(10) REPORTS

Declaration Theand in particular Amsterdam consideration by different committees, extensive after followed debates and video-archive of the talks was compiled with was ofthecompiled talks video-archive the Internet in real-time. Subsequently, a andmade availablewere videoed also widelyavailable the possible, as as talks venture at making aimed the presentations groups ordebates in the afternoon. In anew presentations anddiscussion in the morning, in the form ofaseriesorganized of a whole. nomenclature as ofbiological cutting edge at the wouldplacemycology which Lists and enthusiastic at the ofAccepted prospect ending ofthe nomenclatural dual system ofwhomwere all almost thrilled at the by from 155mycologists 29countries, 13 April 2012.Themeeting was attended in Amsterdam onThursday and Friday 12– Netherlands Academy ofArts andSciences Name?”in theWhich rooms ofthe Royal follow-up symposium on“One Fungus = a work organized onthe CBS Lists, toprogress the need andalso proceed, expressed howsome mycologists to as the uncertaintiesof names. Recognizing Lists production ofAccepted andRejected publications, contributing andalso tothe implementing the in changes their own wordings. of the Code it isimportant that version the published elsewhere were introduced have presented been 2011). Summaries ofthe which changes April IMA 2011(see andheldin Amsterdam(ICTF) on19–20 Commission onthe Taxonomy ofFungi under the auspices ofthe International Fungal Centre Biodiversity (CBS) by the CBS-KNAWsymposium organized from the “One Fungus =One Name” Nomenclature for algae, fungi, andplants the forthcoming These that in changes, are embodied Congress in Melbourne in July 2011. were at ended the International Botanical by asexual morph, was typified which names from that ofthe wholefungus, tohave fungi and basidiomycete separate non-lichenized ascomycetepleomorphic asexual morphs ofthe of samespecies provisions thatThe special permitted ONE FUNGUS= WHICH NAME? Each dayEach ofthe symposium was Mycologists now have the of tasks 3, 4 is consulted forthe isconsulted final andare notrepeated here, but 2 . The Declaration resulted resulted . TheDeclaration International Code of

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1 , One fungus which name: how do weproceed howdo whichname: One fungus archive: areavailableof which freely in the video- others still candoso. ofthe symposium talks from and the full havemycologists abletobenefit been sofar meanspress. This that hundreds of individual presentations at the time this issue went to there hadhundreds been ofdownloads of were in progress, andthat since the meeting they viathewhile videolink the proceedings thatwas gratifying 220 It aylist?list=PLF8BF8F71D5A3AEDC). to Youtube (http://www.youtube.com/pl tothisa link through home-page the CBS An officialDNA barcode for fungi (Kevinepitypification The D.value of Hyde, Applications names ofold anamorph-typified namesinHypocrealesSingle and sideoffungalThe nomenclature databases, Why hyphomycete taxonomy isnowmore Post-Melbourne an fungal nomenclature: Lists andtheLists Nomenclature for Committee addressed by tobe those developing needed of thoseviews present on various issues that found unclear, andfurther the toascertain or other matters that somepresent had ofthe provisions new aspects held toclarify reproduced below, discussion anopen was presentation ofthese are reports, which at the end ofthe next day. Prior tothe those groups were with reporting charged heldonthewas Thursday afternoon, and primarily ondifferenttaxa, fungal focused 1000 fungal andbeyond genomes Naming environmental nucleic acidspecies The future offungal research biodiversity forA strategy fungal nameswith teleomorph- (David Hawksworth, L. Spain/UK) There were 12presentations all total, in China/Thailand). of genera andspecies(Uwe Braun) Diaporthales (Amy Y. Rossman, USA). Netherlands; Paul M.Kirk, UK). registration, etc Canada). important than ever Canada). Redhead, A. Scott Norvell,USA; (Lorelei overview A series ofbreak-out group discussions, USA).Spatafora, USA).Schoch, (ENAS) (Pedro W. Crous, The Netherlands). China). Liu, connectionsanamorph (Xing-Zhang (John W. (John Taylor, USA). (Joost A. Stalpers, The A. (Joost mycologists watched watched mycologists (Keith A. Seifert, Seifert, (Keith A. (Joey (Joey (Conrad 6 .

5 . ? section of this issue (pp. (35)–(36)). ofthissection issue (pp. these works ispresented in the News Book José Further Figueras. information about Josepa andM. M.Stchigel, Alberto Gené, Atlas Ascomycetes ofSoil by andthe Uwe Cook, Braun A. andRoger Manual ofthe Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews) was presented with copiesofthe Johnevening. W. Taylor President) (IMA launched onthe at acocktail first party were formally books symposium, new two In addition tothe formal ofthe parts summarizedare also below. those discussionsFungi orICTF; (NCF) 1 fell into aclarification categories, fell two of Issues considered in ofthe this part meeting Rapporteur Chair: David LHawksworth Name ?debate The One FungusWhich = 6 5 4 3 2 McNeill JM, Barrie FR. Buck WR, Demoulin V, Demoulin McNeill Buck WR, Barrie JM, FR. Braun U(2012)The impacts of discontinuationthe Hawksworth (2012)Managing DL andcoping (2011)Fungal LL Norvell nomenclature. 1. Hawksworth dawn (2011)Anew DL forthe Hawksworth Crous DL PW, SA, Redhead press.] Ruggell: A.R.G. Ganter Verlag. A.R.G. press.] Ruggell: Australia, July 2011.[Regnum Vegetabile, in International Botanical Congress Melbourne, (Melbourne Code) adopted bythe Eighteenth of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, andplants Turland (2012a)International (eds) NJ Code van WF, Reine Wiersema Smith GE, JH, Knapp Marhold S, Prado K, J, Pru’homme Greuter W, Hawksworth Herendeen DL, PS, Fungus the trivial facts, problems, andstrategies. of dual nomenclature fungi: ofpleomorphic Fungus of transition. Mycosphere inwith aperiod names fungi ofpleomorphic 116: 481–490. Melbourne approves Mycotaxon Code. anew MycoKeys names. offungal publication andregulation in Melbourne in July 2011onthe future impactsnaming made ofdecisions offungi: Mycotaxon Nomenclature. Fungus IMA 2:105–112; on The AmsterdamDeclaration Fungal JW,MJ [&69signatories] (2011) Wingfield Taylor KA, Seifert Samson RA, DR, Reynolds 3:81–86. 3:15–24. : John W. Taylor ; IMA Fungus 1:7–20;IMA 2:155–162. 116:91–500 by Josep Guarro, 3(2):52–64;IMA IMA FUNGUS axnmc xonomic Ta IMA

