CARNEGIE COUNCIL ON ETHICS AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
2003 YEARBOOK AND ANNUAL REPORT
SPECIAL SECTION WITH ESSAYS, BOOK REVIEW SUMMARIES, CLASSROOM TOOLS, & MORE Contents
YEARBOOK 1 Letter from the President 2 The Carnegie Council Covers the New War 6 The Carnegie Council Reviews Core Themes 10 The Carnegie Council is thinking about . . . BOOKS 14 The Carnegie Council is thinking about . . . FILMS 16 The Carnegie Council is thinking about . . . CLASSROOM TOOLS 18 The Carnegie Council is thinking about . . . PEOPLE ANNUAL REPORT 21 Frequently Asked Questions 22 Activities 26 Contributors 28 Fellows 29 Officers, Trustees, & Staff 30 Financial Summary 31 Publications 32 Membership Letter from the President
he Carnegie Council is a place of learning – a home for study and reflec- tion on issues of war, peace, and social justice. Part think tank, part class- T room, and part publisher, the Council generates resources for opinion makers, policy makers, community leaders, educators, students, and concerned citizens. How do we accomplish this mission? Our tools are varied. They include Merrill House public affairs programs, scholarly and reference publications, a mid-career fellows pro- gram, a resource-rich Web site, and faculty development programs at colleges and uni- versities worldwide. To capture the essence of the past program year, we have created a “yearbook” featur- ing essays on the main ideas raised at recent Council meetings and in our print and online publications. The lead essay, which was previously published as a supplement to our
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 1 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Covers the New War
HE MOST DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF argued that the “rules have changed since the the “new war" on terrorism is the attacks of September 11th, as the circumstances T moral framework in which it has under which we defined the lawful use of force no been cast. Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the longer exist.” Given its overwhelming military Bush administration abandoned its rhetoric of might, the United States is unlikely to be engaged in arch-realism – emphasizing core national interests conventional warfare with another nation state. over humanitarian concerns – for one of robust Rather, it must face a new class of enemy consisting moralism. Confronting terrorism and its support- of non-state actors who flout the traditional con- ing “axis of evil" is now the central organizing prin- ventions of war by targeting civilians – and who are ciple of American foreign policy, setting the stage threatening to use nuclear, chemical, and biological for military campaigns first in Afghanistan and then weapons. in Iraq.Yet the approach raises inevitable questions. And if asymmetrical warfare is one rationale This essay presents the three main questions that driving the argument for new rules, another is the have emerged from the pages of the Carnegie nature of modern weaponry. The new generation of Council’s
2 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs The logic of preventive war has trumped the ethical limits that seem to have prevented the United CARNEGIE COUNCIL FELLOW “ States from engaging in this particular form of war in the past.” SCOTT SILVERSTONE
shift in the moral climate for the use of force; but paign to disarm and liberate Iraq, the Bush admin- we cannot yet be sure whether that climate change istration crossed two thresholds, one strategic and is permanent. the other diplomatic. Strategically, the administra- tion delivered on its promise to act in self-defense Is the strategy of forging a “coalition of absent an actual – or even imminent – armed the willing” morally sound? attack, against threats from weapons of mass destruction. Diplomatically, the United States Appearing at the Council several months before demonstrated its willingness to act outside of the September 11, former national security advisor Tony UN Security Council and in the face of considerable Former NATO commander Lake described a nightmare scenario whereby a gov- opposition. Some saw this as courageous leadership, Wesley Clark critiqued the ernment or group of non-state actors attacks the others as short sighted. strategy behind the war on terror, at this year’s United States without even claiming responsibility. We heard both sides of the debate at the Morgenthal Memorial “This would put the president of the United States Council’s Merrill House Programs. Leading con- Lecture. in an extremely difficult position, because if he were servative thinkers William Kristol and Robert to respond without proof, the United States would Kagan argued that the time had come for the United rightly be blasted at the UN Security Council, States to embrace its unipolar status, whether or not General Assembly, and in our own newspapers. On its allies agreed. European countries are in any event the other hand, if you’re pretty sure they did it and unlikely to support U.S. military actions given that everybody knows it but because you can’t prove it, they are now in a “post-militaristic” phase, mistak- and you don’t respond, then you have lost.” enly believing that diplomacy alone can solve the President Bush faced a variation on this night- problems posed by dictators like Saddam Hussein. mare immediately after September 11. He wanted But support for a unilateral-if-necessary approach to deliver an unambiguous message: nothing justi- to waging war also came from the liberal corner, with fies terrorism, period. At the same time, however, it Michael Walzer and Peter Maass pointing out that was unclear to whom and by what means America calling on the UN has become an excuse for inaction: should deliver this message as it had not been “As the Afghan campaign showed, the United States attacked by another nation-state, and it was for doesn’t need other countries if there is a job to do.” some time unclear who its attackers had been. Even Walzer’s assertion “Whoever can act, should” could when it became known that al-Qaeda had been be taken as a general endorsement of coali- responsible, military strategists faced the challenge tions of the willing for the sake of of distinguishing among terrorist organizations, the humanitarian aims, though not neces- states from which they operate, and the societies sarily applying to Iraq in the spring of that produce them. 2003. To its credit, the Bush administration succeeded There was no shortage of dissent- in producing a widely accepted plan for immediate ing voices, however – again on both action. There was strong international consensus on sides of the political spectrum. three issues: global condemnation of terrorist tac- Charles Kupchan, an expert on tics, relentless pursuit of the al-Qaeda network, and geopolitics, upheld the classic liberal the need for regime change in Taliban-controlled view when urging the United States Afghanistan. to recommit to international institu- But as Carnegie Council President Joel tions because they “are the lifeblood Rosenthal wrote in the May/June 2003
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 3 FROM THE ARCHIVES Hans Morgenthau (1904-1980), author of Politics Among Nations, had a long association with the Carnegie Council. In an article for Worldview, a long-running Council publication (1958-1985), he wrote:
Three historic patterns can be discerned in the relations America has established with the outside world. America has offered itself as a model to the world, it has entered the world as a missionary, and it has confronted the world as a crusader. In recent years, a fourth pattern has been added: America bestrides the world as an imperial power with global responsibilities. In spring of 1965, when I endeavored to define this new pattern of American foreign policy under the heading of “globalism,” a national newspa- per refused to print my article with the explanation that there was no such thing. In the meantime, the ideologues of the Johnson administration, such as Professors Brzezinski and Rostow, have confirmed my view. They have proclaimed the American decade “a decade of opportunity and responsibility for the United States.” (January 1968)
UN at its own peril" resonated with the stinging it, you own it.”Likewise, Brian Orend, in an article indictment of American unilateralism delivered by for Ethics & International Affairs,suggested that conservative critic Clyde Prestowitz at another because war so radically alters the victim state’s recent Council program. Prestowitz criticized the political system and society, a just war must seek to Bush administration for jettisoning traditional restore more than simply the status quo; it must alliances in favor of coalitions of the willing – there- also create conditions for a “more secure possession by squandering the stock of goodwill other coun- of rights.” tries had toward the United States in the aftermath There are no clear guidelines to achieve justice of September 11. after war – this despite recent attempts following So was the United States right to go into Iraq interventions in Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor, and
eading political philosopher with its ad hoc, limited coalition? The verdict is still Afghanistan. Prior to the war on Iraq, there was Michael Walzer considered out on this, though most commentators agreed that some talk in the Bush administration of studying he changing norms of umanitarian warfare at a ideally, the task of reconstructing Iraq could serve successful historical models – such as the Marshall 0/16/02 Merrill House to rebuild the strong international consensus that Plan for Europe and the occupation of Japan – for rogram. launched the war on terrorism in the first place. inspiration. After all, much of the work to combat terrorism But as Tony Lang and Mary-Lea Cox wrote in involves pursuing terrorists across borders, which
