1 Banke District

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013

Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk

Management in Development (Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)

District Baseline Report: Department of Irrigation (DOI)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

BANKE DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION (DOI)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BANKE DISTRICT ...... 1 1.1 District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 1 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 2 1.3.1 Trends ...... 2 1.3.2 Issues ...... 3 1.4 Past extremes in the district ...... 3 1.5 Linkages to other sectors ...... 4 1.6 Asset inventory ...... 4 1.7 Priority infrastructure for study in Banke District ...... 5 2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 5 2.1 Asset 1: Kiran Nala Irrigation System ...... 5 2.1.1 Watershed Context ...... 5 2.1.2 Asset location and condition ...... 5 2.1.3 Adaptation Audit ...... 6 2.2 Asset 2: Chisapani Naubasta Irrigation Scheme...... 7 2.2.1 Watershed context ...... 7 2.2.2 Asset location and condition ...... 7 2.2.3 Adaptation Audit ...... 8 2.3 Asset 3: Chisapani Deep Tubewell No 3 ...... 9 2.3.1 Watershed context ...... 9 2.3.2 Asset location and condition ...... 9 2.3.3 Adaptation Audit ...... 10 2.4 Asset 4: Binauna Shallow Tubewell Cluster ...... 11 2.4.1 Watershed context ...... 11 2.4.2 Asset location and condition ...... 11 2.4.3 Adaptation Audit ...... 12 ANNEX A: MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR ...... 2 ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 4 ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 5 ANNEX E: ASSET INVENTORY OF DISTRICT IRRIGATION SCHEMES ...... 10 ANNEX F: PHOTOGRAPHS – KIRAN NALA IRRIGATION SCHEME ...... 15 ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS – CHISAPANI NAUBASTA IRRIGATION SCHEME ...... 18 ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS – CHISAPANI DEEP TUBEWELL NO 3 ...... 21 ANNEX I: PHOTOGRAPHS – BINAUNA SHALLOW TUBEWELL CLUSTER ...... 23

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baseline

1 BANKE DISTRICT 1.1 District Sector Master Plan

Nepal formulated the Water Resources Strategy (WRS) to guide water sector activities towards sustainability of the resource, while providing economic growth through water resources development, hazard mitigation, environment protection and constructive methods of resolving water use conflicts. The atioal ater setor goal has ee defied as liig oditios of Nepali people are sigifiatl iproed i a sustaiale aer. The W‘S output is epeted to otriute to the attainment of this goal through the achievement of short-, medium- and long-term purposes. These purposes have been defined as follows:

 Short-term (5-year) Purpose: The implementation of the comprehensive WRS provides tangible benefits for people in line with basic needs fulfilment.

 Medium-term (15-year) Purpose: WRS is operationalized to provide substantial benefits for the basic needs fulfilment of the people as well as other increased benefits related to sustainable water use.

 Long-term (25-year) Purpose: Benefits from water resources are maximized in Nepal in a sustainable manner.

In line with the above purposes different irrigation development and management activities are being planned and executed throughout the countries with support of different funding sources under different program such as Medium Irrigation project development programme funded by Government of Nepal (GoN), Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Programme (CMIASP) funded by Asian Development Bank (ADB), Integrated Water Resources Management Programme funded by World Bank (WB), Projects Regular Maintenance Programme funded by GoN and Non-Conventional Irrigation Technology Programme (NITP) for small patches of lands to enhance the livelihood of poor and marginal farmers in hills. Beside this there are several centrally controlled projects of national priority are being developed with internal as well as external funding. All district level projects are demand driven while central level projects are planned keeping in mind the water sector goal of liig conditions of Nepali people are sigifiatl iproed i a sustaiale aer. A map of the Banke District is given in Annex A

In accordance with the programme and projects discussed above, under CIDD # 4, Nepalganj, Banke, a number of projects are being operated including sub projects under MIP, sub projects under IWRMP, sub projects under NITP and sub projects under maintenance programme. All these projects are demand driven and prioritized on the basis of cost effectiveness for optimum utilization of available scarce resources and are subject of approval before implementation.

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting The latest figures available for the annual budgets in Banke District are given in Annex B.

Staff The list of staff working in the District Office is given in Annex C.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

1.3 Sector trends and issues

1.3.1 Trends Banke Irrigation Development Division is one of the 26 irrigation development division of DoI and covers Banke and Bardiya district. The main task of the division is development of new irrigation schemes along with rehabilitation and maintenance of running irrigation systems.

The current trends of the sub-division are as follows:

Planning Planning of works is done by the respective divisions and subdivisions on a demand basis. In accordance with the plan that is prepared a budget is requested. Further the projects are prioritised based on the availability of funds and then sent for approval. For externally funded projects, the project planning is done in consultation with donors.

The District Irrigation Office (DIO) regularly receives requests from water user groups within farmer managed irrigation systems to provide assistance to rehabilitate their schemes. A limited annual budget allocation restricts the responses that the DIO can act upon.

Design Design of irrigation systems that are internally funded is general carried out by a local consultant or the division office itself, whereas for projects externally funded (WB, ADB etc.), in general are carried out by expatriates in association with compatriots.

Construction All the construction and maintenance works are done by using local contractors. A shift in the present trend of construction has been noticed, i.e. from manual labour to the use of machines. For example more construction equipment including excavator, concrete mixer, and vibrator are now often being used.