REPORTS (11) ´

IMA IMA . 9 . This situation . This situation 8 does not rule 119: 495–507. Code ) in the new the ) in Davidiella Mycotaxon 3: 81–86. Who can prepare and submit Lists? Who can prepare and submit Continued use of binomials in use of binomials Continued Fungus R, Stadler M (2012) Minimizing the chaos R, chaos the Minimizing M (2012) Stadler 59: suggestions for of Article loss the following a discussion. of pleomorphic fungi: nomenclature of dual and strategies. problems, facts, trivial the Gams W, Humber RA, Jaklitsch W, Kirschner Kirschner RA, W, Jaklitsch Humber W, Gams the discontinuation of impacts U (2012) The Braun is pragmatic not ideal,is pragmatic used and one option some mycologists anby in indicate is to is being name a generic that way informal the by for example a wide sense, retained in e.g. commas, ´Mycosphaerella of inverted use fungus if the a is truly it is unclear where (syn. Cladosporium of transfer system. Wholesale uncritical is to be discouraged.names (6) There is no restriction on who can produce on who can produce restriction is no There a draft and it couldList, individualbe an groups of as well as or informal formal scale view of the of the mycologists. In individuals of as many input the problem, as you possible can only be welcomed. If on particular families, information have genera, rather draft first etc, the prepare wait and be content angered the by than and quality of one someone else produces. ICTF the to inform and be sure However, NCF a draft willing to prepare if you are to a draft for a particular or contribute of effort can duplication be so that taxon possible. List wherever preparation avoided needs to keep to be now quickly initiated necessary timetable to the to achieveformal 2017 congress the at adoption 7 8 (5) genera synonymized to one cases in moving will many There be species per pleomorphic in name fungi, where all species whether currently it is uncertain with congeneric are a particular name under type to bethe name generic species of the from is no adopted.different This situation non-pleomorphic in already occurring that not been it has genera possible where to of all positions taxaascertainthe previously The to them. referred no certain are and, if there on taxonomy, a species to on genus from to transfer grounds to obstacle is no nomenclatural there another, until name current of the use continued the is discussed is resolved.matter This matter the issue this in elsewhere further : One or more from a from or more : One : One named by the author of author the by named : One : One used in a particular study, used a particular study, : One in Typification of names in Lists of names Typification and cultures of specimens Terminology There was almost unanimous and unanimous was almost There the at feeling wasstrong a There Authentic Voucher Representative fungi, or just those in a particular order or or a particular in order fungi, those or just for mycologists is really a matter It family. of fungi groups different with concerned protectedto decide what Lists would be and which should value to them of most no is there evidently be As first. prepared to Lists revised being or replaced, obstacle already existing the with situation the unlike of conservedlists and rejected there names, could concentrating be in some advantage species and adding first, names on generic date. a later at names a producing support for first enthusiastic all names accepted generic List covering fungi, (including of lichen-forming those or not they exhibitedsee below), whether pleomorphism. Lists should be provisional that meeting community the by open for consideration to as order a whole before in submission, was suggested It controversy. any out iron the IMA on draft website, be put Lists that so as to work for comment options with a consensus. towards (3) name- is already possible to change the It typebearing conservation, by of a name to to be appears no obstacle and there new Lists.the in The newthis can Lists types to deal replacement include therefore have names well-known cases with where been and bear sexual misapplied, both that speciesthe when of the morphs asexual designatedpreviously type did not, or one beenhas sequenced and is widely available cultures). as(for example ex-type (4) the had been some confusion over There terminology used and cultures for specimens types different by name-bearing than other General usage is as follows:workers. large considered or cultures set or specimens to serve it is impractical where as vouchers to preserve all used or cited those a in particular study. the name, generally after it was generally published, it name, after the author the combination, is a name if the or, basionym. of the or to support an for experimentation either to material the same enabling identification, researchers. beby later used or verified by

, that the terms “prioritization” “prioritization” terms the , that 7 . names can be included in the in the can be included names , names included in the Lists of included the in , names et al What Names on an Accepted List are NOT List are NOT an Accepted on Names It was felt that the Lists should be the felt that was It concepts and possibilities, and view on possibilities, and concepts ICTF the topics where NCF and would appreciate guidance. There was uncertainty over the need to over uncertainty was There no was there on Lists where names include Accepted The or ambiguity. controversy use, Lists could all in include names currently was there where those including would safeguard them as that no dispute, subsequently that names earlier any from Lists, the came to light. Alternatively, dual to casescould be where restricted applied and previously had nomenclature one name. just which had now large would enough that to justify time the The ideal preparation. on their be spent would be a global checklist, though it was recognized not be would realizable in that is there However, future. immediate the ranks nor on the of names no restriction groupings.of taxonomic A List could be confined to in a particular rank,names all families, as generasuch or species, orders, a particular taxon.within Alternatively, all at ranks use names in it could cover a could a particularList taxon. Thus, in of alldeal with names accepted generic (2) Lists? and Rejected Accepted and “suppression” were preferable to help help to preferable were and “suppression” minimize of confusion, and that possibilities NCF to the should be for option referred consideration. VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 Some speakers had used the term term usedthe had Some speakers would be that for names “conserved” Lists of names, Accepted included on the to that willnot be identical status their but the conservedof formally as, under names new Code precedence would have Conserved Names Lists. Accepted Further, on the those over conserved formally are be cannot that names restriction such is no deleted, there whereas Lists. Accepted The on the for names confusing, this found meeting and felt that replace to should be found term a different possibility One as if conserved.” “treated as “White-“ to names could be refer or also had been suggested It by “Black-listed. Gams (1) as if conserved treated conserved, BUT Clarification of concepts and of concepts Clarification possibilities (12) REPORTS

