Federal Republic of Nigeria Public Disclosure Authorized

SFG1692 V5

THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) WORLD BANK ASSISTED

Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR

EZIALA OBIZI GULLY EROSION SITE IN EZINIHITTE MBAISE LGA, IMO STATE Public Disclosure Authorized

By State Management Project Unit (SPMU) Imo State Public Disclosure Authorized October, 2014

1 Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF MAPS 4 LIST OF PLATES 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Location of the Study Area 10 1.3 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan 11 1.4 Rationale for the ESMP 11

CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 12 2.0 Preamble 12 2.1 Administrative Framework 12 2.2 Some Relevant Regulatory Instruments 12 2.2.1 Federal Policy/Legislation 12 2.2.2 State Legislations 12 2.2.3 International Laws and Regulations 12 2.2.3.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies 13

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT/PROJECT DESCRIPTION 14 3.0 Introduction 14 3.1 The NEWMAP Components 14 3.2 The Intervention Work 14 3.3 The Intervention Cycle 16

CHAPTER 4 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA 17 4.0 Introduction 17 4.1 Study Approach & Methodology of Baseline Data Acquisition 17 4.2 Geographical Location of Study Area & Sampling Locations 17 4.3 Biophysical Baseline Conditions 19 4.3.1 Hydrological Study 19 4.3.2 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area 20 4.3.3 Noise Level Assessment 21 4.3.4 Air Quality Assessment 21 4.3.5 Relief and Drainage 22 4.3.6 Soil and Geology 23 4.3.7 Water Resources Studies 23 4.3.8 Flora and Fauna 24

CHAPTER 5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA 26 5.1 Introduction 26 5.2 Socio-economic Conditions 26 5.2.1 Ethnic Composition, Languages, Culture and the Arts 26 5.3 Socio-economic indicators and findings at the Project Area 26 5.4 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households 29

CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS & ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 32 6.1 Introduction 32 6.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 32 6.3 Potential Impacts of the Project 33

2 6.3.1 The Project Benefits 33 6.3.2 Negative Impacts 34 6.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes 35 6.3.4 Cumulative/Secondary Impacts 35 6.3.5 Environmental Justice 35 6.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives 38 6.4.1 No Project Option 38 6.4.2 Delayed Project Option 38 6.4.3 Go Ahead Option 39 6.5 Gully Treatment Options 39

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 40 7.1 Introduction 40 7.2 Approaches to Developing a good ESMP 40 7.3 Mitigation Measures 40 7.4 Residual Impacts after Mitigation 46 7.5 Mechanism for Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts 47 7.5.1 Project Concept 47 7.5.2 Designing 47 7.5.3 Construction and Operation 47 7.5.4 Control of Earthworks 47 7.6 Management Programs 47 7.6.1 Environmental Code of Conduct-Integrating into Project Design & Tender Documents 47 7.6.2 Social Integration and Participation 48 7.6.3 Erosion Control Plan 48 7.6.4 Control of Water Quality 49 7.6.5 Disposal of Solid Waste 49 7.6.6 Control of Air and Noise Pollution 49 7.7 Environmental Monitoring and Audit 49 7.7.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring 49 7.7.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance 49 7.7.3 Site Inspection Frequency 50 7.7.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring 50 7.8 Reporting Procedure 57 7.8.1 Complaints’ Register and Environmental Incidents 57 7.8.2 Record Keeping 57 7.9 Institutional Arrangement 57 7.10 Institutional Capacity Building and Training 59 7.11 ESMP Implementation Budget and Schedule of Work 63 7.12 Review and Revision of the ESMP 64 7.13 Disclosures 64 7.14 Implementation Schedule 64 7.15 Grievance Redress Mechanism 64

CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 68 8.1 Community Consultation 68 8.2 The Objectives of the Public Consultation 68 8.3 Methodology 68 8.4 The Stakeholders’ consulted and their concerns 68

CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 71

APPENDICES 72

LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies 13 3.1: Main NEWMAP elements, activities and outcome 14 4.1: Site descriptions of field data sampling points at the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site 17 4.2: Results obtained for different hydrological return periods 20 4.3: Ambient Noise levels at the Eziala-Obizi project intervention zone 21 4.4: Results of Air Quality Measurements taken at the proposed intervention zone 22 4.5: Wildlife encountered within the proposed project environment and the threat status 25 5.1: Ailment/Sickness Rampant among the samples Household 30 6.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables 32 6.2: Identified Potential Impacts of the Proposed Zones of Activities 36 6.3: Gully Treatment Options 39 7.1: Approaches to ESMP Development 40 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures 41 7.3: Impact Mitigation and Monitoring during Project Implementation 52 7.4: Impact Mitigation Monitoring during Treatment Period 54 7.5: Institutional Responsibilities 58 7.6: Training Modules and cost on Environmental, Social Management & Engineering 61 7.7: Summary of ESMP Implementation Work Plan and Budget 63 7.8: A typical Reporting Format for Grievance Redress 67 8.1: A summary of the outcome of the consultation meetings 69

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3.1: Schematic of the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion section showing assets along the corridor 15 3.2: Eziala-Obizi Gully sections at 100m intervals from the stilling basin 16 4.1: Delineated imagery of the Gully Erosion site at Eziala-Obizi 18 4.2: Climate and Meteorology data charts representative of the study area 21 5.1-5.6: Chart/graphic representation of the Socio-economic parameter status of the people 26 5.7: Health Facility used by respondents 29

LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1.1: Map of Imo State showing the project area on red 10 4.1: Maps of the study area showing the hydrological flow direction of flood water 19 4.1: Geology map of Imo State showing the study area in block red 23

LIST OF PLATES Plates Page 4.1: Some cross sections of the Gully Erosion site in Eziala-Obizi 19 4.2: Typical vegetation around the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site 23 8.1: Some pictures taken during public consultation with the various stakeholders 69

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1: Terms of Reference for the production of ESMP for the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site 72 2: Summary evidence (pictures & attendance) of stakeholders’ consultation with different groups in the project area 76 3: Summary of the World Bank Safeguard Policies 80 4: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil 82 5: Summary of some Database of Information Collected 89

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Policy CBO Community Based Organization CDD Community Driven Development CGC Community Government Council CSO Community Support Organizations EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environmental Audit Report ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment E(S)MP Environmental (and Social) Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FGN Federal Government of Nigeria GIS Geographic Information System GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association IPM Integrated Pest Management LB Land Bureau LGA Local Government Area LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Guarantee Agency MOE State Ministry of Environment MoH State Ministry of Housing NEWMAP Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO Non-Governmental Organization NS Not Specified OD Operational Directives (of the World Bank) NGO Non-governmental Organization OP Operational Policy PAD Project Appraisal Document PMU Project Management Unit PPE Personal Protective Equipment RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPMU State Project Management Unit TOR Terms of Reference

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas.

The Imo State Government as one of the participating States in the NEWMAP project represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected the Eziala-Obizi gully site as one of the three priority sites to rehabilitate and remedy in this first phase of implementation.

The Eziala - Obizi Gully Erosion site is located in Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. The site is within geographical co- ordinates N 05 28' and N 05 30' Latitude and E007 19' and E007 23' Longitude, with five participating villages of Eziala, Umuire, Amudi, Azuahia and Ekwereazu.

The proposed intervention works or project shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface.

In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work aimed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts in course of work and in the operational life of the intervention work.

Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks Duty and responsibility for environmental protection and management related to projects in various sectors of Nigerian economy are mandated under:  Current Federal, State and Local and relevant acts, rules, regulations and standards, and the common law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN)  International environmental agreements and treaties ratified by the Federal Republic of Nigeria  World Bank Policies

Amongst the existing pieces of legislations there are a number of national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the proposed project with regard to both environmental and social concerns. Some of these extant legal and policies frameworks include:  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1992  National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency Act No 25 of 2007  Sectoral EIA Guidelines  Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992  Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990; and  Several other international policies including the World bank Safeguard Policies

Most applicable World Bank operational policies triggered by the NEWMAP projects and specific to the Eziala- Obizi site are as highlighted in the table below.

Table A: Triggered Safeguard Policies Triggered by Triggered by site- World Bank Operational NEWMAP specific project Applicability to project due to Safeguard Policy YES NO YES NO OP 4.01: Environmental X X Envisaged potential and associated Assessment Environmental Impact OP 4.04: Natural Habitats X X Applicable were there are natural faunal habitation/ancestral home or shrine OP 4.09: Pest Management X X If there are aspects of the rehabilitation that may require application of pesticides OP 4.12: Involuntary X X Applicable in the take-over of assets and Resettlement human settlement relocation OP 4.36: Forests Safeguards X X If the site is to be rehabilitated is located in a forest that needs to be protected OP 7.60: Projects in Disputed X X If rehabilitation exercise will cause Areas dispute in affected communities OP 11.03: Cultural Property X X If there are cultural properties that needs to be protected along the gully corridor and especially on the set back OP 17.03: Disclosure of X X For the display of all information to the Information stakeholders and WB’s infoshop.

The Intervention Work Activities The proposed rehabilitation according to the design comprises the following elements: a. Side drains designed at both flanks of the road to collect the runoff of the catchment area. b. Two culverts designed to convey the discharge of roads side drains under existing roads. c. Filling and compaction of earth fill in the gully to reclaim part of it. d. Design of chute channel to collect the flow from the second culvert into the stilling basin. e. Design of stilling basin with its baffle blocks, weepholes and drainage of the apron. f. Geotextile filters behind and under pervious construction material like rip-rap or gabions. g. Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary. h. Gabion weirs with their stilling pools. i. Re-vegetation with grasses and trees.

The Project Benefits The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Reduced siltation in river leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)  Progressively restored vegetation cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity.

The Project Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include construction traffic, dust, construction related noise, siltation of the downstream river, etc. A more project specific potential

7 negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the intervention work are presented in relevant Section of this ESMP.

Mitigation Measures A priority in project planning and design is to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. For instance, in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. negative impacts are as much as possible mitigated.

The mitigation measures and the general Environmental code of Conduct have been developed which shall be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures and code of conduct as contained in the report will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. By including mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision, mitigation measure implementation shall be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract.

ESMP Implementation and Management The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use this ESMP effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Hence these key ESMP areas relevant to its successful implementation were included in the ESMP, namely: institutional arrangements, capacity building, environmental and social monitoring.

In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, program responsibilities, records & effectiveness

The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct and indirect indicators of discharge to the environment and resource use applicable to the project. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment.

Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring program, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation will be conducted daily, for instance.

Public Consultation An extensive public consultation was carried out in the community in order to create awareness and elicit comments on the proposed project from the nearest receptors, especially the direct stakeholder communities, several consultations were made with following persons/bodies: SPMU, community leaders, traditional ruler of Obizi, the town union, youth and women groups; and several other focus group discussions.

Budget To effectively implement the environmental and social management measures suggested as part of the ESMP, necessary tentative budgetary provisions has been made to the tune of N7,300,000 (Seven Million, Three Hundred Thousand Naira Only) and additional 10% contingency amounting to N730,000 (Seven Hundred and Thirty Thousand Naira Only) summing up to a grand total of N8,030,000 (Eight Million and Thirty Thousand Naira Only). The contingency is meant for possible variation the individual sub-projects including capacity building to ensure upfront appreciation of the financial requirements and allows early planning and budgeting accordingly. The specific estimated amount provided for the different sub-units for the implementation schedule is summarized in the table below.

Table B: Budget estimate for the ESMP implementation S/N ESMP Implementation Activity Budget (N) 1. Disclosure of ESMP Report 300,000 2. Engagement of a support staff for ESMP implementation 800,000 3. Implementation of mitigation measures 1,200,000 4. Supervision of the ESMP implementation 700,000 5. Conduct of an Environmental Audit 700,000 6. Monitoring and Reporting of ESMP implementation 500,000 7. Engineering, Environmental & Social Management Training 3,100,000 (Capacity Building) – which will include a sensitization workshop and seven modules TOTAL 7,300,000 Contingency (10% cost) 730,000 GRAND TOTAL 8,030,000

Disclosure This ESMP has been prepared in consultation with the relevant stakeholders. Copies of this ESMP that have been prepared for the project shall be made available to the public by SPMU in the various relevant local government councils, State Ministry of Environment and other stakeholders as well as the Federal Ministry of Environment.

All reasonable efforts must also be made to disclose/display them to the public at strategic points within the project’s areas of influence so as to allow all stakeholders to read and understand how their environment stand to be impacted by the project. SPMU will also disclose this ESMP electronically through the World Bank Info Shop.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nigeria is presently facing severe soil erosion problems. These come in the form of both sheet and gully erosions, which can be attributed to natural and human causes. Presently, over 6,000Km2 of the country’s land are highly vulnerable to this potential disaster. Erosion has a devastating effect on both human lives and economic development. Specifically, gully erosion severely contributes to environmental problems in Nigeria causing damage estimated at over $100 million annually (mostly in South-Eastern Nigeria). This undermines socio-economic growth and constitutes a big challenge to the Federal Government of Nigeria’s transformation agenda.

As one of the beneficiaries, Imo State has taken a bold step towards finding a lasting solution to the dehumanizing erosion malaise in the State through the intervention of prioritized gully erosion sites. This has resulted in the assessment of potential impacts of the proposed intervention project at Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site. To this end, the need to assess the Environment and Social Impacts of the proposed intervention project by NEWMAP calls for an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the proposed project area.

This report, therefore, presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion Site in Ezinihitte Mbaise LGA, Imo State under the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). The assessment is site-specific consisting of a documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation. The goal is to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the proposed intervention site.

1.2 Location of the Study Area This study was conducted at the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site in Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Eziala- Obizi is located within geographical co-ordinates N05 28’ and N05 30’ Latitude and E007 19’ and E007 23’ Longitude. The community comprises of five villages viz: Eziala, Umuire, Amudi, Azuahia and Ekwereazu. The Project Affected Persons (PAPs) are Eziala and Umuire being the most vulnerable.

Map 1.1 is the map of Imo State showing the project area on red

1.3 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a management tool that presents strategies and procedures for managing potential environmental and social impacts associated with a proposed project.

The details of the objectives, scope of work, statement of problem, proposed solution, outline and substance of this ESMP report are contained in the terms of reference (ToR) for this job attached as appendix 1.

1.4 Rationale for the ESMP The destructive effects of this Gully erosion is not only the annual washing away of the soil and nutrients which decreases the productivity of the soil and yields from agricultural crops, but extends to lives and properties of people around this community. They gully erosion problem is critically studied and appropriate erosion control structures sited at right places within the study area according to the approved engineering design. With the road repaired and maintained, it will ease the transportation of farm products from the farm lands in the community which this gully has hitherto cut-off from the people to urban areas and reduce the degradation of land and loss of soil nutrients and subsequent loss of life. If appropriate measures taken, the soil particles and shortages will drastically reduce and the land use ultimately restored.

CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.0 Preamble This section covers Nigeria's legislative requirements comparably to other international legislations and the World Bank safeguard policies for environmental protection and safeguard studies. The essence of the consideration of this legal aspect is to show the commitment of the project to meeting the set standards and guidelines.

2.1 Administrative Framework In Nigeria, the power of regulation of all environmental matters is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), hitherto, the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) which was set up by Act 88, of 1988).

The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activity, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry.

International Development Partners/Agencies such as World Bank and other financial organizations interested in development projects have sets of environmental categorizations, assessments and management standards, which must be complied with by project proponents before these institutions invest in them.

