Hydrological Summary for the General December was a mixed month with wet weather bookended by settled spells. Overall December was mild, with only a few cold snaps, and a new December UK maximum temperature record of 18.7°C was set in () on the 28th. Rainfall was above average at the national scale, and particularly so in southern England. Conversely areas of north-east Britain received substantially below average rainfall. River flows in England and south Wales were generally above normal, exceptionally so in places, whilst in northern Britain and Northern Ireland flows were largely in the normal range. Soil moisture deficits (SMDs) were negligible across most of the country, and groundwater levels remained exceptionally high across large parts of the UK, particularly in north-east and central-southern England where several new records were established. At the national scale, reservoir stocks remained healthy following successive months of wet weather, notably so in impoundments in southern Britain. For seven consecutive months UK rainfall has been above average, and as a result the water resources outlook for 2020 is healthy. High river flows, saturated soils, an early start to the recharge season and exceptionally high groundwater levels increase the risk of further fluvial and groundwater flooding over the coming months.

Rainfall A settled start to December gave way to regular frontal flows in northern Britain were generally in the normal systems mid-month before a return to a drier final week. range, with below normal flows recorded on the Coquet and On the 5th, a persistent belt of rain crossed England and Bush. For October-December flows were above average Wales (a 24-hour rainfall total of 135mm was recorded for most of England and Wales and new maximum mean at Seathwaite, Cumbria), 5,500 properties lost power and flow records were established on six catchments from there was disruption to roads and rail and in south-west Cornwall to the Humber with the Warwickshire Avon and England. On the 8th/9th storm ‘Atiyah’ brought mainly Lud exceeding three times the average for this period. windy conditions to Wales and south-west England, October-December outflows from England and Wales were leading to transport disruption. Further successive low the second highest on record in a series from 1961. For pressure systems traversed the UK over the next 10 days 2019 as a whole, flows were above average in central and bringing sustained rainfall and on the 21st a tornado was northern England, while flow deficits originating from the reported in Chertsey (Surrey) causing some localised dry summer of 2018 are evident in eastern England with damage to property. For December as a whole, rainfall the Lee and Little Ouse recording less than two thirds of was above average in southern England, south Wales the average. and western , with areas of south-east England receiving more than 170% of the long term average. In Groundwater contrast, north east Britain recorded below average rainfall, Groundwater levels generally rose in December due to the substantially so in Northumbria where less than 50% of lack of SMDs, with responses dependent on geographic average rainfall was received. For the winter half‑year location and the amount of rainfall and recharge received. so far (October‑December), above average rainfall was Sites from the Midlands northwards remained in the same registered across much of England and Wales, with category as last month, whilst levels generally rose further areas around the Humber receiving more than 170% of above normal in the south. In the Chalk, levels rose during average. The Severn-Trent region recorded its sixth wettest December at all index sites except Wetwang and Killyglen, October‑December since 1910. For 2019 as a whole, leading to exceptionally high levels in the north-east and rainfall was above average at the UK scale, more so in southern parts of the outcrop. Groundwater flood alerts central and northern England, and near average elsewhere. were issued in central-southern England during December and three new record levels for December were established River flows at Aylesby (for the second consecutive month), Rockley and River flows remained high into the start of December, but West Woodyates Manor. In contrast, levels in the eastern generally began to fall following the settled start to the Chilterns and at some sites in East Anglia remained below month. Further rainfall in the coming days led to increasing normal. In the Jurassic limestones, levels rose with a record st flows and by the 21 over 100 Flood Warnings were in level for the third successive month at New Red Lion, 2019 December force. Pumping stations removed excess water from the but fell at Ampney Crucis from exceptionally high to Somerset Levels and flooding was reported on the Hayle above average. In the Magnesian Limestone levels rose (Cornwall) and Medway (Kent) with 90 properties flooded and remained exceptionally high. At Lime Kiln Way in but over 18,000 protected by defences across England. the Upper Greensand, levels rose but remained in the Towards the end of the month flows began to recede as normal range. Levels in the Permo-Triassic sandstones conditions became more settled. December mean flows in rose and remained in the normal range or above, with southern England were generally above normal or higher, levels at Weir Farm becoming exceptionally high. In the notably and exceptionally high in a band from Wessex to Carboniferous Limestone, levels fell overall in south Wales the Humber and a number of catchments exceeding two dropping back into the normal range at Greenfield Garage times the average (e.g. Coln, Medway, Hampshire Avon, but rose at Alstonfield where levels remained exceptionally Stour). A new December mean flow record was established high. Levels in the Fell sandstone at Royalty Observatory on the Lud (record since 1968) and it recorded new daily rose and remained above normal for time of the year. mean flow maxima for 16 consecutive days. In contrast, Rainfall . . . Rainfall . . . Rainfall accumulations and return period estimates Percentages are from the 1981-2010 average.

