DOCSLIB.ORG

Battlefield Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Battlefield Medicine BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE z A History of the Military Ambulance from the Napoleonic Wars through World War I z WItH Az NeW PrefAce John S. Haller Jr. Southern Illinois University Press Carbondale and Edwardville Copyright © 1992 and new preface copyright © 2011 by the Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University All rights reserved Paperback edition 2011 Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Haller, John S. Battlefield medicine : a history of the military ambulance from the Napoleonic Wars through World War I / John S. Haller, Jr. — Pbk. ed. p. cm. Prev. ed.: Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, c1992, under title Farmcarts to Fords : a history of the military ambulance, 1790–1925. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8093-3040-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8093-3040-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8093-8787-8 (ebook) ISBN-10: 0-8093-8787-5 (ebook) 1. Transport of sick and wounded—History. 2. Transportation, Military—History. 3. Ambulances—History. I. Haller, John S. Farmcarts to Fords. II. Title. UH500.H35 2011 355.3'45—dc22 2010046493 Printed on recycled paper. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. FOR John) lea)) Nonie) and Lee No spectacle is more painful than that of the carriage of the wounded, the sick, and the dying in the midst of a campaign. It is the blackest page of war. The triumphs of the battlefield are all dimmed in looking at this inevitable sequel. It is needful to have seen it to comprehend it, for official dispatches and history tell but little of the reality. -Sir Henry Holland, Recollections ofPast Lift, 1872 Contents Plates ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 part one. Early History 1. Beginnings of a System 7 2. Early Ambulance Technology 40 part two. Consolidation 3. A World in Transition 61 4. Old and New Thinking 90 part three. The Great War 5. New Challenges 145 6. Trials of Evacuation 163 7. Lessons Learned 184 Notes 205 Selected Bibliography 235 Index 257 Plates Fol/owing page 110 I. Larrey's two-wheeled ambulance 2. Percy's surgical wagon 3. Percy's stretcher-bearers in marching order 4. Percy's stretcher fined for carrying wounded men 5. Squire's organi~..ational model for a division hospital 6. The common dandy and Barcill y dandy 7. A convoy of sick in camel kujjawas and a camel dhoolie 8. Mule cacolcrs or chairs 9. A freight car fined with eight spring-bed stretchers 10. The China wheelbarrow ambulance 11. Neuclorfer's two-wheeled liner, open for wounded transport, packed for carriage 12. Ncuss's two-wheeled litter 13. The Moses ambulance wagon and tent 14. The Coolidge ambulance wagon 15. The TripIer ambulance wagon 16. The Wheeling or Rosecrans ambulance wagon 17. The Rucker ambulance wagon 18. An 3mlY wagon fitted up as a Langer ambulance wagon 19. TIle interior of an improvised hospital railcar 20. A Dakota Indian tr:l.vois 21. A wounded soldier conveyed on a double-mule litter 22. McElderry's single-mule liner 23. The Rooker saddle attachment packed to a McClellan saddle x PLATES 24. The Rooker saddle attachment for support of a wounded soldier 25. The Autenrieth medicine wagon 26. Medical supplies carried on a two-pack mule 27. The U.S. Army medical transport cart 28. The British army sick-transport wagon 29. The Hamburg system of stretcher suspension in an improvised railcar 30. A saddle support for wounded calvary 31. A bicycle ambulance 32. Carter's "simplex" ambulance 33. Apparatus for carrying a wounded man on a soldier's back 34. Diagram of the British army evacuation organization 35. Diagram of the U.S. Army evacuation organization 36. Two-wheeled farmcart 37. Stretchers slung between two wheels, leaving the trenches 38. Stretcher-bearers returning from no-man's-land, S0111111e,1916 39. German prisoners carrying wounded men in a waterproof sheet 40. Colt trench stretcher, Willis stretcher, Victor stretcher carrier, and Blackham stretcher carrier 41. An overhead trench railway ambulance trolley 42. Ambulance cars on a temporary railway 43. Decauville light-railway system fitted for carrying wounded soldiers 44. A camel cacolet for recumbent patients 45. A German streetcar commandeered for transport of wounded 46. Ambulances for carrying mustard gas patients 47. The Belgian field ambulance motorcar 48. A Hampshire Automobile Club ambulance motorcar 49. An advertisement for volunteer American ambulance drivers 50. A Ford ambulance motorcar in the American Field Service 51. Transferring wounded men to a railway train 52. A ward railcar arranged for recumbent cases in a British ambulance train 53. Loading a patient into the fuselage of an aeroambulance 54. The aero ambulance designed by Major S. M. Strong Preface Unfortunately for the earth's fragile ecosystem, war remains the