Biopreservation of Traditional Raw Milk Cheeses with an Emphasis on Serbian Artisanal Cheeses and Their Historical Production
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Veterinar - Repository of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine meat technology UDK: 637.33.053/.057 Founder and publisher: Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade ID: 239751180 Review paper Biopreservation of traditional raw milk cheeses with an emphasis on Serbian artisanal cheeses and their historical production Snezana Bulajic1, Tijana Ledina1, Jasna Djordjevic1, Marija Boskovic1, Violeta Matovic2, Radmila Markovic1, Milan Z. Baltic1 A b s t r a c t: Cheese is one of the oldest food products with preservation based on fermentation, the most common and perhaps the oldest biotechnology. It relies on the biochemical action of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and is regarded as health-friendly by consum- ers. Some autochthonous LAB, worldwide and in Serbia, have been characterized as eff ective producers of antimicrobial compounds such as low-molecular-weight metabolites, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and bacteriocin-like molecules, and so have demonstrated great potential as food preservatives . The raw milk cheese microbiota, as a good source of novel bacteriocinogenic LAB with high diversity of microbial activity, is key in controlling the microbial load in cheese and achieving diverse sensory characteristics. Keywords: biopreservation, lactic acid bacteria, raw milk cheese. 1. Antimicrobial potential of lactic acid The LAB are a heterogeneous group of organ- bacteria – an attractive model of isms functionally related by their ability to convert biopreservation hexoses into lactic acid during homo- or heterofer- mentative metabolism. Although LAB do not com- The global food industry is continually chang- promise a distinct taxonomic group, they are phylo- ing and evolving in order to meet consumers’ needs. genetically closely related, with their small genomes Consumers want food that is convenient: high-qual- and simplified metabolic pathway for carbohydrate ity, fresh (minimally processed), natural (preserv- fermentation (Pfeiler and Klaenhammer, 2007). The ative free), undoubtedly safe and with extended ecological distribution of LAB is extensive: they are indigenous to food-related habitats but also associat- shelf life. Both consumer and food legislative needs ed with the mucosal surfaces of animals (Makarova call for innovative approaches to preserving food. et al., 2006). Molecular studies revealed that con- Therefore, food processors and the scientific com- siderable genetic adaptation has occurred during munity have to explore and implement novel food the coevolution of LAB with their diverse habitats preservation systems. (Mayo et al., 2008). The transition toward a nutrient- Biopreservation is defined as the extension of rich lifestyle (e.g. milk) to gene loss and metabolic shelf life and enhanced safety of foods by the use simplification (reduction). Also, LAB adaptation to of natural or controlled microbiota and/or antimi- milk has resulted in acquisition and duplication of crobial compounds (Schillinger et al., 1996; Stiles, genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates 1996). Fermentation, the most common and histor- and amino acid transport, thus ensuring the genetic ically-rooted form of biopreservation, relies on the traits dedicated to efficient exploitation of milk’s nu- biochemical action of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). trients (Makarova et al., 2006). Moreover, fermentation, perhaps the oldest bio- The major antimicrobial compounds produced technology, has been utilized for millennia (Ross by LAB are organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid). et al., 2002) and is regarded as health-friendly by Rapid acidification is one of the major criteria for consumers. selection of LAB starter strains that are utilized in 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia; 2Center for Food Analyses, Zmaja od Nocaja 11, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia. Corresponding author : Jasna Djordjevic, [email protected] 52 Meat Technology 58 (2017) 1, 52–61 the dairy industry. However, it is an important pa- activity was attributed to bacteriocin production as rameter in achieving the microbiological stability shown by susceptibility of inhibitor substances to of fermented food if we bear in mind that, gener- degradation by proteolytic enzymes . ally, food safety is guaranteed as soon as the pH Bacteriocins are qualified to be promising tools value reaches 4.2 or below (Holzapfel, 2002). The in the biopreservation due to several characteristics antimicrobial effect of acids is exerted by interfer- (Perez et al., 2015): ing with maintenance of cell membrane potential, i) Inherent