available foruse. tothe contrary be would Code, i.e.introducing names that otherwise avoids works in press tothe contrary being researchers, disseminatedbe amongst and a later time date allows forthe to change invalid orillegitimate. The declared use of prior tothat date be that might otherwise provide immunity tonames published date in the new or ofthe anamorph.The1 2013 January by material withtypified the teleomorph whether are they footing, on anequal compete names date offungi which all provisions on30July ended 2011,after means This thatis indicated. the special immediately effective unless another date Code 2013. The edition of Preface toeach the whether this was 30July 2011or1January effective, and particularin system became when the species onename foronefungus There about someconfusion been had (7) bearing type. bearing type. recoveredDNA be from could the name- material that when no sequenced has been epitypes as istodesignated mycologists common increasingly practice amongst An cannot displaced. readily be an epitype in the Code recognized isaformal category An epitype species. todeterminethe the characters necessary exist,that but does notshow does types supplement aname-bearing where type to are specimens selected Epitypes (1) guidance Issues requiring action or there was not. subsequently where selected being epitype their existence an notpreclude would where there and anepitype, was already still designated could they be epitypes, be Asthese wouldnot categories two type. was notrepresented onthe name-bearing toshow the anamorphselected where that formaterial have also proposed could been the term “anatype” it,logically not propose Melbourne did Redhead congress. Although withdrawnwas at the andnotadopted the name-bearing but the proposal type, when thatteleomorph missing was from toshow the selected ofepitype category aspecial use ofthe as term type “teleotype” Redhead Operational dates Epitypes, teleotypes, andanatypes now explains that are changes all 10 had previously proposed the had previously proposed Code isthere to only , and once selected , andonceselected Code andnot would prefer lists with to see lots ofnames entertain but that proposals, conservation it made clearthat itwouldnevertheless still accord with the themselves. Lists NCF The in notbe might orrejection on conservation therefore that the possibility made decisions towards formal There adoption. was preparation, andproceeding revision, continue were tooperate Lists while in offamily,ranks would genus, andspecies conservation andrejection ofnames in the The existing mechanisms for the mechanism while Lists areinpreparation (5) onthis matter.providing guidance that consider should thesuggested ICTF welcome. It wouldbe guidance was to debate in the session, but oneonwhich a This was matter complex considered too (4) important andneither dictate. should were andtaxonomicboth usages usages Thereposted. a strongwas view that applied forconsideration,List orcomment onany could make their owndisagreed, Those who the interests awhole. as ofmycologists would have theofwhat ideas best was in it was feltthat experts in groups particular probably better, critically. ifused However, was considered Scholar reasons. Google Matches may exactforavariety of notbe an estimator made itunreliable. ofusage search in engine as particular the Google and the potential in the pitfalls use of difficult, as issueThis recognized was (3) terms respectively. andsexual, asexual in favour dropped better ofthebe familiar andthat would they in teaching, especially terms were complexity, anunnecessary Themeeting felt pleomorphism. that these fungi that for exhibited 1981 specifically into the These been introducedhad raised. was also to use the terms anamorph andteleomorph when describinguseful, tocontinue fungi, The issue ofwhether it desirable or was (2) any morphology. particular considered notexhibit that need the type or“anatype”“teleotype” designations and The meeting rejected the ideaofseparateThe meeting rejected Using the conserved/rejected Evidence ofholomorphy Defining widely used The anamorphand terms teleomorph Code at the Sydney congress in neotypifications. neotypifications. It consideredwas that or locate to lecto-, later difficult epi-, very the time oftypification. At present it was in thedeposited registering database at introduction taxon be ofanew should after designated the original of types There a was unanimous view that details Revisers (8) basis. case the matter addressedonacase-by- isbest andthis may asituation be emerged, where name epithet. andaspecies No consensus inserted in parentheses ageneric between tobe were names subgeneric regularly have tolearn three names rather than two, hand, somefeltthis meant that users might On thenames changed. other wouldnotbe thename as generic stability andspecific subgeneric names was away ofmaintaining The use of cases. in particular subgenera groundsothers forthe use saw of good whereas any subtaxa, completely against controversial.proved very were Some monophyletic in large genera, especially use the more ofsubgenus frequently, rank The issue ofwhether should mycologists (7) appropriate in the Lists. where included that canbe taxa lichenized in atimely Committee General manner so considered andapproved by by the the NCF this in the nearfuture sothat itcanbe made be torectify should formal proposal deletion ofthis anomaly. It isclearthat a and the unanimously meeting voted forthe However, many considered this illogical, were fungi excluded from the Lists. allied Melbourne congress, lichen-forming and Under at the adopted the proposals (6) taxon. rather thanwith dealing asingle proposals 10 9 Hawksworth (2012)Managing DL andcoping Redhead SA(2010b) Proposals todefineRedhead the new Fungus of transition. Mycosphere inwith aperioid names fungi ofpleomorphic recommendations. recommendations. and toremove conflicting examples and nomenclature dual Article 59tolimit modify term ‘teleotype’, torename Chapter andto VI, Registration and oftypifications First Use ofsubgeneric names Inclusion oflichen-forming fungi 3:15–24. Taxon 3(2):52–64;IMA 59:1927–1929. IMA FUNGUS REPORTS (13) ad was to vs. Matula 116: 91–500. Uredo vs. biennis Abortiporus should be set up within a should within be set up ), and one conservation : 18 : Kevin D. Hyde D. : Kevin 119: 495–507. In the case of the homobasidiomycetes homobasidiomycetes case of the the In Stevens PF (1991) George Bentham and the “Kew “Kew PF and the (1991) GeorgeStevens Bentham Redhead SA, PW, DL Crous Hawksworth Gams W, Humber RA, Jaklitsch W, Kirschner R, Kirschner RA, W, Jaklitsch Humber W, Gams known from the uredinial stage and without uredinial stage the from and without known possibility of assigning them current any If genus. to a monophyletic type a was species, there to it’s be restricted propose some would names possibility that intermediate in an superfluous prove that time-frame; not ideal, was an this but alternative.interim list could be (agaricomycetes), a working was available, that When generated shortly. should evaluation the in to assist invitations to all expressed worldwide who had be sent will be and an invitation helping in interest decision the in to participate to them sent been had tables process. Initial making by meeting Amsterdam provided for the CBS, recognized it was but were these that evident it was Further not complete. would be many issues, were while there four first the easy to decide on. Taking names:generic one required research an ), one had vs. Fibrilklaria (Abortiporus ( solution obvious terrestris), one no obvious Sporotrichopsis habgallae (Aleurodiscus solution poroniforme vs. Rhizomorpha cases(Armillaria ). As such meeting, the could be the during resolved group opted an online to start working asgroup soon logistics as the could be types each case the for each In out. worked would need or species generic names of the the to belinks and confirmed, between needed names the to be questioned or first a List have was to planned It confirmed. of 2012. end the by for comment available Dothideomycetes Rapporteur Participants agreed was page a web for that It Dothideomycetes and allfew proposed months, committee or would be email members by contacted social mediaother (e.g. website). connect type the was importance speciesOf key of 12 13 11 123: 157–168. Vegetabile Regnum Rule”. Reynolds DR, RA, Samson Seifert KA, Taylor Wingfield (2011) The MJ [& 69 signatories] JW, DeclarationAmsterdam Nomenclature. on Fungal 2: 105–112; Mycotaxon IMA Fungus Stadler M (2012) Minimizing the chaos following following chaos the M (2012) Minimizing Stadler 59: suggestions for a discussion. of Article loss the Mycotaxon s.str.). s.str.). for species only Agaricomycetes : Scott A. Redhead and : 19 . After some discussion, the ICTF some discussion, . After 13 Desirability of a joint NCF/ICTF/ of a joint Desirability sequences Environmental is paraphyletic, but no but Cryptococcus is paraphyletic, For the heterobasidiomycetes, a web page a web heterobasidiomycetes, the For whichin it would be possible to comment should if be set up, separately on each name of the Most option. a voting possible with to considered fungi these were in problems nomenclatural. than be taxonomic rather real The needwas for more peoplewriting it is general example, knowledge For papers. that which in problem, the one was resolving case shouldany be addressed together with on group and the yeast commission the solution the rusts, the medicinal fungi. In I.e. to practice. should be close to current of Uredo use the maintain Working group reports group Working Basidiomycota Rapporteurs Dominik Bergerow Participants one dealing split with into The group with other and the heterobasidiomycetes, ( homobasidiomycetes agreed to establish a working group on group agreed a working to establish naming environmental strains. suggestion as a further means of minimizingsuggestion means as a further recognized it was changes, a but name that would have proposalformal matter on this the by to be consideration for prepared indicatedNCF congress. Gams a future and comments encouraged he was the by that possibility this and would explore further. (10) committee Lists IMA dedicated and IMA NCF, ICTF, the of The officers did not see symposium the the at present need a dedicated or value of establishing wasstrong a Lists committee. There dialogue between and some parties, the than of more members mycologists were recognized was bodies.one of these It that NCFthe body was mandatory the with recommendations responsibility for making Lists prepared, ICTF whileon any the a had various its through List in role preparation, subcommissions. (11) needurgent increasingly The to address of fungal naming taxa of the only issue the sequences DNA environmental from known = Fungus One the at beenhad considered 2011, and some in symposium Name One of that report the in made suggestions were meeting . 11 . Some Code – but this this – but 12

Proposal by Walter Gams by Walter Proposal The Amsterdam Declarationhad The Amsterdam was discussion also a lengthy There (9) published and colleagues Gams recently had a binomial when a in a proposal that than epithet a younger had genus prioritized suppressed the in name corresponding the genus, priority should be granted to genus prioritized the in names existing this was an issue that the NCF the should that an issue was this accredited a view to requiring with consider, information. to record such repositories authors first the proposalincluded the that uniting when a choice of names to make teleomorph-typified and anamorph- genera should be registered and accepted, unless challenged was subsequently which – in that the by to be considered case it would have NCF. i.e. the body, mandated appropriate of the principle is similar to This concept in zoological first-reviser nomenclature, the zoology. not been has usedbut outside was packagethe not part of This provision but Congress, Melbourne adopted the at did meeting the at present some of those merited nevertheless matter the consider could and perhaps careful consideration, IMC10in Thailand in be discussed during 2014. between representatives and interchanges on Fungorum and Index of MycoBank of repositories of accreditation issue the data, which is requiredof nomenclatural of new fungal valid publication for the particular, 2013. In taxa 1 January from than more as to whether a debate was there one repository should be recognized by as MycoBank saw The meeting NCF. the logicalthe it also choice, but immediate recognized of several value centres, the in especially systems ones operating It languages,also different Chinese. such as recognized of nomenclatural depth the key and the Fungorum Index detail in all fungal underpinning in had that role a distributed databases. If nomenclatural developed, eventually were system the that essential absolutely felt it was meeting manner, a timely in was data-sharing there least on a at but and ideally real-time, in daily basis. This principle already applies in zoologicalapplies Thisalready principle been and had adopted by nomenclature, it became past where the in some botanists Rule” “Kew as the known VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 practice has not been permitted under the not been has the practice permitted under botanical editions of the various this in some advantages saw present of those (14) REPORTS