4 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs However, as Joe Saunders pointed out in the story Former UN peacekeeping com- that accompanied that photo, liberating the Afghan mander Roméo Dallaire, by contrast, people from the brutalities of Taliban rule was a sec- felt that the focus on Iraq had stolen ondary motive of the U.S.-led offensive. The United attention away from truly deserving States had been primarily interested in destroying – yet strategically unimportant – al-Qaeda – which may explain why it has yet to pro- countries such as the DR Congo, vide a secure environment for Afghan citizens. where atrocities are taking place In the months leading up to the war on Iraq, daily. Addressing a Council audience humanitarian goals were made explicit, and were this past January, Dallaire upheld the given almost equal status to the security goals of view taken by other leading liberals that offensive. As President Bush put it in his mid- that an imperial war masquerading March war ultimatum,“[W]e believe the Iraqi peo- as humanitarian intervention under- ple are deserving and capable of human liberty. And mines international law and UN when the dictator has departed, they can set an peacekeeping missions. example to all the Middle East of a vital and peace- ful and self-governing nation.” * * * Merrill House speakers have expressed widely divergent opinions as to the appropriateness of As we approached the second anniversary of packaging American ideals together with a strate- September 11, 2001, terrorism was only one of sev- gy for regime change. On the conservative side, eral issues casting a shadow on the global horizon. William Kristol said he believed that President Other morally troubling issues include the spread Bush had sincerely embraced a quasi-Wilsonian of HIV/AIDS (a disease that has already taken 26 vision of rebuilding Iraq as a democratic and free million lives worldwide); increased criminal traf- nation. Two leading conservative scholars dis- ficking in human beings; questions of population, agreed with this, however. Andrew Bacevich told a environment, and sustainability; and the possibili- Council audience he was under no illusions as to ty of new arms races, including outer space. That why the United States was going into Iraq for a sec- said, it is also true that many Americans continue At a 1/29/03 Merrill House Program, General Roméo ond time: because of its imperial ambitions, to to fear for their security: in particular, they fear the Dallaire recounted his secure hegemony in the Persian Gulf. John possibility of nuclear, chemical, or biological harrowing mission as UN peacekeeping commander Mearsheimer was even more skeptical, claiming weapons falling into the wrong hands and being during the Rwandan there was no way preventive war advocates could used against civilian targets. genocide. truly believe in the possibility of bringing democ- While these fears are understandable, there is a racy to a region with no tradition and experience danger in becoming so focused on a single threat: it of democratic rule. squeezes the space to prepare for the full range of On the liberal side, Peter Maass and Michael threats to mankind’s survival and well-being. We Walzer hailed the war on terrorism as “good news risk being blindsided by events for which we might for the war to prevent or stop genocide militarily otherwise have taken steps to handle or prevent. if need be. The American military has shown, par- As our newsletter entered its third year of publi- ticularly in Afghanistan, and probably will show in cation – two years after that momentous September Iraq, that it is quite adept at fighting irregular war- – we have begun exploring a full range of topics, in fare, and irregular warfare is required to stop addition to continuing our coverage of the moral genocide. That’s the kind of warfare that was issues at the core of the still-evolving war on terror. required in Bosnia and also would have been required in Rwanda had we chosen to fight the —
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 5 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Reviews Core Themes
NEW FOREIGN POLICY ERA HAS BEGUN. Nowadays, talk of globalization is Apunctuated by the war to defeat ter- rorism. Political actions – and their costs – tend to be measured according to the demands of this new war. This essay appraises the campaigns for global affected by their policies and demands. As evi- economic justice, post-conflict reconciliation, and denced by the breakdown of the recent world trade human rights – all of which continue to be closely talks in Cancún, poor governments often feel pow- studied by the Carnegie Council – along with the erless to negotiate fair trade deals, concluding that recent debate over American empire, one of the no deal is better than a bad one. Council’s new theme areas, in light of this tectonic A case in point was the recent Bolivian “water shift. It offers a cross-sampling of ideas raised at our war,”where a local protest movement succeeded in Studies meetings and in our publications during the overturning the Bolivian government’s decision to 2002–2003 program year. privatize the water system in response to World Bank demands. Writing for the spring 2003 issue of Global Economic Justice Human Rights Dialogue,two Bolivian activists advocated the right of local people everywhere to While the war on terrorism dominates the head- take their government to task for bowing to inter- lines, the world’s poverty crisis continues unabated. national rules and institutions at the expense of Thirty-four thousand children under age five die ensuring basic rights – in the Bolivian case, the right recent Ethics & each day from hunger and preventable diseases. to affordable water. nternational Affairs round- able explored specific Surely someone is morally responsible for this But something more than political will is need- roposals for dealing justly tragedy, particularly as it could easily be addressed ed to address these problems. There is widespread with debt. by making available better nutrition, safe drinking agreement that a viable strategy for poverty allevi- water, vaccines, cheap re-hydration packs, and ation depends on measures such as reforming inter- antibiotics. The problem is, few seem willing to national financial institutions, relieving sovereign make the requisite sacrifices for shifting policies and debt, and providing basic services to the poor. social arrangements in favor of helping the poor. Strong disagreements remain, however, about the But if poverty is increasing, so are the demands reforms that should take place, and about the of people throughout the developing world for a say means and the pace for implementing such in political decision-making. They do not want to reforms. As development economist Sanjay Reddy see their governments relinquish control to outside (see PEOPLE) put it in a recent article for Ethics & forces, such as multinational corporations and International Affairs, there are strong moral reasons international financial institutions, that remain to question existing international monetary largely unaccountable to the populations most arrangements. But for practical progress to be
6 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs The gains in productivity and quality that privatization brings are usually more than offset by CARNEGIE COUNCIL “ losses in equity and poverty reduction.” CONFERENCE REPORT
For a comprehensive list of Council-generated resources on these topics, visit our Web site: www.carnegiecouncil.org. made, policymakers will need to weigh the “con- straints of feasibility”while remaining “imaginative in identifying what is feasible.” in a recent
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 7 Environmental Politics
At the beginning of the 21st century, entrenched value conflicts haunt global environ- mental affairs. The failure of the Kyoto Protocol is an apt symbol of ongoing discord. The Carnegie Council will soon publish the findings of a major environmental study that sug- gests ways to move forward toward greater international cooperation. The study focuses on the framing of environmental values and policy by communities in the United States, Japan, China, and India. It concludes that international environmental cooperation needs to be understood “in terms of not so much harmonization and standardization of techni- cal standards and frameworks as mutual learning and accommodation among sometimes highly divergent approaches to defining, analyzing, and managing risk – i.e., in terms of learning how to reason together about environmental risks.”
Iraqis? Apart from allocating seed money to build have made progress in confronting Japan’s World a museum chronicling the crimes of Saddam War II-era war crimes, and history textbooks have Hussein’s Baathist regime, postwar planners have undergone important changes over the decades. yet to address the need for Iraqis to create a “usable However, the Japanese government’s attempts to past” in their quest to forge a new national identi- acknowledge the nation’s atrocities as a colonial ty based on political compromise and cooperation power and wartime aggressor and to educate the among the nation’s various ethnic, religious, and public on what really happened have been limited political groups. – particularly compared to what the German gov- The Bush administration has voiced the hope ernment has accomplished, this despite war crimes that the United States will be able to repeat for Iraq trials having taken place in both countries. As Cole the economic and political successes of the occupa- pointed out in an
8 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs tries as diverse as France, South Africa, Colombia, An American Empire? and the United States have indicated a similar will- ingness to trade rights for enhanced security, As the United States attempts Dialogue asked: how should human rights organiza- to create law and order and tions weigh their advocacy on behalf of political pris- build a civil administration in oners and in defense of political openness in light of Iraq, questions of “American the need for measures that will make ordinary peo- empire” inevitably arise; but ple feel more secure? many resist that label. Why? This is not a new debate; civil rights have never Joel Rosenthal wrote in an been understood as fixed. At times of heightened
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 9 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL is thinking about … BOOKS The Carnegie Council tracks new publications through book reviews and review essays in Ethics & International Affairs; presentations by recent authors at Merrill House Programs; and online roundtables, essays, and book review columns.