policy of choice among feuding nations and peoples, wreaking havoc not only on fellow human beings but on all living species. One of the few positive outcomes to emerge from this man-made trauma was the effort, begun by Dominique-Jean Larrey during the Napoleonic Wars, to bring orga­ nized medical support and transport to the soldier wounded on the field of battle. Elements of Larrey's support system were later introduced into the Crimean War, the American Civil War, the Franco-Prussian War, various fin de siecle wars and hotspots, the Philippine Insurrection, and finally the trenches of World War I-all of which are traced in the pages of this book. We know, of course, that the military ambulance continued to respond to innovations in military tactics and technology. Examples were appar­ ent with the development of the Echelon II hospital units situated close to unit-level aid stations in World War II, and later, with the U.S. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) units located minutes from the battle­ field in Korea. The proximity of these mobile units to the battlefield con­ tinued into Vietnam and the first Gulf War, providing an exceptionally high survival rate for tlle seriously wounded soldier. The last of these units, the 212th MASH, was established in Iraq in 2003 before being transferred to Pakistan to serve earthquake victims. Along with these organization­ al changes came improved ground and air transportation. While the first medevac helicopter was employed in April 1944 in Burma, not until the Korean War did the Bell 47, with its external basket stretchers, become the mainstay of air medical evacuation. Following that were the Bell UH-1 (Huey) during the Vietnam War, which allowed for treatment during flight, and the UH-60 Blackhawk in Iraq and Afghanistan. xi xii PREFACE More recently, the emergence of asymmetrical threats and insurgencies, often by nonstate combatants, have forced paradigmatic changes to existing support systems. Today, due in no small measure to improvised explosive devices and other unconventional weaponry, the military has responded with mobile forward surgical teams to provide basic advanced-trauma life support to stabilize seriously wounded soldiers unable to survive medevac care. These units, organized around advanced-trauma life support, operat­ ing room, and recovery components, are intended to treat combat casual­ ties within the "golden hour" following injury before transferring them to hospitals for further care. This book is dedicated to the men and women of m)' father's generation who fought in World War II and Korea, to those of my own generation who fought and died in Vietnam, and to those before and since who put their lives at risk in support of our nation's values and purposes. To them I tender my profound respect and humble thanks. February 2011 J.S.H. Acknowledgments During the course of writing this book, many colleagucs,librarians, archivists, and friends provided suppOrt, suggestions, criticism, and encouragement. In this regard, I am especially indebted to David L. Wilsoll, colleague in the Department of History; to Pascal James Imper­ ato, M.D., at the Medical Society for the State ofNcw York and editor of the New YorkStattJournal ofMtdicine; and to Glen W. Davidson, chairof the Department of Medical Humanities at the Southern Illinois Univer­ sity School of Medicine in Springfield, for their timely counsel, sugges­ tions, and assistance. Also important are those reviewers whose evalua­ tions-both supportive and critical-caused me to adjust my sights, correct mistakes, clarify concepts, and explo re new areas and connections. For their comments I am deeply appreciative. I want to give special thanks to Richard D. DeBacher, editoria l dircccorofSouthern Illinois University Press, fo r his advocacy on behalf of the manuscript; and to Susan Wilson and Kathryn Koldchoff, whose editorial support added measurably CO the final product. In addition, I appreciate the encouragement and advice given by colleagues Mark S. Foster, David P. Werlich, Donald S. Detwiler, John Y. Simon, Robert L. Hohlfdder, Glendon E Drake, Gilbert Schmidt, David C. Hood, T homas J. Noel, Mary S. Conroy, Dorothy Abrahamse, Stephen Horn, Karen Fawson, and Barbara Parker. Finally, I should like to thank my wife, Robin, who, as with all of my research, offered inspiration, encouragement, criticism, and substantial assistance, includ­ ing the proofing of numerous drafts and indexing the finished manu­ script. Like most authors of historical works, l alll\cspccially obligated co the historian-collector-librarians and their profcssional staffs. It was their generosity of time and experienced assistance that made it possible for me xU> XIV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS to enrich my understanding of the subject matter and to carry out the necessary research.
Recommended publications
  • Military History Anniversaries 01 Thru 14 Feb