Dec Region Rainfall Nov19 – Dec19 Oct19 – Dec19 Jul19 – Dec19 Jan19 – Dec19 2019 RP RP RP RP United mm 139 257 395 743 1240 Kingdom % 119 109 2-5 110 2-5 121 15-25 110 10-20 England mm 103 219 344 602 968 % 120 127 5-10 131 10-15 130 15-25 115 8-12 Scotland mm 192 296 449 935 1593 % 123 93 2-5 92 2-5 114 5-10 105 5-10 Wales mm 180 353 551 931 1612 % 112 111 2-5 114 5-10 118 5-10 114 8-12 Northern mm 109 238 338 694 1230 Ireland % 96 105 2-5 98 2-5 113 2-5 108 5-10 England & mm 114 238 373 647 1056 Wales % 118 123 5-10 127 8-12 128 10-20 115 10-15

North West mm 142 243 379 876 1445 % 108 94 2-5 96 2-5 128 10-20 119 15-25 Northumbria mm 58 189 289 625 1024 % 67 107 2-5 110 2-5 131 20-30 118 10-20 Severn-Trent mm 84 212 332 593 974 % 109 140 5-10 144 15-25 141 30-50 125 30-50 Yorkshire mm 76 208 353 636 998 % 88 123 2-5 141 15-25 141 20-30 119 10-20 Anglian mm 74 158 255 418 683 % 139 139 5-10 145 15-25 123 5-10 109 2-5 Thames mm 103 199 305 474 765 % 146 138 5-10 137 10-15 122 5-10 107 2-5 Southern mm 133 251 373 544 850 % 153 141 5-10 135 8-12 122 5-10 107 2-5 Wessex mm 139 250 394 615 975 % 142 128 5-10 134 8-12 127 5-10 111 2-5 South West mm 182 377 573 889 1374 % 127 134 5-10 136 10-20 132 15-25 112 5-10 Welsh mm 175 343 537 903 1559 % 114 113 2-5 116 5-10 119 5-10 114 8-12 Highland mm 230 313 488 1004 1815 % 119 81 2-5 84 2-5 104 2-5 101 2-5 North East mm 94 249 346 670 1160 % 103 124 5-10 108 2-5 120 5-10 114 8-12 Tay mm 169 300 427 843 1389 % 127 109 2-5 100 2-5 117 5-10 104 2-5 Forth mm 149 258 386 799 1281 % 125 109 2-5 104 2-5 123 15-25 107 5-10 Tweed mm 93 217 318 711 1167 % 90 105 2-5 100 2-5 127 15-25 114 10-15 Solway mm 173 288 439 1025 1677 % 109 91 2-5 90 2-5 124 10-20 113 10-20 Clyde mm 273 361 560 1194 1909 % 143 95 2-5 96 2-5 119 10-15 105 5-10 % = percentage of 1981-2010 average RP = Return period Important note: Figures in the above table may be quoted provided their source is acknowledged (see page 12). Where appropriate, specific mention must be made of the uncertainties associated with the return period estimates. The RP estimates are based on data provided by the Met Office and reflect climatic variability since 1910; they also assume a stable climate. The quoted RPs relate to the specific timespans only; for the same timespans, but beginning in any month the RPs would be substantially shorter. The timespans featured do not purport to represent the critical periods for any particular water resource management zone. For hydrological or water resources assessments of drought severity, river flows and/or groundwater levels normally provide a better guide than return periods based on regional rainfall totals. Note that precipitation totals in winter months may be underestimated due to snowfall undercatch. All monthly rainfall totals since January 2018 are provisional. 2 Rainfall . . . Rainfall . . . December 2019 rainfall October 2019 - December 2019 rainfall as % of 1981-2010 average as % of 1981-2010 average

170 170 150 150 130 130 110 110 90 90

70 70 % of average of % 50 average of % 50 30 30

October - December rainfall for Severn-Trent 500

400 The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically it 300 describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with particular focus on the next 200 three months. The complete version of the Hydrological Outlook UK can Rainfall (mm) 100 be found at: www.hydoutuk.net/latest-outlook/