Monitoring Monitoring is done on the following aspects:

1. Programme

Regional mobile team established under Regional Irrigation Directorate (RID) monitors the implementation of the various programmes such as Integrated Water resource Management Project (IWRMP) funded by World Bank, Medium Irrigation Project (MIP) and Nonconventional Irrigation Technology Project (NITP) funded by Government of Nepal. This team also monitors farers participation in construction as per the designed programmes and implementation schedule.

2. Design and Cost A technical team established under Central Regional Irrigation Directorate (CRID) as well as planning and design section of the Department of irrigation verify the design and cost of the proposed new and rehabilitation irrigation projects prepared by respective division and subdivisions offices for their sustainability.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

3. Quality Regional mobile team periodically monitors the quality of the construction and maintenance work. This will keep the division and sub division offices more alerts towards regular supervision of works by the respective site engineers/sub engineers.

4. Progress Regional mobile team of Mid Western Regional Irrigation Directorate (MWRID), Surkhet monitors the status of overall implementation, progress as well as budget expenditure of the planned and projects under construction.

1.3.2 Issues The principal issues regularly affecting project development in the district can be summarized as follows:

1. Adequate budgets not being released promptly 2. Programs are not being approved in time 3. Very low bids submitted by the contractors 4. Unfair dealing of WUAs by the Contractors 5. Gangsters being involved in contract bidding 6. Encroachment into the command area by land planners 7. Contractors' qualifications are not fairly documented. Many contractors do not have the capacity that matches their class. 1.4 Past extremes in the district

The past extreme events in the district are recorded by the Chief District Officer and submitted annually to the Home Ministry. The recent information documented for the district is presented in Annex D

This date base indicates that fire, flood, thunderbolt and epidemics are major disaster geophysical events, and fires are the major cause of deaths and injuries (42.9%) followed by epidemic (20%) and flood (17.1%). In terms of monitory loss, fire accounts for 56.6% up to the tune of 98 million rupees and by flood (43.4%). As regards the sector infrastructure affected in terms of destruction of house/sheds, fire is the major causes accounting up to 100%. Around 61.6% of the families are found to be affected by epidemic followed by fire and flood.

Loss due to natural disasters 2008/09-2012/2013 for selected hazard types in Banke District.

Types of Number of Number of Sector Families Reported disaster Geophysical Deaths/Missing/Injury Infrastructure Affected Loss NRs Events affected (Million) (house/shed) Flood 10 (11 %) 6 (17.1%) 64 75 (43.4%) X (9.7%) Fire 72 (79.1%) 15 (42.9%) 571 (100%) 188 98 (56.6%) (28.6%) Thunderbolt 2 (2.2%) 2 (5.7%) X X Epidemic 4 (4.4%) 7 (20%) 405 X (61.6%) Storm 2 (2.2%) 4(11.4%) X X

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

Cold wave 1 (1.1%) 1 (2.9%) X X Total 91 (100%) 35 (100%) 571 (100%) 657 173 (100%) (100%) Source: National Emergency Operation Centre, Ministry of Home Affairs, GoN

1.5 Linkages to other sectors

The Department of Irrigation is presently cooperating with the following agencies and groups in the district:

 District Agricultural Development Office,  Department of Soil and Water Conservation  Water User Groups  District Development Committee,  Local Development Officer  Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention  Department of Roads  Ministry of Environment Science and Technology

The Department of Agriculture is involved with the extension activities and training of the farmers to maximise on the benefits to be achieved from the development of the irrigation systems. This involves dissemination of advice on the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, better management practices and alternative cropping patterns.

Water User Groups (WUG) and their formation are a requisite before the department of irrigation will assist the construction or rehabilitation of a system. 0.5% of the total estimated cost of the works has to be shown to be deposited up-front in a bank account before the works can be undertaken. This money can later be used by the WUG for the subsequent maintenance of the system in activities such as the desilting of canals or bioengineering works to minimise landslide damage.

The Department of Soil and Water Conservation should be liaising with the district office in relation to the natural systems management and land use planning of irrigation systems particularly collating information on the upstream watersheds and their management planning.

The Ministry of Environment Science and Technology set out the criteria on whether an IEE or EIA is required before finalising an irrigation system design for either a new or rehabilitation project.

1.6 Asset inventory

Records from the district office show that there is some 4116 ha of irrigated land commanded solely by systems built by the farmers. However since 1988 support has been given to the district in improving irrigation systems through a variety of donor assisted and government projects.

From 1988 – 1997 The Irrigation Line of Credit Project (ILC) funded by World Bank (WB) constructed and rehabilitated 4 number projects covering 345ha. The follow up Nepal Irrigation Sector Project (NISP) from 1997/1998 – 2002 constructed and rehabilitated a further 7 projects covering 780ha. A subsequent extension of WB assistance through the Irrigated Water Resource Management Project (IWRMP) from 2007/08 – 2013 worked on 2 projects covering 381ha. Through the government funded Medium Irrigation Project (MIP), 5 projects have been constructed covering 1050ha.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

Similarly, 12 number of deep tube well (DTW) installed under ILC programme covering 480 ha and 19 DTWs installed under NISP funded by WB covering 760 ha. 11 APP DTWs funded by GoN constructed covering 440 ha, 8 DTWs under IWRMP funded by WB covering 240 ha and others DTWs 3 covering 90 ha. From 2007 – 2013 total 1748 APP shallow tube wells projects constructed covering 4297 ha The asset inventory of these irrigation systems and their location within the district is presented in Annex E

1.7 Priority infrastructure for study in Banke District

Through co-ordination with the Department of Irrigation Focal Point and the respective District Irrigation Officers and Groundwater Resources Board staff a maximum of 4 irrigation systems was selected. A basis for choosing a particular irrigation system was based on one or more of the following criteria as shown below:

 The system to have suffered past damage due to an extreme event such as a flood, landslide, drought, etc.  The system could be shown to be receptive to adaptive responses, i.e. the scheme was not totally defunct and rehabilitation works could be feasible undertaken to also include any climate change responses.  To ensure that a representative sample of schemes was taken the selection process was to include where possible at least one government managed as well as one traditional farmer managed irrigation system.  In addition in the surface irrigation systems one deep tube well and one shallow tube well system were to be taken.  If possible a newly planned irrigation system would also be included if it was known there was one to be constructed in the near future.

