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Clicking Here Contents PART I FORENSIC MEDICINE Section 1: General Aspects 5 – 159 1. Introduction and Legal Procedure 5 2. Medical Law and Ethics 26 3. Identification 59 4. Mass Disaster 118 5. Medicolegal Autopsy 119 6. Examination of Decomposed Bodies, Mutilated Bodies, Fragmentary Remains and Bones 151 7. Exhumation 158 Section 2: Thanatology 161 – 203 8. Thanatology, Death and Its Causes 162 9. Signs of Death and Changes Following Death 173 10. Artifacts 200 Section 3: Injuries and their Significance 205 – 364 11. Injuries: Classification and Medicolegal Aspects 206 12. Mechanical Injuries 232 13. Firearm Injuries 255 14. Thermal Injuries 299 15. Explosion Injuries 311 16. Electrical Injuries, Atmospheric Lightning, Radiation Injury 316 17. Regional Injuries 324 18. Traffic Accidents 355 Section 4: Deaths from Other Causes 365 – 416 19. Asphyxia 366 20. Starvation 405 21. Deaths Associated with Anaesthesia and Surgery 408 22. Deaths Due to Cold and Heat 412 Section 5: Medicolegal Aspects Relating to Sex and Marriage 417 – 488 23. Impotence and Sterility 418 24. Virginity, Pregnancy and Delivery 427 25. Sexual Offences 440 26. Abortion 464 27. Infant Deaths Including Battered Baby Syndrome 474 Section 6: Forensic Psychiatry 489 – 504 28. Forensic Psychiatry 490 Section 7: Forensic Science 505 – 539 29. Blood and Biological Stains 506 30. Forensic Science Laboratory 533 PART II TOXICOLOGY Section 8: General Principles Relating to Poisons 543 – 580 31. Introduction, Classification of Poisons, Law Relating to Poisons and General Considerations 544 32. General Principles of Management 568 Section 9: Corrosive Poisons 581 – 592 33. Corrosives 582 Section 10: Irritant Poisons 593 – 663 34. Non-Metallic Irritants and Mechanical Irritants 594 35. Agricultural Poisons 598 36. Metallic Irritants 613 37. Vegetable Poisons 631 38. Animal Poisons 639 39. Food Poisoning and Poisonous Foods 655 Section 11: Poisons Acting on the Brain and Spinal Cord 665 – 709 40. CNS Depressants 666 41. Deliriant Poisons 696 42. Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Poisons 706 Section 12: Poisons Acting on Other Parts of the Body 711 – 751 43. Cardiac Poisons 712 44. Asphyxiants and Toxic Gases 720 45. Pharmaceutical Toxicology 733 46. Drug Dependence and Abuse 737 47. Miscellaneous Poisons 750 Appendix 752 Index 790 How this Book is Organized This book is written primarily for students. Emphasis is on presenting information in a logical, systematic, clear and concise manner for better, easier and faster memorization. Text is presented at two levels – regular information is given in normal font; extra information including conceptual and historical information and case studies has been rendered in small type. This enables the student to quickly differentiate between what is essential for exam, and what can be read at leisure for building of concepts. In addition, the book presents following essential features: court cases, appendices and an extensive index have been included. Table 19: Sex differences in human scapula IDENT IDENT exceptional circumstances to arrest her at these times, 1 3 Coracoid A S.No Criteria Male Female only a woman police officer can do so, and that too (1, 15) st I I by obtaining prior permission of a 1 class Judicial F F 1. Height of scapula >157 mm <144 mm I Subcoracoid I Magistrate within whose local jurisdiction the offence CAT (16, 17) CAT 2. Height of Glenoid cavity >39.2 mm <32.6 mm . I I is committed or the arrest is to be made. [S.46(4), CrPC] ON ON (2) Entering the house of a female in order to arrest a Normal “carrying angle” of the elbow varies between 5 person – If police officer needs to arrest a person to 15 degrees. This angle permits the forearms to clear hiding in a house, he can enter the house forcefully the hips in swinging movements during walking, and if free access to him is now allowed. If the place is an Acromion is important when carrying objects. This is more in (16, 20) (3) apartment in the actual occupancy of a female (not girls. Sex differences in minor bones: (i) Metacarpals - being the person to be arrested) who, according to Metacarpal 2 is best for sex determination; metacarpal custom, does not appear in public, police officer must, 3 is worst. (ii) Patella - (a) Vol – Male > 15 cc; Female before entering such apartment, give notice to such Fig. 3.33: (1) Scapula showing ages < 11 cc. Measured by putting patella in a container of female that she is at liberty to withdraw and shall 4 of appearance and union of ossification (4) C water. Accuracy of sexing adult skeletal remains – afford her every reasonable facility for withdrawing, centers in years. (2) X-ray of shoulder According