    Military History Anniversaries 01 Thru 14 Feb

    Military History Anniversaries 01 thru 14 Feb Events in History over the next 14 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests Feb 01 1781 – American Revolutionary War: Davidson College Namesake Killed at Cowan’s Ford » American Brigadier General William Lee Davidson dies in combat attempting to prevent General Charles Cornwallis’ army from crossing the Catawba River in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Davidson’s North Carolina militia, numbering between 600 and 800 men, set up camp on the far side of the river, hoping to thwart or at least slow Cornwallis’ crossing. The Patriots stayed back from the banks of the river in order to prevent Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tartleton’s forces from fording the river at a different point and surprising the Patriots with a rear attack. At 1 a.m., Cornwallis began to move his troops toward the ford; by daybreak, they were crossing in a double-pronged formation–one prong for horses, the other for wagons. The noise of the rough crossing, during which the horses were forced to plunge in over their heads in the storm-swollen stream, woke the sleeping Patriot guard. The Patriots fired upon the Britons as they crossed and received heavy fire in return. Almost immediately upon his arrival at the river bank, General Davidson took a rifle ball to the heart and fell from his horse; his soaked corpse was found late that evening. Although Cornwallis’ troops took heavy casualties, the combat did little to slow their progress north toward Virginia.
  • Colonial Contractions: the Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946

    Colonial Contractions: the Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946

    Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Vicente L. Rafael Subject: Southeast Asia, Philippines, World/Global/Transnational Online Publication Date: Jun 2018 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.268 Summary and Keywords The origins of the Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histories of three empires that swept onto its shores: the Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese. This history makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation- states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power rela­ tionships. Such shifts have included not just regime change but also social revolution. The modernity of the modern Philippines is precisely the effect of the contradictory dynamic of imperialism. The Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese colonial regimes, as well as their postcolonial heir, the Republic, have sought to establish power over social life, yet found themselves undermined and overcome by the new kinds of lives they had spawned. It is precisely this dialectical movement of empires that we find starkly illumi­ nated in the history of the Philippines. Keywords: Philippines, colonialism, empire, Spain, United States, Japan The origins of the modern Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histo­ ries of three empires: Spain, the United States, and Japan. This background makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation-states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power relationships.
  • John Charles Robb (–)

    John Charles Robb (–)

    John Charles Robb (–) President of the Ulster Medical Society 1952–53 Presidential Opening Address Ulster Medical Society BARON LARREY (1766-1842): NAPOLEON’S CHIEF SURGEON AND HIS TIMES Dominique Jean Larrey, Baron of the Empire, Commander of the Legion of Honour, Inspector-General of the Medical Staff of the French Armies, Chief Surgeon of the Grand Army, and First Surgeon of the Imperial Guard, was born in 1766, three years before Napoleon Bonoparte, whose loving follower Larrey was destined to become. His birthplace was in the romantic region of the High Pyrenees, at the village of Beaudeau. At the period of Larrey’s birth, centuries of misrule were about to culminate in a mighty catastrophe for France. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, France was the most powerful nation in Europe. Under Louis XIV, she had threatened to dominate the whole Continent, but her advance had been checked largely by the genius of price. The King had a monopoly of this commodity Marlborough. From twenty years of aggression her and each year some ten thousand of the peasantry finances had never recovered. Though with her virile, were imprisoned, two thousand condemned to the ingenious people, France’s capacity to recover galleys, and several hundred executed for offences financial equilibrium seemed self-evident, her every against the salt laws alone. effort to do so failed. The blame was laid at the door As has been said, “At this time there were trees of the aristocrats, whose privileges alone seemed to growing in the forest, out of which the frame of the stand between the nation and a happier future.
  • 2020 Philippines A&M V2.Indd

    2020 Philippines A&M V2.Indd

    y th Year of Victor Victory in the Pacific M A Y 19 4 World War II in the Philippines 5 Bataan • Corregidor • Manila March 15-22, 2020 Featuring world-renowned expert on the war in the Pacific James M. Scott, author of Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita and The Battle of Manila • In collaboration with The National WWII Museum • Save $1,000 per couple when booked by August 2, 2019 1946 Corregidor Muster. Photo by James T. Danklefs ‘43 Howdy, Ags! On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the US Pacific Fleet The Traveling Aggies are pleased to partner with The National WWII Museum on at Pearl Harbor. Just a few hours later, the Philippines faced the same fury Victory in the Pacific: World War II in the Philippines. This fascinating journey will as the Japanese Army Air Force began bombing Clark Field, located north of begin in the lush province of Bataan, where tour participants will walk the first Manila. Five months later, the Japanese forced the Americans in the Philippines kilometer of the Death March and visit the remains of the prisoner of war camp at to surrender, but not before General MacArthur could slip away to Australia, Cabanatuan. On the island of Corregidor, 27 miles out in Manila Bay, guests will famously vowing, “I shall return.” see the blasted, skeletal remains of the mile-long barracks, theater, hospital, and officers’ quarters, as well as the monument built and dedicated by The Association After the fall of the Philippines, 70,000 captured American and Filipino soldiers near Malinta Tunnel in 2015, flying the Texas A&M flag and representing the were sent on the infamous “Bataan Death March,” a 65-mile forced march into sacrifice, bravery and Aggie Spirit of the men who Mustered there.
  • The Soldier's Death