The four systems chosen for the baseline asset study embraced the above criteria and included an existing farmer managed system, a recently rehabilitated system, a deep and a shallow tube well system. 2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset 1: Kiran Nala Irrigation System

The system is a lift pump scheme built in 1997 under the ILC project. It commands 205ha and serves 207 households. Crops grown in the command area are monsoon paddy, followed by 50% wheat and the remaining 50% being mostly oilseed crops, though some potato, pulses, onions and sunflower are also grown

2.1.1 Watershed Context The source of water for this scheme is the Kiran Nala. Its command area is totally within the terai area below the east west highway and is predominantly cultivated agricultural land. The expanding townships of Nepalgunj and Kholpur however are now gradually encroaching on to some of this land. During the monsoon, floods pass through this Nala whilst for the rest of the year spring discharges maintain a constant flow at the pump station site.

2.1.2 Asset location and condition The geographical co-ordinates of the intake site are N280 04” latitude ad E810 3629” longitude. It is very near the Indian border and is a resettlement area for ex-army personnel.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

A concrete weir across the Nala maintains a constant height of water at the pump intake site. See Photo 1. Water from the river enters a sump away from the riers edge where intake pipes lift water via 5 pumps in the pump house into the main canal. See Photo 2. There are three 50l/sec and two 25l/sec electric driven pumps. See Photo 3. The pump outlet chamber delivers water into the lined main canal. Gates along the main canal control water delivery into branch canals. See Photo 4. The soils are sandy clay loam, well drained and there are no water logging problems. The irrigation system and its infrastructure components are well maintained.

 Asset design

The design of the pump station and its intake works are sound. There is also a scouring sluice in the weir in front of the intake to reduce sediment ingress. The pump house entrance is well away from the Nala and its normal flood plain and has its own electricity supply. There have been two incidents of armed theft of the transformer by suspected robbers coming across the border and as a consequence the transformer has now been made more secure. Unreliable power supplies result in not all the pumps being able to be operated at the same time.

The lined main canal has a capacity of 200l/sec and runs for 1.3km incorporating 3 road crossing sites. See Photo 5. There are 7 unlined branch canals with a total length of 3km. The farmers are requesting to increase the command area by 40ha with the provision of one extra 100l/sec pump.

 Design appropriateness

This is a well-managed irrigation system by an enthusiastic Water User Group Committee. They instigate a water charge system for all users of the water, with the charge covering the electricity bills but not allowing reserve funds to be accumulated in case of emergencies. They clean the canals by self-help once a year.

Though there have been recorded several major flood events over the 16 years since it was built the weir and bank protection works are still intact. The pumping of water into the canal is basically only undertaken to provide supplemental irrigation if rainfall is insufficient at certain times of the year. This being mainly for paddy land preparation in the May/June period, over the monsoon if the rains fail and December/January for their wheat and pulse crops. Pumping of water from the river is therefore most likely to occur when the Nala is not in flood and hence the sediment loads are quite low.

2.1.3 Adaptation Audit  Past extreme events and impacts

The maximum flood occurring at the pump intake site was in 2000. It overtopped the bank of the Nala by some 2m and flooded the base of the pump house. Sediment collected around the pumps and had to be removed. There have been no flash floods at the site for the last three years. The relative flat terrain results in flood velocities being reduced and thereby restricting damage to the Nala banks but the corresponding overland flow assists in improving groundwater recharge.

Farmers report that they feel the normal base flows are increasing in the Nala. This infers spring flows into the Nala are also possibly increasing and supports their demand that there should be sufficient water to increase the area to be irrigated.

Hail storms have only rarely damaged their wheat crop in the February/March period

 Adaptation Responses

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Farers respose to sediet eterig the pup house or aal aligets was to organise through their water user group its manual removal.

They felt that summer temperatures were already increasing but were not willing to change their cropping pattern or diversify into any cash crops, being content to maintain their subsistence cropping regime.

Their main concern was the unreliable electricity supply both in terms of load shedding and variable voltage, and its dependence of coming from India.

2.2 Asset 2: Chisapani Naubasta Irrigation Scheme The system is a surface irrigation scheme original constructed by the farmers and rehabilitated in 1996 under the ILC project. The command area is 306ha and benefits 575 households. The crops grown are monsoon paddy followed by a combination of wheat, potatoes, pulses and oilseed. The overall cropping intensity is 180%. The potato crop is of particular importance as this area was known as the resource centre for seed potato in the region and is close to the cold storage facility at Kohalpur.