2.2 Some Relevant Regulatory Instruments Below, an outline of the relevant regulatory instrument framework and administration to this ESMP is given as they relate to the Federal, State and International arenas.

2.2.1 Federal Policy/Legislation There are several Federal policy/legislations that have direct bearing on ESMP. They are discussed in subsequent sections of this report.

2.2.2 State Legislations In consonance with Part lll of the FMENV Act and the need to protect public health and safety, and to restore and enhance environmental quality, and sustain economic vitality through effective and efficient implementation of environmental programmes. The Imo State Government for example, has set up State Ministry of Petroleum & Environment and Environmental Transformation Agency (ENTRACO) as its Environmental regulator and Protection Agency (EPA) respectively that takes charge of Environment affairs in the State.

Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment include:

(i) Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMENV to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment (ii) Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry (iii) Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, (iv) Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and (v) Monitoring the implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State.

2.2.3 International Laws and Regulations Nigeria is a signatory to a number of guidelines/conventions/treaties. Some of these which are relevant to the project and to which Nigeria is a Signatory are highlighted below.

 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites (World Heritage Convention) 1975  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)  African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1969)  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979)  Agenda 21 – United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

However, since the proposed project is co-sponsored by the World Bank, it is of paramount importance to consider the World Bank Requirements on Environmental and Social issues relating to the Projects.

2.2.3.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects

Most applicable World Bank operational policies triggered by the NEWMAP projects and specific to the Eziala- Obizi site are as highlighted in the table below.

Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Triggered by Triggered by site- World Bank Operational NEWMAP specific project Applicability to project due to Safeguard Policy YES NO YES NO OP 4.01: Environmental X X Envisaged potential and associated Assessment Environmental Impact OP 4.04: Natural Habitats X X Applicable were there are natural faunal habitation/ancestral home or shrine OP 4.09: Pest Management X X If there are aspects of the rehabilitation that may require application of pesticides OP 4.12: Involuntary X X Applicable in the take-over of assets and Resettlement human settlement relocation OP 4.36: Forests Safeguards X X If the site is to be rehabilitated is located in a forest that needs to be protected OP 7.60: Projects in Disputed X X If rehabilitation exercise will cause Areas dispute in affected communities OP 11.03: Cultural Property X X If there are cultural properties that needs to be protected along the gully corridor and especially on the set back OP 17.03: Disclosure of X X For the display of all information to the Information stakeholders and WB’s infoshop.

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT/PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.0 Introduction This Chapter highlights the overall components of NEWMAP on this project and a brief description of the proposed intervention at the Eziala-Obizi site. It enabled the placing of the ESMP in context in the light of the proposed intervention activities.

3.1 The NEWMAP Components The overall development objective of NEWMAP rehabilitation of degraded lands and reduction of longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas is hoped to be achieved through four components. A summary of the elements, activities and outcomes of these four components are outlined in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Main NEWMAP elements, activities and outcomes Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 Component 4

Title Erosion and Erosion and Catchment Climate Change Project Catchment Management Institutions and Agenda Support Management Management Information Services Investments

Sub- 1A Gully Rapid Action 2A Federal MDA Effectiveness 3A Policy and components and Slope and Services Institutional Stabilization 2B State MDA Effectiveness Framework 1B Integrated and Services Catchment 2C Local Government Capacity 3B Low Carbon Management 2D Private Sector Capacity Development 1C Adaptive Livelihoods

Main Stabilize severe gully Strengthen the enabling Strengthen Procure goods and activities erosion sites and environment for effective government specialist services conduct community- erosion and catchment capacity to to support project based catchment management. promote low management, interventions. carbon, climate safeguards, M&E resilient and oversight. development.

Main outcome Priority erosion sites More capable, modernized Government better Established rehabilitated, and and coordinated Federal, equipped to systems for project more secure State, and local institutions. respond to climate management, M&E livelihoods and change, and low- and best-practices catchment services carbon for future established. development replication. options demonstrated.

3.2 The Intervention Work Essentially, the intervention work shall include the civil engineering designs and vegetative land management measures. The bio-engineering design seeks to provide a more holistic and permanent solution to the gully erosion problem by recognizing three major contending variables, namely: man, earth and rain water.

The proposed rehabilitation according to the design comprises the following elements: a. Side drains designed at both flanks of the road to collect the runoff of the catchment area. b. Two culverts designed to convey the discharge of roads side drains under existing roads. c. Filling and compaction of earth fill in the gully to reclaim part of it. d. Design of chute channel to collect the flow from the second culvert into the stilling basin. e. Design of stilling basin with its baffle blocks, weepholes and drainage of the apron. f. Geotextile filters behind and under pervious construction material like rip-rap or gabions. g. Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary. h. Gabion weirs with their stilling pools. i. Re-vegetation with grasses and trees.

The layout of the Eziala-Obizi gully erosion starting from the head to the Nwokobo River is as shown in Fig. 3.1 below with the basic features along the set back corridor while the gully sections at 100m intervals starting from the stilling basin are contained in Fig. 3.2.

Fig 3.1: Schematic of the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion section showing assets along the corridor

Fig. 3.2: Eziala-Obizi Gully sections at 100m intervals from the stilling basin as designed

3.3 The Intervention Cycle The entire cycle or process is divided into five phases of work:  Site Prioritization encompasses tasks related to the prioritization of the intervention sites through cost benefit analysis

 Project Planning and Design: The planning and design phases involves watershed delineation, inventorization of environmental and social issues through community planning and actual intervention designs

 Site Preparation process involves mobilization of contractor that includes setting up of site camp, site clearance, with further consultations and community involvement to discuss temporary impacts during intervention work including safety and the work schedule.

 Implementation (Construction) Stage: The stage involves the actual implementation of the relevant intervention works as designed. Monitoring plays important role in this stage to ensure all measures are followed as per the contract document.

 Post Implementation Stage: The post construction scenario tasks include reclamation of temporary used land for disposal of waste, storage of material, etc.; borrow areas, water bodies; etc. The reclamation is considered complete only after the contractor secures a certificate of completion from the community leaders/site committee.

CHAPTER 4 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA

4.0 Introduction Gully erosion clearly is a threshold phenomenon. This geomorphic process occurs only when a threshold in terms of flow hydraulics, rainfall, topography, and nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability has been exceeded. Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments?

Thus this section and the next provide an overview of the environmental and social characteristics of the intervention work area of location, particularly those elements of the environment that may be impacted upon by the intervention work and which should be included in the monitoring program.

4.1 Study Approach and Method of Baseline Data Acquisition A multidisciplinary approach involving consultants in the physical, chemical and Biological Sciences, and the social and health disciplines were engaged to carry out the baseline studies. This was carried out between the March and April, 2014.

The commencement of field work was preceded by a reconnaissance visit to the site on the 7th of March, 2014. During the visit, courtesy calls were made to the Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Government Transition Chairman, Eziala Obizi Traditional Ruler and the Town Union President of the community. Also sampling stations were identified and geo-referenced. A review of methodologies employed and safety measures were carried out before actual field work.

4.2 Geographical Location of Study Area and sampling locations Umueze-Eziala is in Obizi autonomous community in Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo. The study area lies within the geographical co-ordinates N05 23' and N 05 28' Latitude and E007 12' and E007 20' Longitude. The Eziala-Obizi gully Erosion site is about 40 - 50m close to the Native compound of Mr. Gospel (A Mechanic). Table 4.1 summarizes the geo-referenced sampling points; figure 4.1 is a delineated imagery of the gully erosion site while Plate 4.1 shows cross sectional pictures of the Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site.

Table 4.1: Site descriptions of field data sampling points at the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site S/N Camera GPS Elevation/D Remarks Position Coordinates atum 1 Point A N 05.49016 133m Edge of head gully by the side of Franklin E007. 35830 Osuagwu and Emonye families

2 Point B N 05.49054 123m Near Ibejianya house (edge of gully head) E007.35863

3 Point C N 05.49046 130m Still near Ibejianya’s house E007.35875

4 Point D N 05.48937 118m Umueze farm land E007.36050 5 Point E N 05.48625 85m At the point gully flattens /healing up with E007.36583 surround land surface, Imo River not far from the point

Fig 4.1: Delineated imagery of the gully erosion site at Eziala-Obizi

Plate 4.1: Some cross sections of the gully erosion site in Eziala-Obizi

4.3 Biophysical Environment Obviously, the gully erosion is mainly due to geomorphic process which occurred when the threshold in relation to rainfall, topography, flow hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability were exceeded. To this end, only information considered relevant with regard to the biophysical environment components are presented in this baseline condition description.

4.3.1 Hydrological Study Hydrology deals with estimating flood magnitudes as the result of precipitation. This is fundamental to the design of drainage facilities with regard to peak rate of runoff, volume of runoff, and time distribution of flow.

The rainfall characteristics such as intensity and distribution, as well as run-off are vital in analysis and design Based on the empirical template adopted for NEWMAP at the Calabar Workshop Clinic in January 2012, a 24- hour duration rainfall intensities values were used to generate the IDF for the project site.

Data recorded from the GPS readings (which include longitude, latitude and elevation) within the study area were processed to extract information related to the topography of the study area. The data was further used in generating maps using Surfer 11 and Oasis Montaj Softwares. Map 4.1 below is some of the generated and modeled maps from the GPS reading.

3-D map of the elevation data Local watershed map of the Eziala-Obizi showing flow direction towards the area showing hrdrological flow proposed site direction from around the Obizi Civic Hall down to the gully area Map 4.2: Maps of the study area showing the hydrological flow direction of flood water in the area

Findings of the Design Hydrological Study Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site in Ezinihitte Mbaise L.G.A., Imo State has a mean annual rainfall of about 2,270mm. The period of data collected for Owerri from the Anambra- Imo River Basin Development Authority is 26 years (1976-2001) as quoted in the design engineering report. To account for the extreme climatic variability in the future due to climate change, 20% increase in rainfall was assumed to occur using the historical dataset of 26 years as the base period.

The watershed area for Obizi gully erosion site is about 136 ha at the gully head, about 145 ha at the middle of the gully, and about 164 ha at the outlet of the gully. The discharges corresponding to these areas, with special interest to the gully head, were estimated using the Rational Formula which gives good results for smaller watershed areas.

The watershed is situated in rural area and therefore the coefficient of runoff, C used in this Rational Formula was selected according to its land use/cover. The summary of the return periods with its discharge is shown in Table 4.2. Though, the values obtained were statistically insufficient due to unavailability or paucity of data which ought to be used to develop a more reliable rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves and subsequently computation of the discharges, confidence is relied on with due diligence 19 placed on the developed parameters for this project work.

Table 4.2: Results obtained for different hydrological return periods Returned Period 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year Discharge (m3/s) at Gully Head 14 14 17 20 22 Discharge (m3/s) at Middle of Gully 15 15 18 21 24 Discharge (m3/s) at Gully outlet 17 17 21 24 27

Owing to the location of the designed structure (i.e. in a rural area), and the detrimental consequences of an eventual collapse, we used 25-Year return period for the determination of the design discharge of normal structures like culverts, and 100-year return period for the design of stilling basins and chute channel and the culvert connected to them.

4.3.2 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area The climate of the project area is humid tropics (i.e. semi-hot equatorial). It is controlled by latitudinal locations, prevailing (seasonal) winds and nearness to the Atlantic Ocean. There are two dominant air masses, namely: (i) The dry Northeasterly Tropical Continental (cT) from across the Sahara, North of the West African region, and (ii) The wet Southwesterly Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the South. Separating the two air masses is an Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as Inter-tropical Discontinuity (ITD) or Inter-tropical Front (ITF).

The front oscillates with the apparent location of the sun towards the North and South of the equator thereby accounting for the dominant seasons of the area. Marginal alterations are also recorded due to other landform characteristics, especially the dominant ocean currents, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the region.

Climatic data for the study area was found to be consistent with that of Imo State and indeed Southeastern Nigeria and was obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Nigeria on rainfall, wind, speed and direction, humidity and temperature for the period 2003-2013. The average monthly peaks were plotted against their frequencies on chart and presented in figure 4.2 below.

Maximum Temperature 350 300 40.0 250 30.0 200 150

20.0 volume of frequency 100 rainfall (mm) Frequency 10.0 Maximum Temperature 50 0.0

Jan.

July

jan

May

Nov.

july

Sept.

oct.

april March Months months

90 4.5 80 4 3.5 70 3 60 2.5 50 2 40 average wind FCrequency 30 Frequency 1.5 relative 1 speed 20 humidity 0.5 10

0 0

Jan.

July

May

Nov.

May

Nov.

Sept.

Mar.

Sept. March Months Months

Fig. 4.2: Climate and meteorology data charts representative of the study area

4.3.3 Noise Level Assessment The noise level was measured using a sound level meter called N09AQ™ Environment meter, which was calibrated before being used for the analysis. The noise levels were taken at three sampling points; within the proposed site, 30m upwind and 30m downwind. The readings recorded from the digital meter were in decibels dB(A). The meter’s measurement range is between 35-100 dB(A).

The ambient noise levels in the site area averaged 44.1 dB(A) compared to the set regulatory limit of 50-60dB for residential areas as shown in table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Ambient Noise levels at the Eziala-Obizi project Intervention Zone Station Location Noise Level (dB) Northings Eastings 1 05o 29’ 56” 07o 21’ 19” 43.5 2 05o 29’ 53” 07o 21’ 50” 48.2 3 05o 29’ 08” 07o 21’ 12” 40.7 Control 05o 29’ 29” 07o 21’ 18” 44.1 FMENV LIMIT FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS 50-60

4.3.4 Air Quality Assessment The results of the baseline in situ ambient quality assessment were based on direct measurements using potable gas analyzers. The ambient air quality around the proposed project area was measured at three points around the project area. The air quality parameters were measured using the MultiRae™ 11 digital gas monitor.

The levels of the air quality parameter measured are shown in Table 4.4. With the exception of hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia and oxides of sulphur levels that were not detected in proposed intervention area, the level of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide gasses in the area was within the Federal Ministry of Environment’s limit for the gaseous compound in the proposed project area. The values for the Nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide gas were. If these gasses exceed the above threshold levels, its major effects are respiratory problems. CO emission is usually caused by incomplete combustion of fuels.

The levels of suspended particulate matters range from 5.1 to 6.4 µg/m3, and the values are below the threshold limits set by the Federal ministry of Environment (FMEnv).

Table 4.4: Results of Air Quality measurements taken at the proposed intervention zone

Station Location Parameter (µg/m3) s Northings Eastings NOx SOx CO H2S NH3 SPM VOC (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) ug/m3 (CH4) IZ – 01 05o 29’ 53” 7o 21’ 50” 0.02 4.63 0.10 <0.02 <0.02 6.4 <0.01 IZ – 02 05o 29’ 43” 7o 21’ 51” 0.02 4.01 0.11 <0.02 <0.02 5.8 <0.01 IZ – 03 05o 29’ 42” 7o 21’ 53” 0.01 4.63 0.09 <0.01 <0.01 5.6 <0.01 IZ – 04 05o 29’ 56” 7o 21’ 19” 0.02 4.04 0.08 <0.01 <0.01 5.7 <0.01 IZ – 05 05o 29’ 29” 7o 21’ 01” 0.01 4.06 0.08 <0.01 <0.01 5.5 5.00 IZ – 06 05o 29’ 08” 7o 21’ 12” 0.01 6.30 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 5.6 7.87 Control 05o 29’ 29” 7o 21’ 18” 0.01 3.90 0.06 <0.02 <0.01 5.1 2.20 FMENV LIMIT 75.00 26.00 10.00 <0.01 0.20 250.00 160.00

4.3.5 Relief and Drainage: The topography is predominantly gently undulating surface area rising from about 505m in the south-eastern parts to about 215m in the northern parts giving a mean elevation of about 115ft above sea level. The drop in elevation and associated steep gradients results in a high velocity of flow near discharge points, especially from the Obizi market and play ground down to the Eziala road.