    The Soldier's Death

    The Soldier’s Death 133 The Soldier’s Death: From Valmy to Verdun Ian Germani Introduction In 1975, André Corvisier published an article in the Revue Historique entitled simply “The Death of the Soldier since the End of the Middle Ages.”1 Corvisier acknowledged both the immensity of the topic and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to its study. The claims he made for his own contribution were modest: he had done no more than to establish an inventory of questions, accompanied by a few reflections. The article was more important than these claims suggest. Its insistence upon the need to situate military death in relation to the broader experience of death in western civilization made it an exemplar of what historians were just beginning to refer to as “the New Military History.” Furthermore, in its tripartite consideration of the soldier’s death – covering, broadly speaking, soldiers’ own attitudes toward death, the relationship between military death and mortality in general as well as cultural representations of the soldier’s death – the article identified and mapped out for further study several important dimensions of the topic. In particular, as cultural history has become increasingly important, Corvisier’s attention to military culture as well as to the representations of the soldier’s death in literature and art seems particularly advanced. Evidently, many other historians have since taken up Corvisier’s challenge to consider in greater depth cultural representations of the soldier’s death. The First World War, as a conflict marked by unprecedented military mortality, has inspired a number of important histories that address this theme.
  • Biographical Sketch of Dr. George M. Sternberg

    Biographical Sketch of Dr. George M. Sternberg

    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. GEORGE M. STERNBERG. [Reprint from Physicians and Surgeons of America.] GEORGE M. STERNBERG. STERNBERG, George Miller, Washington, D. C., son of Rev. Levi (D. D.) and Mar- garet Levering (Miller) Sternberg, was born «r New York city, June 8, 1838. Educated at Hartwick Seminary, Otsego county, N. Y.; commenced the study of medicine in 1857, at Cooperstown, N. Y., under Dr. Horace Lathrop, of that place; attended two courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York, and was graduated in iB6O. MILITARY AFFAIRS. Actual Rank. Assistant surgeon, May 28, 1861 ; accepted May 31, 1861 ; captain and assistant sur- geon, May 28, 1866; major and surgeon, Decem- ber 1, 1875; lieutenant-colonel and deputy sur- geon-general, January 12, 1891 ; brigadier-general and surgeon-general, May 30, 1893, retiring year, 1902 ; appointed from New York. Service. With General Sykes’s command, Army of the Potomac, to August, 1862; hospital duty, Portsmouth Grove, R. L, to November, 1862; with General Banks’s expedition, and assistant to the medical director, Department of the Gulf, to January, 1864; in office of medical director, Col- umbus, Ohio, and incharge of United States General at Hospital Cleveland, Ohio, to July, 1865 ; with the Thirteenth United States infantry, Jefferson Bar- racks, Mo., to April, 1866; post surgeon at Fort to Harker, Kan., October, 1867 (choleraepidemic) ; atFortRiley, Kan., and in the field from April, 1868, to 1870 (Indian campaign) ; Fort Columbus, New York harbor, to May, 1871 (yellow-fever epi- demic) ; Fort Hamilton, New York harbor, to June, 1871 ; Fort Warren, Boston harbor, Mass., to August, 1872; ordered to Department of the Gulf, July 22, 1872; acting medical director, New Orleans, La., to October, 1872; post surgeon, Fort Barrancas, Fla., to August, 1875 (epidemics of yellow fever in 1873 and 1875); on sick leave to May, 1876; ordered to Department of the Columbia, May 11, 1876; attending surgeon department headquarters, to September, 1876; post surgeon, Fort Walla Walla, W.
  • World War Ii in the Philippines