Brave New World The Thorny Side of “A Problem from Hell”: Humanitarian America and the Age of Ethics & International Affairs reviewed Intervention Genocide, by Samantha Power (2002) two of the documents that have been Peter Ronayne, a specialist in instrumental in shaping post-9/11 mili- Scholars of international genocide studies, says that tary strategy. affairs continue to ana- one of the most significant lyze the 1990s phenomenon of human- contributions of Power’s book The National Security Strategy of itarian intervention. Reviews of several is her documentation of cases the United States of America new additions to the canon – including beyond Rwanda and Bosnia (September 2002) that the United States ignored, such Samantha Power’s path-breaking book According to reviewer David as that of the Turks against the Hendrickson, a political scientist, “the on the U.S. response to genocide – Armenians in 1915 and Saddam most transparent prevarication in the appeared in the Fall 2002 Ethics & Hussein’s genocidal campaign against Bush strategy lies in the assumption International Affairs. the Kurds in 1988 (E&IA, Fall 2002). that America is in favor of a balance of @ON THE WEB: POWER TRANSCRIPT power. In fact, the world order that Agency and Ethics: The Policy of Bush wishes to build looks not toward Military Intervention, by Anthony F. Humanitarian and Development equilibrium but toward a massive Lang, Jr. (2002) Aid Practices under Scrutiny imbalance of power in favor of the International relations scholar Daniel United States” (E&IA, Spring 2003). Warner finds it an “interesting shift” Aid workers are often frustrated in the to see Anthony Lang argue that mili- The Responsibility to Protect, by the tary interventions fail when there is a effort to help people in need, whether International Commission on “clash of normative agendas” rather they are providing emergency assistance Intervention and State Sovereignty than, as conventionally thought, to populations in crisis or managing eco- (December 2001) power politics (E&IA, Fall 2002). nomic development projects on behalf In this report to the UN Secretary- of poor countries. Why? Books posing General, the Canadian government- Rethinking Humanitarian possible answers were reviewed in sponsored ICISS argues that the inter- Intervention: A Fresh Legal national community bears the Approach Based on Fundamental Ethics & International Affairs and on “responsibility to protect” popula- Ethical Principles in International carnegiecouncil.org. tions that are suffering serious harm in Law and World Religions, by Brian cases where sovereign states have D. Lepard (2002) A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism failed to assume that responsibility. Peter Hoffman of the City University in Crisis, by David Rieff (2002) Joelle Tanguy, a former director of the of New York says that Lepard provides T.K. Vogel of the New School applauds U.S. branch of Doctors without a “wonderful bird’s-eye view of the Rieff for the feat of making the debate Borders, says that the report provides ethical and legal landscape” behind on “best humanitarian aid practices” “helpful benchmarks” by which to humanitarian intervention since the available to a broader public. The book judge interventions in the post-9/11 end of the Cold War (E&IA, Fall 2002). is “important for asking all the right era (E&IA, Spring 2003). questions – not simply about the
10 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs During the past year, books analyzing the growth of U.S. power have become a growth industry PAIGE ARTHUR, ETHICS & “ of their own.” INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
On Paige Arthur’s Desk As the reviews editor of Ethics & International Affairs, Paige Arthur commissioned focus on injustices,” many of the book reviews featured on these pages. Here she lists a few of the books including a diagnosis that have been on her desk during the past year, with brief annotations. of why citizens in affluent countries fail • Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, by to take responsibility Robert Kagan. A much-anticipated work on U.S.-European relations advancing a for human rights vio- “Mars vs. Venus” analysis that found a ready-made audience as France attempted lations resulting from to face down the United States during the UN Security Council debate on Iraq. unrelieved poverty, as well • Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Human Rights, by Aryeh as the need for political Neier. A vivid memoir that can be added to the stack of recent books by promi- imagination in figuring nent activists (Jeri Laber, Robert Drinan, William Schulz) providing firsthand out how to rectify the situ- insight into the accomplishments of the human rights movement. ation (E&IA, Fall 2002). • Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World, by Akira Iriye. A work by a prominent cultural histori- Dead Heat: Global an highlighting the positive contributions to globalization by new forms of inter- Justice and Global national association. Warming, by Tom • Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, by Athanasiou and Paul Baer (2002) Paul Farmer. A prominent scholar-activist’s thoughts on the links between health and Paul Harris, an expert on environmen- poverty. (See also the new biography of Farmer by Pulitzer Prize-winner Tracy Kidder.) tal change and foreign policy, com- Morality’s Progress: Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of • mends Athanasiou and Baer for mak- Nature, by Dale Jamieson. A bird’s-eye view of environmental issues taken as the ing “a cogent, readable, and informa- Kyoto treaty moved forward without the support of the United States. tive case for moving toward equal per On the Natural History of Destruction, by W. G. Sebald. The German writer’s lyrical • capita rights to the atmosphere, that and controversial final work on the taboo against discussing the fire-bombings of is, equal entitlements to greenhouse Germany during World War II, forcing us to rethink our conceptions of victimhood. gas emissions.” This will require Regarding the Pain of Others, by Susan Sontag. A fresh appraisal of the views • “major cuts in the emissions of rich Sontag expressed in her classic work, On Photography (1978), on the politics and countries while allowing most poor aesthetics of representing suffering. countries to increase their emissions,” @ON THE WEB: PAIGE ARTHUR’S “THE YEAR IN BOOKS” Harris explains (E&IA, Spring 2003).
Exporting Democracy humanitarian endeavor, but also The Moral Challenge of the about the meaning with which Global Village The United States has committed to we have infused it, inevitably set- remaking both Afghanistan and Iraq ting it up to fall short of our into democratic societies. The outcomes hopes” (E&IA, Spring 2003). Recent issues of Ethics & International @ON THE WEB: RIEFF TRANSCRIPT Affairs have highlighted works that pose of other democratic makeovers, howev- philosophical arguments for reforming er, invite skepticism about the prospects Development in Theory and international policy on health, trade, and for success. Works expressing such mis- Practice: Paradigms and the environment on the grounds that givings were recently reviewed on Paradoxes, by Jan Knippers current practices perpetuate inequality carnegiecouncil.org. Black (2nd ed., 1999) Research intern Lisa and injustice. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Ainbinder insists that all of Democracy at Home and Abroad, by the players in the develop- Global Justice and Transnational Fareed Zakaria (2003) ment aid field – from policy Politics: Essays on the Moral and Sean Yom, formerly a research intern makers to field workers to Political Challenges of Globalization, with the Carnegie Council and now a aid recipients themselves – would ben- edited by Pablo De Greiff and doctoral candidate at Harvard efit from Black’s account of “the way Ciaran P. Cronin (2002) University, finds thought-provoking development ideals can be under- Jeffrey Lomonaco of the University of Zakaria’s thesis that “democratic insti- mined by concerns for power and prof- Minnesota says that this volume makes tutions alone do not guarantee free- it” (Carnegiecouncil.org, July 2003). a convincing case for a “determined
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 11 dom and choice” and is fur- Argument and Change in World First Great Triumph: How Five thermore impressed by Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, Americans Made Their Country a Zakaria’s feat of producing and Humanitarian Intervention, by World Power, by Warren “one of those rare political sci- Neta C. Crawford (2002) Zimmermann (2002) ence/international rela- Daniel Philpott of R.A. Hamilton of Mansfield University tions books that appeals the University of appreciates Zimmermann’s “timely” to a diverse audience” Notre Dame says account of America’s imperial leanings (Carnegiecouncil.org, July that Crawford deliv- of more than a century ago – especial- 2003). ers “one of the rich- ly his point that even then, the est and most devel- nation’s “investment in human rights World on Fire: How oped arguments for conveniently dovetailed with its secu- Exporting Free Market the importance of rity concerns” (E&IA, Spring 2003). Democracy Breeds ideas in the last @ON THE WEB: ZIMMERMANN Ethnic Hatred and Global decade” through TRANSCRIPT Instability, by Amy Chua her use of ethical theory to explain (2002) the end to colonialism and the acces- American Empire: The Realities and Jack Becker* of Fairleigh Dickinson sion to statehood of former colonies Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy, by University says that Chua sheds light on in Latin America, Africa, the Middle Andrew Bacevich (2002) the “broad phenomenon of violence” East, and Asia (E&IA, Spring 2003). Jack Becker is swayed by Bacevich’s that occurs when impoverished majori- “clear and forceful” argument that the ties find a way to get back at the rich The Ethics of Destruction: Norms “basic purpose of America’s foreign ethnic minorities with “exclusive control and Force in International Relations, policy is to break down barriers, to level of a nation’s economic opportunities” – by Ward Thomas (2001) the mountains and lift up the valleys, to as has occurred in Indonesia, Russia, Stephen Watts of Cornell University open up the world to the advance of Sierra Leone, and certain countries in says that Thomas’s book “provides American economic and cultural hege- the Middle East. In so doing she casts powerful testimony to the importance mony” (Carnegiecouncil.org, May serious doubt on the viability of the of norms in international relations,” in 2003). Gregory Reichberg of the American policy of promoting both free particular through its discussion of the International Peace Institute in Oslo markets and democracy, Becker says “normative constraints on interstate feels, however, that Bacevich has taken (Carnegiecouncil.org, March 2003). assassination and the aerial bombard- the case too far in claiming that ment of civilians” (E&IA, Fall 2002). "humanitarian reasons for military inter- New Classics vention" are "merely public relations An American Empire? packaging" (E&IA, Fall 2003). @ON THE WEB: BACEVICH TRANSCRIPT Ethics and international affairs is a rela- tively new area of scholarship, premised Since September 11, Fresh Takes on Political Islam on the belief that international norms Americans have been matter – in contrast to the prevailing coming to terms with Grappling with Islam, in particular its notions that international politics is a their nation’s status as political face, has become an American matter of rational choice (“the strong do the first singular leader preoccupation since September 11. Schol- what they will, the weak do what they in all of history. “Shall ars were active participants in the debate. must”), or else that differences in values we call it an empire?” Several of their contributions have been primarily have to do with differences in wrote Carnegie Council appraised in the Council’s journal and on culture. Ethics & International Affairs President Joel Rosenthal in its Web site. recently reviewed two noteworthy works his cover story for a recent issue of the Council’s news- by up-and-coming scholars in the field. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, by letter. In the journal and on Gilles Kepel (2002) *Jack Becker, the former literary editor of carnegiecouncil.org can be Shenaz Bunglawala of the London the Council’s Worldview magazine, sub- found reviews of works that School of Economics says that Kepel’s mits a regular "To Be Read" column to shed new light on that question. book goes a long way toward clarify- carnegiecouncil.org.