2.2.1 Watershed context The source of water is the Man Khola and the intake is just downstream of where this khola comes out of the Churia mountain range to the north. These mountains in the vicinity are a protected forest reserve and are therefore well covered with trees. However there is still evidence of some landslides occurring and general erosion from these hilly areas. The watershed catchment area is 181sqkm

2.2.2 Asset location and condition The geographical co-ordinates of the intake site are N280 16312” latitude ad E810 39749” longitude. The site is just upstream of where the Kohalpur/Surket road crosses the Man khola. The main canal passes under this road and continues along a meandering path for a total idle length of 1.5km, some of it along the base of a small sand hill area, before reaching the command area. This hilly area is prone to landslides. Due to a recent flood this monsoon period the weir structure across the Man Khola has partially collapsed so that water from the khola is now unable to enter the main canal. Overall the condition of the headworks and main canal are poor as the farmers are despondent about not receiving water in the future.

The command area is relatively flat with fertile sandy loam soils. The area is well drained and there are no water logging problems. The secondary and field canals are unlined and in need of repair.

 Asset design

The diversion weir comprises of a vertical reinforced concrete core wall 67m long across the Khola. This goes some 3m deep below the Khola bed to trap subsurface flows. 14m downstream of this core wall is a downstream cutoff wall the full width of the khola to prevent bed retrogression undermining the core wall. See Photo 1. In between the core and cutoff walls the khola bed was lined with gabion baskets. A launching apron of gabions was also provided downstream of the cutoff wall.

A gated scouring sluice is provided in front of the headwork gates controlling water delivery into the lined main canal with a design capacity of 300l/sec. See Photo 2. The lining is only for the first 770m whilst it is deep cut thereafter it is unlined. Further along the alignment there is a 40cm dia. Hume pipe where the main canal passes through a high cutting area. There are also three aqueducts where the main canal passes over small cross drainage paths.

 Design appropriateness

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoI District baselines

The diversion weir design concept has been tested since construction by the erosive power of sediment laden flood flows destroying the wire holding the gabion baskets together between the core and cut-off walls. See Photo 3. The individual stones left situated at this location were then not large enough to withstand flood flow velocities carrying them away downstream. There was then left in places just a deep pool of water between the two walls.

The diversion weir is some 100m downstream of a sharp turn in the Man Khola alignment. At this point the bank has been attacked by the khola and gabion bank protection works have recently been constructed to stop any further bank erosion. See Photo 4. The alignment of these upstream works has created the opportunity for flood flows to be accelerated and concentrated on the headworks side of the diversion weir. This concentration of flow volumes towards one side of the diversion weir structure coupled with the fact that there was now no gabion protection between the two core and cut-off walls has possibly led to a failure of the core wall. See Photo 5. The absence of any lateral reinforcement between the core wall segments has not help prevent the collapse.

The original design of the spindles for the scour sluice and headworks gates was unsatisfactory and had to be replaced 5 years ago. However the scour sluice gate has subsequently never been opened and is completely rusted in-situ. Together with the fact that there is no sediment basin or flushing structure at the head of the main canal has resulted in sediment entering the canal system. This has particularly affected the blockage of the Hume pipe in the main canal.

The farmers confirmed that irrigation water is let into the main canal mainly to provide supplemental irrigation if rainfall is insufficient at certain times of the year. The critical times being for paddy land preparation and winter irrigation of wheat and potato crops. As surface flow in the Man khola usually ceases from January to the onset of the monsoon, the provision of the deep core wall is of particular significance for the winter irrigations as it allows trapping of the subsurface flows and their diversion into the main canal.

2.2.3 Adaptation Audit  Past extreme events and impacts

Annually flash floods pass over the diversion weir carrying small boulders and sand washed down from the Man Khola watershed. The abrasive nature of these floods has partially destroyed the protection works at the diversion weir. Upstream river bank protection works have concentrated flood flows to one side of the diversion weir also exacerbating the damage effects.

The worst recent flood was three years ago with a depth of flow of 1.2m through the diversion weir site. However a smaller flood of only 0.75m depth over the diversion weir caused its partial collapse this August possibly compounded by the effects of the recent upstream river protection works.

Where the main canal passes along the bottom of a sand hill area heavy rainfall has caused eroded soil to enter the canal. This and sediment entering with the flows from the Nala restrict water entering the command area.

 Adaptation responses

The construction of the new diversion weir and intake in 1996 overcame the difficulties the farmers had in the past in diverting flows into the main canal by their previous system of making brush and stone weirs in the Khola. The novel design of a core wall and downstream cut-off wall with river bed protection in between of gabion baskets has not been successful in withstanding the erosive forces from flash floods. It would have better to have placed larger boulders as protection.

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On the other hand the deep core wall has been helpful in containing sub surface flows in the Khola during the winter months for irrigation purposes when all surface flow normally ceases.

Though damage to the river bed protection was seen at an early stage after completion of construction the apathy of the water user group to undertake any remedial works has compounded the quick deterioration of the diversion structure. The poor management of the water user group is also seen in the lack of maintenance at the headwork gates and in clearing sediment and debris along the canal alignments.

The water user group indicated that the farmers are not interested in changing their cropping pattern if required to do so in order to take account of possible climate change effects of increased temperature or drought. 2.3 Asset 3: Chisapani Deep Tubewell No 3

This tubewell is part of a cluster of 6 installed between 2007 and 2011 under the APP programme. Each tube well commands 40ha and there is a spacing of some 600m between individual wells. Deep tube well No 3 has an 11 member water user group of which 2 are women. There are 100 households served by this tube well. 10ha of its command area has been taken over by a poultry farm for egg production. See Photo 1. Crops grown on the remaining area are monsoon paddy, 50% being of a hybrid variety. In the winter 75% of the agricultural area goes under wheat, with the remaining 25% covered with a mixture of oilseed, pulses and potatoes. 2.3.1 Watershed context The source of water for this tube well comes from the ganges aquifer which stretches right up into this area. This provides a good strong yield of up to 35l/sec. Due to the depth of the well the pump is drawing water from its quality is good. See Photo 2.