    World War Ii in the Philippines

    WORLD WAR II IN THE PHILIPPINES The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 Copyright 2016 by C. Gaerlan, Bataan Legacy Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. World War II in the Philippines The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 By Bataan Legacy Historical Society Several hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Philippines, a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946, was attacked by the Empire of Japan. During the next four years, thou- sands of Filipino and American soldiers died. The entire Philippine nation was ravaged and its capital Ma- nila, once called the Pearl of the Orient, became the second most devastated city during World War II after Warsaw, Poland. Approximately one million civilians perished. Despite so much sacrifice and devastation, on February 20, 1946, just five months after the war ended, the First Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act was passed by U.S. Congress which deemed the service of the Filipino soldiers as inactive, making them ineligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill of Rights. To this day, these rights have not been fully -restored and a majority have died without seeing justice. But on July 14, 2016, this mostly forgotten part of U.S. history was brought back to life when the California State Board of Education approved the inclusion of World War II in the Philippines in the revised history curriculum framework for the state. This seminal part of WWII history is now included in the Grade 11 U.S. history (Chapter 16) curriculum framework. The approval is the culmination of many years of hard work from the Filipino community with the support of different organizations across the country.
  • Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health

    Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health

    REVIEW published: 26 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health Inaya Hajj Hussein 1*, Nour Chams 2, Sana Chams 2, Skye El Sayegh 2, Reina Badran 2, Mohamad Raad 2, Alice Gerges-Geagea 3, Angelo Leone 4 and Abdo Jurjus 2,3 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA, 2 Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 3 Lebanese Health Society, Beirut, Lebanon, 4 Department of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live- attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the Edited by: isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was Saleh AlGhamdi, the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih.
  • Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM

    Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM

    Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM 1 Teachers’ Guide Table of Contents Purpose and Procedure ...................................3 FYI ...BackgroundInformationforTeachersandStudents CausesoftheAmericanCivilWar .........................5 TheBattleofGettysburg .................................8 CivilWarMedicalVocabulary ...........................12 MedicalTimeline ......................................14 Before Your Field Trip The Oath of Allegiance and the Hippocratic Oath ...........18 Squad #1 Activities — Camp Doctors .....................19 FieldTripIdentities .........................20 "SickCall"Play..............................21 CampDoctorsStudyMaterials ................23 PicturePages ...............................25 Camp Report — SickCallRegister .............26 Squad #2 Activities — BattlefieldDoctors .................27 FieldTripIdentities .........................28 "Triage"Play ...............................29 BattlefieldStudyMaterials ...................30 Battle Report — FieldHospitalRegister ........32 Squad #3 Activities — HospitalDoctors ...................33 FieldTripIdentities .........................34 "Hospital"Play..............................35 HospitalStudyMaterials(withPicturePages) ...37 Hospital Report — CertificateofDisability .....42 Your Field Trip Day FieldTripDayProcedures ..............................43 OverviewoftheFieldTrip ..............................44 Nametags .............................................45 After Your Field Trip SuggestedPost-VisitActivities ...........................46
  • Yellow Jack—How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed

    Yellow Jack—How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed

    BOOK REVIEWS Yellow Jack—How The first 5 chapters describe the contaminated items or “poison air.” introduction of yellow fever in North Although the story is familiar to Yellow Fever America before 1900. Of particular some, the authors present an exciting Ravaged America interest is the chapter detailing events narrative with details not available and Walter Reed of the 1793 outbreak in Philadelphia, elsewhere in the literature. The peri- and the efforts of Benjamin Rush to odic use of quotations from letters and Discovered Its treat patients and determine the spe- original sources is most welcome. Deadly Secrets cific cause. Chapter 6 compares the The book includes a useful Notes roles played by Carlos Juan Finlay section and an extensive bibliography. and George Miller Sternberg before Additionally, 12 pages of photos and John R. Pierce and James V. Writer and during the work of the US Army illustrations are provided, some of Yellow Fever Board. Dr Finlay was a which are not as clear as one might John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cuban physician who had theorized wish. Overall, however, this book is a Hoboken, New Jersey, 2005 that mosquitoes transmitted the yel- valuable addition to the literature on ISBN: 0-471-47261-1 low fever virus, while Sternberg, a medical history. It will have broad Pages: 278, Price US $24.95 US Army physician, claimed to have appeal to scientists and nonscientists discovered a bacterium that was the alike because of the nature of the Yellow Jack is a compelling and etiologic agent of yellow fever. story, the magnitude of the problem thorough narrative of one of the most Most of the remaining 10 chapters that was solved, and the easy-to-read interesting chapters in medical histo- primarily discuss the work of the US writing style of the authors.
  • SPECIFICATIONS for ORGANISERS These Specifications Are a Supplement of the UCI Regulations for All Races That Are Part of the UCI Worldtour