The area is drained by Nwokobo River, one of the tributaries of the Imo River, which enters the Atlantic which has gradually been silted by the activities of the gully erosion. The severe flooding and erosion problems experienced in these areas have been previously investigated. These facts led to the identification of the area as a priority zones for flooding and erosion hence the provision of some drainage infrastructures which are now obsolete and poorly maintained.

A colour raster contoured map of Eziala-Obizi catchment area plotted using the GPS co-ordinates mapped around the area gives a deep insight of the relief of the area is shown in figure 4.4 below.

Colour Raster map of elevation of Eziala-Obizi catchment area showing the proposed site in green

4.3.6 Soil & Geology: The surface lithology of the Eziala-Obizi study area is underlain by coastal alluvium plain sands typical of Benin formation. It is of resent deposits and it predominantly composes of sandy with intercalations of silt and clays. The sediments are typically sandy, silty and pebbly; and are loose and poorly sorted. Both confine and partially confine aquifers with a moderate yields are available at varying depths. The soil is dark reddish brown at top. It can be described as sandy loam and has a tendency to be eroded by weathering agent mostly by water.

Map. 4.2:Geology Map of Imo State showing the study area in block red

Soil samples were collected around the project site and analyzed for physic-chemical properties and microbiology at the UNIDO laboratory of the State Ministry of Petroleum & Environment Owerri. The physic- chemical data obtained, shows the pH of the soils samples to be in the range of 6.10-6.89. The pH is moderate. Other parameters analyzed include Chloride (2.09-2.72mg/kg); Nitrates (38.2- 45.4mg/kg); Sulphates (39.7-45.8mg/kg); etc. were found to be within set standards, Chloride (2.40); Nitrates (42.2); Sulphates (43.6); etc. were found to be within set standards.etc. Also, the total bacteria and fungi count of the soil was in the order of 10 cfu/g with the total heterotrophic bacteria of the top soil ranging from 0.7-8.2 x 10 cfu/g with a mean of 4.50 x10 cfu/g and the total heterotrophic fungi range from 0.3 - 7.8 x 10 cfu/g with a mean value of 4.1 x 10 cfu/g. The top soil had a high species diversity which ranged from members of the Enterobacteraceae to putrefying organisms. Also the bottom soil recorded high species diversity with heterotrophic bacteria isolates ranging from 0.9 - 10.8 x 10cfu/g and a mean value of 5.9 x 10 cfu/g and the heterotrophic fungi ranging from 0.7 - 8.1 x 10 cfu/g with a mean value of 4.4 x 10cfu/g. The bacteria identified in isolates include Pseudomonas, aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp, Micrococus letus, Bacillus sp, Serrtia sp, Rhizobium Sp. Fungi isolates also identified include Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium notatus, Candida sp, Mucor sp, Fusarum sp and Acetomycetes sp.

4.3.7 Water Resources Studies: There is a surface water body in this study area called Nwokobo (Imo) River and this has been where this gully outlets leading to its siltation. Samples of the water were collected for physico-chemical analysis and the result shows values below the FMEnv acceptable limits for potable water. This River has for several years been the major source of drinking water for the community until very recently with the advent of boreholes and the fear of going closer to the gully.

Also, a groundwater sample from a borehole located at Mr Elias Anyanwu's compound was sampled and

23 analyzed. The result shows that the pH of the water sample was slightly acidic though still within the limit range of 6.5-8.5 set by FMENV, Chloride (3.22-5.15); Nitrate (0.01-0.04), Sulphate (3.99-4.41), Total Hydrogen (<0.05), Sodium (101.7-105.0mg/l) and other parameters including the heavy metals were either within the acceptable set limits or not detected.

4.3.8 Flora and Fauna Flora (Vegetation): The vegetal cover of the proposed intervention project area and its environment is mainly a secondary succession rainforest being seriously altered as a result of urbanization and speedy population growth rate (Plate 4.2). Anthropogenic activities including residential and other land uses have resulted in the removal of the primary three layers deciduous forest and have further given way to semi deciduous and derived forest with grassland and shrubs, particularly along the river bank. These human activities have impacted on the environment, resulting in series of ecological problems such as flooding and erosion.

The important cultivated plants around the area are Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Maize (Zea mays), Beans (Vigna unguiculata), white yam (Dioscorea esculenta), vegetables, pepper (Capsicum spp.) and fruits such as Mango (Mangifera indica), Oranges (Citrus spp.), and Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale). The most important naturally occurring useful plants are locust bean plant (Parkia biglobosa), economic timbers such as Afzelia sp., paper plant (Gmelina plant) and Daniella oliverii (Butter plant), Lophira lanceolata (Iron wood).

The area is a community of middle-size tree species, which were scattered in the area. Geophytes are the most abundant life form found in the study area, these are plants which have enduring buds below ground level in form of rhizomes, bulbs or tubers. Helophytes, those plants with their enduring organ in soil and therophytes, these are annual species, which complete a life history from seed to seed during the favourable season of the year, which could be as short as a few weeks, were all recorded in the study site but are gradually going extinct.

Plate 4.2: Typical vegetation around the Eziala-Obizi Gully Erosion site

Fauna: The wildlife seen in the project area is dominated by birds, reptiles and mammals. Direct observations in the field and interviews with local communities, confirm that the most visible birds are crows, black kites, ravens, eagles, hornbills, doves and weaver birds, while the reptilians are mainly various types of snakes and lizards. Six Snake species and two other reptilian species were reported as being domicile within and around the proposed project area.

The ecological status of the wildlife habitat is the degraded type due to urbanization and land clearing for farming. The absence of very thick vegetation protection has contributed to the vulnerability of the animals. Therefore, for ease of reference and brevity, only names of animals that are regularly hunted in recent times are presented. Those that had probably lived there in the past could not be accounted for while table 4.5 below highlights the very common animals found in the study environment.

Table 4.5 Wildlife encountered within the proposed project environment and the threat status

Scientific Name Common name /Vernacular IUCN threat status Cricetaomys gambianus Giant rat Not listed Xerus erythropus Ground squirrel Not listed Thryonomys swinderianus Greater can rat Not listed

CHAPTER 5

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

5.1 Introduction This section focuses the socio-economic characteristics and the health condition of people living in the project site area. The specific aspects that were considered included the peoples’ education, population profile, religion, and economic status as well as their health conditions.

5.2 Socio-Economic Condition 5.2.1 Ethnic Composition, Language, Culture and the Arts Mbaise is a region and a people located in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Set in the heart of Igboland, it includes several towns and cities. The name "Mbaise" was derived from five cities: Agbaaja, Ahiara, Ekwereazu, Ezi na Ihite and Oke Uvuru. The area of Mbaise (the three Local Government Areas) is about 404 km²: Aboh Mbaise (185 km²), Ahiazu Mbaise (111 km²), Ezinihitte Mbaise (108 km²). The Mbaise Slogan is Seat of Sages.

The project location is inhabited by the core Mbaise people of lgbo extraction and speaks lgbo language with no restriction to other languages. The people are richly endowed culturally and this is evident in the people’s mode of dressing, dancing, arts and crafts, as well as festivals and the widely known Iri Ji Mbaise. The traditional apparel for the men is an over-flowing jumper or long-sleeve shirt worn over a “George” wrapper tied around the waist and flowing down to the ankles. This dress is complemented with a cap and a walking stick for support and defense. For the women, the traditional wear is a blouse over an “Abada” or “George”, around the waist. This outfit goes with a headgear, earrings and necklace. English is widely spoken as the second language, and a visitor will be under stood anywhere in the state, if he can speak English language or its local variant, the pidgin.

5.3 Socio-Economic Indicators and Findings of the Project Area Socio-economic indicators are those economic and social indices used in describing the quality of a particular people which helps in correlations to understand cause and affect relationships. To effect carry out a survey, a combination of direct interview and questionnaire administration were employed.

5.3.1 Data Analyses and Interpretation Specifically, the following thematic socio-economic indicators were included in the survey: gender, age distribution; marital status; nature of trade/occupation of vendor/PAPS; income category, etc. The data analysis and interpretation focus on the socio-demographic background information of respondents, identified Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and/or PAPs along the corridor.

5.3.2 Analysis of Persons (Respondents) Interviewed A total of 80 questionnaires were administered to community members including identified Project Affected Persons across the length of the gully corridor. The respondents refer to any person considered to live or do businesses in the communities in the gully site areas who may not necessary be affected. Project affected persons are those actually affected by the project. It is important to note that the impact of project activities on the sources of livelihood of PAPs along the gully corridor vary among them. While some are directly affected (those within 15m from the edge of the gully), others are not such as those within general watershed area).

The response of those met or to whom questionnaires were administered provided an average idea of the prevailing situation in the proposed project area. Therefore, it is believed that the information provided by these categories of people is accurate about the businesses they represent/operate or property/asset they own or represent and the gen.

3.3.2.1 Age and Sex of Respondents Fig.5.1 depicts the age distribution of the respondents. It reveals that the elderly persons above the age of 65 years old are predominant (28.3%) in this corridor, followed closely by PAPs in the age brackets of 56 to 65 years old. 18.9% of the persons were within the age bracket of 36 to 45 years of age while 15.1% were within the age bracket of 46 to 55 years. 13.2% of the PAPs were within the age bracket of 26 to 35 years of age. 18- 25 years brackets are PAPs who are mainly single, occupies 1.9% of the population in the corridor. 74.0% of the identified PAPs were males, while the remaining 26.0% are females.

Age Gender of Respondents 30 25 20

% 15 10 26% 5 MALE 74% 0 FEMALE

Age(years)

Age of respondents (years) Sex of respondents Fig. 5.1: Age Distribution and Sex of Respondents

3.3.2.2 Marital Status and Number of Children of Respondents. Fig 5.2 depicts that Majority 56% of the respondents are married and the widows were 11.0% with 25% of the respondents having above six children, 26.9% had within 3 to 4 children, 32.7%(which are the majority) of the respondents had within 5 to 6 children while respondents with 1 to 2 children are 15.5%. Majority of the respondents that were single (33%) in the corridor had no child 0%.

Marital Status No. of Children

Above six 11% 33% Five - Six Single Three - Four Married range 56% One - Two Widow None

0 10 20 30 40 %

Marital status No of children of respondents Fig 5.2: Marital Status and No. of Children of Respondents

3.2.4 Religion of Respondents Majority 98% of the respondents are Christians, while the remaining 2% are Traditional worshipper. There was no Muslim person found along the corridor. (Fig.5.3).

Religion

2%0%

Muslim Christians Tradition 98%

Fig 5.3: Religion of respondents

3.2.5 Educational Attainment of the Respondents The evaluation as shown in Fig 5.4 revealed that 36% of the identified vendors had primary education, 35.1% had Primary education while 25.2% had Tertiary education. NoVendor was recorded not to have had no formal education. Education 40 35 30 25

% 20 15 10 5 0 No formal Primary Secondary Tertiary Others Education

Fig. 5.4: Distribution of Respondents by Educational Attainment

3.2.6 Distribution of Respondents by Occupation and Income Fig.5.5 and 5.6 depicts the primary occupation of the respondents and their average monthly income in Naira. It reveals that many (53.9%) of the persons were farmers. A greater percentage (68.5%) of the respondents earn monthly income of Above N60,000.00 per month, followed by those with an income of Above N30,001– N60,000.00 (22.2%) and then N15,0001 to N30,000.00 (9.3%).

Occupation Average Income

50 70 60 40 50 40

30 %

30 % 20 20 10 10 0 0

Amount in Naira

Fig. 5.5: Primary Occupation of Respondents Fig. 5.6: Average Monthly Income of Respondents

5.4 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households 5.4.1 Health Records When asked about their state of health, all respondents indicated that they are healthy (100%), this is expected. They also listed the health facilities frequently visited for treatment of illnesses within the area as hospital/clinic (46.0%), chemist (48.0%) and traditional medicine (6.0%). It can therefore be inferred that majority of the respondents use modern approaches for treatment of ailments. Further probe into the common diseases suffered by the people through hospital records and established pharmacists in the area shows that the predominant ailments/diseases among the communities are malaria and typhoid. The details of the finding as regards the health facility being used by the respondents are presented in Figure 5.7 below.

6.0

46.0 Attending Hospital/Clinic

Buying Drug from Chemist

Using Traditional 48.0 Medicine

Figure 5.7: Health facility used by respondents; Source: Field Survey, 2014

5.4.2 Assessment of Ailment/Sickness Dominant in the Project Area As has been explained, the health conditions of the residence in the proposed area were not in any way affected outside what is explained above. As was stated by the communities, the ailment/sickness mostly suffered from by the respondents in the communities in the proposed intervention area includes Rheumatism among the aged, malaria, typhoid and Pile. Table 5.1 presents the details of findings of sickness/ailment mostly affecting the residence in the proposed project area and their frequency of occurrence.

Table 5.1: Ailment/Sickness Rampant Among the Sampled Households Variables Always Sparingly Seldom (%) Never (%) (%) (%) Whooping Cough 0.0 6.0 0.0 94.0

Tuberculosis 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Asthma 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Dysentery 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Diarrhea 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Cholera 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Pile 12.0 40.0 12.0 36.0

Hypertension 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Pneumonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Epilepsy 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Rheumatism 4.0 8.0 12.0 78.0

Rashes 0.0 6.0 12.0 78.0

Eczema 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Ringworm 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Cataract 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Glaucoma 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Typhoid fever 22.0 48.0 8.0 22.0

Malaria 62.0 18.0 12.0 8.0

Sickle Cell Anemia 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

STDs 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2014

This finding was corroborated by the assertion of the principal health officer at Obizi Medical Center located in the area. It was indicated that the most prominent ailment reported at the centers include; Malaria and typhoid fever. Health records from these centers were however not released to the field officers.

CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Introduction This Section contains a summary of the impacts that are likely to result from the intervention work as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The method employed for impact identification and evaluation is also given in this Section.

6.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk assessment method which involves:  Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment.  Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts.  Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls.

The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the pathways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analyzed by determining the consequence severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences occurring. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was determined using a Risk Matrix (Table 6.1).

To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority:  Elimination of the activity.  Substitution with a lower risk activity.  Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity.  Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event.

Table 6.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables Consequence Severity Table Level Consequence 1 Insignificant No detectable impact to the existing environment 2 Minor Short term or localized impact 3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries 4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable and threatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustained viability of commercial industries. 5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangered species or creation of human health risk. Likelihood Ranking Table Level Likelihood A Almost The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time). certain B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly) C Moderate The incident should occur at some time (i.e. quarterly) D Unlikely The incident could occur at some time during the life of the project. E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen.

Risk Matrix Table

Where:  H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed  S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and implementation  M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified  L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures.

6.3 Potential Impacts of the Project 6.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts The conceived positive impacts cover both the construction and operation phases. Based on the background of the socioeconomic activities and social status of Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site, construction works of large drains will reduce the worrisome experience of local road users and the entire community to almost zero. The positive impacts are listed as follows.