Rapporteurs: Medical mycology aspergilluspenicillium.org). throughall the commission’s website (www. Saturday after symposium,the o andopen at ameeting ofICPA forthe scheduled indicator. These discussed matters be would restriction.sasuch rank that noted names in under theconserved Code notbe could orsection ofsubgenus rank names itwhile in the at the Accepted List; namesthe ifadopted teleomorph-typified thosesubgeneric names, be of could which was ofusing in addition the possibility outpointed in discussion open that there with anoptional descriptor. It also was ortouse in asplitting, change of the genus to their names, teleomorph changingthe type re-naming theaccording groupings to splitting the genus and aspergillae, for all were retaining options: the several name discussion with users. In the ofAspergillus case within time, ashort but itwas recognized namesa listofaccepted in anticipatedwas that ICPA produce would It sought. wouldbe mycologists medical of case However,in well. the as family in the (ICPA) planned totackle other genera Commission on andthe Internationalestablished, IUMS phylogeny ofTrichocomaceae nomenclatorialThe to ignore changes. thatnoted researchers applied are likely simple, It stable andnotconfusing. was also sothemycology, nomenclature be should in the were class important forapplied thatgroup The generamany recognized Participants Rapporteur: Eurotiomycetes submission by January 2013. by September 2012,with to aview published group considered that be could initial Lists The provided. the tobe retention needed of in support name the prepared, was logic nature In oftheir where cases types. ayounger priority, given be should ofthe regardless the group considered that the oldest names In general, well- argued. tobe needed case onsexuality/phylogeny,based andifnotthe in asupporting paper. be should Linkages made to be clearin anoteonany or List with other species than this needed the type, substantiated;ifcorrelations be should were generic names, and itiswith those than links collaboration with Onygenaceae collaboration : 32 Robert A. Samson A. Robert Sybren deHoog andVishnu A. niger Penicillium and would require more require would sothat not did Aspergillus, Aspergillus, , the had Lists no Penicillium was now well- Aspergillus Aspergillus there there

for that for as group isused, genus name, preferably the oldest available clade determines the group meriting a criterion ofagroup isthe monophyly. The but phylogenetic, theor molecular key as but differentiated poorly such genera, are polyphyletic. In the ofestablished case are,names evenifsome“genera” they as thatpropose forthe time we being leave groupbe prudent The to feltitcould rapidly developing taxonomy. blackyeast unstable,phylogeny ishighly in as the relatives that –are added, being the many data new –often of environmental However, there groupswhere are also so antifungal susceptibility, in the as yeasts. characteristics or pathogenicity such as monophyletic, share andalso essential that are clearly they experts agree where all taxonomyMolecular may groups reveal abandon such generic names, but an to There aproposal was ambiguous. polyphyletic andthus phylogenetically is older than have priority. For example: should anamorph- orteleomorph-typified) favoured, the oldest name (whether where namecases nosingle was strongly retentionproposed specified. In be should thename reasons forthe put forward, current than Pseudallescheria establish whether is anunclear criterion. How one does However, used. it has been “widely used” choice ofaname how frequently be will An importantList. criterion over the forinclusion onanAcceptedproposed current namesbe should forandwhich thatand opportunists we wishtokeep the many be also other pathogens classical Arthroderma than rather and maintained, be albicans and doubt want forexample, tokeep: which namesfirst withoutwe decide must mycologists community ofmedical of the user the as starting point. The approach,a practical taking the needs community. There aconsensuswas for quickly by the adopted entire be would astableprocedure result, toachieve which implement should (ISHAM) ademocratic forHumanSociety andAnimal Mycology It considered was that the International Participants Chaturvedi Aspergillus the Neosartorya Acremonium, Re classifications be phenotypic can in the future. : 9 Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus Neosartorya some may be highly somemay highly be species should be termed be should species Scedosporium ismore Trichophyton . There could , andtherefore Aspergillus Aspergillus ? For each used used Candida should .

the Atlas ofClinical Fungi names in currentlist offungal on use based an Asafirst in the step, Lists. protected can be materialthe deposition type that of(new) are working they groups offungi with by taxonomists, ifnecessary, to(re)define the overconfusion the We years. therefore urge andhaveancient asource history of become names ofmany pathogens have fungal an names onthe ofthe basis abovecriteria. The ofpreferred Lists topropose requested membership, is including the ISHAM material. modern sense onthe ofaccessible basis type alternative toredefine them be would a in 14 hope be sent to: sentbe to: membership tocomment on(comments to and Colletotrichum. Ophiocordycipitaceae); Sordariales II ( Hypocreaceae Hypocreales Magnaporthales/Diaporthales; Fusarium; Xylariales; needed: subgroups wouldbe adium Tolpocl (e.g. Cordyceps (e.g. ofataxon commemorated the history there apreference be fornames that but with Should adifferent type species. ofretainingand the genera possibility issues, consilience, andhistorical uses, andnomenclatural taxonomic distinguish represented cladesnotmorphologies, of name monophyly, changes, that names of anargument consider should the number group.The strength onaparticular decision made tobe clearwhen making a needed The credentials ofaparticular taxonomist quarantine issues, stability, andrelevance. (etc), andindustry in plant pathology commonly encountered, names used most circumscribed), the morphology the genuswell name be should (i.e. clarity taxonomic considerations include: should generic name two options, between choose In discussing the criteria to used tobe Participants Rapporteur Sordariomycetes possible. as mycologists medical de Hoog Guarro GS, J, J&Figueras Gené group has decided toprovide a ad hocgroup has decided Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae, and The community of medical mycologists, The communitymycologists, ofmedical Schimmelcultures. 2 M J(2000)Atlas of Clinical Mycology nd d tohave active involvement many ofas edn. Utrecht: edn. Centraalbureau voor [email protected] : Joey Spatafora: Joey I(Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae, : ca30 , and ) oronesthat were history ). It feltthat was several Niessliaceae 14 for the ISHAM forthe ISHAM ; Hypocreales IMA FUNGUS ). The group). The and allies; andallies; .

REPORTS (15) s and Sciences, Amsterdam, s and Sciences, Amsterdam,

on 12–13 April 2012. on 12–13 April VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 Scenes from the One Fungus = Which Name symposium held in the Trippenhuis, headquarters of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Art Academy Royal of the Netherlands headquarters Trippenhuis, the held in symposium = Which Name Fungus One the Scenes from (16) REPORTS