to American anthropologist Wilton Krogman of an 18 year old boy. Acromion [A] has and may then break open the apartment and enter it SC appeared [>16y] but not united [>20y]. (1903–1987) the percentage accuracy of determining (3) [S.47(1), CrPC]. Examination of an arrested woman Information presented 2 Please note that head of humerus has sex when one or more bones are given is as follows by doctor at the request of police officer – Can be done just united and is showing an epiphyseal A scar [18 y]. (3) X-ray of shoulder of an [Table 20]. without her consent, by applying reasonable force. in points for easy Table 20: Accuracy in sexing adult skeletal remains 17 year old boy. Findings same as above But such examination can be done only be a female memorization. except that head of humerus has not S.No Bone Accuracy doctor, or under her supervision [S.53(2), CrPC] (4) united [<18y]. (4) X-ray of shoulder of an 16 year old boy. Subcoracoid [SC] has Examination of an arrested woman at the time of arrest 1. Entire skeleton 100% appeared [>16y] but not united [<17y]. - If any person is arrested, it is mandatory for police Coracoid [C] should have united by now. 2. Pelvis + Skull 98% to have him examined from a Govt medical officer. In this case, which is a variation, coracoid 3. Pelvis alone 95% In case of his non-availability examination can be is still showing minor non-union. 4. Skull alone 90% done by any doctor. But if the arrested person is a female, only a female medical officer can examine Heading 2 5. Long bones alone 80% her [S.54(1), CrPC]. (5) Searching a woman suspect – If (5) Medullary index of bones – Medullary index of long a search has to be made on the body of a woman, she bones [tibia, humerus, radius, ulna etc] is can only be searched by another woman, and that too Diameter of medulla with strict regard to decency [S.100(3), CrPC]. # 100. Attempts have been made to Diameter of shaft D. Age determine age and sex from this, but have been largely 1. Age Estimation in the Living unsuccessful. (6) From bone marrow – DNA based a. Methods of determination Heading 3 2 m 4-5 years [please see above] 3 m H C methods of determination of sex . Medial 4-5 yearsLateral H Age of an individual can be determined from (i) teeth H C T T C Tq 5. ML importance of sex Lower end (ii) bones (iii) secondary sexual characters and (iv) Lower end T L S of radius Sex has to be determined (1) Sexual P 4-5 years of radius appeared [A] - in cases of Admission general development (v) Miscellaneous features. 9-12 3 years 4 years to school (2) Concealed sex (3) Discrimination (4) Divorce characteristics are recognized at 3 levels. Primary sexual characteristics years appeared (5) are the external sex organs. They are already present at birth and thus X-ray 1 X-ray 2 Employment - A licensed vendor of country liquor make it possible to determine whether a newborn child is a boy or a Heading 4 or intoxicating drug cannot employ any female to girl. Secondary sexual characteristics are physical features that develop work on his premises [S.30 Punjab Excise Act 1914]. during puberty and which further accentuate the anatomical difference (6) Heirship (7) Impotence (8) Rape allegations – Only between males and females. Tertiary sexual characteristics are those a male can be charged of rape u/s375IPC. In June 2012, behavioral and psychological qualities that are nurtured in one sex and there were allegations of rape against Pinki Pramanik, who had won discouraged in the other. They include features like playing with dolls several athletic gold medals as a female. The allegations were made vs. guns and being interested in cooking on a stove vs. repairing a stove. H by a 32 y old married woman, who had left her husband to come and Tertiary characteristics are insignificant. C Td live with her. On examination she was found to have both male and i. Teeth Tq female reproductive organs. The case is pending in court. Pramanik L Lower end H head of 1st Heading 5 Tq C can be convicted of rape only it is proved that she is a male. (9) For deduction of other parameters from teeth please see of radius T metacarpal Lower end H d Tm appeared C P S not united (10) below under the heading “Teeth and bitemarks [forensic of ulna L T after sex reassignment surgery Inheritance and Tq S m L Td odontology]”. Criteria from which age can be determined appeared Lower Lower end Succession of property [B] Different protocols to be end of own characteristic secondary markings on the bullet, which are often (1) are (a) Eruption and calcification of teeth and root of radius Twist applied in relation to sex: Arrest of a woman: (i) ulna calledappeared the “fingerprint of the gun”.
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