2.3.2 Asset location and condition The geographical co-ordinates of this tube well site are N280 1716” latitude ad E0 17” longitude. It is situated close to the foothills of the Churia mountain range which is a protected forest zone. The present agricultural area was previously forested but some 30 years ago was given to migrants from the Mugu District who settled and cleared the trees to grow their crops under rainfall conditions. Some areas are now not cropped as a few of the migrants have moved back to Mugu or gone to India.

The command area is gently sloping which has been terraced over time for growing the paddy. The soils are characterized by sandy clay loamy textures, are moderately well drained and there are no water logging problems.

 Asset design

The tube well is some 160m deep. It has steel casing and a slotted screen. It draws water into a 30m3 concrete water tank situated above the pump building housing the electric controls. A 400volt electricity supply is provided via a transformer and supply line provided by the Nepal Electricity Authority to the site.

Water is distriuted to the oad area through uried 6” delier pipes. Outlet haers at roughly 100m intervals incorporating alfalfa valves allow water to be discharged into unlined surface canals. See Photo 3. As a safety measure the piped distribution system incorporates a surge and overflow facility within the command area. See Photo 4.

 Design appropriateness

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Deep tube well installation is not cheap costing some Mrs. 8.0 lakh per well. At the same time operation costs are high. Any maintenance or repair costs are also correspondingly high. However the water supply is assured and good yields of over 25 l/sec per well can be relied upon throughout the year.

Irrigation from the tube well is basically for supplemental purposes if rainfall is insufficient at critical times of the year. This being mainly for paddy land preparation in the May/June period, over the monsoon if the rains fail and December/January for wheat and pulse crops. Information collected at the site indicates that some of the tube wells in the cluster only operate for less than 60 days a year. Tube well No 3 is an exception and is used more often as each day it supplies the needs of drinking water for the chicken houses within the command area. The low water abstraction rates at present and wide spacing of the tube wells results in no indication that the groundwater table is being over exploited.

The use of irrigation water from deep tube wells is an efficient way of distributing it to the crops, as charges are made directly to the farmers on the amount used together with a monthly demand charge per ha. Therefore farmers will ensure there is minimum wastage of water they are paying for.

The main concern is the erratic supply of electricity controlled by the Nepal Electricity Authority. There are regular load shedding schedules which become more acute prior to the onset of the monsoon rains as the hydropower sites suffer from diminishing flows in the rivers. Fluctuating power supplies during the day can result in the supposed 400v supply from the transformer dropping to below 300v. This restricts the output of the pumps as well possibly permanently damaging the pump.

Farmers are not willing to invest in back up diesel generators as a security if the electric power supply fails. One reason is that they are already benefitting from a 50% subsidy on normal electricity supply tariffs.

2.3.3 Adaptation Audit  Past extreme events and impacts

Past extreme events are restricted principally to the erratic supply of electricity to power the tube well pump. Major problems have occurred when the motor burnt out and had to be replaced. This took time as funds had to be sought and irrigation of their crops was not possible. This resulted in the later planting of the paddy crops and reduced yields for their winter crops.

Damage has been frequently experienced to their crops by wild animals entering their land from the nearby forest reserve.

Farmers also reported damage very occasionally in the March/April period to hail and wind damage from storms.

 Adaptation responses

The Ground Water Resources Adaptation response to the electricity supply problems is to design future distribution sites from a tube well so that the command area is restricted to 25ha instead of 40 ha as originally designed.

The farmers adaptatio resposes to the aoe eets hae ee eak. The hae o otrol oer the electricity supply and just accept the storm damage when it occurs. They have not erected any fences around their land to stop the wild animal entering but say it would not be affective anyway as most would enter at night by just jumping over any barrier.

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The principal adaptation response required is to develop the water resources in the high mountain areas and construct more hydropower systems to meet the present and future electricity demands of the country.

2.4 Asset 4: Binauna Shallow Tubewell Cluster

This scheme consists of a cluster of 10 shallow tubewells near the village of Chachar Pharka in the Binauna VDC. I four adjoiig VDCs i the area there are similar shallow tube well clusters. Each tube well commands some 2.5ha and is shared by 3 to 4 farmers. All farmers in the area are indigenous Tharu. Crops grown in the command area are 100% paddy followed by wheat, oilseeds, pulses and some vegetables. 2.4.1 Watershed context The source of water for this tube well cluster comes from the Ganges aquifer. This provides a reliable yield of some 20l/sec. The water table in the area according to local farmers has been constant for the last 50years rising to a maximum level of 3m below ground level during the monsoon and falling to 5m in the May/June period. By inspecting an open well nearby during the site visit in October the water level was measured at 3.5m below ground level. See Photo 2. The water quality from the shallow tube wells is good.

2.4.2 Asset location and condition The geographical coordinates of the shallow tube well visited are N280 04 13” latitude and E810 49 58” longitude. It is situated within one kilometre of the West Rapti River and in the middle of the irrigated area command by this tube well. The command area was historically part of the West Rapti floodplain and is gently sloping with the land being terraced over time for the growing of paddy crops. The soils are characterized by sandy clay loamy textures, are moderately well drained and there are no water logging problems.