tolerance to thermal stress inhibiting active transport and reducing intracellu- lar pH, thus hindering a variety of metabolic path- ii) Activity over a wide pH range ways (Kashket, 1987; Lorca and De Valdez, 2009). iii) No adverse eff ect on quality and fl avor Moreover, specific strains of LAB are character- iv) Easy degradation by proteolytic enzymes, ized as effective producers of other antimicrobial which minimizes the development of re- compounds such as low-molecular-weight metabo- sistance mechanisms. Occasional resist- lites (reuterin, diacetyl, and fatty acids), hydrogen ance is observed, probably due to intrinsic peroxide, bacteriocins, and bacteriocins-like mol- ability of cells to change lipid composi- ecules (Suskovic et al., 2010). Among these, the tion of membrane, but it is unclear if this bacteriocins, proteinaceous compounds with anti- phenomenon is generated by spontaneous microbial activity against pathogenic and spoilage mutation (Crandall and Montville, 1998; bacteria, have demonstrated great potential as food Vadyvaloo et al., 2002; Nes and Johns- preservatives. borg, 2004). v) Suitability to bioengineering due to their primary metabolic nature (Perez et al., 2. Bacteriocins 2014). Bacteriocins are defined as small, heat-sta- It is noteworthy that very few commercial bac- ble, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial pep- teriocinogenic protective cultures are marketed to- tides with a narrow or broader spectrum of activi- day owing to the difficulty of developing cultures ty (Cotter et al., 2005). It is reasonable to assume that are efficient and effective in food systems. In that numerous bacteriocins exist in nature, but in- situ bacteriocin production is favored as it does not dustrially important LAB have been mainly ex- require specific legislative approval, but it does re- ploited as a huge reservoir for bacteriocins, as they quire that the producer strain is well adapted to the have earned the “generally recognized as safe – food matrix, and capable of active growth and bac- GRAS” (FDA, 1988) status due to their long tradi- teriocin expression. The effectiveness of bacterioc- tion of safe use in fermented food. Over the years, in activity in food is affected by numerous factors: various schemes have been introduced in order to interference with food matrix, enzymatic degrada- classify the bacteriocins of Gram-positive bac- tion, and retention of bacteriocin molecule by com- teria. Cotter et al. (2005) suggested a more rad- ponents of the food system, the antagonistic effect ical modification of the previous classification of background microbiota, slow diffusion and insol- schemes where bacteriocins can generally be ubility due to inadequate physicochemical parame- classified into one of two groups on the basis of ters and uneven distribution of bacteriocin in hetero- whether they undergo post-translational modifica- geneous food matrix (Cleveland et al., 2001; Gálvez tions: Class I (modified – lantibiotics) and Class et al., 2007). II (unmodified – non-lantibiotics), as opposed to Before the introduction of genetic studies, Klaenhammer’s (Klaenhammer, 1993) four class screening for bacteriocins relied on functional as- scheme. The mode of antimicrobial action of bac- says, in which potential producer organisms were teriocins differs among classes including mem- tested for antimicrobial activity against selected brane permeability, interference with cell wall indicator organisms. It is not an ideal solution be- synthesis, or dependence on a receptor molecule cause not only is bacteriocin production plasmid- required for binding, inhibition of sugar-uptake encoded (which implies instability due to plasmid system and efflux of intracellular solutes (Perez et loss), but it has also been recognized that regulatory al., 2015). It was generally assumed that most bac- mechanisms of bacteriocin synthesis are subject to teriocins were not active against Gram-negative temperature control (Diep et al., 2000). Therefore, bacteria due the integrity of their lipopolysaccha- a major obstacle in screening and choosing nov- ride outer membrane (Stevens et al., 1991; Perez el bacteriocin-producing LAB is that their optimal et al., 2015). In the same studies, the antimicrobial growth temperature can differ from their optimal 53 Snezana Bulajic et al. Biopreservation of traditional raw milk cheeses with an emphasis on Serbian artisanal cheeses and their historical production temperature for bacteriocin production (Nes and 3. Raw milk cheeses: a bastion against Johnsborg, 2004). undesirable microorganisms Bearing in mind the ubiquity of bacteriocin production, the ecological consideration of this trait Recently, there has been a considerable interest has been established, although it is not fully under- in locally-sourced, fresh, organic, natural and sus- stand what, precisely,