12 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Books for Lifting the Fog of War ing why Islamism In a year where the decision to wage war on Iraq dominated the foreign policy has failed “to contain agenda, a number of Council staff were reading new works, as well as re-reading the aspirations of its classics, on the trials and tribulations of warfare. Chris Hedges, author of the best- differing constituen- selling War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (2002), addressed a Merrill House cies within a unified audience in February about the American tendency to idealize warfare. His book project without suc- has been reviewed by Tony Lang in the Fall 2003 Ethics & International Affairs. cumbing to the lure War books recommended by Council staff include Pat Barker’s trilogy on World of violence” (E&IA, War I for its “extraordinary portraits of life at the front, of men on leave, and of Fall 2002). According men institutionalized for shock”; The Warriors: Reflections of Men in Battle, by J. to Tony Lang, formerly of the Carnegie Glenn Gray (1959), a “profound philosophical reflection on what humanity gains Council, Kepel “provides a useful cor- and loses in war”; and The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien (1998), because it rective to the apocalyptic descriptions raises one’s “awareness of the unimaginable struggles of combat officers that we, of Islamic fundamentalism so often as civilians, take for granted” (Carnegiecouncil.org, July 2003). found in the popular press” (Carnegiecouncil.org, April 2003**). @ON THE WEB: KEPEL TRANSCRIPT to “accept no territory as home and A World Made New: Eleanor Islam in a Globalizing World, by no human law as authoritative,” Roosevelt and the Universal Thomas W. Simons, Jr. (2003) Becker quotes Scruton as saying Declaration of Human Rights, by Research intern Sean Yom appreciates (Carnegiecouncil.org, February 2003). Mary Ann Glendon (2002) this work for its thought-provoking Kusumita Pedersen of St. Francis premise that Islam, far from being American Icons Revisited College appreciates Glendon’s antagonistic to globalization as is com- retelling of the story of Eleanor Roosevelt’s involvement in the monly assumed, has operated as a The Carnegie Council has been dis- “powerful agent” on its behalf founding of the United Nations, in (Carnegiecouncil.org, July 2003). cussing two new biographies of American the course of which Glendon “clarifies leaders who continue to be revered for what human rights actually are and The West and the Rest: their show of moral courage. deals inter alia with the issues of uni- Globalization and the Terrorist versality versus relativism” Threat, by Roger Scruton (2002) Lincoln’s Virtues: An Ethical (Carnegiecouncil.org, July 2003). Jack Becker is drawn to Scruton’s Biography, by William Lee Miller philosophical argument that the defin- (2002) ing achievement of the West is the Cathal Nolan of Boston University calls separation of church and state, per- this “a book for those who mitting strangers to live together wish a deeper insight than peacefully under the rule of law based is afforded by standard on a common loyalty to place, rather biographies” of President than on an appeal to kinship or reli- Lincoln, showing him to gious creed. To belong to al-Qaeda is have been not merely a great statesman but also **From an online review essay, “Scholars “the master moral thinker Renew Attempts to Explain Islamic of the American political Fundamentalism.” tradition” (E&IA, Fall 2002).
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 13 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL is thinking about … FILMS
Exploring the Legacy of Historical Atrocity through Film
HEN MAKING A FILM ON A LITTLE- included in history books, known period of history, the Egoyan observed. One indi- W most obvious approach – to cator of this is the “more and tell the story of what happened – does not always more extreme” accounts of work best, according to Canadian filmmaker Atom the atrocity handed down by Egoyan. For his film Ararat,about the 1915 massacre older Armenians, as if the of the Armenians by the Turks, he first considered a only way to attract an audi- straightforward retelling of the facts from an ence is through exaggera- Armenian perspective but then decided that the tion. Another indicator is more interesting story lay in the widespread igno- the craving for acknowl- rance of the massacre that has persisted for eighty- edgement that possesses some Armenians almost five years – and the toll this has taken on several gen- like a fetish; indeed, many have turned to art as an Atom Egoyan erations of Armenians who are desperate to see their outlet. In Ararat,one of the characters is making a tragedy acknowledged. film about the atrocity (much like Egoyan himself); Egoyan delivered these remarks to a group of col- another, an art historian, lectures on the Armenian lege faculty who had assembled for a seminar on artist Arshile Gorky, whose mother was one of the concepts of evil and international affairs, jointly victims; and Gorky himself is shown through flash- sponsored by the Carnegie Council and McGill backs in exile in New York in the mid-1930s, paint- University. After watching a special screening of the ing the famous portrait of himself with his mother. film, the group quizzed the famous Canadian direc- Ironically, some of Egoyan’s critics have felt that tor on his intentions: was he trying to make another he could have made a better film had he chosen to Schindler’s List given that he is of Armenian descent? take a more traditional, historical approach to his According to Egoyan, he could not have made the material. The film has been faulted for confusing equivalent of Schindler’s List or The Pianist because, viewers with too many plotlines. “[My critics] whereas the Holocaust is widely believed to have thought the story should have been told more sim- taken place and its horrors are well known, the facts ply, that I had a responsibility to show what hap- of the Armenian genocide are still in dispute; and pened before I could analyze it,”Egoyan confessed. many still deny that it happened at all.“As a Canadian Still, judging by the positive response to the film Armenian, I often meet Turkish people who never within the Armenian community, Egoyan feels at heard of this atrocity, or simply do not believe that it least partially vindicated. “Some of the Armenians took place in the way Armenians say it did.” This are so grateful that the issue is being raised at all; it denial, too, has become part of the historical legacy. gives them a sense of worth.” How well have Armenians coped with it? —Mary-Lea Cox with Vivek Nayar, To this day, Armenians suffer from an inferiority Communications complex about not being important enough to be
14 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs I always use alternative media in classes where reckoning with the past is being discussed.” DAVID CROCKER, UNIVERSITY “ OF MARYLAND
Films to Watch In a carnegiecouncil.org discussion, Yesim Yemni of the Carnegie Council recommend- ed Milcho Manchevski’s Before the Rain (1994), for its moving portrayal of violence in the Balkans. She said that the film helped her to understand the “vicious cycle of bloodshed” at the heart of this seemingly intractable conflict as well as the “futility of individual efforts to circumvent the legacy of violence.” In a Council-sponsored history education seminar dedicated to putting Spain's attempts to come to terms with its difficult past into a cross-cultural framework, political philosopher David Crocker mentioned that he always uses alternative media in classes where reckoning with the past is being discussed. “I find [Chilean writer] Ariel Dorfman's play Death and the Maiden – and the film that was made from his play – among the best statements about victims’ memories and the struggle to account for the past.”
Erin Brockovich Revisited chologically attracted to stories of triumph, the many Notice to Educators stories of failure would have made a truer, much Anna Davies, a 2000-2001 Carnegie Council Fellow, more stimulating thesis for a film. Have you had a good experience using film contributed the following to a Carnegiecouncil.org Eastern Europe, for instance, has experienced roundtable on the film Erin Brockovich.Davies to teach ethics and even greater tragedies than the one depicted in Erin international affairs? teaches classes on environmental justice at Trinity Brockovich.There whole villages have been deci- Please send your rec- College Dublin. mated by environmental contamination. The ommended film, along I would classify Erin Brockovich as good entertain- Romanian village of Bozinta Mare is a particularly with a short explana- bleak example. In late January of 2000, a dam oper- tion of how you used it ment, telling a moving and uplifting story. That in the classroom, to ated by a gold-mining company called Arul burst in said, I wasn’t at all satisfied with the film’s treatment [email protected]. We will of environmental issues. I have often longed for an the middle of the night, creating a cyanide spill. But be publishing contribu- equivalent of Blade Runner that could be used to no government agency has been willing to take tions on our Web site stimulate discussion among my students. But the responsibility let alone compensate village residents throughout the coming plot of Erin Brockovich is just a bit too easy – for what has been described as the worst environ- program year. obscuring the extent of the costs faced by putting mental accident in Europe since Chernobyl. yourself on the front line of industrial neglect, not Another question the film raises but does not to mention the monumental scale of the task answer: who should take responsibility in situations involved in redressing environmental injustice. of environmental risk? The forces of good – Erin The film’s main plot – the pollution incident and and the victims of pollution – and the forces of evil the success of Erin in pursuing this as a legal battle – (big business) are clear; but in reality there are mul- is based on real-life events. Moreover, the real Erin’s tiple layers of responsibility when incidents like this David-versus-Goliath struggle has doubtless been occur. Most of us, for instance, are tied into invest- replicated around the world many times over. ment funds for our pensions and future security – But can the triumphant outcome to Erin’s crusade does this mean we are unwittingly funding dan- really be taken as representative? Whistleblowing – gerous and polluting processes so should be held certainly in the United Kingdom – is still a danger- responsible? Regulators, too, are often negligent. ous occupation, with no guarantee of success, this You can have the toughest environmental regula- despite stronger legal protections. Victims of pollu- tions in the world, but it does you no good if these tion incidents may take heart from stories of suc- rules aren’t enforced. cessful claims; but the stark reality is that most claims @ON THE WEB: "VIEWING FILM THROUGH THE LENS are unsuccessful. Although audiences may be psy- OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS" ROUNDTABLE
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 15 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL is thinking about … CLASSROOM TOOLS
Teaching Ethics and International Affairs Post-9/11