 Asset design

The tube well is 25m deep with steel casing and a 10m long screen. The 4.5HP Chinese diesel pump is stored in the nearby farers house. See Photo 2. 6” Plasti fleile hosepipes in 40m lengths are used as delivery pipes from the pump to the individual fields. There is no formal canal system to deliver water directly from the tube well site.

 Design appropriateness

Though the boring and installation of the shallow tube well is provided for the farmers, they have to purchase the pump set and delivery pipes. Because of cost considerations they purchase the cheaper Chinese pumps at around Nrs 20,000 compared to the better quality Indian pumps at Nrs 35,000 per unit. Farmers have reported that the Chinese pumps may only last 4-5 years and over this period need constant maintenance. The Indian pumps are reported to last up to 15 years.

The use of the flexible plastic piping for delivery purposes whilst convenient is also not a sustainable method as every year it has to be replaced. A more formal surface canal system between individual fields would be a more practical long term solution. If brick lined this would also help its conveyance efficiency.

The water table in the area being high and relatively constant throughout the year results in good pump yields at fairly reasonable costs. However the irrigation from the tube well is basically for supplemental purposes when rainfall is insufficient at critical times of the year. This being mainly for paddy land preparation in the May/June period, if the rains fail during the monsoon period and during December and January for irrigating the wheat crop. Information collected at the site indicates that on

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average the pump is run for 40 hours for land preparation and some 20 hours during the winter period. This low water abstraction rate and the present wide spacing between the shallow tube wells ensure that the groundwater reserves are not being over exploited.

2.4.3 Adaptation Audit  Past extreme events and impacts

The farmers expressed an opinion that they felt that temperatures were already rising in the pre- monsoon season. The main impact of this being making it more unpleasant due to the additional heat to undertake the hard work associated with land preparation for their paddy crops. The occurrence of fogs during the winter period created damage to their vegetable crops though the dew formed was at the same time a beneficial type of irrigation for wheat.

 Adaptation responses

There were no significant adaption responses. The farmers accepted the consequences from the damages of past events. They were happy to continue with their present cropping pattern to maintain a subsistence level of farming. They indicated there was no incentive to diversify into other cash crops as they had little advice or training from the local agricultural office and also the road to the nearest market in Nepalganj was very poor.

Nepal Electricity Corporation are presently erecting power lines in the area, which in the future could lead to the opportunity for electric pumps to replace the present diesel ones which are expensive to run. However this electricity supply would need to be made consistent and reliable to make it a viable alternative option.

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ANNEX A: MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT

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ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR

Table: 2 Details of MWIDD #2 Budget, Nepalganj FY FY Description FY 2067/068 FY 2068/2069 FY 2069/2070 2065/066 2066/067 Administration Budget 5349701 5486987 6266636 6383965 5447500 Development Budget 5860690 63285000 64457380 29375935 43868938 Maintenance Budget 511353 1965000 613000 1067771 187859 Grand Total 11721744 70736987 71337016 36827671 49504297 Source: MWIDD-2, Nepalganj,Banke

Figure:1 Trend of budgets of Irrigation Development Division office No #2, Nepalganj

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Table: 2 Details of GWRDB Budget, Nepalganj

Description FY 2068/2069 FY 2069/2070 FY 2070/2071 Administration 452000000 452000000 452000000 Development APP 12000000 14200000 12950000 IWRMP 2200000 9000000 12500000 DTW Maintenance 100000 100000 100000 GW monitoring 150000 136000 150000 Grand Total 466450000 475436000 477700000 Source: GWRDB Nepalganj,Banke

Summary of GWRDB Budget, Nepalganj

Description FY 2068/2069 FY 2069/2070 FY 2070/2071 Administration budget 452000000 452000000 452000000 Development budget 14350000 23336000 25600000

DTW Maintenance budget 100000 100000 100000 Grand Total 466450000 475436000 477700000

Figure: 2 Trends of Budget of GWRDB, Nepalganj

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ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

Table-1: Office Staffing Mid Western Irrigation Development Division #2 Nepalganj, Banke

S.No. Name Position 1 Rukmagat Khanal Divisional Chief 2 Topendra Sundar Mall Engineer 3 Dip Narayan Mahato Engineer 4 Dinesh Prasad Sah Engineer 5 Basat Raj Shrestha Account Officer 6 Mahendra Kumar Sharma Account Non-Gazetted-II 7 Shanti Bhattrai Administration Officer 8 Govinda Prasad Rijal Administration Non Gazetted-II 9 Tej Narayan Raiyadav Administration Non Gazetted-II 10 Birendra Kumar Safi Sub Engineer 11 Tekendra Bahadur Shah Sub Engineer 12 Dinesh Kumar Singh Sub Engineer 13 Aditya Neupane Sub Engineer 14 Bishnu Prasad Bhandari Office Assistant Non-Gazetted-I 15 Ramesh Shah Association Organizer 16 Suresh Singh Thakuri Office Assistant Gazetted-II 17 Keshar Bahadur Rana Office Assistant 18 Radha Basnet Office Assistant 19 Lala Tharu Office Assistant 20 Chhabilal Bista Office Assistant

Table-2: Office Staffing Ground Water Resource Development Board (GWRDB) Nepalganj, Banke S.No. Particulars Position Number 1 Office In charge Gazatted II (technical) 1 2 Technical Officer Hydro geologist Gazatted III 1 Engineer Gazatted III 1 3 Technical Non-Gazatted Staff Non-Gazatted-I 3 Non-Gazatted-II 1 Non-Gazatted-III 3 4 Accountant Non-Gazatted-I 1 5 Store administration Non-Gazatted-I 2 6 Driver 3 7 Office assistant 3