President); andthe sun following onSaturday at the meetings committee drenched Fungal CBS, 14April BBQ 2012. on 12–13April 2012;the launch andpresentation ofthe fromScenes the One Fungus Name =Which symposium heldin the Trippenhuis, headquarters Netherlands ofthe Royal Academy ofArt Atlas Ascomycetes ofSoil and Taxonomic Manual ofthe Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews) s and Sciences, Amsterdam,s andSciences, toJohn W. Taylor (IMA IMA FUNGUS REPORTS (17) to IMA Fungus Begerow Dominik volumes, volumes, IMA Fungus (Secretary-General, IMA) [email protected]) ( Finally, the Executive Committee Executive the Finally, the by discussions intensive the During The Netherlands on Saturday, 14 April April 14 on Saturday, Netherlands The : Which Fungus “One the 2012 following should reach all should reach mycologists, worldwide, should on a regular basis and information age the in be widely distributed of the exchange. and free information internet of issues Beside the the wishes to enhance Executive the will to subscribe option and the Newsletter, be highlightedhas than often more much ask we all addition, been case before. In the of the content the to to contribute members and alsoIMA to Newsletter visibility international the increase further of global mycology. acknowledged progress being made the organization of IMC the in which 10, is 2014. Leka in Bangkok place in to take reported during on progress made Manoch change was the exciting Most last year. the National Queen Sirikrit to the of venue which will allows a Center, Convention style. Thai Organizing in The congress great work, with at Committee is already hard Tantichareon and Morakot Leka Manoch as co-chairs. The call for willsymposia be Committee Executive soon, and the made should be seven suggested there that two for fungal per day, sessions concurrent following and one for each of the diversity, themes: fungal cells, fungal genomes, fungal ecology, fungal and fungal pathogenesis biological there addition technology. In held on sessions would be nomenclature as IMC9. days, at The congress aims three mycology, the international to reflect of best needs communities. and the of our Committee, a Skype conference Executive was arranged participation the to facilitate person, in who could not attend of members basis discussions for the so broadening and decisions. Mycology is global, and the to get Committee would like allExecutive discovering in involved this of you who read future. the Although the finances of the IMA of are finances Although the visibility increase and to provide To general meeting at the CBS-KNAW CBS-KNAW the general at meeting Utrecht, Biodiversity Centre, Fungal the early years of a career and honours and honours years of a career early the mycological by research outstanding regional our member from scientists young Committee Executive organizations, the of acknowledging also for ways searches support of mycology substantial others. by of a category of introduction The IMA received as great a midcareer award Fellows Committee, and Executive the support from guidelines a will soon, be so that available mycologists of can recognizedbe round first IMC10 Bangkok. in during way this in funding external seek we further robust, While there capabilities. our to increase external support from is quite substantial IMA the congresses, our during funding companies and to attract would like of the to become patrons institutions IMA fee. of for a yearly The profits several based companies are large international on fungi or fungal IMA and the products, link of a closer development supports the Mycology between and economy. research future, will the become in a big business is highlywork support and financial to our appreciated. better support for mycology worldwide, Committee agreed Executive the on the IMA of our Newsletter development further redesign webpage.and the of our IMA

(ICPA). This was the largestwas This (ICPA).

in this issue. While the young young While the issue. this (25) in First, the Executive Committee Executive the First,

The International Commission on the on Commission International The (ICTF) of Fungi held a Taxonomy In mid-April 2012, The Netherlands Netherlands 2012, The mid-April In again turned intoan international for mycology IMAcentre and the Committee met on 14 April Executive parallel to meetings of Utrecht 2012 in the on Commission International the (ICTF) of Fungi and the Taxonomy on Penicillium Commission International and Aspergillus ever held Committee meeting Executive between IMC and illustrated congresses, of activities and importance amount the the under organized Association, the by The meeting Taylor. presidency of John all mycologycovered aspects of advancing on a global wish to I just scale, and here highlight which were points, a few of the discussed and decided. young of our winners congratulates the finally which were mycologist awards, two on the completed announcements with Medal Fries Magnus Elias The outstanding. to Cécile (nominated was Gueidan awarded Regional Mycological European the by Carlos and the Organization) Member SpegazziniLuis Fernando Medal to Luís Latin the by (nominated Gusmão Pascholati RegionalAmerican Mycological Member Organization; information for further see p. designated are to mycologist awards VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 (ICTF). 2012 General Meeting 2012 General (ICTF). International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi Taxonomy International Commission on the IMA Executive Committee Meeting Committee Executive IMA (18) REPORTS

website has primarily been a repository for website has primarily arepository been learn more Until about this subject. now, the tothose that wishing to tools useful be will taxonomists andtoprovide information and fungal tosupport isboth of the ICTF making itmore attractive. The mandate the website considerably, with to aview plans toextend ICTF the contentsThe of Illinois, andthis transition isnow complete. at the University (INHS) Survey History of to host the website at the Illinois Natural in Oslo in 2002.Andrew Miller offered since IMC7 Druzhinina andher colleagues the Technical University ofVienna by Irina at hosted has been fungaltaxonomy.org), relevant. developing made this meeting particularly in the nomenclatural exercises currently its subcommissions play active will roles expectationthe added that and the ICTF ofworkprogramme in front already ofit, taking anactive role. With anambitious some ofthem attended, also 20 observers meeting outside Approximately anIMC. turnoutunusually high forthis groupat a an Commission attended the meeting, in Amsterdam. Eleven members ofthe Dutch Academy ofArts andSciences Name?” symposium heldin the Royal Keith Seifert (standing) and Andrew Miller (seated) at the ICTF meeting in at Utrecht. the andAndrew ICTF Miller (seated) Keith (standing) Seifert The ICTF website (www.ICTF The be makingbe the final recommendations isthe ultimateNCF authority whowill groups in their preparation oflists, the coordination ofthe nomenclatural working envisions theWhile ICTF assisting in the are cooperatingbodies much possible. as as For the nomenclatural exercises, the two asourceseems tobe ofsomeconfusion. much discussion in Amsterdam and still onnomenclature,focus was the topic of forFungiCommittee with its (NCF), taxonomy, andthe Nomenclature with its onpromoting focus fungal participate in these exercises. a starting point fortaxonomists wishing to ittofunction allowing as webpage, ICTF MycoBank onan listed be website, will own websites, orthose operating from the such working their groups whodevelop website. Our intention isthat toall links names onthe ICTF orrejected protected operations their andpost lists draft of these working conducttheir groups will in this issue Fungus. ofIMA of Some Nomenclature elsewhere isdiscussed (ICN) the in the changes International of Code nomenclatural working groups addressing content. The relationship between ICTF,The relationshipthe between tocoordinate informationThe need on and other similar taxonomists, fungal to interest items ofgeneral 2010), news 109–111, Fungus fungus”, to describe a the article “How practices (such as taxonomic good on information make available and to develop information, more visual website with to enhance the implemented now being Plans are information. amount ofother and asmall subcommissions, websites of links to the the Commission, the minutes of 1(2): IMA 2012 meetings in The 2012 meetings Netherlands. enabled Andrewwhich Miller toattend the fromsupport the Executive IUMS Board, Acknowledgement website. the ICTF setofpublications orexercisesto auseful on taxonomy offungal thataspects wouldlead methods, data andother analysis molecular information onmicroscopy, culturing, Practice in Fungal Taxonomy”, presenting series ofafter lunch workshops on“Good also offer a will appropriate.as ICTF The the ICTF, in collaboration with the NCF by nomenclatural organized be lists will presentation anddiscussion ofthe Formycologists. more detailed IMC10, attract but alarger but undoubtedly will the meeting, IUMS days after afew heldonly be will Thailand, IMC10 in Bangkok, The mycologists. as well by as andvirologists, bacteriologists, include presentations will we hope which the interaction andtaxonomy, ofgenomics Further, asymposium propose we on will from the application ofthe ICN. new resulting important fungi economically addressing the tothe changes names of Canada, we intendasession toorganize For the congress in 2014IUMS Montreal, standards community. within the fungal scientific promoteas as well audience, taxonomyadvances in fungal toabroader international that promote meetings will andsessions symposia at to organize their work. appropriate as andtheduring NCF ICTF interact will formed groups being with the Dianese). Other nomenclatural working by Cathyon rusts (initiated Aime andJosé by andBevan Weir), Cai Lei (initiated and subcommissions onColletotrichumof new We are particularly excitedat the formation the nomenclatural activities onthese genera. and Hypocrea and Aspergillus onPenicilliumsubcommissions ofthe ICTF CongressBotanical in 2011.Theexisting by theappointed Melbourne International NomenclatureGeneral abody Committee, on the acceptance ofthese lists tothe An international Course on“Medical CBS Seifert KA, Rossman AY KA, Seifert (2010)How todescribe a One ofthe duties is ofthe ICTF IMA Fungus IMA species. 1(2):109–116. fungal Andrew N.Andrew Miller Keith Seifert (Chair A. ICTF), , are actively already leading , Fusarium, and ([email protected] : We appreciate financial different crowdof Secretary ICTF (Secretary IMA FUNGUS Trichoderma ) ) REPORTS (19) ) . Sybren de Hoog Sybren [email protected] ( edn. Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Centraalbureau edn. Utrecht: nd Atlas of Clinical Mycology of Clinical M J (2000) Atlas 2 Schimmelcultures. A visit to the hospital of the Paraná Paraná of the hospital A visit to the had 73 fullThe meeting participants de Hoog G S, Guarro J, Gené J & Figueras J, G S, Guarro de Hoog 15 A very successful meeting of the ISHAM-A very of the successful meeting was developed on fungal terminology, in participants Chinese to assist order in English and to pronounce how learning Eight specialist correctly. names Latin invited, were all China from over speakers gave presentations de Hoog while Sybren that The 70 participants on biodiversity. many came from course the attended Kong, Hong parts Taiwan, of China, positions current Their and Indonesia. as laboratories clinicians, hospital in were medical microbiologists, and medical was devotedtechnicians. The course of pathogenic and identification to the mouldsopportunistic and yeasts. A large organisms set of was and representative introduce and to work for practicaloffered to fungal diversity. participants the potential and biodiversitypotential of melanized fungi, and the progress melanin research, in recent antifungal with of compounds development updated debated.workshop The activity were of diseases by caused knowledge on treatment black yeast infections. part was of the University Federal State chromo- with programme. Live patients shown were and mycetoma blastomycosis to a and discussed. last a visit day the On was organized area to mangrove order in natu- to the attention participants’ the draw a currently of edible where crabs ral habitat place. is taking black yeast epizootic 43 and comprised 11 countries, from diver- speeches a broad with and 18 posters, tax- in results recent sity showing of topics molecular techniques, identification onomy, and diagnosis of clinical and environmental agents, besides genome analysis data. Elec- PDF in and lectures format abstracts tronic Meeting of the th was usedwas as