ARNEGIE COUNCIL STAFF RECENTLY changes in their students, or made any changes to spoke to David Clinton of Tulane their teaching methods and materials, in the wake C University, Chris Brown of the of 9/11. London School of Economics, and Al Pierce of the All three noted that priorities in the field of U.S. Naval Academy, all of whom are seasoned international affairs had shifted in response to that teachers of ethics and international affairs. We event. As Clinton put it,“there’s been an element of asked them whether they had noticed any kinds of redistribution within the field of international ethics. Perennial questions like human rights or dis- tributive justice, at least for the immediate term, Carnegie Council Publications Are Popular Classroom Tools have been less emphasized than questions having to The Council’s Human Rights Dialogue magazine is fre- do with security and the role and justifiability of quently used as a teaching tool in college and university force.” Brown concurred, adding that recent world classrooms worldwide. One of the most popu- lar issues for this purpose addresses the “work- events had raised some really interesting questions, place codes of conduct” debate. Andrew such as: when is violence justified, can we adjust Nathan of Columbia University assigns the “just war” criteria to fit anti-terrorist campaigns, “workplace codes” issue for a course introducing how do we handle non-state violence, how do we concepts of economic and environmental justice. handle situations where non-state actors are oper- Henry Carey of the Georgia State University ating out of states (as in the Afghan case)? assigns this issue, along with several other issues of Dialogue, to help students evaluate the relationship between human rights Pierce mentioned that recent events had given a and foreign policy. And Professor Suns of Nanhua University in Taiwan uses fillip to some of his own research interests, such as “workplace codes” to teach his students about the enforcement of inter- the ethics of assassination. “It’s one thing if you go national law. after bad guys with a wink from the Yemeni gov- Likewise, Ethics & International Affairs has a reputation for ernment; but what if you go after them in a coun- being a very “teachable” journal. Former Council program try that doesn’t give you a wink. Then you’re vio- officer Tony Lang, who recently began a new job as an assis- tant professor of political science at Albright College in lating a traditional notion of sovereignty. What are Pennsylvania, reported that in his course on ethics and inter- the ethical implications of that?” national affairs this fall, he used two journal roundtables – one Pierce added that the military operations in on preemptive war, the other on Kosovo – to expose his stu- Afghanistan and Iraq had revived his longstanding dents to a “diverse range of moral positions on the issues belief in the need for “ethical interoperability” surrounding humanitarian intervention.” among the various government agencies as well as In addition, Lang assigned the journal’s debate on the Israeli practice of targeted killings as well as a recent article by Ngaire Woods on “Holding nationalities that participate in such efforts. More Intergovernmental Institutions to Account” – the latter to stimulate dis- attention should be given, he asserted, to whether cussion on supranationalism and global justice. U.S. special operations troops and members of the CIA are “on the same page ethically”and to whether
16 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs International ethics is the best framework for understanding worldviews based on religion and CHRIS BROWN, LONDON “ value systems.” SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
Mine the Council’s Merrill House Transcripts for a Wealth of Classroom Ideas In 2002-2003, around fifty programs were held as part of the Council’s Merrill House Program series, of which nearly half have been posted online in the form of edited transcripts. To provide an idea of the richness of these materials and their suitability for use as classroom tools, we asked several Carnegie Council staff to tell us which of this year’s talks they found most memorable and why.
MARK PEDERSEN: Ahmed Rashid, who gave us an update on Afghanistan one year later, was a great speak- er with unique insights and impressive on-the-ground knowledge of what has become a very important part of the world. He was writing about the Taliban when no one was listening – and now, we are. I also enjoyed hearing Warren Zimmermann discuss his book about the birth of American imperial might (see BOOKS). His focus on individuals such as Theodore Roosevelt livened up what could have been a dry sub- ject. In another vein, I found it extremely heart wrenching to hear Roméo Dallaire recount his experience in Rwanda of being abandoned by the international community to watch 800,000 people slaughtered – a Joanne Myers, who has story it has taken him some time to tell as he was so traumatized by what happened. Finally, I enjoyed lis- directed Merrill House tening to Robert Kagan argue that Europeans now see the world very differently from the way Americans Programs for nearly a do, whether the issue is the environment, the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, or how to decade, has hosted hun- handle Saddam Hussein. He was extraordinarily persuasive. dreds of leading figures in ethics and international STEPHAN KREISCHER: Of the five or so talks I attended during the summer I spent with the Council, affairs, inviting them to I liked Clyde Prestowitz’s presentation best. He took the approach that the United States has been share their views with behaving as a rogue nation – this was interesting and provocative, yielding a number of helpful Council audiences. insights about the current rift between the United States and some of its European allies, as well as suggestions about how this rift could be mended. Listening to Prestowitz also made me realize how quickly the Bush administration had spent the reserves of international support for the U.S. collected in the wake of 9/11.
MARY-LEA COX: I was extremely moved by Yossi Klein Halevi’s talk about his travels through the Holy Land in search of interfaith reconciliation. How many of us are capable of this level of open- mindedness, especially in times like these? I second Mark in picking Roméo Dallaire: apart from what he said, I’ll never forget the expression in his eyes. Clearly, he has seen and been through a lot. The two Merrill House speakers with greatest appeal for me intellectually were John Mearsheimer and Andrew Bacevich. They are both conservatives but also realists, a stance that has made them very critical of the current administration. Both were also effective public speakers, something not always true of academic authors.
YESIM YEMNI: Marshall Goldman’s Merrill House lecture was a fascinating account of the free-for-all that occurred with the collapse of the Soviet Union. He told an amazing story about a small group of men who had nothing and then suddenly were on the Forbes billionaire list. I also really enjoyed listening to Ashutosh Varshney discuss his new book about the roots of ethnic and religious con- flict in India. He asked an interesting question – why do some Indian cities explode into violence while others do not? – and then posed a thought-provoking answer: cities with active civil society organizations are more peaceable because these organizations help to create cross-cutting ties among disparate communities.
troops from various nations have any “common solely on power and national interests. Perhaps basis for building an ethical understanding.” Brown put it best: “We now know that for many The three agreed that the new emphasis on ter- people in the world today, politics is about religion; rorism had rekindled their passion for teaching the it’s about value systems. And I think international ethical dimensions of international affairs – in con- ethics is the best framework for handling that – tradistinction to the political scientists and theo- better than the theory you will find in mainstream rists who argue that international relations is based IR courses.” @ON THE WEB: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 17 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL is thinking about … PEOPLE
Program officers at the Carnegie Council cultivate a network of contacts in the fields they study – from established scholars and practitioners, to participants in our Fellows Program, to talented students.
Jeffrey Olick, an associate professor of sociology at ELAZAR BARKAN: The Carnegie Council has pro- Columbia University, has partnered with Lili Cole in vided a great home and venture space for the convening a successful Columbia University Seminar launching of the international historians’ initiative. series on history and memory. He recently con- Lili Cole has been magnificent in sharing the vision tributed a review essay on collective guilt to Ethics & International Affairs. and organizing the project for the past two years. The exciting combination of academic and creative JEFF OLICK: The Carnegie approaches with the far-reaching network of the Council is a unique organization, Council and its international prominence has lent and my collaboration with Lili Cole credence to the initiative and enabled us to bring has been a source of intellectual together top scholars and involve them in a new sustenance for me as we have devel- type of research. The Council’s sponsorship facili- oped the Columbia University tated the expansion of the project in goal-oriented Seminar on History and Memory and practical directions. I am delighted to have the together over the past two years. Lili and the Council opportunity to work with Lili and grateful to the have been the perfect partner, helping to create a Council for embracing the project. working community of scholars and practitioners on this compelling and important topic. LILI COLE: Elazar Barkan is a leader in the field of historical justice. His writing on reparations and the LILI COLE: The aim of the Columbia University role of history in the formation of group identities Seminar on history and memory is to bring togeth- have helped to define the field, and his ability to er some of the many disciplinary approaches to this bring together great thinkers for ambitious but subject. Jeff is a very creative sociologist who thinks clearly defined projects helps to bridge the gap beyond his discipline. His intellectual breadth and between scholarship and practice. It’s been a privi- flexibility have enhanced my own knowledge of this lege to partner with him in the historical commis- emerging, exciting, but intellectually still messy area sions project, which explores how historians can of inquiry. We have been able to hold a true forum, play a public role in the search for historical justice where ideas and findings are the subject of genuine, without compromising their scholarship. lively debate. Sanjay Reddy, a development economist based at Elazar Barkan is chairman of the cultural studies Columbia University, has been an department at Claremont Graduate University in advisor to the Carnegie Council’s California and author of The Guilt of Nations: Justice and the World Economy Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices. Lili program and is a member of the Cole has collaborated closely with him on an inter- editorial advisory board to Ethics national historical commissions project, which held a & International Affairs. In the past meeting this past spring on its first case study, Polish- year he contributed to the journal Jewish history, in Leipzig, Germany. and spoke at a Council seminar.