1. Safety of lives and properties Since the appearance of the notorious gully in the area, owners of properties located proximate to its site have had sleepless nights over the environmental challenges posed by it. Expectedly with the proposed construction works, many have breathed a sigh of relief knowing that the proposed NEWMAP project will allay such fears. Also, the fear of being submerged by the high current floodwaters running down the watershed area will reduce as soon as civil works begins. After the completion of the project, the risk posed to human lives will be reduced to the barest minimum. School children will also be able to access their educational facilities unhindered through the short pathway beside the gully corridor, particularly during the rainy season. One of the fallouts of the socioeconomic assessment is the inability of children to go to school anytime it rains heavily due to the floodwaters that passes along the roads.

2. Employment opportunities Employment opportunities will be offered to the construction workers and other persons who will be hired to provide their services during the construction phase. The project is envisaged to create over 100 direct and indirect jobs during construction phase (which should be for over 24 months). In fact, the local youths who will be engaged will benefit immensely from the employment opportunities to be provided by the project. In addition, the local women will be employed as food vendors for the workers while some of the female population will also be engaged in the main workforce during the site civil works.

3. Securing public infrastructures The Eziala and Umuchima Roads, which are the only routes that connects the traditional Ruler’s house and other settlements in area, will be salvaged from the eroding effect of the fast- flowing flood velocity which has always led to gully formation owing to the loose nature of the soil. Once the salvaged its lifespan will increase. With the proposed development, the major road and other local roads being threatened by the erosive power of the fast-flowing floodwaters of the Eziala-Obizi catchment will be saved. Consequently, this will retain and 33 enhance the mobility and connectivity merits that the roads provide to the communities. Hospitals, primary and secondary school buildings and facilities, markets and Obizi community hall will be secured from the destructive powers of the expansion of the gully in the area. Thus, the locals in the community and some buildings along the roads will begin to have a sense of job security while securing the public infrastructure.

4. Flood Control Within the Eziala-Obizi catchment, the velocity of floodwaters is high with associated high current. This often leads to massive flooding which further weakens the road facility i.e. Eziala and Umuchima Roads. The erosive potency of the floodwaters and the loose nature of the soil of the area combine to produce gully erosion which initially started as soil erosion. Thus, when the project is completed, the challenges of flooding and the associated loss of lives and properties would have been curtailed.

5. Rehabilitation of affected lands, vegetation and forests The construction works will lead to a transformation of the land area. For instance, degraded lands will be rehabilitated while the general feeling of living in unsafe environment will be reduced. Residents will also have reduced fear or perception of loss of property. Indigenous population of the area will have a sense of confidence in the restoration of their ancestral origins.

6.3.2 Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include construction traffic, dust, construction related noise, siltation of downstream, and motorcycle/pedestrian traffic.

A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the projects are summarized below according to the phase (Table 6.2).

Pre-Construction Phase 1. Displacement of assets The proposed development may displace people who may be forced to relocate their farmland, business or relocate from their existing buildings within the gully area. The issue of resettlement is handled by a separate report.

2. Impacts Expected during Equipment mobilization In readiness to commence the actual construction work, there will equipment mobilization to the site. These equipments will range from simple handheld machines to heavy earth trucks. As such, there are expected to be some negative impacts to the community. This shall include: very high level of noise from these earth moving equipments; Air pollution/dust and traffic on the already narrow local roads.

Construction Phase The most damaging impact normally occurs during the construction stage. Generally, due to the type, duration and nature of construction activities envisaged, the anticipated environmental impacts are not expected to be significant. Construction activities are one time activities and not permanent, about six months - one year. Based on the duration of the construction activities, impacts associated with construction activities are rated “Low” on duration. - Nevertheless, unless good construction management practices are followed, the short-term construction-related impacts shall include impacts such as increased runoff, air quality, noise and vibration, drainage, flooding and solid wastes management. Social negative impacts are unlikely as no displacement is expected other than occupational health and safety.

Operation Phase The operational Phase could be seen as the long-term, permanent activity and thus impacts under this as well as their management issues are considered recurring problems. Therefore the impacts are expected to be long- term operation and unavoidable impacts. These are likely to consist mainly of waste generation due to inspection, maintenance of the erosion control devices, etc.

Decommissioning Phase In reality, an erosion control project is not expected to be decommissioned. In case this project is decommissioned, the likely impacts are as follows:  Soil erosion resulting from improper reinstatement of excavated soil, paved surface or stabilised area with structures  Air quality degradation and noise generation in the course of excavation to remove/break down structures  Hazards/risks and accidents  Waste management problems

6.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes The proposed project site will neither consume nor alter significant land, environmental and socio-cultural resources except for structures within 15 m of the set back. The proposed project will not generate significant demands on natural resources of the immediate or surrounding area nor disturb archaeological sites. Thus no long-term losses of significant resources are anticipated during the intervention works.

6.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Impacts Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment that are caused by an activity in combination with other past, present and future human activities.

The concept of cumulative effects is an important one. It holds that while impacts may be small individually, the overall impact of all environmental changes affecting the receptors taken together can be significant. When a resource is nearing its tolerance threshold, a small change can push it over. The objective of the cumulative impact assessment is to identify the environmental and/or socio-economic aspects that may not on their own constitute a significant impact but when combined with impacts from past, present or reasonable foreseeable future activities associated with this and/or other projects result in a larger and more significant impacts.

The envisaged cumulative /secondary impacts arising from the intervention works is considered minimal. This is based on the fact that the project area is rarely located close to any environmentally sensitive area and there are no known environmental degrading facilities close to the project location.

6.3.5 Environmental Justice The intervention activity serves to remedy further devastation of the revered farm lands of the people of Obizi which has been gullied by erosion which has caused nightmare for members of the communities. Thus the outcome is not meant for a particular section of the society, in respective of status. The neighborhood within which the intervention will take place will rather be enhanced and not affected negatively by the physical environmental impacts more than other areas. Table 6.2 is the summary of the identified potential negative impacts associated with the proposed gully rehabilitation exercise and their impact level.

Table 6.2: Identified Potential Impacts 35

S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H Planning & Preparatory activities Civil Work Construction A

1. Movement of Equipment &  Dust raising and noise generation X materials  Increase in noise nuisance  Accidents 2. Land acquisition for right of  Displacement of asset X way  Negative perception and discontent expressions by members of the community. B Construction C BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES 1 Site clearing of set-back from  Removal of Flora & fauna X edge of gully  Displacement of asset 2 Earthworks - Excavation,  Disturbance of the natural drainage of x grading, compaction, filling site and other civil works  Increase in the amount of disturbed soil and could in turn increases the amount of erosion which can occur.  Increase sedimentation and runoff  Risk of pollution to water courses  Destruction of visual scenery  Damage to abutting land use construction sites 3. General Treatment of the  Failure due to poor integration +/- X gully erosion between physical and biological measures.  Failure to complete the treatment works for any reason – tantamount to not getting the required protection and a waste of time and resources. 4. Gully Stabilisation/Use of  Failure of lined drainage channels and X Vegetation as control & energy dissipaters after major buffers Grass-lined Channel storms/runoffs enters the channel. (Turf reinforcement mats)  Debris/ sediment accumulation in outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channels, bank instability, and scour holes developing 5. Structural Erosion and  Drainage lines and ephemeral X Sediment Control Practices - waterways may have areas that could Structural practices used in be ‘erosion starters’. sediment and erosion control  Degrade water quality to divert storm water flows  Alteration of local hydrology away from exposed  Damage of valuable ecosystems and areas, convey runoff, prevent habitats sediments from moving  The release of fine sediments and offsite, and can also reduce turbid water into water body can the erosive forces adversely affect the health and biodiversity of aquatic life in water body downstream, increase in the concentration of nutrients and metals,

S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H reduce light penetration into the water 6 Use of heavy  Vibration generate lateral waves to X Equipment on site and the surrounding structure and could transport vehicles on the lead to failure public roads  Contaminate ground or surface water when hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids are spilled  Noise generation and air quality degradation, especially dust  Sediment transport from the site onto public roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, chassis and side of vehicles.  Disruption of visual scenery 7. Construction  Soil contamination, Unhygienic work X camp and crew environment and disturbance of the neighbourhood, solid waste  Dis-affection in the community 8. Storing  Loss of the stockpiled material X Materials/  Damage to valuable ecosystems and habitats (Flora & Fauna)  Leaks of hazardous materials from equipment or storage 9 Social Issues  Poor social interaction between X community members and workers. 10 Waste/Spill disposal  High volume of waste/spill X  Spill tipped away from designated areas 11 Local culture and society  Socio-cultural values may be altered X and the stability of communities adversely affected by presence of construction workers in the area  Exposure to rapid social change or tourism. 12 Land use/Land take  Displacement of assets or means of X livelihood 13 Utility Disruptions  Construction activities and the need to X realign utility supply lines 14 Quarry for fill materials  Use of agricultural land X  Exposure of other erosion prone sites 15 Site Work – occupational &  Excavation exposes inhabitants and X Public Safety and Health crew to risk of falls and injuries in excavation pits  Use of equipment and movement of vehicles includes accident rates/ traffic hazards.  Burrow Areas for fill materials could lead to accidents  Exposure to atmospheric emissions from construction equipment 37

S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H  Exposure to excessive and continuous noise and vibration from construction activities  Risk of water source pollution  Dust emission D  Operation and Maintenance 1 Maintenance  Poor maintenance create gullies and X standing pools  Create mud-holes, potholes  Breed disease vectors in settling basins and retention ponds E  Decommissioning 1 Break up old surface and soil,  Cause soil erosion X etc.  Degrade water quality  Dust generation  Disruption of the secondary/ newly emerged flora

6.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio- economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate.

For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution option. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows:

6.4.1 No Project Option The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no need to carry out this study. This option is environmentally friendly as the site will remain in its current state and perhaps widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise.

Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option.

6.4.2 Delayed Project Option This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these conditions is applicable at present. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would have come to nothing. Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the delayed option impracticable. 6.4.3 Go Ahead Option

This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. The devastation by erosion that has rendered the existing road impassable will be addressed and solved. This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation.

However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and applied.

6.5 Gully Treatment Options Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention area shows that the best option or combination of the following options should be employed as summarized in table 6.3:

Table 6.3: Gully Treatment Options S/N Treatment Scenario For Proposed Option Intervention work at Eziala-Obizi site 1 The do nothing  Applicable when assets are not at risk from erosion. Not applicable approach  This option can result in downstream significant sedimentation problems.  Generally the slowest option to achieve a stable gully. 2 Backfilling the  Generally only viable for small gullies. Applicable gully and forming  This option requires only cheap supplies of materials a stable drainage for gully/earth filling state  Generally the quickest Option to achieve a stable gully. 3 Partially  This is usually the cheapest option in the long run. Not applicable backfilling the  This option relies on the on-going supply of sediments gullies using from the upstream gully erosion. If the upstream gully natural is stabilized as part of the overall gully rehabilitation, sedimentation then there may be insufficient sediments to backfill processes the weirs.  This option is often adopted, when the gully extends upstream of a given property. 4 Partially  This option requires heavy machinery. Applicable backfilling using  High safety risks are often associated with such local or imported project and Earth works. materials  Battering the gully bank to provide a source of fill usually accelerate the rehabilitation of the gull bank. 5 Stabilization of  This option can result in a long drawn-out process, Applicable gully without requiring planting and replanting. partial backfilling  Significant sediment loss can occur before the gully of the beds or bank reach a stable form battering of the banks Adopted from Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction In the project design the impacts identified were duly incorporated. While the design stands to strengthen the positive impacts, a priority in the project planning and design has been to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. Thus as much as possible in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. identified negative impacts are already mitigated

Nevertheless, some of the impacts will require additional measures such as sound operational procedures and good housekeeping. Provisions have been made for this in the entire arrangement of the planned work for construction and operation for impacts that are unavoidable.

7.2 Approaches to Developing a good Environmental and Social Management Plan Options to address the various environmental and social issues identified have been worked out based on review of good practices and requirement of compliance with the legal provisions as well as consultations with the relevant stakeholders. The principle that guides the approach to mitigation measure development is outlined in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1: Approaches to ESMP Development Management S Practice Plan/Mitigation MeasureN 1 Seek Alternatives to avoid Examine alternative ways to achieve the objectives to maximize particular impacts. benefits and minimize undesirable impacts. 2 Arrange Compensation where Restore damaged resources/, such as, water source, . particular impacts are unavoidable. 3 Take Corrective Measures to Consider corrective measures to reduce adverse impacts to reduce unavoidable effects. acceptable standards, such as, remove spoil material during construction, replace or relocate community water source, etc. 4 Implement Preventive Pre-preparation for minimizing adverse impacts, such as, implement Measures to avoid some health education program, initiate public awareness programs. impacts altogether. Source: Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, 2003, DoR.

7.3 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures are activities aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling project impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed alternatives, scheduling or other means. Mitigation may be in the form of avoidance (alternative action taken to avoid impact), compensatory payment of money or replacement in kind for losses or recreation of lost/damaged habitat.

The measures proposed are specific, measurable, achievable and relevant to the proposed and time based (SMART). The measures also took into account the environmental laws in Nigeria, and internationally and the principles of sustainable development and best available technology.

Most of the likely impacts due to the proposed project have been considered in the design and selection of treatment options.

As outlined in Table 7.2, a summary of the potential impacts associated with the project; together with corresponding mitigation measures are presented.