    SPECIFICATIONS for ORGANISERS These Specifications Are a Supplement of the UCI Regulations for All Races That Are Part of the UCI Worldtour

    SPECIFICATIONS FOR ORGANISERS These specifications are a supplement of the UCI Regulations for all races that are part of the UCI WorldTour. The different topics mentioned in this document and the UCI Regulations have to be respected by organisers. In addition, the organiser should also take into account the prevailing laws and regulations of the country in which the event is to be held. The specifications give details of standards that organisers have to comply with. Events are expected to comply with certain criteria in the following areas: SECTION A | EVENT OPERATIONS 1. Race routes 2. Start area 3. Finish area 4. Race vehicles 5. Timekeeping 6. Technical guide 7. Riders’ security 8. Medical services 9. Race radio 10. TV production 11. Accommodation and catering for the teams SECTION B | EVENT COMMUNICATIONS 12. Relations with the media 13. Event website and digital media 14. Branding TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A | EVENT OPERATIONS 4 1. Race routes 5 8. Medical services 19 1.1 SELECTION OF RACE ROUTES 5 8.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 19 1.2 DISTANCE OF STAGE RACES 5 8.2 THE RESOURCES REQUIRED 19 1.3 SCHEDULED FINISH TIMES 5 8.3 DISTRIBUTION ON THE GROUND AND INTERVENTIONS 20 1.4 TRANSFERS IN STAGE RACES 5 1.5 TRANSFERS AND REST DAYS 5 9. Race radio (Radio Tour) 21 1.6 TIME TRIALS 6 10. TV production 22 1.7 FEED ZONE 6 10.1 RESOURCES REQUIRED 22 1.8 LITTER ZONE 6 10.2 RACE INFORMATION SYSTEM 22 1.9 SUMMIT FINISHES 6 10.3. STANDARD FORMAT OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNAL 23 1.10 SUBSTITUTION ROUTE – PLAN B 6 10.4 GUIDELINES FOR CAMERA MOTORBIKES 23 1.11 THE OFF-RACE ROUTE 6 10.5 TV PRODUCTION AND SPORTING CONTROL OF THE RACE 25 1.12 PREPARATION OF THE ROUTE 7 2.
  • English Summary Walter Ulreich / Wolfgang Wehap Die Geschichte Der PUCH-Fahrräder ISBN 978-3-7059-0381-4 22,5 X 26,5 Cm, 400 Seiten Mit Ca

    English Summary Walter Ulreich / Wolfgang Wehap Die Geschichte Der PUCH-Fahrräder ISBN 978-3-7059-0381-4 22,5 X 26,5 Cm, 400 Seiten Mit Ca

    English Summary Walter Ulreich / Wolfgang Wehap Die Geschichte der PUCH-Fahrräder ISBN 978-3-7059-0381-4 22,5 x 26,5 cm, 400 Seiten mit ca. 500 farbigen Abb., Hardcover mit Schutzumschlag, geb., Euro 48,– 1. Beginnings of Bicycle Manufacturing in Austria and Weishaupt Verlag • www.weishaupt.at Styria (1885 – 1889) High wheel bicycles first appeared in Austria-Hungary in 1880. Since they were originally imported from England, they were called “bicycles”. The word Fahrrad came later (though in Swiss German, Velo became the established term). Regular production of high wheel bicycles in Austria-Hungary began in Jan Kohout’s factory for agricultural machines in Smíchov, near Prague, in 1880, following English designs. Kohout’s sons Josef and Petr made a name for themselves and the bicycles as successful racers. Smaller makers before 1885, such as Valentin Wiegele in Korpitsch near Villach, only became known locally. In Vienna, Karl Greger’s Velociped-Fabrik started making high wheel bicycles in 1884 under the brand name ‘Austria’; the annual output seems to have reached 300–400 bicy- cles. In 1896, Greger was mentioned as “the oldest bicycle factory of Austria and one of the largest on the continent”, and as “ founder of the bicycle industry in Austria-Hunga- ry”. At about the same time as Greger, Carl Goldeband and the sewing-machine factory of H. Wagner also began making bicycles in Vienna. In the years from 1885 to 1889, there is good evidence that bicycles were also being made by Mathias Allmer, Josef Benesch und Josef Eigler in Graz, Johann Jax in Linz, Josef Fritsch in Eger (Cheb), Julius Mickerts und Otto Schäffler in Vienna, Nicolaus Heid in Stockerau, near Vienna and G.