18 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs The people on these pages have imparted their creative energy to Council projects, helping us JOEL ROSENTHAL, “ produce the year’s best work.” CARNEGIE COUNCIL
SANJAY REDDY: Christian Barry’s program on World Economy Program went well beyond his justice and the world economy is a leading arena written work. Keith conceived and organized a joint for fresh thinking about international economic Carnegie Council/Oxfam America/Catholic Relief justice. The program has helped me and others like Services conference “The Earth’s Riches and the me to focus our work. It has also brought our find- World’s Poor: Finding Solutions to Problems of ings to a larger audience of practitioners, who can Natural Resource Extraction and Economic Justice,” begin to apply its lessons in a practical sense. which received attention in the New York Times and other media. I look forward to the release of our CHRISTIAN BARRY: Sanjay Reddy is an unusual- jointly authored report on economic justice and ly gifted young scholar. His remarkable ability to resource extraction early next year. identify the relevance of specialized, and seemingly arcane, economic principles and facts to the ethical Kavita Philip, who is an associate professor of assessment of global institutional arrangements and women's studies at the University of California, Irvine, is the researcher and co-author (with Amita Baviskar) his inventiveness in developing proposals for insti- of the India chapter of the Council's four-country tutional reform have made him an invaluable asset study of environmental values and policymaking, run to the Justice and the World Economy program. by Studies director Joanne Bauer. Indeed, through his clear and informative presenta- tions, seminar contributions, journal essays, and KAVITA PHILIP: As an academic with cross-disci- informal advice, Sanjay has substantially shaped the plinary theoretical and practical interests, I chose to Council’s work in this area during the past two years. spend a part of my sabbatical year working on the India piece of the environmental values project. The Keith Slack, a 2002-2003 scope of the project is impressive, and its conceptu- Carnegie Council Fellow, alization, ambitious. Joanne has asked a series of organized a major confer- ence on resource extrac- stimulating questions, and her editorial vision is tion policy last May, in col- both intellectually curious and methodologically laboration with the Justice inclusive. This made for a richly rewarding educa- and the World Economy tional experience as well as collaboration. During program. my tenure at the Council, I also had the opportuni- KEITH SLACK: Working ty to meet others who, like Joanne, are public intel- with the Council has been a lectuals in the best sense, in that they combine a con- valuable experience. The organization is a rare cern for building a just and ethical society with a bridge between the theoretical/academic and the commitment to academic rigor. activist/practitioner worlds in international affairs. JOANNE BAUER: I appreciated Kavita's deep knowl- Support from the Council helped me deepen my edge and nuanced approach to the impact of the thinking on the linkages between poverty and nat- global economic order on the Indian economy, par- ural resource extraction. The Council has become ticularly the conflicts that take place between indi- an important source of support to research and viduals and grassroots groups and the multinational analysis on this key issue facing those of us who are corporations that the Indian government welcomes engaged as practitioners in international develop- to its shores. As an accomplished academic already ment and poverty reduction. working in the field of cross-cultural environmental CHRISTIAN BARRY: During his fellowship year, values, she was able to bring her expertise to bear on Keith Slack produced an unusually clear and creative the India chapter of the forthcoming book. She and I study of the problems posed by models of econom- had many productive conversations about the book's ic development that encourage natural resource methodology and the challenges of comparing and extraction. But his contributions to the Justice and presenting data across different cultural contexts.
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 19 Maria Rodrigues, an assistant professor of political TONY LANG: As a political theorist, Catherine was science at the College of Holy Cross and a 2002- able to focus the workshop discussions on the texts 2003 Carnegie Council Fellow, hosted a faculty we read, while I did the job of an international rela- development seminar on environmental education tions person, trying to keep our discussions focused last May, in partnership with Tony Lang. on current events. The combination was very fruit- MARIA RODRIGUES: The environmental ethics ful. In addition, Catherine’s interest in questions of workshop held at the College of the Holy Cross last forgiveness and political conflict complemented the May provided me with some very exciting net- seminar topic [concepts of evil and international working opportunities. I made several new contacts affairs] very well. whose input has enhanced my research on the role Stephan Kreisher is a gradu- of transnational environmental groups in preserv- ate/magister student at ing the Brazilian rainforests. Free University Berlin, pur- suing a degree in U.S. poli- TONY LANG: Given my interest in global gover- tics and history, internation- nance and its ethical implications, I relished the al relations, and internation- opportunity to put together a summer course for col- al law. He worked as a con- lege faculty on environmental values. Because Maria’s sultant to the Council’s work explores the moral dilemmas that arise from Ethics and the Use of Force interactions between local groups and global envi- program from June to August 2003, collaborating closely with Joel ronmental activists, she was able to point out the most Rosenthal on setting up a new project on ethics and important areas of overlap between my interests and the use of military force. those of environmental researchers.Working with her and the other professors at Holy Cross to organize the STEPHAN KREISCHER: I learned a lot while seminar was an intellectually enriching experience. working for Joel in the Ethics and the Use of Force program and by working at the Council in gener- Catherine Lu, an assistant professor of political sci- al. The staff come from diverse backgrounds, ence at McGill University, collaborated with Tony Lang in setting up a faculty development workshop which guarantees a variety of perspectives – and a on “evil” and international affairs. She recently con- lively debate – on any given topic. My colleagues tributed to a debate on politics and victimhood in at the Council were genuinely curious about my Ethics & International Affairs. thoughts as a young European, and although there were times when we had our differences, they CATHERINE LU: I was immediately captivated by respected my opinions. The atmosphere of the Tony’s workshop agenda: I liked the way it encour- Council is quite conducive to a democratic aged a discussion of evil from various sources, exchange of ideas. including religious texts, classic philosophy texts, international legal judgments, as well as contempo- JOEL ROSENTHAL: Stephan was instrumental in rary novels and films. I also appreciated the way preparing the agenda for our project on “Using Tony chaired the workshop panels, fostering an Military Force: Duties and Restraints.” His expert- open environment where participants felt free to ise in international law and international relations engage in constructive debate, with an unusually theory made him ideally suited to help us develop high level of honesty and mutual respect. Such our thinking on evolving legal and ethical norms frankness can be rare in academic circles, particu- governing the use of force. His perspective as a larly in these politically divisive times. Tony and I young European scholar with deep interests in were interviewed twice on Canadian TV: quite a feat American foreign policy added an important for the organizers of an academic workshop! dimension to the Council’s work.
20 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs? For further information along with answers to other frequently asked What is its mission? questions, explore the “About Us” area of www.carnegiecouncil.org. The Council was established by Andrew Carnegie in 1914 to work toward the ideal of world peace. Today it is a pre- Program, launched in 2000, enhances lic. Whether they support us as members mier forum dedicated to research and the goals of these studies initiatives. or participate in our programs, they ben- education in the field of ethics and inter- efit from being able to attend meetings EDUCATION: The Council regularly con- national affairs. With the help of educa- with dedicated experts and from having venes workshops for college and uni- tors, scholars, diplomats, journalists, access to the Council’s rich educational versity faculty seeking to incorporate activists, and concerned members of the resources, both in print and online. international ethical issues into their public, we aim to: curricula. Other regular educational • enhance the quality of study and Can you give me some examples of initiatives include our annual debate on the ethical dilemmas raised Council resources? Morgenthau Memorial Lecture (this by armed conflict, human rights viola- The Council’s semi-annual journal, Ethics year’s, the twenty-second in the series, tions, environmental degradation, & International Affairs, carries original featured Wesley Clark speaking on global economic injustice, the politics scholarly and reference articles on the “Waging Modern War”); and the of reconciliation, and related issues of moral aspects of global issues, as well as Foreign Policy Roundtable, a series of international concern; an extensive book review section. Also monthly meetings with authors of • develop new generations of thinkers published twice a year is Human Rights recently published works, attended by and practitioners in the field of ethics Dialogue, a magazine highlighting the international affairs journalists and and international affairs; and ethical challenges of adapting an interna- other professionals. • generate specific and workable ideas tional human rights framework to local to aid policy makers in crafting ethical COMMUNICATIONS: The Council relies on realities. Both the journal and Dialogue international policies. its Web site, carnegiecouncil.org, and are frequently used as teaching tools in companion newsletter,
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 21 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Activities
SMTWTFS September 2002 10/16/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Peter Maass and Michael Walzer 9/5/02 STUDIES SEMINAR The New Killing Fields: Massacre and the Francisco Rodriguez Politics of Intervention Economic Crisis and Political Upheaval: Venezuela in the Global Economy 10/21/02 STUDIES SEMINAR Crime, Public Order, and Human Rights – 9/18/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Co-organized with the International Council Daniel Brumberg, Adrian Karatnycky, and on Human Rights Policy Walter Russell Mead Democracy in the Age of Terror: Global 10/23/02 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE Trends and Islamic Challenges Thomas Nichols Putin’s First Two Years: Democratic Partner or 9/19/02 CARNEGIE-GEORGETOWN FORUM Future U.S. Competitor? (Washington, D.C.) Reuven Kimelman, Arnold Resnicoff, and 10/24/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Regina Schwartz Peter Berger In the Name of God: Understanding Religious Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Violence Contemporary World SEPTEMBER 9/24/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 10/24/02 STUDIES CONFERENCE Ashutosh Varshney 10/25/02 Religious Traditions of Peace in Times of War OCTOBER Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and – Cosponsored with the Uehiro Foundation Muslims in India NOVEMBER 10/28/02 “ACHIEVING GLOBAL JUSTICE” SEMINAR 9/25/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Ngaire Woods Ahmed Rashid Held to Account: Governance in the World From a Reporter’s Notebook: Afghanistan Economy One Year Later: The Struggle for the Soul of a Nation 10/29/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Peter Singer 9/25/02 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE One World: The Ethics of Globalization Michael Hirsh Bush and the World 10/31/02 STUDIES SEMINAR Yossi Klein Halevi 9/30/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Religion, Reconciliation, and Conflict in the Barry Rubin Holy Land – Cosponsored with the New York The Tragedy of the Middle East Chapter of the American Jewish Committee October 2002 November 2002
10/2/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 11/1/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM David Rieff Mark Hertsgaard A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis The Eagle’s Shadow: Why America Fascinates and Infuriates the World 10/3/02 “BEYOND HISTORY AND MEMORY” SEMINAR 11/6/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Eric Foner and Judith Stein Jeffrey Sachs U.S. Memory of Slavery and the Legacy of Global Poverty and U.S. Foreign Policy Reconstruction – Cosponsored with Columbia University 11/6/02 STUDIES BOOK TALK & PANEL Peter Danchin, David Little, Saeed Shafqat, 10/9/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM and Donald Shriver Warren Zimmermann Religion and Human Rights in the Year since First Great Triumph: How Five Americans September 11 Made Their Country a World Power 11/7/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 10/10/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM John Mearsheimer Mary Anne Weaver The Tragedy of Great Power Politics Pakistan: In The Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan
22 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs 11/12/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 1/22/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM SMTWTFS Nitin Desai Yonah Alexander Johannesburg: Achievements and Challenges Terrorism: Will Civilization Survive?