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ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

BANKE DISTRICT

S. VDC/Municipalit Date Type of People Affecte Anima House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimate No y & ward No. Disaster d Family l loss Destro Propert d Loss . yed y (Rs.) Death Missing Injure Complet Partly No. Unit d ely 2065 (2008/2009) 1 Titihariya 2065/2/31 Fire 1 1 200000 2066 (2009/2010) 1 Different VDCs 4/13/2066 Flood 2 Rapti Nadi 4/23/2066 Flood 2067 (2010/2011)

1 Nepalgunj 1/9/2011 Fire 2 4 300000 2 Puraina-1 1/21/2011 Fire 200000 3 Nauwasta-7 2/27/2011 Fire 2 3 160000 4 Katakuiyaea-8 2/28/2011 Fire 1 25000 5 Gangapur-6 2/28/2011 Fire 25 6 Bilauna-4 3/1/2011 Fire 2 7 Raniyapur-8 2011/03 Fire 1 2 8 8 Khaskusma-7 3/5/2011 Fire 700000 9 Puraina-2 3/14/2011 Fire 10 Nepalgunj-2 3/15/2011 Fire 200000 11 Nepalgunj-16 3/16/2011 Fire 100000 12 Nepalgunj-8 3/22/2011 Fire 180000 13 Nepalgunj 4/7/2011 Fire 1 1 230000 14 Kohalpur-3 4/8/2011 Fire 3 3 535000

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S. VDC/Municipalit Date Type of People Affecte Anima House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimate No y & ward No. Disaster d Family l loss Destro Propert d Loss . yed y (Rs.) Death Missing Injure Complet Partly No. Unit d ely 15 Rajhena-3 4/8/2011 Fire 3 3 500000 16 Bankatuwa-9 4/11/2011 Fire 1 4 1 17 Kohalpur-4 4/11/2011 Fire 1 50000 18 Nepalgunj 4/13/2067 Epidemic 6 105 19 Rapti Basin 4/3/2067 Epidemic different VDCs 20 Different VDCs, 4/9/2067 Epidemic 300 Irrigatio 7500000 Holiya VDC n canal 0 21 Nepalgunj 1/4/2011 Cold wave 1 2068 (2011/2012) 1 Hirmuniya-7 4/7/2011 Fire 2 300000 2 Hirmuniya-7 4/8/2011 Fire 300000 3 Mahadevpuri-8 4/22/2011 Fire 2 1 195000 4 Mahadevpuri-8 4/22/2011 Fire 1 80000 5 Udharpur-5 4/23/2011 Fire 250000 6 Butharapur-2 4/23/2011 Fire 60000 7 Udharpur-6 4/23/2011 Fire 170000 8 Manikapur-3 4/24/2011 Fire 1 30000 9 Pipraha-9 5/3/2011 Fire 130000 10 Paraspur-2 5/14/2011 Fire 1 750000 11 Pipraha-4 5/24/2011 Fire 1 15000 12 Jayasapur 6/6/2011 Fire 150000 13 Khaskushma 7/18/2011 Fire 250000 14 Kohalpur-d3 11/11/201 Fire 1 250000 1

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S. VDC/Municipalit Date Type of People Affecte Anima House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimate No y & ward No. Disaster d Family l loss Destro Propert d Loss . yed y (Rs.) Death Missing Injure Complet Partly No. Unit d ely 15 Piparahawa-6 11/26/201 Fire 7 60000 1 16 Manapur-2 12/31/201 Fire 1500000 1 17 Mataiya-2 1/10/2012 Fire 1 25000 18 Sitapur-5 1/17/2012 Fire 40000 19 Kanchanpur-7 1/19/2012 Fire 327000 20 Nepalgunj-5 2/3/2012 Fire 1 150000 21 Sitapur-4 2/6/2012 Fire 1 260000 22 Nepalgunj-1 2/15/2012 Fire 1 100000 23 Fattehpur-8 2/24/2012 Fire 3 3 24 Chisapane-5 2/26/2012 Fire 3 1 25 Huliya-2 3/1/2012 Fire 1 9 400000 26 Kamadi-4 3/9/2012 Fire 26 1200000 0 27 Patanapur-7 3/17/2012 Fire 1 28 Gaganpur-9 3/31/2012 Fire 2 29 Titahariya-5 7/11/2011 Flood 1 30 Bankatuwa-9 7/23/2011 Flood 1 6 31 Nepalgunj-8 8/16/2011 Flood 32 Nepalgunj-5 9/10/2011 Flood 1 33 Kanchanpur-6 9/13/2011 Flood 1 34 Bageshwori 4/25/2011 Storm 1 35 Kohalpur-3 5/17/2012 Storm 3 36 Baibaijapur-6 7/13/2012 Thunderb 1 olt