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) A General Planning   and designing Project Preparation Poor planning/conflict  Incorporation of environmental concerns and (Planning & Design) mitigation measures as defined in the ESMP in project preparation to avoid impacts during implementation and maintenance stages  Ensure designs are in compliance with legal requirements and best practice codes.  Take into account problems in soil and slope stability and local natural phenomena such as heavy rains and flooding  Identify sites for temporary and permanent storage of excavated material and construction materials. Where excavated material will not be reused decide how it will be disposed of or shaped (P&D) (I)  If vegetation clearing is unavoidable, protect or restore vegetation in the drainage basin as close as possible to those lost (P&D) Construction Conflict in understanding  Incorporate the Environmental Codes and mitigation contracts of role measures as contained in this ESMP into contracts with Contractors that covers all aspect—site clearing, bed and surface construction, drainage, fuel and material usage, quarry site management, construction camp and work site operating procedures, including worker and public safety  Include incentives for adhering to guidelines and penalties for violating them Maintenance Ambiguity in assignment ,  Finalize maintenance agreements with local/host agreements roles and conflict communities/project affected persons as the case may, before beginning implementation. All parties must clearly understand and be committed to terms of the agreement, such as who will do what work, when, how frequently, for what compensation, and within what limits scheduling and timing  Consider the scheduling and timing of construction Delay activities relative to potential pollutant impacts throughout construction. B Moblisation/  Preparatory activities 1. Movement of Dust raising and noise  Increase in noise nuisance Equipment & generation  Raise public awareness of unusual activity Materials Noise  Plan activities such that Regulatory limits are not exceeded  Reduction in air quality  Employ fuel efficient and well maintained haulage due to vehicular trucks with proper exhaust system to minimize movement emissions.  All parked vehicles on the site shall have their engines turned off;

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M))  Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use  Develop and follow a controlled fueling, maintenance and servicing protocol

1. Land acquisition for  Displacement of asset  Compensation for any affected assets, right of way  Negative perception and  Engage communities in meaningful consultations discontent expressions by members of the community. 2 Health & Safety Issues  Accidents - Movement  Place visible warning signs on roads and vehicles - of heavy equipment to  Raise public awareness of unusual activity worksite which may pose danger to public  5. Construction   C BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES   1 Site clearing of set-  Removal of Flora &  Perform clearance in stages back from edge of fauna  Develop compensation plan for displaced asset gully  Displacement of asset 2. General Treatment of  Failure due to poor  Careful planning and attention to detail (P&D) (C) (O&M) the gully erosion, integration between  Remove the cause of the gulling. Ensure quality work physical and biological  Do gully filling only after the water flow that caused the measures. gully has been controlled or diverted above the gully  Failure to complete the head. Otherwise fill placed in the gully is likely to be treatment works for undermined and washed away. any reason –  Avoid filling gullies with rubbish, logs, rocks, car bodies tantamount to not and other foreign material that are not suitable. getting the required  Use earthen banks that divert run off away from the gully protection and a waste head, and convert it to slower, less erosive flow away of time and resources. from the actively eroding area. (P&D) (C) (O&M)

4. Gully Stabilisation,  Accumulation of debris,  Design structures so that the flow in the gully is reduced Use of Vegetation as sediment to a non-scouring velocity control & buffers - accumulation, died  Plant vegetation between the structures and the gully Grass-lined Channel grasses, shrub/bush stabilised (Turf reinforcement and tree planted, lack  Locations of the structures must be placed so that as mats) of integrity much sediment is collected as possible, while still ensuring that the structures are stable.  Sites should also be relatively smooth at the gully floor, and have a gentle slope between the gully floor and sides.  Choose the right time to do it. From late Dry season to early onset of rainy season before heavy rains is generally a suitable time as there is less chance of high volumes of run-off, yet there is sufficient soil moisture and warmth to promote the growth of vegetation. Inspect lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters at regular intervals and after major storms/rainfall

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M))  Remove debris and repairs made where  Necessary.  Give special attention to outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channel.  Repair eroded areas immediately.  Check for sediment accumulation, piping, bank  Instability and scour holes. Repair promptly. 5. Earthworks -  Disturb the natural  Develop a site plan that does not require a significant Excavation, grading, drainage of site, amount of grade changes - fits into existing land compaction, filling and  Increase the amount of contours. other civil works disturbed soil and  Site that will not be re-disturbed for a long period should could in turn increases be stabilized to reduce the amount of erosion from the amount of erosion  These areas until they are disturbed again. E.g. if soil which can occur. excavated from a temporary sediment  Increase sedimentation  Trap is stockpiled to be used later to backfill the trap and runoff (when the area is stabilized) then the stockpile  Risk of pollution to  Should be stabilized with temporary seed to reduce the watercourses amount of sediment before it  Leaves your site  Carry out earthworks operations such that surfaces have adequate falls, profiling and drainage to control run-off and prevent ponding and flooding.  Control run-off through silt/sediment traps as appropriate to minimise the turbidity of water in outfall areas. 6. Structural Erosion  Drainage lines and  Structural practices used in sediment and erosion control and Sediment ephemeral waterways to divert storm water flows away from exposed Control Practices - may have areas that  Areas, convey runoff, prevent sediments from moving Structural practices could be ‘erosion offsite, should be well placed. used in sediment and starters’.  Remove erosion risks by removing stock, fencing off the erosion control to  Degrade water quality area, or planting grasses. divert storm water  Alter hydrology flows away from  Damage valuable exposed ecosystems and areas, convey runoff, habitats prevent sediments  The release of fine from moving offsite, sediments and turbid and can also reduce water into water body the erosive forces can adversely affect the health and biodiversity of aquatic life within these water bodies, increase the concentration of nutrients and metals within these waters, reduces light penetration into the water, increase the risk

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) and cost of water treatment works and water supplies 7 Use of heavy  Vibration generate  As much as possible avoid use of heavy duty equipment Equipment on site and lateral waves to the like bulldozers, pay loaders and trucks used in excavation transport vehicles on surrounding structure and loading at the control site, the public roads and could lead to  Work schedule to minimize disturbance. failure  Alight public when loud noise will be generated  Contaminate ground or  Trucks should operate during noise peak hours (8am – surface water when 4pm) hydraulic oil, motor oil  Sound-proofed machines shall be employed or other harmful  Construction vehicle, machinery and equipment move or mechanical fluids are station always in the designated area only and do not carry spilled or dumped activities beyond land hired/given  Spills, leaks or injuries from any type of hazardous material (e.g. bitumen, cement, paint, explosives, fuels, lubricants)  Noise generation and air quality degradation, especially dust  Sediment transport from the site onto public roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, chassis and side of vehicles.  Damage to abutting  land use construction  sites  8. Construction  Soil contamination,  Identify suitable camp site in consultation with relevant camp and crew Unhygienic work authorities environment and  Regular collection and proper disposal of Solid Waste. disturbance of the  Ensure and enforce good housekeeping surrounding neighbourhood  Dis-affection in the community 9. Storing  loss of the stockpiled  Stockpiles should not be located within an overland flow Materials/ material path.  Damage valuable  In order to mitigate the flow of water away from ecosystems and stockpiled material, flow diversion banks can be habitats constructed up-slope of the stockpile to divert run-off.  Leaks of hazardous  install a sediment fence (or heightened bund wall) on the materials from downhill side equipment or storage  of the stockpile Stabilised with vegetation or synthetic

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) surface protection if they are to be in place for more than 10 day  Maintain equipment and Checks to ensure that storage is good and that there are no losses or leaks.

10 Social Issues   11 Waste/Spoil  Waste generation High  As part of contract requirements, contractor will be generation & volume of waste/spoil required to develop, implement and maintain a Waste management  Spoil tipped away from Management Plan during the construction works with designated areas emphasise to minimise waste and segregate waste  Protection of neighborhood from debris due to construction  Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill wherever possible  Safe tipping areas identified and enforced.  Spoil traps constructed.  Dispose in approved sites 12 Local people excluded  Conflict  Incorporate methods within the skills of local people. from activities  Contractors encouraged using local labour wherever possible. 16 Quarry for fill  Use of agricultural land  Avoidance of agriculture lands as borrow areas and other materials sensitive areas  Redevelopment of borrow areas  Redevelopment of quarries in case new quarries are setup for the Project 17 Site Work –  Excavation - Expose  Take safety precautions to protect being injured by flying occupational & Public inhabitants and crew to or falling rock Safety and Health risk of falls and injuries  Poorly planned borrow pits and quarries pose threats, Dust – water-sprays to in excavation pits ranging from falls from quarry faces to drowning in control particulates.  excavation slope quarry pits that have become standing water reservoirs instability causing  Construction materials shall be properly kept in a injury/death designated area to reduce the risk.  Use of equipment and  Use equipment with low operating noise levels movement of vehicles  Restrict construction works to day time hours in location includes accident close to residence rates/ traffic hazards.  Introduce traffic/speed control devices  Blasting, Quarry &  Provide safety warning and instruction signboards Borrow Areas for fill  Use of excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and materials could lead to slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize accidents the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning  Exposure to  Provide safe means of access and egress from atmospheric emissions excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, from construction or stairs and ladders equipment  Avoid the operation of combustion equipment for  Exposure to excessive prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other and continuous noise workers are required to enter unless the area is actively and vibration from ventilated” construction activities  Risk of water source pollution

Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/N Activities Envisaged Potential Impact Mitigation measures (Planning and Design (P&D), Implementation (I), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) D  Operation and Maintenance  Operation -  Collapse of  Monitor and maintain intervention work for continued Maintenance and structure/failure of stability and quality Utilization of measures  Shortcomings in the control structures should be Rehabilitated Gully corrected before they develop into serious problems.  Any grass, shrub/bush and tree planted which dies should be replaced  Treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check-dams should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse.  Conduct gender study to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of the gullies  Avoid delay repair even in small damage or break of control structure Operation -  Unsustainable use of  Identification of users and development of a use concept Maintenance and rehabilitated gully or management plan. Utilization of areas crossing Rehabilitated Gully different land uses  Before treatment of gullies, the users should be identified owned by different and the boundaries should be clearly demarcated, the land users/ Conflict gully rehabilitation process should be objective oriented Disharmony in and responsibilities of owners in managing, maintaining and utilizing the gully should be agreed upon. Operation -  Poor maintenance of  Maintain healthy pasture swards on slope to reduce bare Maintenance and vegetated area, ground. Utilization of  Minimum or no tillage techniques that protect soil Rehabilitated Gully structure as fine soil particles erode more readily  Regular inspection. Decommissioning  Cause soil erosion,  Break up old surface and soil. Remove and dispose of Degrade Water quality, surfacing material if necessary and loosen soil of previous Dust generation, track to accelerate regeneration of vegetation Damage valuable  Reshape eroded or culled surfaces with out-sloping, re- ecosystems and habitat vegetate as needed.

7.4 Residual Impacts after Mitigation Residual Effects can be considered as those that remain significant following the application of mitigation measures, although they are likely to have been reduced in magnitude as a result of the mitigation measure implemented.

Overall, on balance, with the provision of the proposed mitigation measures as outlined in Table 7.1, the positive impacts of the scheme will considerably outweigh the negative impacts. The public as a whole will benefit from the completion of the scheme.

Once the mitigation measures outlined are implemented, the residual impact of construction and operation on the different elements identified will not be significant.

7.5 Mechanism for Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts

7.5.1 Project Concept In planning the project, greatest care must be exercised to ensure the nature of topography be maintained as far as possible. Development schedule must be clearly defined and timing of construction spread evenly and according to phases. The innovative concept of design with nature will not only minimize the impact of the project on the environment thus making it environmentally acceptable but will also enhance the project visually. Some of the concepts that are impeded in the concept that must be promoted in the final stage include:  Making use of natural topography where possible;  Exploiting natural features to merit and  Balancing cut and fill

7.5.2 Designing The design needs to incorporate the findings of this ESMP or any other studies conducted such as hydrological, geo-technical or soil erosion risk areas. Mitigating measures proposed to minimize environmental impact need to be incorporated into the project design. Design of silt ponds and retention ponds for example should be able to cope with the surface run-off during construction and the most adverse weather conditions.

7.5.3 Construction and Operation During construction, earthwork is the most critical stage and the problems of soil erosion need to be urgently addressed. Soil erosion created a host of other associated problems including siltation, deterioration of water quality and flooding of areas downstream of site.

7.5.4 Control of Earthworks Earthworks contribute the highest impact if not carried out with proper environmental control. There is a need to plan the earthworks and implement control measures at the earliest stage. Appropriate sediment control measures must put in place before earthworks commence. Earthworks shall be scheduled to avoid rainy season and detailed earthworks plan shall be prepared and endorsed by professional engineer.

7.6 Management Programs Some of the management programs that must be part of the ESMP to make it effective and functional are highlighted below:

7.6.1 Environmental Code of Conduct – Integrated into Project Design and Tender Documents The mitigation measures and the general Environmental code of Conduct developed herewith shall be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures and code of conduct will automatically become part of the project implementation. By including mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision, mitigation measure implementation shall be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract.

This is considered necessary in order to hold Contractors financially and in some cases criminally liable for adverse impact that result from failure to implement contracted required mitigated measures and code of conduct.

The levels at which these shall be incorporated are outlined below:

Project Design The mitigation measures should be integrated in the design of the project itself. Such a step will enhance the mitigation measures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific implementation criteria. The mitigation measure integration in the design phase will also help in strengthening the benefits and sustainability of the project.

Project Contract The project contractor should be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures in the contract. The final acceptance of the completed works should not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.

Bill of Quantities The tender instruction to bidders should explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures to be performed, the materials to be used, labor camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas, as well other site specific environmental requirements. Such a definition would clearly exhibit the cost requirement to undertake mitigation measures, which otherwise might be lost as the bidders in an attempt to be more competitive may not include the price realistic enough to fund mitigation measures and other protection measures.

Supervision and Monitoring The purpose of supervision is to make sure that specific mitigation parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. Likewise, monitoring is necessary such that the mitigation measures are actually put into practice.

7.6.2 Social Integration and Participation As a matter of principles, Social inclusions or community participation in the site project execution shall be managed, in particular through the inclusion of clauses that involve the following measures:

 Community participation - Participation in decision- making built into the planning and implementation of the intervention works to allow local people a voice in matters concerning them.  Integration with host populations & promotion of social inclusion - Use existing local groups such as the site committees rather than form new ones –  Social Inclusion & Avoidance of elite Capture/ Vulnerable groups- Include special efforts (affirmative action) to fully integrate socially marginalized people into the society  Gender issues- The empowerment of women is essential for public good, so ensure opportunities to involve at least 50% women  Implementation Arrangements- Include and ensure community participation and oversight of the intervention work  Accountability in the use of public funds - Ensure participatory planning, budgeting and monitoring and public information dissemination on fund use  Implementation schedule - Affected persons and site committee members/CDOs/CDAs should be abreast of the schedule  Project Monitoring - Ensure local communities play a role in the monitoring framework.

7.6.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Contractor should develop an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan with the objectives to:  Minimize disturbance to areas where erosion may occur, including steep slopes and exposed land  Stage construction to minimize the area worked on at any one time, to minimize the extent and duration of temporary stockpiles and to ensure re-vegetation can occur in a staged manner, so as to reduce the risk of silt/sediment running off the site and entering the downstream receiving environment  Ensure exposed areas are stabilized as soon as practicable by sowing or mulching to prevent erosion  Install perimeter controls such as diversion drains, silt fences and a construction entrance to prevent sediment leaving the site  Install temporary decanting earth bunds for silt/sediment removal from runoff.  Install temporary sediment removal ponds for silt/sediment removal from runoff provide guidance in case of unforeseen events including poor weather ensure all control measures are inspected and repaired after storm events

 Ensure that the site is rehabilitated prior to the removal of sediment control measures  Mitigate dust emissions from the site during earthworks so as not to adversely affect any nearby properties  Minimize potential environmental effects.

7.6.4 Control of Water Quality Other than sediment that can cause deterioration of water quality, discharge of untreated sewage especially from the workers themselves can be another source of pollutants. Temporary sanitary facilities that comply with the requirements of Sewerage Services should be provided for the workers.

7.6.5 Disposal of Solid Waste Dispose overburden or earth spoils in designated spoil tips. Open burning of waste, construction materials such as formworks and bio-mass removed is strictly prohibited. These materials should be chipped and carted away to appropriate location or used as fuel.

7.6.6 Control of Air and Noise Pollution As the need arises, water spraying facility shall be provided during earthworks and wheels of vehicles or machinery used for transportation of construction materials shall be cleaned before leaving the construction site so as not to litter the roads with mud and soil.

Generally, noise in the boundary of the site shall be controlled with the use of manual machines that are equally effective as much as possible and noise level shall not exceed 55 dB(A) during the day as much as possible.

7.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDITING In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, program responsibilities, records & effectiveness

Specifically, this shall help to:  Improve environmental and social management practices;  Check the efficiency and quality of the environmental management processes;  Establish the scientific reliability and credibility of the ESMP for the project and  Provide the opportunity to report the results on safeguards and impacts and proposed mitigation measures implementation.

7.7.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring To continually achieve the benefits of the gully treatments, site inspection and monitoring program shall be ensured with the following objectives:  Ensure that the Gully Erosion Treatment and Control Plan (GETCP) is appropriate for the site and is being implemented effectively;  Ensure Gully Erosion Treatments are being appropriately maintained; and  Identify any works at the site that may be contributing to environmental harm.