0 Period: from January 2020 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Issued: 09.01.2020 October - December average outflows for using data to the end of December 2019 England & Wales 7000 The outlook for January is for river flows to be within the normal range across the majority of northern and 6000 western parts of the UK, as well as in the groundwater fed 5000 catchments of East Anglia and the Chilterns. River flows ) in the East Midlands, central-southern and south‑eastern -1 s

3 4000 England are likely to be normal to above normal for January. Over the next three months, river flows in 3000 northern and western parts of the UK are likely to be normal to above normal. Groundwater levels are expected

Flow (m 2000 to follow a similar pattern with normal levels being likely 1000 in East Anglia and the Chilterns over the next one to three months. Normal to exceptionally high groundwater levels, 0 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s * For 2000s a grass cover 2010s with a variable spatial pattern, are likely to extend across the remainder of the UK for the next three months.

3 River flow . . . River flow . . .

October 2019 -

Naver December 2019 (!82 Inver (!84 (!109 Helmsdale Ewe (!77 (!68 Oykel Spey Deveron !114 138 (!76 (!93 ( (! 132 Ythan Carron Ness (! (!111 Dee (!81 Nevis Tay (!105 Forth (!114 Earn 92 (! Tyne (!173 (!101 (!197 Tweed Naver Clyde (!162 Coquet (!95 (!90 Cree (!85 Nith Inver Mourne Bush Eden Tyne 99 (!84 119 (!119 (! (!106 (! (!93 Helmsdale 91 Tees 102 Derwent (! Ewe (! 136 152 (! 93 Spey Deveron (! (! Oykel Leven 101 Annacloy (! 103 Wharfe 122 Lune(! (!207 (! (!97 !169 (!110 (!99 ( Derwent 131 Ribble (!105 Ythan (! Aire (!186 Carron Ness Mersey Don 298 Conwy (! (!176 J 367 Lud 111 Dee Derwent J(! (! 237 227 (! 112 (! Wensum 111 Erch (! 401 (! (!119 Weaver (!252(! (!109 Dee 203 JJWitham !114 Nevis (! Trent ( Tay Dove 125 264 Soar (!129 (! (! Stringside Severn J (!110 Luss 137 (!202 Forth (! Teifi Great Little 180 Earn Avon (!Ouse Ouse 120 !129 (!138 (!311 ( 141 (! Tyne Yscir J (! Colne 135 Tywi !142 Coln (! ( 201 111 (! !246 (!91 Lee (! (!150 155 ( Thames (! Wye (!135 112 Tweed (! Tawe 153 (!202 Clyde Cynon (! Great Brue Avon (!213 (!140 177 Blackwater Stour Taw 214 (! Medway 174 (! 68 Coquet (!157 (! (!126 Itchen (!213 (! Tone 77 166 (! (! 214 Ouse Cree Warleggan (! (!115 Nith Mourne Bush Eden Tyne 162 Exe Stour 107 (!168 (!(!174 110 (! 109 (!95 Kenwyn Dart (! 206 (! J(! Tamar Tees © UKCEH 2020. © Crown copyright. Derwent (!115 © UKCEH (2020) © Crown copyright. 101 (!113 (! Annacloy Leven (!128 115 Wharfe Lune(! (!144 136 December 2019 (! Derwent 128 Ribble (! Aire (!117 Mersey Don 142 Conwy (! (!119 325 Lud Derwent J(! Key 143 (!133 Erch (!109 (! Wensum 263 (!81 Weaver (!164(! % of long-term average (!110 Dee (!126 Witham (!125 25 Dove Trent (record figure when circled) (!177 Soar (!167 Severn Stringside 150 (!144 (! Exceptionally high flow Teifi Great Little (!193 Ouse (!116 (!212 Avon Ouse (!122 Yscir Colne 227 Notably high flow Tywi (!127 Coln (! (!168 217 127 144 (! (!Lee (! (!142 Wye Thames Above normal Tawe 188 (!205 Cynon (! Great Brue Avon (!257 (!164 Normal range 200 Blackwater Stour Taw 188 (! Medway 178 (! !143 (! 142 Itchen 247 ( (! (! Below normal 152 Tone Warleggan (! (!213 Ouse 138 Exe Stour Notably low flow (!136 (!(!142 Kenwyn Dart 140 (! Tamar Exceptionally low flow © UKCEH© UK C(2020).EH 202 0©. ©Crown Crown copyright copyright.. Based on ranking of the monthly flow* River flows *Comparisons based on percentage flows alone can be misleading. A given percentage flow can represent extreme drought conditions in permeable catchments where flow patterns are relatively stable but be well within the normal range in impermeable catchments where the natural variation in flows is much greater. Note: the averaging period on which these percentages are based is 1981-2010. Percentages may be omitted where flows are under review.