11/14/02 ETHICS & INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1/27/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM ROUNDTABLE Shibley Telhami Richard Betts, Chris Brown, Michael Byers, The Stakes – America and the Middle East: and Nicholas Rostow The Consequences of Power and the Choice The Preemptive Use of Force for Peace
11/18/02 “ACHIEVING GLOBAL JUSTICE” SEMINAR 1/29/03 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE Sanjay Reddy Michael Doran Monitoring Global Poverty: Better Options for Palestine, Iraq, and American Strategy the Future 1/29/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 11/19/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Roméo Dallaire Onora O’Neill Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of A Question of a Trust: 2002 BBC Reith Lectures Humanity in Rwanda
11/20/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM February 2003 Robert F. Drinan NOVEMBER The Mobilization of Shame: A World View of 2/4/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Human Rights Robert Kagan DECEMBER Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe 11/21/02 CARNEGIE-GEORGETOWN FORUM in the New World Order (Washington, D.C.) JANUARY Martin Cook, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and John 2/6/03 “ACHIEVING GLOBAL JUSTICE” SEMINAR Langan Terry Collingsworth FEBRUARY In the Name of God: Understanding Religious Beyond Reports and Promises: Enforcing Violence Universally Accepted Human Rights Standards in the Global Economy December 2002 2/10/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 12/4/02 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE Bill Emmott Andrew Bacevich 20:21 Vision: Twentieth Century Lessons for American Empire: The Realities and the Twenty-first Century Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy 2/11/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 12/4/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM John Richardson Rima Khalaf Hunaidi The Dynamics of EU-U.S. Relations: Where UNDP: Arab Human Development Report Next?
12/12/02 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 2/20/03 CARNEGIE-GEORGETOWN FORUM Maude Barlow (Washington, D.C.) Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Hillel Fradkin, John Kelsay, and Qamar ul-Huda Theft of the World’s Water In the Name of God: Islamic Perspectives on War and Peace 12/18/02 STUDIES PANEL (London, England) Christian Barry, Chris Brown, Tom Erskine, 2/24/03 STUDIES SEMINAR David Miller, and Onora O’Neill Amita Baviskar Determining Remedial Responsibility for Environmental Politics and the Making of Global Problems – Cosponsored with the Metropolitan Delhi London School of Economics 2/26/03 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE January 2003 David Calleo Rethinking Europe’s Future 1/16/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Chris Hedges 2/27/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning Charles Kupchan The End of the American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty-first Century
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 23 SMTWTFS 2/27/03 “BEYOND HISTORY AND MEMORY” 4/3/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM SEMINAR William Odom George Fletcher Fixing Intelligence: For a More Secure America Romanticism and Collective Guilt in the Age of Terrorism – Cosponsored with Columbia 4/3/03 STUDIES CONFERENCE University Privatization and GATS – A Threat to Development? – Cosponsored with the UN Financing for Development Office and the March 2003 Friedrich Ebert Foundation 3/4/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 4/9/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Carol Bellamy Andrew Bacevich Changing the World with Children: A Twenty- American Empire: The Realities and first Century Agenda for Human Security Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy
3/5/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 4/15/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol Paul Berman The War over Iraq: Why Saddam Must Terror and Liberalism Go...And Why America Must Lead 4/24/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM FEBRUARY 3/6/03 STUDIES WORKSHOP Shepard Forman, David Malone, and Kishore 3/7/03 Faith and Foreign Policy: The Jewish Tradition Mahbubani and American Foreign Policy – Cosponsored Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy MARCH with the American Jewish Committee 4/30/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM APRIL 3/12/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Marshall Goldman Philip Taubman The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Secret Empire: The Spy Satellites, the CIA, Goes Awry – Is Putin the Solution? MAY and American Intelligence 4/30/03 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE 3/13/03 “BEYOND HISTORY AND MEMORY” Michael Glennon SEMINAR Why the Security Council Failed John Torpey Reparations, Past and Future – Cosponsored 4/30/03 ETHICS & INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS with Columbia University ROUNDTABLE Jack Boorman, Thomas Palley, Ann Pettifor, 3/18/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM and Arturo Porzecanski Geneive Abdo and Jonathan Lyons Dealing Justly with Debt Answering Only to God: Faith and Freedom in Twenty-first Century Iran May 2003
3/26/03 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE 5/1/03 STUDIES SEMINAR Dana Allin Jonathan Sacks The Democratic Party and Foreign Policy The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations 3/27/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Talat Halman 5/2/03 STUDIES SEMINAR (College Park, Maryland) Turkey at the Crossroads: Keyhole for Iraq, Carolyn Boyd and David Crocker Key to Secular Islam, Yet Murky for the EU Democratic Development and Reckoning with the Past: The Case of Spain in Comparative Context – Cosponsored with CIRCLE, April 2003 Institute for Philosophy & Public Policy, University of Maryland 4/1/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Donald Gregg 5/6/03 “BEYOND HISTORY AND MEMORY” Challenges for the U.S. – Threats and SEMINAR Opportunities on the Korean Peninsula Stuart Eizenstat The Work of an International Negotiator in 4/3/03 “ACHIEVING GLOBAL JUSTICE” SEMINAR Restitution Cases and the Legacy of World War Prakash Sethi II – Cosponsored with Columbia University International Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations: Are They a Viable 5/7/03 22nd MORGENTHAU MEMORIAL LECTURE Option for Making Multinational Corporations Wesley Clark Socially Accountable? Waging Modern War
24 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs 5/9/03 STUDIES CONFERENCE (Washington, D.C.) 6/4/03 FOREIGN POLICY ROUNDTABLE SMTWTFS The Earth’s Riches and the World’s Poor: Andrew Krepinevich Finding Solutions to Problems of Natural Operation Iraqi Freedom: Preliminary Military Resource Extraction and Economic Justice – and Strategic Lessons Learned Cosponsored with Oxfam America and Catholic Relief Services 6/10/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Clyde Prestowitz 5/14/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and Ross Terrill the Failure of Good Intentions The New Chinese Empire: And What it Means for the United States 6/12/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Robert Art 5/15/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM A Grand Strategy for America James Derham Security on the U.S. Borders: Canada and 6/15/03 FELLOWS WORKSHOP Mexico – Protect or Divide? 6/19/03 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 Carnegie Council Fellows 5/18/03 FACULTY DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR (Worcester, Massachusetts) 6/17/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 5/21/03 Ethics, Science, and Policy: Environmental Shanthi Kalathil Education for a Transnational World – Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact MAY Cosponsored with the College of the Holy of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule Cross JUNE 6/24/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM 5/20/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Karl Meyer Jonathan Schell The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery in The Unconquerable World: Power, the Asian Heartland Nonviolence, and the Will of the People
5/22/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM Program Highlights Graham Fuller MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAMS: Talks on war, terrorism, and the Middle East; The Future of Political Islam humanitarian intervention; and American unilateralism. 5/28/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM HUMAN RIGHTS INITIATIVE: Continued publication of Human Rights Riccardo Orizio Dialogue with issues on public security and human rights (Fall 2002) and Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven human rights and globalization (Spring 2003). Dictators JUSTICE AND THE WORLD ECONOMY PROGRAM: Seminar series on achieving 5/29/03 STUDIES CONFERENCE global justice (several of the presenters also contributed to Ethics & 5/31/03 Feasible Additional Sources of Finance for International Affairs); co-sponsored conference on the impact of privatiza- Development – Cosponsored with the ILO, tion on development, which generated a report (see PUBLICATIONS); co- the UN Finance for Development Office, and sponsored conference on the problems of natural resource extraction and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation economic justice, which received major media attention. June 2003 HISTORY AND THE POLITICS OF RECONCILIATION PROGRAM: Continuation of joint seminar series with Columbia University exploring the differences 6/2/03 FACULTY DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR between history and memory; continued sponsorship of original research (Montreal, Canada) on the role of history education in countries with difficult pasts, with fund- 6/6/03 Evil and International Affairs: Rhetoric, Reality, ing from the U.S. Institute of Peace and the Spencer Foundation; participa- and Responsibility – Cosponsored with McGill tion in a meeting on Polish-Jewish reconciliation, the first case study for a University new project on international historical commissions. 6/2/03 STUDIES SEMINAR ETHICS AND THE USE OF FORCE PROGRAM: Forum series at Georgetown Media–Military Relations: Lessons from the University on notions of war and peace in the world’s major religions. Iraq War ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES AND POLICYMAKING PROJECT: Manuscript prepa- 6/4/03 MERRILL HOUSE PROGRAM ration for an edited volume on the project’s findings (see PUBLICATIONS). Michael Hirsh FACULTY DEVELOPMENT: Workshop in May at the College of the Holy Cross, At War with Ourselves: Why America Is on environmental education for a transnational world; workshop in June at Squandering Its Chance to Build a Better McGill University, on concepts of evil and the study of international affairs World (see FILMS).