7.7.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance Following the gully treatment/remediation work or installation of erosion and sediment control measures, a walkthrough or site inspection should be conducted to ascertain that all measures have been implemented in the field, that erosion is being controlled, and that sediment and other pollutants are not being transported offsite or into critical areas on-site. Any improper installation or any repairs necessary to complete the job should be noted at this time. Another purpose of the site walkthrough is to identify critical inspection locations and monitoring points where control measures will need to be routinely checked for performance and checked after storm events. These critical points must include: a. All disturbed areas of the site b. Material storage areas c. Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site

d. All erosion and sediment control measures e. Discharge outfall visual monitoring points.

The control measures must be in good operating condition until the area they protect has been completely stabilized and the construction activity is completed. In the absence of significant runoff events, all measures must be inspected by the contractor in accordance with any schedule required by the SPMU and Ministry of Works and before any predicted, significant rainfall.

Inspection reports should be prepared during each inspection conducted by the contractor or SPMU or Ministry of Works for civil works and Ministry of Agriculture for vegetation aspect, as the case may be. Reports should include information on damages or deficiencies, maintenance or repair activities, monitoring information, and vegetation establishment. Inspection reports should be kept for a period of three years after completion of final site stabilization.

7.7.3 Site Inspection Frequency It is recommended that during the gully erosion treatment inspection should be carried out in the following manner:  At least daily during rainfall events;  At least weekly, even if the works are not being conducted;  Within 24 hours of a forecasted rainfall or storm event; and  Within 18 hours of a rainfall or storm event of sufficient intensity to cause run-off.

Furthermore, active sites must be inspected by the contractor daily during storm water runoff and within 24 hours after any storm event greater than 0.5 inches in a 24-hour period. Active sites must be inspected at least every 7 days during periods of no runoff. Any site that is inactive for greater than 7 days must be inspected every two weeks. Exposed areas must be stabilized and inspected before a site is left in an inactive state.

The inspector should record any damages or deficiencies in the control measures on an inspection report form. The damage or deficiencies should be corrected as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Any changes that may be required to correct deficiencies should also be made as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection.

Inspections oversight should rest with the SPMU supported by the Ministry of Works with local knowledge, policies and procedures.

7.7.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring Since vegetation typically is the primary form of permanent erosion control, it is important to ascertain how quickly and how well the vegetation is becoming established. Monitoring for vegetation establishment should be conducted in accordance with local requirements.. Vegetation should be monitored monthly to evaluate the following: • The type of vegetation that is growing (as compared to the type of vegetation that was planted); • The density of vegetation that is growing, including the percent of ground that is covered; and

Based on regular evaluations of vegetation establishment, recommendations should be made as to whether the vegetation is establishing well, or whether additional measures should be taken, such as over seeding, fertilizing, erosion repair, or irrigation. Vegetation monitoring should continue until the vegetation reaches maturity and is providing the anticipated erosion control effectiveness.

A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3: Impact Mitigation and Monitoring during Project Implementation No Activity/Impact Implementation Responsibility Party Mitigation/Project Contract & Bill of Quantity Monitoring Indicators* Cost of Design Party Implementa tion (N) 1 Excavation/Slope Specify bio-engineering Contractor shall Identify stabilization Adequacy, quality of vegetation. 120,000 stability/Flooding/ and relevant techniques. comply with area. Survival rate of plants. Seepage clauses pertaining to mitigation in the contract. 2 Spoil disposal Identify mass balance Do Quantify disposal and Presence of scouring, erosion, 130,000 techniques. extraction volume. damage to property, water Safe tipping areas supply disruption. identified and enforced. Complaints from local people Design spoils traps. 3 Water Design safe discharge Do Physical works for safe Evidence of fresh surface 130,000 management drainage and techniques discharge drainage listed. erosion, presence of gullies, (check dam) to natural increase in water turbidity, loss water course. of agriculture forest land. Slope condition. Public complaints. 4 Land use Check impacts are limited Do - Quantify actual land use pattern 115,000 to compensated assets for construction and other activities. Public complaints. 5 Quarries and Design bunds to screen Do Quantify restoration costs Check for water ponding, 125,000 borrow pits, Stone noise and dust. and present technical formation of gullies, water crushing and Design re-grading slopes. specifications. turbidity. asphalt plants Use bio-engineering Amount to be included in Check unauthorized quarrying techniques for contractor's own activities. rehabilitation. expense. Dust control equipment being utilized. Public complaints. 6 Noise, dust and Avoidance of impact Do Amount to be included in Levels in relation to regulatory 120,000 water quality through best practice contractor's own expense limits through rate for supplying materials.

7 Hazardous Specify storage facilities Do Amount to be included in Checks to ensure that storage is 170,000 materials for toxic materials. contractor's own expense good and that there are no through rate for losses or leaks. supplying materials. Checks to ensure that protective clothing and safety measures are used. 8 Camp operation Identify camping Do Amount to be included in Ensure harmonious relation 110,000 grounds. contractor's own expense with community through work camp item expense. 9 Dust and noise Indicate use of safe Do Specify buffer area Air pollution control equipment. 75,000 pollution level requirements. Dust deposition on crops and equipment. Amount to be included in vegetation. contractor's own expense Survival rate of plants. through work camp item Public complaints. expense. 10 Social issues Incorporate socially Do - Check issues pertaining to social 145,000 acceptable design concern. specifications. 11 Workers and public Specify health and safety Penalties in Amount to be included in Rate of accidents 150,000 health and safety plan that case of non- contractor's own expense compliance with the agreed standards 12 Maintenance Arrangement with and Penalties in Specify manner of Integrity of treatment work 160,000 During contractor case of non- maintenance and specific assured implementation compliance roles 13 Maintenance Specify roles PMU, the site Budgetary provision Rate of failure, integrity and 150,000 post committee & continual durability implementation Ministry of Works TOTAL – One Million, Seven Hundred Thousand Naira Only (This also includes the cost of reporting which is the 1,700,000 deliverable)

Table 7.4: Impact Mitigation Monitoring during Treatment Period Control Measure Routine Wet Weather and Inspect For Performance Management Reporting Inspection Incident Measures Action Inspections Control and Weekly During heavy rain Soil loss Retention of soil Rectify any Inspection, outcomes and retention of event and after all Rill erosion erosion or management action in site log disturbed soil at rain Surface water channel earthwork sites Flow pathways formation (Improve Soil Re-grade surface Health) as required Provide Short Term Weekly When rainfall Surface water Design Undertake straw Inspection, outcomes and Soil Cover predicted through pathways/erosion specifications mulching management action in site log weather Hydro-seeding monitoring. After all rain. Provide Long Term Weekly During heavy rain Damage/erosion 90% cover or Rectify and Inspection, outcomes and Soil Cover event and after Growth of plantings stabilized repair damage to management action in site log heavy rain (including gaps) blankets/netting Replant gaps/dieback Steep Slope Weekly till During heavy rain Damage/erosion design Rectify and Inspection, outcomes and Techniques 90% stabilized event and after Growth of plantings specifications repair damage to management action in site log (i.e. 90% heavy rain event (including gaps) blankets/netting gassed or Replant equivalent) gaps/dieback Clean Water Weekly During heavy rain Damage/erosion design Rectify and Inspection, outcomes and diversion bund event and after all Blockages Sediment specifications damage/erosion management action in site log rain build-up or blockages Remove accumulated sediment in diversion channel. Rock check dam Weekly After all rain Damage/erosion design Rectify and Inspection, outcomes and Blockages Sediment specifications damage/erosion management action in site log build-up or blockages Remove accumulated sediment behind

dams when 50% full Pipe drop Weekly After all rain Damage/erosion Design Rectify any Inspection outcomes and structure/flume Blockages specification damage/erosion management action in site log or blockages ‘Pinned’ Silt socks Weekly During heavy rain Damage/erosion Design Rectify any Inspection outcomes and or gravel check (Q10 event) and Sediment build-up specification damage/erosion management action in site log dams after heavy rain or blockages (Q10 event) Replace/repair gaps Sediment retention Daily After all rain. Sediment build-up Measure depth Remove Inspection outcomes and pond During heavy rain of sediment sediment when management action in site log (Q10) versus pond 20% full volume Damage/function of Design Rectify any Inspection outcomes and the decants/level specifications damage/ management action in site log spreaders/fore bay blockages to fore bay Sediment fence/silt Weekly After all event Sediment build-up Measure depth Remove Inspection outcomes and socks of sediment sediment when management action in site log versus fence 20% of height height occupied Damage/erosion/w Design Rectify any Inspection outcomes and ater bypass specification damage/erosion. management action in site log Relocate devices to deal with bypass. Decanting Earth Weekly After all rain. Sediment build-up Measure depth Remove Inspection outcomes and Bund During heavy rain of sediment sediment when management action in site log (Q10) versus pond 20% full volume Damage/erosion Design Rectify any Inspection, outcomes and Blockages specifications damage/erosion management action in site log or blockages Advise GWRC within 24hrs of significant damage and management actions Stormwater Weekly After all rain Damage/erosion Design Rectify any Inspection, outcomes and Inlet Protection Blockages specifications damage/erosion management action in site log or blockages

Works in watercourse Weekly After all rain Visual release of Documented Investigate Inspection, outcomes and sediment into the method for source of management action in site log water above that works sediment and envisaged for works rectify works/modify method

7.8 Reporting Procedure The nature of issues to report and manner of reporting are outlined below:

7.8.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents Any environmental or social incidents shall be documented. The report shall be transmitted to the relevant authority by the SPMU, where necessary/applicable. The reporting shall be with a view to taking appropriate mitigation measures.

All complaints received will be investigated and a response (even if pending further investigation) is to be given to the complainant within 5 days.

The following information must be provided: • Time, date and nature of the incident/report; • Type of communication (e.g. telephone, personal meeting); • Name, house location and contact telephone number of person making the complaint. If this person wishes to remain anonymous then “not identified” is to be recorded; • Details of response and investigation undertaken as a result of the incident/complaint; • Name of person undertaking investigation of the incident/complaint; • Corrective action taken as a result of the incident/complaint.

The report shall be rendered for both internal (in-house) uses all phases of the project for internal and external (public) consumption through the regulators.

7.8.2 Record keeping Good records are the paper trail that will prove that this ESMP is working as intended. Keeping records of inspection of maintenance program for erosion control measures, training program, etc will be useful to demonstrate that the ESMP is being complied with or not. The type of records from the various management and monitoring programs include: • completed forms, checklists and maintenance logs • identified problems and corrective actions undertaken • monitoring data / results

Some other types of records will also be valuable for assisting with the implementation of the ESMP and/or ESMP Review such as: • Incident forms (especially pollution incidents and response, accidents, etc.) • Internal and external communications regarding the ESMP (e.g. with waste management) • Results of internal or external assessments and compliance visits.

7.9 Institutional Arrangements Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, this sub-section details below, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP as outlined in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5: Institutional Responsibilities S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities Implementing authority, has the mandate to: 1 SPMU  Co-ordinate all policies, programs and actions of all road construction across the States  Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programs  Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;  Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects  Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities 2 State Ministries of works,  Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards, 3 State Ministry environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation of Environment, process and criteria Ministry of  Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and 4 Lands, Survey compensation and other resettlement issues, and Urban Other MDAs  Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.  Assess implementation 5 World Bank  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.  Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant 6 Site Manager legislation;  Minimise on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;  Communicate the content of, and any changes to the site Erosion and Sediment  Control Plan to all employees and contractors;  Inspect the operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required;  Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain these devices in proper working order at all times;  Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance;  Arrange for the emptying of bins containing concrete and mortar slurries, paints and waste materials at least weekly and otherwise as necessary. Dispose of waste materials in an approved manner;  Clean any catch drains, diversion banks or table drains that have become blocked with sediment or other material (e.g. sand, soil or litter) and clean out sediment trapped behind sediment fences;  Check that drains are operating as intended, e.g. no overtopping in a storm event;  Remove sand, soil or spoil materials placed closer than two metres from waterways, gutters and site entrances;  Inspect rehabilitated areas to ensure sufficient ground cover has been established.  Apply additional amounts of fertiliser/seed in areas experiencing minor soil erosion or inadequate vegetative establishment; and  Control dust emissions from unsealed roads and exposed surfaces.

7 Contractor  Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice 8 Site  Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning to ensure Engineers/Supe adherence to good practice and the ESMP rvisors 9 Site Committee  Ensure compliance to BOQ and quality 10 Local  Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure government compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements 11 Local  Promote environmental awareness Community  Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites  Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. 12 CDA/CDOs  Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;

13 NGOs/CSOs  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns 14 Others/General  Identify issues that could derail the project Public  Support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns

7.10 Institutional Capacity Building & Training It is worthy to note that each person and indeed all persons that shall work on any aspect of the projects would have a role to play in preventing pollution and environmental degradation being compliant to the principle of this ESMP. Everyone will need some form of HSE training to help them behave responsibly. The most well written ESMP will not prevent pollution or environmental degradation if staff is not trained about the risks associated with their activities and how to deal with them.

To enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas for capacity building have been identified as deserving of attention for effective implementation of the ESMP.

The following focus area shall serve as a minimum of the type of training:  Explanation of the importance of complying with the ESMP.  Discussion of the potential environmental impacts of construction activities.  The benefits of improved personal performance.  Employees’ roles and responsibilities, including emergency preparedness.  Explanation of the mitigation measures that must be implemented when carrying out their activities.  Explanation of the specifics of this ESMP and its specification (no-go areas, etc.)  Explanation of the management structure of individuals responsible for matters pertaining to the ESMP.  Explanation of waste and pollution control management  Monitoring and Environmental Audit;  Environmental Report preparation and other reporting requirements;  Occupational Health and Safety in construction management  Pollution Control management

 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures  Site inspection and monitoring

The presentation shall be conducted, as far as is possible, in the language of choice of trainees. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity needs are given in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6: Training Modules and Cost on Environmental, Social Management and Engineering Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration Training Conducting Agency Proposed Training /Locatio Implement n ation Cost (N) Sensitization Introduction to Environment: Engineers and Workshop ½ Environmental & Social Specialists Workshop  Basic Concept of Environmental/Safeguard Working of Design Consultant/External Environment Unit, Procurements & Day Agency engaged for capacity 0.70 other relevant groups building  Environmental Regulations Million and Statutory requirements as per Government and World bank

Module I Introduction to Environment: Engineer/MoE Lecture ¼ Environmental & Social Specialists  Basic Concept of Working of Design Consultant/External Environment Day Agency engaged for capacity 0.40 building  Environmental Regulations Million and Statutory requirements as per Government and World bank Module II Environmental Considerations Engineers/MoE/ Workshop 1 Environmental & Social Specialists in projects Management: (Technical unit), Working of Design Consultant/External  Environmental components Community Day Agency engaged for capacity leaders/CDOs/NGOs building affected by project 0.40  Environmental Management Good Practices Million gully erosion control  Stakeholder and Community project Participation Module III ESMP and its integration into SPMU Engineer, Lecture ½ Environmental & Social Specialists Designs: Contractors/MOE, and Field Working of Design Consultant/External  Methodology of Assessment Visit Day Agency engaged for capacity 0.40 building of Pollution Monitoring Million  Methodology for site selection of waste disposal areas, e.t.c. Module IV Improved Coordination with Officials of MoE and other Environmental & Social Specialists other MDAs: line MDAs of Design Consultant/External  Overview of PMU Projects

 Environmental & Social Agency engaged for capacity Impacts building 0.40  Statutory Permissions – Million Procedural Requirements  Co-operation & Coordination with other Departments Module V Civil works and use of Officials of MoE, and other Environmental & Social Specialists Vegetation for gully stabilization line MDAs of Design Consultant/External in environmental management Agency engaged for capacity practices: building Roles and Responsibilities of officials/contractors/consultant 0.40 s towards protection of Million environment and Implementation Arrangements Monitoring mechanisms Module VI Monitoring and reporting Engineers, MoE, & Environmental & Social Specialists system relevant MDAs, of Design Consultant/External 0.40 Community Participatory Community Agency engaged for capacity Monitoring and Evaluation leaders/CDOs/NGOs building Million TOTAL Cost for conducting Engineering, Environmental and Social Trainings including sensitization talk/road shows 3.1 Million

7.11 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work ESMPs have associated costs. Thus to effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions shall be made for this ESMP. The Budgets for the ESMP include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing.