4 River flow . . . River flow . . .

River flow hydrographs *The river flow hydrographs show the daily mean flows (measured in3 m s-1) together with the maximum and minimum daily flows prior to January 2019 (shown by the shaded areas). Daily flows falling outside the maximum/minimum range are indicated where the bold trace enters the shaded areas. The dashed line represents the period-of-record average daily flow.

5 River flow . . . River flow . . .

6 Groundwater . . . Groundwater

Groundwater levels (measured in metres above ordnance datum) normally rise and fall with the seasons, reaching a peak in the spring following replenishment through the winter (when evaporation losses are low and soil moist). They decline through the summer and early autumn. This seasonal variation is much reduced when the aquifer is confined below overlying impermeable strata. The monthly mean and the highest and lowest levels recorded for each month are displayed in a similar style to the river flow hydrographs. Note that most groundwater levels are not measured continuously and, for some index wells, the greater frequency of contemporary measurements may, in itself, contribute to an increased range of variation. 7 Groundwater . . . Groundwater

Alstonfield

8 Groundwater . . . Groundwater

Key

Monthly rank/Period of record J1/25 (record figure when circled) !( Exceptionally high levels !( Notably high levels !( Above normal

!( Normal range !( Below normal !( Notably low levels !( Exceptionally low levels

Royalty 24/30 Observatory (! Aquifer

Chalk

Newbridge (!21/27 Jurassic limestones Killyglen (!10/35 Skirwith Aycliffe Permo-Triassic sandstones 34/41 (! (!42/44 Magnesian Limestone Carboniferous Limestone Wetwang (!47/49 Brick House Dalton Holme Farm (!38/40 (!126/131 J(!41/41 Aylesby Alstonfield Llanfair D.C. New Red (!30/48 (!44/46 Lion Weir Farm (!56/56 (!35/37 J Washpit (!43/68 Farm 24/46 Frying Pan (! (!11/48 Lodge Redlands Nuttalls Dial Farm Hall Farm!4/52 (!5/56 ( Ampney 17/132 Greenfield Garage Crucis (! Therfield Pant y 12/26 Stonor Rectory (! Lladron 51/62 (! Park (!23/59 (!20/25 (!88/88 Tilshead J Rockley Chipstead 70/78 49/51 (! West (! Compton 44/48 (! Little House Woodyates Houndean Bucket Bussells Manor 75/75 42/43 Farm (! 121/125 179/184 (! No.7a (!(! 33/51 J 45/49 (! !72/79 Westdean No.3 (! Chilgrove ( 39/45 Lime (! House Kiln Ashton Way Farm © B BGSGS N NERCERC 2 0202020.

Groundwater levels - December 2019 The calculation of ranking has been modified from that used in summaries published prior to October 2012. It is now based on a comparison between the most recent level and levels for the same date during previous years of record. Where appropriate, levels for earlier years may have been interpolated. The rankings are designed as a qualitative indicator, and ranks at extreme levels, and when levels are changing rapidly, need to be interpreted with caution.

9 Reservoirs . . . Reservoirs . . . Guide to the variation in overall Comparison between overall reservoir stocks for England and reservoir stocks for England and Wales Wales in recent years