15 The presentations were organizedwere in The presentations the laboratorythe This book manual. is now language Chinese also the in available on a CD-ROM. dedicated A practical software CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Biodiversity Centre. Fungal CBS-KNAW Fungi of Clinical The Atlas Brazilian coast were also presented. A also presented. Brazilian coast were was also Network Brazilian Black Yeast introduced. speech The opening deSybren themes. wasby an overview with achieve-Hoog latest of the followed by questions, and future ments the who introduced Queiroz-Telles Flávio Brazilian Network. Sanjay Revankar reported MSG on the Phaeo- experience on his recent with cooperation in Network, hyphomycoses Fungiscope. Group ISHAMthe Working biotechnological as such the themes, Other

crab population at the northeastern northeastern the at population crab

Mycology” organized was Nanjing, in 2011. The China, on 19–27 November Chinese the effort a joint of was course Society for Microbiology (CSM), the SocietyChinese and the of Dermatology, VOLUME 3 · NO. 1

Hidden Danger, Bright Promise: 4 Promise: Bright Hidden Danger, ISHAM Working Group on Black Yeasts on Black Group Working ISHAM

affiliated Working Group on Black Yeasts on Black Group Working affiliated Brazil, on 1–4 Curitiba, held in was included December new 2011. Themes of black interactions on symbiotic concepts and extremophiles, bioremediation, yeasts, and overviews of diseases humans in current for debate time much was animals. There and clinicians, particularly scientists among diseases significantimpact with on human a disease with assuch chromoblastomycosis, Brazil and China. in records impressive disease crab in lethargic on the data Novel Ucathe CBS Course Medical Mycology – Chinese edition – Chinese Mycology Medical Course CBS (20) REPORTS

tists. At the end ofthe workshop alistwas eration involving andscien- clinicians both for international andintercontinental coop- YouTube. film of the entire on meetingbe viewed can blackyeast.org/Curitiba/report.html) anda are available onthe website (http://www. phylogenetic markers. TheITS domain is nuclear ribosomalDNAbarcoding and as subunitD1/D2 domain ofthe (LSU) large particularly onesinvolving the ITS andthe with the application methods, ofmolecular ischangingfundamentally zygomycetes and phylogenetic reconstruction ofthe It evident that became the taxonomy were major themes meeting. in the SIG identification diagnostics and reliable etal (Roden 40%duetoimprovedbelow diagnostics from 100%to almost decreased mortality 2005). However, during the sameperiod documentedas by cultures (Roden from 0%toabove70, seven decades increasedzygomycoses over the past of percentage ofcases infections. The favour the manifestation of mucoralean TropicalAmerica. climates to seem in AsiaandSouthworldwide, especially the incidence was noted ofzygomycosis An alarming ofdisease. rise agents inas and underlined their growing importance ofzygomycetes, andetiology physiology, systematics,morphology, phylogeny, divergent themes in research on safety.infection, andfood to understanding routes of ofecology, and reliable identification leading of species, upplan istobuild adatabase allowing rapid to exchange materials The andsequences. international fordiscussion, network and share recent discoveries, toestablish an in various oftheto areas zygomycetes, working tobringwas mycologists together Unitedaim of The Kingdom). the meeting Poland, Taiwan, The Netherlands, and the Germany,seven countries (Egypt, Japan, that was attended by from 20mycologists this pre-conferenceto organize meeting Voigt andSybren deHoog were privileged inin August Edinburgh 2010.Kerstin in conjunction with organized was IMC9 Interest2010, aSpecial Group meeting Zygomycoses in Athens, in May Greece, Workingof the ECMM-ISHAM Group International cooperation inzygomyceteresearch From were this event, doors new opened Five presentations demonstrated . 2005).Therefore, correct et al. Working Group asymposium be at will cosis in environmental sources. ofchromoblastomy- ofagents and detection were made forexperimental reproduction notated by different andplans consortia, that are currently andan- sequenced being genomes presented (about 20)full with all causing chronic skin infections in recently was found aspecies consistently ketoacidoticas but orleukemia, diabetes patients with severe underlying such disease, have encountered been particularly in These infections symptomatologies. fatal andoftento produceseverely disfiguring ofmycoses. Humanagents infections tend order harbours also confirmed causative of Mucorales attention downside toapossible tothe use tempeh. However, deHoog the drew soy such sauce as orIndonesianfoods, offermented forpre-digestion is applied Asia awidevariety ofmucoralean fungi in Especially the process. decomposition alike. Humans have learnt tomanipulate andcereal vegetables, productson fruits, felt hours, form they hairy adisgusting production ofextracellular Within enzymes. of unattended batches by abundant food leadstorapid spoilage arrive. strategy This away competing before microorganisms other andget eatgrow fast, microbes, fast, sourcesarrive prior food tomost onvirgin and-run-strategy”, means which that they are They known“hit- to haveecological an in refrigerators wellas as andpantries. ubiquitous in homes,bath- andbedrooms, experiments. Members ofMucorales introns, supplemented mating with classical and their power diagnostic hidden in the utilizes also which protein-coding genes amultigene Hoog approach advocated De divergence ofthese organisms. molecular to the ofsubphylum, rank underlining the order was recently ofzygomycetes, raised genus. ofthe species same between 30 %observed withdissimilarities ITS difficult, ofup to Generic circumscriptionobserved. isalso intraspecificsignificant is variability determine because the level, fully species out that donot sequences ITSandLSU Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands) pointed Hoog (CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity distinction.the forspecies preferred region The next meeting of the Black Yeast In the first presentation, Sybren de Mucorales in food preparation, in food since the , the most prominent are in Guangzhou, China. in Guangzhou, meeting isplanned in 2013 2012, andafull Congress in Berlinthe on12June ISHAM cause human infections. The study of in Mucorales species emphasis onthermotolerant was placed University ofEducation, Taiwan). Special by Hsiao-Man Ho (National Taipei presented was ofview points contemporary in Taiwan outlined from and historical toprepare used being food. establish whether pathogens are consistently identical.to be Further to research isneeded responsible appear ofsevere agents disease as preparationmaintained forfood andthose microsporus, where the varieties classically preparation. An example isRhizopus thatto the samespecies forfood are used these destructive infections belong in part growth andsevere mutilation. Agents of of the infection may leadtofulminant ofthe causative diagnostics to poor agent Inappropriate therapy ofsuch lesions due healthyotherwise patients Asia. in East Hsiao-Man Ho. Zoopagales Fig. 1.Syncephalis parvula Following the great success ofthe meeting Attili deAngelis, andFlávio Queiros Telles Vania Vicente, Sybren Derlene deHoog, The status zygomycete research of ), SEM micrograph. Photo courtesy micrograph. ), SEM with apotential to , (Piptocephalidaceae ([email protected] IMA FUNGUS l ) REPORTS (21) n ; spores ( spores 2 Absidia was found found was 50 spores per egg per spores to 10 4 6 to 10 6 spores per egg per spores killed 70−80 (JacobsenAspergillus fumigatus 3 2009, Alastruey-Izquierdo et al. 2009, Alastruey-Izquierdo spores per egg. per spores were results These 2 resulting in 95−100 % mortality in resulting within two days. 10 to be 10 = 20 per dose and experiment). Survival was dose and experiment). = 20 per dailydetermined candling, by a standard of whichmethod allows visualization by embryonic and movement structures surface to the light source a strong applying of eggs. the with Mortality infection upon with dose-dependent, was strain reference doses of 10 infectious % of infected eggs, LD and the (Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Pathogenicity of Microbial (Department for Natural Leibniz Institute Mechanisms, Biology Research and Infection Product Germany) Jena, - Hans-Knöll-Institute, embryonated of gave a summary eggs model infection to as an alternative that She emphasized virulence. study zygomycetes recognized increasingly are and animals. humans both as in pathogens of their is known little relatively However, Infection and virulence. pathogenesis onlymodels been for zygomycetes have described a very in few species. Based on embryonated with eggs experience her as model infection for Candida alternative albicans and et al. 2010, Olias et al. 2010), Jacobsen suitability model the elucidated of this for (formerly species of Lichtheimia Hoffmann as the L. corymbifera et al. 2010), using species. Eggsreference infected on were chorioallantoic the 10 on day developmental (CAM)membrane 10 with ), SEM micrograph. Photo Martin Eckart and Kerstin Eckart and Kerstin ), SEM micrograph. Martin Photo , Mucorales only a . (2005) resulted 60 in et al (Mucoraceae produces a 40 % produces Mortierellales, are reported as causing causing as reported are Rhizopus oryzaeRhizopus coronatus Conidiobolus The hen egg model for testing virulence virulence egg The hen model for testing Zygorhynchus moelleri 2. Zygorhynchus Fig Hoffmann. % mortality of the embryos within one day, % mortality embryos of the one day, within concentrations. spore comparable using appears to be for suitable particularly pathogenic of the large scale assessments Jacobsen of zygomycetes. D. potential Ilse single to be species clinically found was causing wolfii, Mortierella relevant, are routes Infection abortion cattle. in ingestion inhalation, including variable, pre-damagedor direct into inoculation diabetes, burns, Ketoacidotic tissue. and immune trauma severe surgery, major of establishment trigger the disorders Roden mucoralomycoses. listed organ malignancy, transplantation, injection drug therapy, desferoxamine renal transplantation, boneuse, marrow as risk additional and malnutrition failure, of decreasing significance.factors, order in betweenA relationship predisposing factors and type was reported, of infection diabetes, malignancy, that demonstrating predispose for therapy and desferoxamine and disseminated rhinocerebral, pulmonary, between Differences respectively. infections, and mucormycoses entomophthoromycoses a hen using tests virulence in can be shown egg model (Fig. mucoralean 3). While the fungus mortality egg hen six in embryos, day at entomophthoralean the with infection fungus of a total of 277 species described in Entomophthorales infection. Within