To effectively implement the environmental and social management measures suggested as part of the ESMP, necessary tentative budgetary provisions has been made to the tune of N7, 300,000 (Seven Million, Three Hundred Thousand Naira Only) and additional 10% contingency amounting to N730, 000 (Seven Hundred and Thirty Thousand Naira Only) summing up to a grand total of N8,030,000 (Eight Million and Thirty Thousand Naira Only). The contingency is meant for possible variation the individual sub-projects including capacity building to ensure upfront appreciation of the financial requirements and allows early planning and budgeting accordingly. A summary of the ESMP implementation work plan and budget is as contained in table 7.7 below.

Table 7.7: Summary of ESMP Implementation Work Plan and Budget S/N Activity Description Responsible Gully Pre- Gully Gully Budget* Treatmen Treatment Treatmen (N) t Period t Maintena nce 1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Disclosure of ESMP Report SPMU 0.3m

2. Allocating Budget for ESMP SPMU 3. Appointing Support Staff for SPMU 0.8m ESMP 4. Review and Approval of SPMU Contractor’s ESMP and Sediment, Waste & Safety Plan 5. Finalization of Engineering SPMU/Contracto - Designs r 6. Implementation of SPMU/Contracto 1.2m Mitigation Measures r 7. Supervising ESMP SPMU/Contracto 0.7m Implementation r 8. Environmental Auditing SPMU/FMENV/ 0.7m MoE/ Environmental Consultant 9. Monitoring & Reporting on SPMU 0.5m ESMP Implementation /Contractor 10. Engineering, Environmental Contractor/HSE 3.1m & Social Management Consultant Training (Capacity Building) 11. TOTAL 7.3m 12. CONTINGENCY (10% Cost) 0.73m 13. GRAND TOTAL 8.03m

7.12 Review and Revision of the ESMP There is need to review and update the ESMP regularly to ensure it reflects the unfolding situation that could occur on site and take into account changes that have occurred since this first version. The changes could be in the project description or new requirements/legislation coming into effect in the course of the project execution.

Any changes to the ESMP need to be reflected in the information in the ESMP about the site, pollution controls and/or programmes and systems. Each of these will therefore also need to be updated. A copy of the revised version will be sent to relevant regulatory authorities as the case maybe.

7.13 Disclosures All reasonable efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank Info Shop.

7.14 Implementation Schedule The key elements of the implementation schedule which are shown in Table 7.7 are as listed below: • Preparation and submission of the Action plan; • Nominating Environmental Management Representative; • Finalizing site(s) and layout plan(s) for construction of temporary yards incorporating environmental requirements; • Preparation and submission of construction schedule; • Implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures; • Environmental auditing: • Monitoring and reporting on ESMP implementation

7.15 Grievance Redress Mechanisms

7.15.1 Introduction The likelihood of dispute is much reduced because the few persons that shall be affected due to the erosion control project have been greatly consulted.

Nevertheless, in the event that grievances arise, this redress mechanism has been prepared. Already, the affected persons have been helped to appreciate that there are provisions for addressing any complaints or grievances. The grievance procedure will further be made available to the affected person through project implementation.

From the start, it should be understood that formal legal mechanisms for grievance resolution tends to be a lengthy, costly and acrimonious procedure. Hence non-judicial, dialogue-based approaches for preventing and addressing community grievances are advocated.

The Grievance mechanisms designed herewith has the objective of solving disputes at the earliest possible time, which is in the interest of all parties concerned; it thus implicitly discourages referring such matters to the law courts for resolution, which would take a considerably longer time.

7.15.2 Grievance Redress Process There is no ideal model or one-size-fits-all approach to grievance resolution. The best solutions to conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs, and project conditions and scale. In its simplest form, grievance mechanisms can be broken down into the following primary components:  Receiving and registering a complaint.  Screening and assessing the complaint.  Formulating a response. 64

 Selecting a resolution approach.  Implementing the approach.  Announcing the result.  Tracking and evaluating the results.  Learning from the experience and communicate back to all parties involved.  Preparing a timely report to management on the nature and resolution of grievances.

7.15.3 Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) The project will establish a Grievance Redress Committee. GRC will hear complaints and facilitate solutions; and the process, as a whole, will promote dispute settlement through mediation to reduce litigation. The main functions of GRC will be:  to provide support to PAPs on problems arising out of eligibility for calculated entitlements and assistance provided;  to record the grievances of the PAPs, and categorize, prioritize and resolve them within one month;  to inform SPMU of serious cases within one week; and  to report to the aggrieved parties about the developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the SPMU, within one month.

The committee will suggest corrective measures at the field level itself and fix responsibilities for implementation of its decisions. In terms of implementation, all efforts will be made to first resolve the issue faced by PAPs at the field level.

After due interaction with the PAPs and relevant stakeholders the following persons were unanimously appointed to constitute the GRC as follows: The Chairman Obizi Autonomous Community –as Chairman of the Committee; Site Committee member are comprised of: A representative of the identified PAPs, a representative of the Ezinihitte- Mbaise local government area (LGA land officer), elected representative of the community at the LGA-CGC, and a representation of the Imo State PMU.

As the first point of call for resolving grievances, a compliant desk to collate petitions, complaints, etc from aggrieved parties should be opened at the Local Government Secretariat manned by the Desk officer on the project. He refers all the issues to SPMU who ensures appropriate channel of resolution of such grievances are reached with a view to resolving the issues.

Aggrieved parties have the options of reporting directly to SPMU via Telephone calls, SMS and e-mails for action.

As the first order of call in resolving grievances, the Site Committee members will deal with any grievance that comes up. This will ensure equal treatment across cases and elimination of nuisance claims and satisfy legitimate claimants at low cost.

If this fails, the Community head will intervene in resolving the grievances.

Should this fail, the Local Government Desk Officer, who liaises with the Site committee members and the Grievance Committee as well as the SPMU will try and resolve the grievance.

If this fails, the local government Chairman will step in.

If this fails as well, the Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist of the SPMU who will liaise with the ESMP Implementation Committee will deal with the issues of grievance.

If this fails aggrieved party will have the option of resolving the issues with the Project Coordinator of SPMU. If the Project Coordinator is not able to resolve it then the ESMP Implementation Advisory Committee resolves it. If this is not sufficient the Honourable Commissioner for Environment will try to resolve the issue that is contentious.

The judicial system will be the last resort to redress the issues if informal conciliation does not resolve the matter. This, admittedly, is a costly and time-consuming procedure. Nevertheless, affected persons will be exempted from administrative and legal fees incurred pursuant to this grievance redress procedure.

7.15.4 Expectation When Grievances Arise When local people present a grievance, they expect to be heard and taken seriously. Therefore, the SPMU and others such as the engineers involved in one aspect of the project or other must convince people that they can voice grievances and work to resolve them without retaliation. Any or all of the followings is or are expected from the project management/channel of grievance resolution by the local people:  acknowledgement of their problem,  an honest response to questions/issues brought forward,  an apology, adequate compensation,  modification of the conduct that caused the grievance and some other fair remedies

7.15.5 Management of Reported Grievances The procedure for managing grievances should be as follows: a. The affected person shall file his/ her grievance, relating to any issue associated with the ESMP process, in writing or phone to the project ESMP Implementation committee (Phone numbers will be provided by the SPMU). Where it is written, the grievance note should be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. And where it is phone, the receiver should document every detail. b. A selected member of the Site Committee will act as the Project Liaison Officer who will be the direct liaison with PAPs in collaboration with an independent agency/NGO person ensure to objectivity in the grievance process. c. Where the affected person is unable to write, the local Project Liaison Officer will write the note on the aggrieved person’s behalf. d. Any informal grievances will also be documented

7.15.6 Grievance Log and Response Time The process of grievance redress will start with registration of the grievance/s to be addressed, for reference purposes and to enable progress updates of the cases. Thus a Grievance Form will be filed with the Grievance Redress Committee by the person affected by the project. The Form/Log (Table 7.8) should contain a record of the person responsible for an individual complaint, and records dates for the date the complaint was reported; date the Grievance Log was uploaded onto the project database; date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant (if appropriate), the date the complaint was closed out and the date response was sent to complainant.

The Project Liaison officer working with the local Government Desk Officer in recording all grievances will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number, and is appropriately tracked and recorded actions are completed.

The response time will depend on the issue to be addressed but it should be addressed with efficiency. The Grievance committee will act on it within 10 working days of receipt of grievances. If no amicable solution is reached, or the affected person does not receive a response within 15 working days, the affected person can appeal to a designated office in the SPMU, which should act on the grievance within 15 working days of its filing.

Table 7.8: A Typical Reporting Format for Grievance Redress Community Type of Grievance Grievance Resolution project & Name of

Complainant

Date Date Case

other

about about

Date of Date

options

Pending Pending

received received

the Court the

t benefits t benefits

complaint

n not paid notn paid

referred to to referred

acquisition

inadequate

impacts and and impacts

Resettlemen

awarded are awarded

Affected, but but Affected,

n awarded is is awarded n

not provided

not informed informed not Compensatio Compensatio assets before Community Project 1 Complainant A Complainant B Complainant C Community Project 2 Complainant D Complainant E TOTAL

7.15.7 Monitoring Complaints The Project Liaison Officer will be responsible for:  providing the grievance Committee with a weekly report detailing the number and status of complaints  any outstanding issues to be addressed monthly reports, including analysis of the type of complaints, levels of complaints, actions to reduce complaints and initiator of such action.

CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 67

8.1 Community Consultations The consultation carried out in the course of the preparation of this ESMP dovetailed that already initiated and established by SPMU which, as the case may be, SPMU routinely carries out in the project zone.

It is recognised that one key factor that exists in all successful approaches to project development and implementation is participation by relevant stakeholders. The more direct involvement of the local level people in the planning and management processes, the greater the likelihood that resource use and protection problems will be solved as well as the likelihood of development opportunities occurring in a balanced way and to the broad benefit of all communities in the project area.

Community Participation was considered in the entire process as a fundamental tool for: managing two-way communication between the SPMU and the public, building understanding and improving decision-making by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons groups and organizations with a stake and reducing the likelihood for conflicts

8.2 The Objectives of Public Consultation Consultations 1. Canvass the inputs, views and concerns; and take account of the information and views of the public in the project design and in decision making. 2. Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 3. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs and ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits maximized; 4. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; 5. Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive manner; 6. Improve transparency and accountability in decision-making; and Increase public confidence in the project.

8.3 Methodology Public consultation was one of the several instruments used in gathering socio-economic situation and concerns of the people. Different consultation approaches and methods were used depending on the group of stakeholders to be consulted. The stakeholders include individuals, groups, communities and organizations were generally consulted through the administration of structured questionnaires for households, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for stakeholders and in-depth interviews. Some of the specific methods used while consulting the stakeholders include:

 In-depth interviews with community leaders of the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders);  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholder and project affected communities;  Town Hall meetings;  Courtesy calls on political leaders and agencies etc

8.4 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, women and youth organizations, site committee members, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected and business owners, etc. Also consulted was the SPMU team at IMO-NEWMAP. Plate 8.1 shows Some Relevant Stakeholders met during the consultations while the detailed summary evidence in pictures and attendance of the different groups consulted are shown in Appendix 2.

At the meeting the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also told to the stakeholders.

A summary of the issues/comments raised by the various stakeholders and how the issues were/are addressed at the meetings or by the Project are highlighted in table 8.1.

Table 8.1: A summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings Issues/Comments Raised by Community/Groups Response by the combined Project team/SPMU  We are very happy to see the project come out successful  SPMU is happy to have everyone’s support as the as we shall cooperate and support the successful execution project is for the common good of everyone, especially of the project. those that are close to the gully corridors.  This erosion problem has been giving us nightmare  With the supervision of the World Bank and even you because the community may be engulfed by the gully if care the community members, the quality of work can be is not taken. ensured.  The community wants the NEWMAP engineer to come and  The engineer will address as soon as possible. The sites address the community and also wants the culverts coming to work on are many, but this is one of the first to be from the Obizi market down the watershed to be given priority. strengthened.  Qualified persons shall be engaged by the contractors  Opinions of the people must be made to count by utilizing at the various sites on merit. information/suggestion provided as the youth leader Mr  The project shall commence once all the necessary Chukwunyere Egeonu expressed fears as per poor documentations are ready construction. Please, ensure that the quality of the rehabilitation is worthwhile so that we do not face reoccurrence again.  How soon will the project commence, we are tired of waiting?

Plate 8.1: Some pictures taken during public consultation with the various stakeholders

Chapter 9 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

The study has provided a clear process including action plans required to integrate environmental and social considerations into the proposed intervention project at Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site located in Ezinihitte Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. It measures the basis bio-physical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site, identified sensitive environmental parameters that may be impacted on at the various phases of project development objective of NEWMAP is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas, the ESMP for the proposed Eziala-Obizi gully erosion intervention, adequately provides the guidelines for achieving the NEWMAP objectives without compromising the tangible and intangible human and environmental values with the project area.

The study has established that most residents in the area engage in secondary and tertiary occupation while few are engaged in small holding farming activity near the gully alignment as their main economic activity. During the data gathering process, participants generally appraised their living standard and socio-economic status which is typical of a rural environment.

Examination of ground situation showed that the nature and extent of expansion of the gully erosion has increased the vulnerability of lives and properties along the Eziala and Umuchima of Obizi community in particular and it’s surrounding communities. The intervention works will positively and otherwise impacts on human lives, flora and the general environment where civil and other works activities will take place.

The communities of the proposed project area have indicated their desire for the intervention, calling for better drainage system and access road to enhance the socio-economic development of the project affected communities without destroying the already existing infrastructures. Thus, the proposed Eziala-Obizi gully erosion intervention is highly welcome development by the affected communities at the upper, middle and lower gully catchments.

Therefore, to enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention by the Imo NEWMAP at all the phases of project execution, the mitigation measures provided in the Eziala-Obizi ESMP should be strictly followed.

