 Summary 144 5.4 Material Culture Analysis in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 145 5.4.1 Introduction 145 5.4.2 The Nature of Information Provided by Texts and Archaeology 145 5.4.3 Case Studies 147 5.4.3.1 The Analysis of Iron Age Ceramics in the Southern Levant 147 5.4.3.2 A Survey of South Levantine Iron Age Research Foci and their Effect iii on the Analysis of Iron Age Material Culture from Southern Jordan 151 5.4.4 Towards Alternative Approaches 15 3 5.5 Publication Practices in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 154 5.5.1 The Lack of Publication of Iron Age Excavations 154 5.5.2 The Structure of Archaeological Reports 156 5.5.3 Summary 157 5.6 Conclusion 158 CHAPTER 6 Material Culture and Identity: Archaeological Theory and Ethnicity 159 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Background: Approaches to Material Culture and Identity in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 160 6.2.1 Nineteenth Century Nationalism 160 6.2.2 Culture-Historical Archaeology 160 6.2.3 Processual and Post-Processual Archaeology 162 6.2.4 Approaches to Ethnicity in South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 165 6.3 Theories of Ethnicity 169 6.3.1 Race and Culture 169 6.3.2 Anthropological Approaches to Ethnicity 170 6.3.3 Objectivist and Subjectivist Approaches 171 6.3.4 Primordial and Instrumental Approaches 172 6.3.5 Ethnicity and Theory of Practice 173 6.3.6 Summary 174 6.4 Ethnicity and Material Culture 174 6.4.1 The Correlation of Archaeological Cultures with Ethnic Groups 175 6.4.2 Archaeological Distributions and Archaeological 'Cultures' 175 6.4.3 Ethnicity and South Levantine Iron Age Archaeology 176 6.4.4 Ethnicity and Historical Sources 177 6.4.5 Conclusion 181 6.5 Reassessments 182 6.5.1 Theories of Practice and Structuration 183 6.5.2 Anthony Giddens: Theory of Structuration 184 6.5.3 Pierre Bourdieu: The Concept of Habitus 185 6.5.4 John Barrett: The Field of Discourse 186 6.5.5 An Archaeology of Practice 187 SECTION 3 Towards Alternative Approaches CHAPTER 7 Reassessing 'Edomite' Archaeology: Methodology and Background 190 7.1 Introduction 190 7.2 Structuration Theory and Social Practice 190 7.2.1 Summary and Discussion 193 7.3 Data Analysis: Description and Methodology 194 7.3.1 Possible Methodologies and the Limitations of the Data Set 194 7.3.2 Data Description 196 7.3.3 Methodology: Contextual Analysis 197 iv 7.3.4 Methodology: Functional Ceramics Analysis 198 7.3.4.1 The Scheme of Analysis 200 7.3.5 Methodology: Vessel Form Analysis 202 7.3.6 Site Comparison Based on Survey Data 204 7.3.7 Limitations of the Analyses 205 CHAPTER 8 Data Analysis 208 8.1 Introduction 208 8.2 A Comparison of the 'Edomite' Pottery
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