. , ), as as

has has . et al ), ), , Rhizopu,s , et al Syncephalis Syncephalis Zygomycetes ), Mucoraceae Zygomycota Zygomycota , , Kickxellomycotina indolent produce , Mucoromycotina , Utharomyces , Cunninghamella

, Cunninghamella (Alexopolous (Alexopolous Zygorhynchus moelleri Zygorhynchus Mortierellomycotina , Rhizomucor Thamnidiaceae (Hibbett et al. 2007) and (Hibbett . 2010). Members of . 2010). Members et al (Pilobolus ), and are very are significant in hospital , Gongronella Trichomycetes Kerstin Hoffmann Microbial Hoffmann Kerstin (Jena zygomycetous fungi in Taiwan started in zygomycetous fungi Taiwan in a number period that 1920s, and since the of local mycologists recorded38 genera the 123 species. with The fungi comprise most nine families, their with following generabetween prominent parentheses: (Chaetocladium Chaetocladiaceae ), Kickxellaceae (Dispira Dimargaritaceae , Linderina,(Coemansia Ramicandelaber), ), (Lichtheimia Lichtheimiaceae (Mortierella Mortierellaceae Syncephalis ). The , Thamnostylum (Thamnidium morphological zygomycetes beauty of the for exemplarily is demonstrated (Absidia Pilobolaceae PiptocephalidaceaePiptocephalis ( parvula (Fig. and 1) the newly describedthe Zoopagomycotina and mucocutaneous subcutaneous hosts, immunocompetent in infections cause mostly Mucoromycotina the whereas progressing,rapidly fatal and often systemic or immunocompromised in infections (Voigt hosts debilitated severely settings. Of a total of 205 known species settings. Of a total of 205 known 25 species, belonging to the order, the in genera Apophysomyces (Fig. 2). At present, most of the zygomycete of the most present, (Fig. At 2). mycology the in out is carried research National the at laboratory of Hsiao-Man Species of Education. University Taipei based is on morphologicalidentification ITS, combined LSU-D1/ with characters taxa. of the for most D2, SSU data of Collection, Department Resource Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Germany) Jena, of Microbiology, Institute gave an overview zygomycetes of the years. recent in pathogens as emerging phylum the Traditionally, and the Zygomycota the since 1996). However, appeared be to polyphyletic, multi- gene based phylogenies suggested the classical of the elimination subdivision and its into phylum a separate subphyla: distinct five Entomophthoromycotina (Hoffmann Entomophthoromycotina of 1999, Ribes et al. 2000). Members Mucorales , MucorLichtheimia have been reported to to reported been and Saksenaea have be out pathogenic, only 4 four whereas been two divided classes, into VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 (22) REPORTS