Percentage live capacity of selected reservoirs at end of month

Capacity 2019 2019 2019 Dec Min Year* 2018 Diff Area Reservoir (Ml) Oct Nov Dec Anom. Dec of min Dec 19-18 North West N Command Zone • 124929 78 74 85 -1 51 1995 90 -5 Vyrnwy 55146 100 96 95 4 35 1995 88 8 Northumbrian Teesdale • 87936 96 100 99 8 41 1995 99 -1 Kielder (199175) 82 81 84 -7 70 1989 84 1 Severn-Trent Clywedog 49936 88 86 88 3 54 1995 87 0 Derwent Valley • 46692 100 100 99 9 10 1995 74 25 Yorkshire Washburn • 23373 99 92 91 5 23 1995 96 -5 Bradford Supply • 40942 100 100 100 10 22 1995 76 24 Anglian Grafham (55490) 84 88 88 5 57 1997 66 22 Rutland (116580) 96 96 96 14 60 1990 82 14 Thames London • 202828 89 92 91 4 60 1990 87 4 Farmoor • 13822 97 95 99 9 71 1990 88 11 Southern Bewl 31000 77 85 89 17 34 2005 89 0 Ardingly 4685 67 100 100 16 30 2011 70 30 Wessex Clatworthy 5364 85 100 100 9 54 2003 100 0 Bristol • (38666) 88 99 99 20 40 1990 82 17 South West Colliford 28540 59 68 75 -3 46 1995 74 1 Roadford 34500 58 66 75 -2 20 1989 67 9 Wimbleball 21320 88 100 100 18 46 1995 77 23 Stithians 4967 99 100 100 21 33 2001 90 10 Welsh Celyn & Brenig • 131155 84 84 89 -4 54 1995 87 2 Brianne 62140 100 99 100 2 76 1995 100 0 Big Five • 69762 87 86 88 -2 67 1995 90 -2 Elan Valley • 99106 97 99 99 2 56 1995 100 -1

Scotland(E) Edinburgh/Mid-Lothian • 97223 88 90 94 3 60 1998 92 2 East Lothian • 9317 100 100 100 4 48 1989 95 5 Scotland(W) Loch Katrine • 110326 95 95 100 9 75 2007 96 4 Daer 22494 100 97 100 3 83 1995 98 2 Loch Thom 10798 96 89 91 -6 80 2007 100 -9

Northern Total+ • 56800 96 99 100 11 61 2001 95 5 Ireland Silent Valley • 20634 97 99 100 14 39 2001 99 1

( ) figures in parentheses relate to gross storage • denotes reservoir groups *last occurrence + excludes Lough Neagh

Details of the individual reservoirs in each of the groupings listed above are available on request. The percentages given in the Average and Minimum storage columns relate to the 1988-2012 period except for West of Scotland and Northern Ireland where data commence in the mid-1990s. In some gravity-fed reservoirs (e.g. Clywedog) stocks are kept below capacity during the winter to provide scope for flood attenuation purposes. Monthly figures may be artificially low due to routine maintenance or turbidity effects in feeder rivers. © UKCEH (2020). 10 Location map . . . Location map

Shetland Isles

# Naver Helmsdale Orkney # Inver Isles # # Oykel

E # w Western e Isles # on rr e Ca si on s # er # # # Lo ev D Yth Highland North East s an s Scotland e ey # N Sp Don# Tay #Dee Forth B e rv # Nevis ie # Clyde Tweed Northumbrian Ta#y Solway Northern Earn # Ireland " Katrine North For Luss # # th West Yorkshire East England Leven Lothian G West e # yn C Lothian T " Thom l # yd " Whiteadder e # #! Royalty Observatory

eed Midlands " Edinburgh/ Tw Nith Anglian Mid-Lothian C G oqu et # Welsh " Daer #Bush Braden # Kielder G Thames Faughan # Lower C ! Newbridge # re Bann #e # Tyne # ! # South Killyglen # E Wessex Mourne d South West e Southern n Tyne England C # amowen n # Skirwith ! Aycliffe ga# Derwent # ! La " " " # Northern Haweswater & es # Teesdale Te Annacloy Thirlmere D Command n o e v Zone v e Silent Valley e e # n # L Wharfe " u

L Bradford Supply # " Wetwang Washburn # ! " # O D

u e

r # s w le e ! b ! e Dalton ib Brick n # R House Farm # t Holme " Aire Pennines ! on# Aylesby Derwent D sey # Valley Mer " d