REFERENCES

 CSIR. 2002. Guidelines for standardized Environmental Management Plans for projects within the water resource management component of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. CSIR Report ENV-P- C 2002-032. Prepared for DWAF, Directorate: Social and Ecological Services, Pretoria.  Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT). 2004b. Environmental Management Plans, Integrated Environmental Management Information Series 12. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.  Hill R.C. (2000): Integrated Environmental Management Systems in the implementation of projects. South African Journal of Science 96: 50-54.  Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.  Ministry Of Agriculture And Animal Resources (Minagri) (2010): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Nyanza 23 Sub Project , Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting And Hillside Irrigation Project (LWH) Prepared by Green and Clean Solution Ltd  NEWMAP, 2012: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document  NEWMAP, 2012: Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document  NEWMAP 2012: Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document  NEWMAP 2012: Project Implementation Manual (PIM) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project: World Bank Document  Ramsay , J. (2006): Compendium on Relevant Practices on Improved Decision-Making, Planning and Management of Dams and their Alternatives, Key Issue – Environmental Management Plans, Final Report , United Nations Environment Programme Dams and Development Project, November  UNEP (1988): Environmental Impact Assessment, Basic procedures for developing Countries.  World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C January, po  Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999): Summary of The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Second National Fadama Development Project (NFDP II)  Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (2003): Third National Fadama Development Project (Fadama III), Rural Infrastructure, Manual No. 4, August  J. Poesena, J., Nachtergaelea, J., Verstraetena, G., & Valentinb, C (2002): Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs, Catena 50 (2003) 91–13, www.elsevier.com/locate/catena  LAKEW DESTA & BELAYNEH ADUGNA (2012): A Field Guide on Gully Prevention and Control A Field Guide on Gully Prevention and Control, Nile Basin Initiative Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENS AP)  Umec Associates, a Consulting Civil, Structural and Water Resources Engineering firm, is one of the consultants engaged by the Anambra State Ministry of Environment to study and design appropriate erosion control structures for St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza gully gully erosion site,  Civil Contractors Federation (,2011):ENVIRONMENTAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINEs EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL  Otti V. I., Ejikeme, I. R., Nwafor, A.U. (The Environmental Effects of the Drainage System and Flood Control in Awka Urban City  International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2013 ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 28  Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Nigeria climatic data: Owerri. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.095

APPENDICES 71

APPENDIX 1: TOR for the development of ESMP for Eziala Obizi Gully Erosion site, Ezinihitte Mbaise, Imo State

TERMS OF REFERENCE

FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR EZIALA, OBIZI GULLY EROSION SITE IN EZINIHITTE MBAISE LGA, IMO STATE UNDER THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectorial Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely: Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo.

The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project,given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.

The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific cost, measurable, and actions that can be monitored for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans. ESMF. In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA and an EA) and/or (2) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects.

RPF. The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments.

Objective and Scope of the Consultancy The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Eziala, Obizi Gully Erosion site sub-project(s) in Ezinihitte-Mbaise LGA, Imo State intervention site(s).

Each ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site.

The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground.

In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructure potentially affected during project implementation and operation and selects the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated.

Tasks of the consultant include the following: a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour- long rainfall); 72

d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

SHORT SUMMARY OF THIS INTERVENTIONSITE: The Eziala, Obizi gully erosion site is in Ezinihitte-Mbaise LGA, Imo State of Nigeria. Eziala, Obizi is located within Latitudes N 05° 28’ andN 05° 30’, and Longitudes E 007° 19’ and E 007° 23’ comprising a total of 5 villages The Erosion and Watershed Map of Eziala Obizi is shown in Figure 1. The Eziala, Obizi gully erosion Site has an estimated length of 980m and 17m depth with an average top and bottom widths of 47m and 7m respectively. The Problem The problem started as a small rill in the rarely seventies along the old road to the Nwokobo River. This minor gully was advancing gradually over the years until the late eighties, when it escalated into a very active and ravaging gully following several grading of the local roads characterized with poorly finished jobs with no drainage channels or badly done stream channels. The gully activity had been very progressive, as it has continued to expand leterally and head-wards with the rains. As at the time of our investigation, there were very visible signs of recent side slope failures and slides. The gully is fast advancing into the crowded residential areas of Umueze Eziala, Obizi community. The Solutions The solution option for the gully hazards is proper management of prevailing flood flow path to the gully and subsequently controls the gully responsible to the outfall watershed using chute spillway and stilling basin, side drains and culverts, rip-rap resting on geotextile, then gabion weirs stilling pool placed 100m intervals along the gully bed to slow down the flow velocity. These measures serve as water energy dissipators/hydraulic control structures or check dams. Apart from velocity control, the hydraulic structures also stabilize the invert/bottom of the gully as a step in erosion mitigation.

RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY The destructive effects of this Gully erosion is not only the annual washing away of the soil and nutrients which decreases the productivity of the soil and yields from agricultural crops, but extends to lives and properties of people around this community. They gully erosion problem is critically studied and appropriate erosion control structures sited at right places within the study area. With the road repaired and maintained, it will ease the transportation of farm products from the community to urban areas and reduce the degradation of land and loss of soil nutrients and subsequent loss of life. If appropriate measures taken, the soil particles and shortages will drastically reduce.

The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:

 A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family).

 A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined throughthorough documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or will be resolved (note that an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) could be developed for the Site, and this is covered under separate TORs).  Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artefacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings. Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews, structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions). Other Taskstasks: The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. Qualifications The consultant(s) must have expertise and advanced degrees earned in relevant fields including but not limited to: civil/environmental engineering, environmental sciences, or the social sciences. Minimum experience should be eight (8) years with a minimum specific experience of four (4) years on planning related to infrastructure development or disaster response.

The consultant(s) must have experience in design and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for infrastructure projects. The consultant(s) must have competency and documented experience in social and environmental scientific analysis and development of operational action plans.

The consultant(s) must have a working knowledge of World Bank operational safeguards policies gained through hands-on experience in the preparation and implementation of environmental and social management plans in an urban area.

Outputs expected & Deliverables and timing

 Inception Report: One week after contract signing.  Week 4: A draft ESMP will be submitted for comments in Four weeks from the date of signing the contract.  Week 6: The draft final ESMP Report will take into account all comments, and will be submitted to the SPMU.  Week 8: The Final ESMP acceptable to SPMU Imo State and to the World Bank. A comprehensive database of relevant information collected in Excel format.

Project-specific Background Documents

 Environmental and Social Management Framework(ESMF)  Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)  NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD)  NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM)  World Bank safeguards policies  Intervention design

Estimated cost It is estimated that the duration and cost of consultancy for the preparation of this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be for …days at N Naira per day which comes to N. Associated field research costs will also be covered under the terms of the assignment- including payment for field researchers and associated travel costs.  Payment of field researchers: = N  Acquisition and Analysis high resolution imageries for the referenced depiction of site characteristics : = N  Analysis and establishment of critical baseline = N  Refreshment and Logistics for consultations; = N  Transportation Costs: = N  Hotels, Food and incidentals : = N  Contingency* = N  Production of report/deliverable = N  SubTotal =N The total budget for the assignment is estimated at around N………… (Approx $...... )

Payment Schedule

10% of Contract sum on successful conclusion of inception deliverable 30 % of Contract sum on submission of Draft Report 40% of Contract sum on submission of Draft Final Report 10% of Contract sum of submission and Acceptance of Final Report

Annex 1: Outline and Substance of the ESMP report The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs:

Cover page Table of contents List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction  Description of the proposed intervention  Rationale for ESMP  Map

Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management  Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity  Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks

Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment  Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions

Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders  Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels  Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area  Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons  Other topics as relevant

Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives  Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project  Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely future scenario without intervention;  Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project

Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including:  Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities  Capacity building plan  Public consultation plan  Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities  Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project  Costs of implementing the ESMP

Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion

Annex 1: List of Persons Met Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies Annex 3: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil Works. Annex 4: References Annex 5: Summary of the database of information collected for ESMP Annex 6: Maps Annex 7: Photos

APPENDIX 2: Summary evidence (Pictures & Attendance) of Stakeholders’ consultation with different groups at the project area

Appendix 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2)  Use of Country Systems (OP 4.00). The Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes. To encourage the development and effective application of such systems and thereby focus on building borrower capacity beyond individual project settings, the Bank is piloting the use of borrower systems in Bank-supported projects. The key objective of the pilot program is to improve overall understanding of implementation issues related to greater use of country systems. To be used where, in the Bank’s judgment, the country’s system would materially satisfy the objectives and operational principles of the applicable Bank policies. Using country systems enhances country ownership and thus the sustainability of development programs. In addition, using country systems can lower transaction costs and increase aid effectiveness by providing a natural focal point for Supporter efforts to harmonize their processes.  Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by RAMP.  Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the RAMP.  Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to RAMP  Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The ESMF and RPF reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.  Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under RAMP.  Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the

Appendix 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2) Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under RAMP.  Physical Cultural Properties (OP 4.11). Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance. This policy addresses physical cultural resources, 1 which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices. It is implemented as an element of the Environmental Assessment. RAMP will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.  Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does apply to RAMP 1 since the policy is not triggered under the project.  Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to RAMP.  Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by RAMP.  Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50). Supports decision making by the Borrower and Bank by allowing the public access to information on environmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that have specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank INFO-Shop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards).

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)  Inform himself and those who work with him about this ESMP.  Prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of the ESMP.  If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the PMU reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.  Where it is established that there are persist flouting of the guidelines and other relevant provisions sanction shall be made on the contractor Sustainability Issues  The Contractor shall ensure in its performance of the construction service to ensure that it uses working methods, equipment and materials that will improve the sustainability of delivering the contract requirements, with particular emphasis on the following sustainability objectives: o Increased recycled content; o Reduced transport distances; o Whole life cost considerations; o Reduced energy use and CO2 emissions; o Waste reduction; and o Reducing impact on the community i.e. noise and disruption of traffic).  The Contractor shall encourage their supply chain to help them meet the sustainability objectives of this contract.  The Contractor shall produce a materials sourcing plan for the items covered under the Schedule of Rates Transport of products and tools to the site . Delivery of products to the site in concentrated form and then dilution on site . Use of reusable containers to transport products to the site . Delivery of products in bulk and outside peak traffic times . Disposal of used products or packaging from products . Products or packaging taken away for reuse, recycling or appropriate disposal by the contractor Training of contractor staff The contractor needs to indicate members of its Staff who are trained on the environmental impact of their work and the environmental policy of the authority on whose project they will be working. Health and Safety . Precautions for maintenance of Contractor’s personnel H&S . Appointment of an accident prevention officer at the site and reporting on H&S conditions HIV-AIDS prevention Prohibitions  Prohibitions on child labour  Prohibitions on forced labour.  Prevent pollution of water bodies and neighbouring environ from wastes arising from construction sites. Taking Over of Site By Contractor  The date on which the site is handed over to the Contractor shall be recorded and certified in writing by both the Engineer and the Contractor’s Agent and from the date on which the site is taken over the Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining that portion of road in good condition and for repairing damage of an kind to the road culverts or bridges from whatever cause arising whether caused by constructional traffic or not. Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land  Where it is necessary to enter onto land during the course of construction or maintenance for the purpose of making temporary road diversions, winning construction or maintenance materials or for any other reason, the landowner or occupier shall first be consulted by the Contractors, and his written permission obtained. In the event of the owner of occupier withholding his permission full

circumstances of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and no further action shall be taken until his instructions are received.  Under no circumstances is land to be interfered with until the compensation, if any, has been paid by the Contractors.  When permission has been obtained and work is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that no unnecessary damage is caused to the land and that all reasonable precautions are taken to prevent soil erosion, and mosquito breeding. On completion of the work, all land shall be left in a tidy condition with the sides of all borrow pits battered down to a reasonable slope as directed by the Engineer’s Representative. All borrow pits shall be adequately drained to as to prevent storm water collecting in them. No compensation will be paid to the Contractors for any delays due to negotiations with the owners of the land. Any costs incurred in complying with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices. Notice Of Operations  No important operation, particularly blocking or cutting of any road, water pipe or other services shall be carried out without the consent in writing of the Engineer. The request in writing must be made sufficiently in advance of the time of operation so as to enable him to make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary for its inspection and the provision of all relevant safety precautions. Weather Conditions  The Contractor shall be deemed to have taken weather conditions into account when preparing his Tender and he shall not be entitled to extension of time by reason of the occurrence of delays due to weather unless he can show that such conditions could not have been reasonably foreseen in the area of the site. Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams  The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to secure the efficient protection of all ditches, streams and waterways against pollution. Copies Of Orders  The Contractor and Sub-contractors shall provide the Engineer’s Representative with copies of all order, which they may place for the supply of materials or goods required in connection with the Works. Work During Period Of Maintenance  After the commencement of the period of maintenance the Contractor shall do nothing, which might endanger the safety of the public, and he shall obey all instructions of the Engineer or other duly authorised person or authority in this regard. Throughout the Period of Maintenance the Contractor shall notify the Engineer’s Representative what work or operations it is intended to carry out on the Site, and he shall obey any instructions which the Engineer’s Representative may give as to times and manner of working so that any inconvenience to the Public is kept to a minimum

General 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.

(d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed.

4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.

5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.

14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings.

17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention

19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.

20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.

21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.

22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.

23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.

24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.

25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.

26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.

31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management

32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.

33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.

34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities.

35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.

36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.

38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting

42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE.

43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times.

44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.

46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.

47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety

49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points.

51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property

52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.

53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP)

54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

Appendix 4: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. EHS Reporting

57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:  EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;  Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.

Training of Contractor’s Personnel

59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  emergency procedures; and  social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance

60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

Appendix 5: Summary of some of the Database of Information Collected

Soil Characteristics Samp Locati Depth Atterberg Compaction C.B.R. Natura le No. on (M) Limit Values l Percentage passing B.S. Sieves

% moistu LL PL PI 4.76m 7 14 25 36 52 100 200 O.MC. M.D.D re m % gl/cm conten 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.4 0.30 0.15 0.07 3 t 4.175 0 0 0 5

Specificgravity BH1 1. 0.0 – 1m 35 11 24 96 88 8o 64 23 28 17 12 10% 1.93 10% 10% 3.0 BH2 2 0.0 – 2m - - - 99 93 77 53 46 10 6 4. - - - - 2.6 BH3 3 0.0 – 2m - - - 100 89 75 68 51 47 31 12. 13% 1.82. 49% 9% 2.7 BH4 4. 0.0 – 1m 32 22 10 100 99 96 95 70 55 38. - - 2.6 BH5 5. 0.4 – 2m 21 12 10 100 99 98 94 80 75 57 37. 16% 1.91. 39% 16% 3.0 BH6 6. 0.2 – 2m 22 16 6 98 86 61 45 38 27 15 10 15% 1.70 17% 14% 2.5

BPT 7. 1m> 18 14 4 100 99 86 52 42 20 11 8% 1.90 6% 11% -

BPT 8 0.5> 34 20 14 99 95 92 82 63 60 40 10 1.93 70% 10% 2.1

Result of Water Samples at the Proposed Intervention Area S/N Parameter Up Stream Downstream FMENV LIMIT (N (N (E (E A Physical Appearance Colourless Colourless Clear Temperature 31.2 30.6 < 40 0C pH 6.5 8.5 6.0-9.0 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable NS Turbidity 3.0 3.0 NS Conductivity 61.0 73.7 NS Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 6,653mg/l 7,310mg/l NS Total Suspended Solid 1,337mg/l 1,684mg/l NS Total Hardness 1,441 1,750 NS Total Hydrocarbon Content 3.2 3.4 10mg/l B Chemical DO (mg/l) 6.6 6.0 >2 BOD (mg/l) 15.0 10.3 90.0mg/l COD (mg/l) 1324 1231 Chloride(mg/l) 3.22 5.15 250 Hardness (mg CaCO3/l) 117 117 200 C Heavy metals Ca mg/l 53.3 53.9 180mg/l Fe mg/l 0.02 0.03 0.1mg/l Pb mg/l 0.04 0.04 0.1mg/l Zn mg/l 0.03 0.06 0.2mg/l

Cu mg/l 0.04 0.07 1.0mg/l Cd mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.5mg/l Cr mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.5mg/l Mg mg/l 62.3 63.3 40.0mg/l K mg/l 0.32 0.40 XXX D Biological THBC (cfu/100ml) THBC (cfu/100ml) 1.1 x THBC (cfu/100ml) 104 1.1 x 104