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Water Quality Assessment in the Hawkesbury Nepean River System, New South Wales

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Water Quality Assessment in the Hawkesbury Nepean River System, New South Wales School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN THE HAWKESBURY NEPEAN RIVER SYSTEM, NEW SOUTH WALES Kuruppu Arachchige Upeka Kanchnamalie Kuruppu Supervisory panel: Principal Supervisor : A/Prof. Ataur Rahman Co-supervisors : A/Prof. Arumugam Sathasivan Prof. Basant Maheshwari A/Prof. Gary Dennis This thesis is presented for the degree of Master of Engineering (Honours) in the Western Sydney University 02 May, 2016 i Statement of Authentication I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at Western Sydney University or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Signature…………………………………………………….. Date………………………………………………………….. ii Abstract Surface waters are the most vulnerable to pollution due to their easy accessibility for disposal of wastewaters. Both the natural processes as well as the anthropogenic influences together determine the quality of surface water. The Hawkesbury Nepean River system (HNRS) is an icon of Australia’s largest city, Sydney, with important ecological, social and economic values. Since European settlement, the reliance on this river system has steadily increased to meet the drinking water requirements of the population, and it now provides 97% of fresh drinking water to more than 4.8 million people living in and around Sydney. HNRS has been placed under increasing pressure and the environmental health of the river system has suffered due to the increasing development and population growth over time. The river regulation has resulted in large volumes of water being extracted for drinking water, irrigation and industrial uses. There are a number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in the catchment, and stormwater runoff from agricultural and urban areas can also carry pollutants into the river system. Algal and introduced macrophyte blooms have commonly occurred in the past and are likely to continue to occur in the future unless serious intervention is made by the NSW Government. Identifying the deteriorated section of a river and actual sources of pollution along different parts of the river helps to make suitable pollution prevention activities. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the state of the HNRS, using water quality data from the past 20 years. Therefore, the following objectives are iii primarily emphasized in this thesis: Assess the water quality in the HNRS. Assess the trend of water quality in the HNRS. Develop prediction equations to predict water quality from surrogate water quality parameters. Assess the impact of land use on the water quality of the HNRS. Develop a water quality index for the river in order to conduct an overall evaluation of the water quality of the river. This thesis consists of a series of experimental and numerical studies. They include exploratory analysis, trend analysis, principal component analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, and application of water quality index method to make an overall water quality assessment of the HNRS. This study has found that the concentrations of total phosphorus, nitrogen oxides and chlorophyll along the HNRS are higher than those recommended by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) guidelines. An increasing trend for turbidity, chlorophyll-a, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, total iron, total aluminium, total manganese and reactive silicate has also been detected for majority of the monitoring stations. Application of the Canadian Water Quality Index (WQI) method shows that the water quality at 9 stations fall under either the poor or marginal category. Stations N14 and N35 iv were found to be the most polluted stations in the HNRS among the 9 stations. There are many sewage treatment plants discharging treated wastewater to upstream of N35. Also, the dominant land use in this part of the catchment includes rural, grazing, commercial gardening, intensive agriculture and urban and industrial activities. These land uses can be attributed to the low WQI at N35. Water quality at station N14 should be improved due to dilution by high quality inflows from the Colo River and the undisturbed upstream catchment. The high pollutant levels at N14 need to be investigated to find the possible reasons and to devise controlling measures. Although an improvement in water quality can be seen at some stations downstream of the undisturbed parts of the catchment, there has been an overall water quality deterioration in the HNRS during the last decade. The HNRS is a very important river system of Australia .The findings of this study would provide an important basis for better land use planning in the catchment of the HNRS, which would improve the overall state of the river water quality. v Dedications To my loving husband Sameera, for his love, understanding, encouragement and great support & to my loving daughter Vinuki and son Imeth. vi Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep and sincere appreciation to my principle supervisor, Associate Professor Ataur Rahman, for his endless support, exceptional advice, guidance, supervision and encouragement throughout every stage of my Masters Research. I would like to thank my co-supervisors, Associate Professor Arumugam Sathasivan, Professor Basant Maheshwari and Associate Professor Gary Dennis, for their valuable guidance and support. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Dr Md Mahmudul Haque in statistical analysis. I would like to acknowledge Ms. Tracey Schultz and Mr. Ramen Charan at Sydney Catchment Authority for their great support by providing the water quality data needed for this study. I would like to thank my work supervisor Mr. Kiran KC and the University of Western Sydney for providing the opportunity to undertake a Masters Research degree. I am indebted to my parents, Mr. Sisira Kuruppu and Mrs. Manel Hyacinth, for their love, support and inspiration. vii PREFACE This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters Honours at The Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia. The work described herein was performed by the candidate from the School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University. The candidate was supervised by Associate Professor Ataur Rahman (as Principal Supervisor) during the period of March 2013 to October 2015. The thesis has been supported by papers and book chapters that have been submitted for consideration, accepted or published in internationally renowned journals and conferences. These papers and book chapters are listed below: Book chapters Kuruppu, U., Haque, M.M., Rahman, A. (2016), Water quality in the urban rivers: A case study for the Hawkesbury-Nepean River system in Australia. In Water Resources: Problems and Solutions, Edited by Jonathan Y.S. Leung, OMICS Group International – eBooks, USA. (Accepted and in press). Journal papers Kuruppu, U., Rahman, A. (2015). Trends in water quality data in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River System, Australia, Journal of Water and Climate Change, doi:10.2166/wcc.2015.120. (IF=1.044, 5-Year IF=1.00, viii relative ranking 52/81 in water resources category, ISSN: 2040-2244, Q2, ERA 2010 ranking: B). Conference papers Kuruppu, U., Rahman, A. (2013). An Exploratory Analysis of Water Quality in the Nepean River, Australia, 35th IAHR World Congress. September 8 to 13, 2013 Chengdu, China, 1-6. Kuruppu, U., Rahman. A., Haque, M.M., Sathasivan, A. (2013). Water Quality Investigation in the Hawkesbury- Nepean River in Sydney Using Principal Component Analysis, 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, 1 to 6 December, 2013, Adelaide, Australia, 2646-2652. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Expected Outcomes, Values and Benefits ................................................ 3 1.3.1 Why is this particular piece of research worth doing? ...................... 3 1.3.2 What special groups stand to benefit? ............................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................. 4 1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................ 5 1.6 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 8 2.1 River Water Quality ................................................................................. 8 2.2 Hawkesbury-Nepean River System ........................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF METHODS .......................................................................... 18 x 3.1 Overview
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