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S. VDC/Municipalit Date Type of People Affecte Anima House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimate No y & ward No. Disaster d Family l loss Destro Propert d Loss . yed y (Rs.) Death Missing Injure Complet Partly No. Unit d ely 37 Ganapur-2 7/21/2011 Thunderb 1 3 olt 2069 (2012/2013) 1 Kalaefante-5 4/16/2012 Fire 1 100 100 5000000 0 2 Manikapur-8 4/28/2012 Fire 2 2 450000 3 Fattepur-3 4/28/2012 Fire 400000 4 Kanchanpur-7 5/3/2012 Fire 7 7 1200000 5 Nepalgunj-1 5/8/2012 Fire 800000 6 Narainpur-5 5/13/2012 Fire 1 1 100000 7 Indrapur-7 5/15/2012 Fire 7 7 1900000 8 Nepalgunj-2 5/17/2012 Fire 9 Ganapur-8 5/18/2012 Fire 3 3 500000 10 Kohalpur-9 5/22/2012 Fire 11 Holiya-9 5/23/2012 Fire 1 45 45 12 Narainapur-3 5/23/2012 Fire 1 11 11 2500000 13 Nepalgunj-7 6/1/2012 Fire 1 1 200000 14 Titihiriya-5 6/10/2012 Fire 1 150000 15 Manikapur-6 6/10/2012 Fire 1 300000 16 Mataehiya-8 6/11/2012 Fire 142 17 Nepalgunj-1 6/12/2012 Fire 45000 18 Indrapur-8 6/15/2012 Fire 1 2 42 7 1000000 0 19 Mataiya-8 6/15/2012 Fire 57 6000000 20 Pandepurwa 6/15/2012 Fire 42

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ANNEX E: ASSET INVENTORY OF DISTRICT IRRIGATION SCHEMES

A) Farmers Managed Irrigation System S. No. Name of the Project Location Command Area (ha) 1 Puruwa Irrigation Project Kachanapur 100 VDC 2 Dhumaiya Irrigation Project Binauna VDC 100 3 Kirannala Irrigation Project Radhapur VDC 100 4 Nibuwa Irrigation Project Kohalpur 150 5 Thure Irrigation Project Mahadevpuri 100 6 Puraniya Tal 50 7 Suruwa Tal 50 8 Thapuwa Titihariya Irrigation P 80 9 Obari Farmers Kulo 50 10 Jhigaura Irrigation Project 100 11 Malaiya Irrigation Project Binauna VDC 50 12 Khokari Irrigation Project 30 13 Lumba Khola Irrigation Project 30 14 Bandraiya Irrigation Project 50 15 Pathraiya Irrigation project Binauna VDC 30 16 Thulo Kulo Irrigation Project 25 Total 1095 B) Irrigation Projects Constructed and Rehabilitated under NISP S. No. Name of the Project Location Irrigated Area (ha) 1 Rajkulo Irrigation Project Baijapur 700 2 Jhijhari Baghsal irrigation Project Mahadevpuri 80 3 Kirannala Lift Irrigation Project Radhapur 215 4 Bethani Lift Irrigation Project Bethani VDC 150 5 Baniyabhar Irrigation Project Naubasta VDC 100 6 Mankhola Lift Irrigation Project Chisapani 35 7 Dhiyatal Irrigation Project Raniyapur 120 Total 780 C) Irrigation Projects Constructed and Rehabilitated under LIC S. No. Name of the Project Location Irrigated Area (ha) 1 Chisapani Naubasta Irrigation Naubasta VDC 100 Project 2 Kirannala Lift Irrigation Project Radhapur VDC 75 3 Dhumaiya Irrigation Project Binauna VDC 120 4 Puruwa Irrigation Project Kachanapur VDC 50 Total 345 Source: MWIDD#2

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D) Irrigation Projects Constructed and Rehabilitated under IDP (EU) S. No. Name of the Project Location Irrigated Area (ha) 1 Fatepur Irrigation Project Fatepur 1470 Total 1470 E) Irrigation Projects Constructed and Rehabilitated by Government of India 1 Dunduwa Irrigation Project Chha VDC 1400 Total 1400 F) Medium Irrigation Projects Rehabilitation and Extension 1 Dhaulagiri Irrigation Project Bageshwary 200 2 Jhijhari Baghsal irrigation Project Mahadevpuri 200 3 Chharhawa Irrigation Project Binauna -8 205 4 Suiyanala Irrigation project Katkuiya-3 200 5 Kirannala Lift Irrigation Project Radhapur VDC 245 Total 1050 G) Irrigation Projects Constructed and Rehabilitated under IWRMP 1 Malaiya Pathraiya Irrigation Project Baijapur-4 and 7 271 2 Paruwa Irrigation Project Kachanapur 110 Total 381

Source: GWRDB, Nepalganj, Banke

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ANNEX F: PHOTOGRAPHS – KIRAN NALA IRRIGATION SCHEME

Photo 1: Kiran Nala Weir Site

Photo 2: Sump and Intake Pipes to Pump House

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Photo 3: Electric Pumps

Photo 4: Control Structures along Main Canal

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Photo 5: Inlet Box Structure at Road Crossing Site

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ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS – CHISAPANI NAUBASTA IRRIGATION SCHEME

Photo 1: Core and Cut-off Walls across Man Khola

Photo 2: Headworks Gate into Lined Main Canal

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Photo 3: Gabion Baskets Completely Destroyed between Core and Cut-off Walls

Photo 4: Man Khola Immediately Upstream of Diversion Weir Site

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Photo 5: Failure of the Core Wall

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ANNEX H:PHOTOGRAPHS – CHISAPANI DEEP TUBEWELL NO 3

Photo 1: Deep Tubewell Site Showing Poultry Farm and Land Recently Abandoned

Photo 2: Deep Tubewell No 3

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Photo 3: Outlet Chamber with Alfalfa Valve

Photo 4: Air Vent and Overflow Facility for Piped Distribution System

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ANNEX I: PHOTOGRAPHS – BINAUNA SHALLOW TUBEWELL CLUSTER

Photo 1: Shallow Tubewell Site with Command Area

Photo 2: Water Level in an Open Well

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Photo 2: 4-5Hp Diesel Pump

Photo 3: Flexible Plastic Delivery Pipe