Lu#

t n

D e # r W

e T Celyn & Llanfair r # r i e w Dover th # v a Brenig ! ! e a m D.C. Alstonfield n Beck New Erch Conwy e " t # # # # W # Red Dee Lion # D # ! # Weir Farm ove G Vyrnwy ! ! We nsu fi # m y Washpit D r G # S ! a Rutland Farm eve o # Clywedog rn S # Stringside G Nuttalls ! Frying Pan # Lodge Farm Waveney Elan # Littl e Ou Brianne Valley Grafham G se " use Teme von t O ! Dial # A # rea G W G Farm Y ye Redlands Hall # s # ! c # i ! i r Therfield # w Gauging Station(River name) Teifi y # T Rectory # # U C Coln Greenfield s o e k l ! e " n Farmoor Groundwater index well Garage w # # a Big Ampney # " ! T Cy Stonor # no Five Crucis! Mimram Lee n # Park G Reservoir - individual ! Pant y La London Rockley m Pa Thames y Lladron bo n " wa u g # B ed ! r l M " ! n # a # Reservoir - group (general location only) Bristol # c # k " Kennet w a ! Chipstead # Wimbleball A t Great Clatworthy Tilshead e # Br ! v r M Chalk ue o t o # Stour ! n s l Little Bucket West # e e T Farm G # Woodyates Itchen G G Compton Ardingly G O Bewl Jurassic limestones # # Manor us ! # House #e T Tone # a S !! Chilgrove Houndean w Exe to ! Permo-Triassic sandstones ! Lime P ur # House Bottom # r id # Roadford ! te Kiln Way dl ! t e # W G Bussells O a Westdean # ! # L lli Magnesian Limestone y ng No.3 Colliford No.7A m to in n G # Ashton g # # to Carboniferous Limestone Tamar # Farm n Gannel Warleggan D a r Minor aquifers have been omitted # t G Kenwyn © NERC (CEH, BGS) 2019 © Crown copyright Stithians

© UKCEH, NERC BGS (2020). © Crown copyright. 11 NHMP

The National Hydrological Monitoring Programme Water; supplementary rain gauges are operated by the (NHMP) was started in 1988 and is undertaken jointly by Met Office. The Met Office NCIC monthly rainfall series the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and extend back to 1910 and form the official source of UK areal the British Geological Survey (BGS). The NHMP aims to rainfall statistics which have been adopted by the NHMP. provide an authoritative voice on hydrological conditions The gridding technique used is described in Perry MC and throughout the UK, to place them in a historical context and, Hollis DM (2005) available at over time, identify and interpret any emerging hydrological http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/methods trends. Hydrological analysis and interpretation within the Programme is based on the data holdings of the National Long-term averages are based on the period 1981-2010 and River Flow Archive (NRFA; maintained by UKCEH) and are derived from the monthly areal series. National Groundwater Level Archive (NGLA; maintained by BGS), including rainfall, river flows, borehole levels, The regional figures for the current month in the hydrological and reservoir stocks. summaries are based on a limited rain gauge network so these (and the associated return periods) should be regarded The Hydrological Summary is supported by the as a guide only. Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme The monthly rainfall figures are provided by the Met Office delivering National Capability. NCIC and are Crown Copyright and may not be passed on to, or published by, any unauthorised person or organisation.

Data Sources For further details on rainfall or MORECS data, please contact the Met Office: The NHMP depends on the active cooperation of many data Tel: 0870 900 0100 suppliers. This cooperation is gratefully acknowledged. Email: [email protected] River flow and groundwater level data are provided by the Environment Agency (EA), Natural Resources Wales - Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru (NRW), the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and, for Northern Ireland, the Enquiries Department for Infrastructure - Rivers and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. In all cases the data are Enquiries should be directed to the NHMP: subject to revision following validation (high flow and low flow data in particular may be subject to significant Tel: 01491 692599 revision). Email: [email protected]

Details of reservoir stocks are provided by the Water A full catalogue of past Hydrological Summaries can be Service Companies, the EA, Scottish Water and Northern accessed and downloaded at: Ireland Water. http://nrfa.ceh.ac.uk/monthly-hydrological-summary-uk The Hydrological Summary and other NHMP outputs may also refer to and/or map soil moisture data for the Some of the features displayed on the maps contained in UK. These data are provided by the Meteorological Office this report are based on the following data with permission Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System (MORECS). of the controller of HMSO. MORECS provides estimates of monthly soil moisture deficit in the form of averages over 40 x 40 km grid squares i. Ordnance Survey data. © Crown copyright and/or over Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The monthly time database right 2005. Licence no. 100017897. series of data extends back to 1961. ii. Land and Property Services data. © Crown copyright and database right, S&LA 145. Rainfall data are provided by the Met Office. To allow iii. Met Office rainfall data. © Crown copyright. better spatial differentiation the rainfall data for Britain are presented for the regional divisions of the precursor All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes organisations of the EA, NRW and SEPA. The areal crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil rainfall figures have been produced by the Met Office proceedings. National Climate Information Centre (NCIC), and are based on 5km resolution gridded data from rain gauges. Text and maps in this document are © UKCEH (2020) The majority of the full rain gauge network across the UK unless otherwise stated and may not be reproduced without is operated by the EA, NRW, SEPA and Northern Ireland permission.

01/2020 12