Diagnosis of zygomycete infection was ofzygomycete Diagnosis patients having undergone transplantation. and9.8 %in mellitus, with diabetes with 17.1%in patients malignancies, et al infections (Rüping ofzygomycote cases Of41recently included. been published a number infections ofzygomycete have fromrare different infectious fungi taxa, documentationon the detailed of of cases focuses the While registry fungiscope.net). at the University (www. ofCologne working group)ISHAM andishosted by scientific wellas as communities an (as by the pharmaceuticalsupported industry for the scientific community. is Theregistry anditsFungal services Infection Registry” introduced “Fungiscope Rare -aGlobal Württemberg, Germany) Stuttgart, Landesgesundheitsamt Baden- Umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz, mechanisms. potential pathogenicity toassess used response, be itcanalso and measurement ofthe host’s cytokine analyses burden,of fungal histological determinationisolates. Asthe allows model strains species, and potential between and todirectly compare the virulence virulence potential ofdifferent zygomycetes alternative as the toanalyse serve model It facilities. require could specialized inexpensive, to handle not anddoes easy is reproducible, model egg The embryonated attenuated in comparison to hyalospora In contrast, the eggs. virulence potential in embryonated and L.ornate,acomparable displayed complexes,species L.ramosa The relevantthree clinically controls infected mock remained sterile. ofPBS- the while CAM eggs, of infected re-isolated readily be fromcould the CAM infectious dose).Lichtheimia corymbifera reproducible (2–4experimentshighly per and Rhizopus arrhizus (syn. 3 Fig. AB Guido Fischer (Arbeitsmedizin, . 2009),63.4%occurred in patients . Virulence tests in the hen egg model. Survival of embryos by application tests ofembryos Survival of in themodel. . Virulence hen egg complexes were significantly L. sphaerocystis ) (B).Courtesy Ilse Jacobsen oryzae andVolkerR. Schwartze Lichtheimia , L.corymbifera, L. corymbifera. and L. except andmay posaconazole, show reduced are resistantzygomycetes tosomeazoles, and(c)causing infections; fulminant quickly grow very zygomycetes (b) profiles; mayspecies have different susceptibility infectionsin practice, while isdifficult ofzygomycete diagnosis microbiological and clinical (a) because: is difficult antimycoticgeneral, therapy ofzygomycetes of Lichtheimia In corymbifera infections. than that higher outcomesfatal tobe tended microsporus/oryzae rate (cfr survival with ahigher associated B was application amphothercin ofliposomal for therapy? For here, the reported cases correct identification have any implication and(2)does the for different fungal taxa?; in the literature reported cases on clinical (1)how reliable isthe statistics raised: be Fromtwo questions these findings, could of Mucor racemosus oryzae followed by 14) with apreference forlung infection, the most frequent infectious (6of agent to that Lichtheimia level. corymbifera was 50 %ofthe strains identified had been only centers were incorrect at the genus level; identifications carried out in the respective 29%(4of14)the at CBS. sequenced the hospital. In strains addition, all were to cross-checkthe initial identification in methods identified by morphology-based (LGA-BW, Germany) andwere re- State Health OfficeBaden-Württemberg ofthe laboratory ofthecollection mycology within Fungiscope are stored in the (Rüping etal rateoverall ofpatients survival was 51.2% andthe was applied zygomycetes against (14.6 %).In treatment 82.9%,atargeted (19.5%),andbrain region rhino-sinuorbital lungwere: (58.5%),soft tissue (19.5%), in Thesitesof 63.4%oftheinfection cases. made by culture in 68.3%and/orhistology (each 3 of 14), and two single isolates (each single 3 of14),andtwo Rüping Rhizopus microsporus . 2009). All strains collected strains. 2009).All collected et al.2009).For Rhizopus infections, the ratio of and Conidiobolus coronatus M. . circinelloides and R. . (A) species lies below 1 cfu m 1cfu below lies species Theconcentrationstudies. ofRhizopus meeting from Fischer’sSIG preliminary Quantitative data were presented at the sourcesand ofpossible ofinfection. concentrationsfungal in the environment risk assessment of onknowledge isbased inubiquitously the environment. Effective patients, infectious occur as zygomycetes prophylaxis may relevant be tohigh-risk susceptibility toamphotericin-B. Exposure their latest research data on the many Participantsaspects. were abletopresent andecological physiological morphological, phylogenetic, including genomic, biodiversity, ofzygomycete areas covered all International,(CAB UK).Topics Egham, Jena, Germany),(HKI, andPaul M.Kirk USA), Angeles, Los Ilse D. JacobsenUCLA, and David of School at Medicine Geffen Center,Harbor-UCLA Medical Torrance Institute Research Biomedical Angeles at Taipei, Taiwan), Ashraf Ibrahim (Los Hsiao-man Ho (National University of (University ofBritish Canada), Columbia, The speakerskeynote were Berbee Mary de Hoog (Utrecht, The Netherlands). Skiada (Athens, andSybren Greece), by Kerstin Germany), Voigt Anna (Jena, March, 2011.That workshop organized was Centre in Utrecht, The Netherlands, on3−5 at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity research in achangingworld”, was held zygomycete dynamics of on“The meeting, Afollow-up andecology. on biodiversity Working Group ofZygomycetes by asection orientedof theECMM-ISHAM clinically collaboration created was with anexpansion materials A platform anddata. forfuture toexchange andcalibrate is necessary interests basis onaglobal in zygomycetes that networking ofscientists with research patients.immuno-compromised assessment andinfection prophylaxisfor mayzygomycetes help toimprove risk and habitats ofpotentially infectious thatconcluded ondistribution knowledge It infrequently. was encountered was and oryzae R. frequently encountered by followed species, area that showed in natural habitats. Astudy in asuburban cfu m cfu with composting facilities(up to4×10 handling. due tohuman activities, waste- such as fumigatus lower toAspergillus compared magnitude environments, andisthus oneorder of All participantsAll came tothe conclusion -3 ), andare rarely encountered in air . Concentrations higher canbe Lichtheimia are associated species R. microsporus; L.corymbifera R. R. pusillus was the most R. -3 air in natural air IMA FUNGUS 2

REPORTS (23) . 65: 41: 634−653. 37: 3957−3964. ) [email protected] ( Kerstin Voigt, Sybren de Hoog, de Hoog, Sybren Voigt, Kerstin (2010) Forty-one recent cases of invasive cases of invasive recent (2010) Forty-one Ilse D. Jacobsen, and Guido Fischer and Guido Jacobsen, D. Ilse Hsiao-Man Ho, Kerstin Hoffmann, Hoffmann, Kerstin Ho, Hsiao-Man of zygomycosis: a reviewreported of 929 cases. Diseases Infectious Clinical et al. zygomycosis global a from clinical registry. Chemotherapy Antimicrobrobial of Journal 296−302. of clinically and PCR Phylogeny identification zygomycetes based important on nuclear of sequence data. Journal ribosomal-DNA Microbiology Clinical Rüping MJGT, Heinz WJ, Kindo AJ, Rickerts V Rickerts AJ, Kindo WJ, Heinz MJGT, Rüping K, Cigelnik K (1999) E & O´Donnell Voigt

Mycocladus Lichtheimiaceae edn. New York: John John York: edn. New Mycological Research . Mycological th Journal of Clinical of Clinical ). Journal 13: 236−301. . 4 113: 277−278. ). , Mucoromycotina Fungi Mycocladus . (2005) Epidemiology outcome and p.p., p.p., et al , a correction ( , a correction Lichtheimia Absidia Microbiology 48: 2154−2170. Mycology Introductory fam. nov., Mucoralesfam. nov., Research Mycological disease. Clinical human in Zygomycetes Reviews Microbiological TA 111: 509−447. vs. Wiley & Sons. M et al. (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic the of classification Alexopoulous CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) M (1996) Blackwell CW, Mims CJ, Alexopoulous Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, DJ (2000) Baker Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams Hoffmann K, Walther G, Voigt K (2009) G, Walther K, Hoffmann WL,Roden TE, MM, Knudsen Zaoutis Buchanan Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell Blackwell DS, M,Hibbett Bischoff Binder JF, et al. (2010)

, scheduled for publication Persoonia Mycologists, food and nutrition food and nutrition Mycologists, GS de, Rodriguez-Tudela J-L J-L GS de, Rodriguez-Tudela Species recognition and clinical of relevance (syn. Lichtheimia zygomycetous genus the in December 2012. in medical microbiologists, infection scientists, biologists, molecular biologists,and immune to join welcome are and bioinformaticians, upcoming of its any in Group Working the please information more For initiatives. page web (www. Group’s the consult zygomycota.eu). beautiful and bizarre members of these of these members bizarre and beautiful soonin a fungi. will culminate The meeting the special in on zygomycete phylogeny issue journal VOLUME 3 · NO. 1 Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Hoffmann Hoog A, K, Hoffmann Alastruey-Izquierdo