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 25 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Contributors
MAJOR GRANTS AND Karen Hobson/Hobson Stuart Elfland GIFTS Associates Ltd. Everett Foundation American Jewish Committee Donald Jonas Hart Fessenden Carnegie Council Fund Charles M. Judd Bernard A. Feuerstein National Science Foundation Laurence Meltzer Andrew V. Frankel Spencer Foundation James H. Robbins Adam Fremantle Uehiro Foundation Shelley F. Rubin Stuart Gilbert United States Institute of Peace Steven Scheuer Jeanne Giniger United States-Japan Foundation Dafna E. Schmerin Susan A. Gitelson Julius S. Scott, Jr. Rosalie Y. Goldberg BENEFACTORS Stephen J. Sweeny/The College Rick Gove Phyllis D. Collins/The Dillon Fund of New Rochelle Victor R. Grann Ann Phillips Arthur C. Helton FRIENDS Judith F. Hernstadt CONTRIBUTING FELLOWS Arline Addiss Mr. & Mrs. J. Kenneth Hickman Mary L. Belknap Beth Adler Farrokh Hormozi Richard Ciecka/Mutual of The Anderson Literary Agency, Inc. Ishikawa Horoshi America Capital Management S. Wyndham Anderson Inge Humbert Jonathan E. Colby Hanjin Bae David P. Hunt Malcolm J. Gudis Sylvan M. Barnet The International Committee of Robert James/Robert James & Janice Goldsmith Bastuni the Red Cross/Delegation to Ardis James Foundation Eugene M. Becker the United Nations Michael D. Lappin Bry Benjamin Vera Jelinek Sheldon Marx/Marx Myles, Inc. Ronald E. Berenbeim Dorothy V. Jones Peter D.C. Mason William L. Bernhard Ian Jones Holly E. Myers David G. Black, Jr. Ellen Renee Kesten Robert J. Myers James S. Boynton James Kingsdale/The Kingsdale Bruno A.Quinson Cabell and Shirley Brand Scirica Foundation Marian C. Sands Charitable Trust Lead Lucy Klebanow Robert P. Smith Walter M. Burger Frank Kramer Maurice Sonnenberg Richard A. Cantor James A. Kyprios Maurice S. Spanbock Jonathan H. Churchill Hamid Ladjevardi/The Baltic Fund Harrison I. Steans William W. Clohesy Lansing Lamont Enzo Viscusi Arnold S. Cohen Steven L. Lamy Consulate General of Canada James A. LaPenn SUPPORTERS Consulate General of Norway Howard H. Lentner British Information Services Margaret T. D’Albert Arlen R. Lessin Craig Charney/Charney Research Sidney Paul Dane Jerome M. LeWine Ann J. Charters Peter J. Davies Roy Licklider Barbara F. Crossette Dorothy Davis Humra Mahmood Vijay Dandapani/Apple Core Jane Defalco Joanne B. Matthews Hotels Delegation of the European Robert McClean H. Joseph Flatau, Jr. Commission to the United Ronald S. Melnyk J. W. Fredericks Nations Peter & Rhoda Miller Jerrold P. Fuchs David J. Dell Sholeen Mooljee/Consulate Arthur B. Greene Robert P. DeVecchi General of South Africa Patricia & Peter Handal Elsie Diamond Duk Ho Moon Russell Hardin Robert L. Dilenschneider Joyce Munn
26 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Edward H. Noroian C.J. Chen/Tapei Economic & MORGENTHAU MEMORIAL Sachiko Ohi Cultural Representative Office LECTURE FUND C. Matthew Olson in the United States Keith W. & Cathy Abell Christine C. Cooper Stuart M. Paley Florence Tatistcheff Amzallag William J. Davis Kate Parsons John & Eva Becker Joseph H. Ehrenkranz Carol Penn/The Harold and Jonathan E. Colby Don Eugene Sophie Menowitz Foundation Phyllis D. Collins Eugene Feigelson Permanent Mission of Luxemburg Barbara Crossette Susan Zises Green to the United Nations Dorothy Davis Ruth Grubel Pfizer Foundation Matching Gift Alan & Laraine Fischer Program Natalie D. Hahn Jerrold Fuchs Richard Phelps Irene Halligan Hubert & Mireille Goldschmidt Robert H. Pines Alexandra Hanley Arthur B. Greene Ruth Pollack C. Lowell Harriss Malcolm J. Gudis Janet J. Rotner Thomas B. Harvey Gustave M. & Rita E. Hauser Ernest Rubenstein John Heinig Sally & Bob Huxley Robert A. Rubinstein Gonzalo de las Heras Gene Kozlov Jack & Susan Rudin Richard Horowitz Mildred Robbins Leet Edward W. Russell Jill & Jerry Hultin Maryalice Mazzara Peter C.O. Schliesser Patricia S. Huntington Nicole McKinnon Marcia Schloss Sally Huxley Matthew T. & Linda Morgenthau Tatyana Shestakova Peter M. Jaensch Donald P. Moriarty Donald W. Shriver Nancy Kirk Robert J. Myers F. Randall Smith Wilfred D. Koplowitz North Fork Bank Margaret M. Sokol John Langmore Ann Phillips Carol Spomer Daniel L. Lynch Helen M. Moed Pomeroy Sondra Stein Richard Marker Seymour Reich Ralph & Suzanne Steinberg David A. Mayers Joel H. & Patricia Rosenthal Mr. & Mrs. Walter P. Stern Kannan Menon Alan & Sandra Rubin John Temple Swing Wilson D. Miscamble, C.S.C. Steven H. & Alida Brill Scheuer Phillips & Mildred Talbot Matthew T. & Linda Morgenthau James J. Shields Robert Tempio Dede Pickering/Bruce & Dorothy Bossidy Maurice S. Spanbock, Esq. Lucy Ullmann Kitty Pilgrim Harrison I. Steans Caroline Urvater Helen M. Moed Pomeroy Ronnie Steinkoller Richard R. Valcourt Edward Rosenthal Kenneth W. Thompson Michael Volchok Victor A. Sack Naranhkiri & Patricia Tith Gregg A. Walker Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Joseph Traub & Pamela Elisabeth Waltuch Linda R. Senat McCorduch Robert J. Windorf Sally S. Shelley Michael Volchok Constance Spahn ASSOCIATES Ernest H. Spillar CARNEGIE COUNCIL J. Michael Adams Franklin A. Thomas FUND Richard F. Barney Alexander G. Troup, IV Forstmann-Leff Associates Alvin M. Bernstone Benjamin Weiner/Probe Smith Richardson Foundation John Brademas International Linda F. Cahill Bonnie Wyper/Net.Content, Inc. Thomas A. Cassilly Aristide Zolberg
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 27 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Fellows
ACH YEAR, THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL OFFERS UP TO EIGHT NON-RESIDENTIAL FELLOWSHIPS TO mid-career scholars, practitioners, journalists, and other professionals, selected from a pool E of hundreds of applicants. The successful candidates have research proposals that closely match the Council’s ongoing areas of study: human rights, armed conflict, reconciliation, environmental values, and justice and the world economy.
2002-2003 Selected 2003-2004
IHSAN D. DAGI UCHÉ EWELUKWA Middle East Technical University, Turkey, University of Arkansas School of Law, International International Relations Law Islamist Intellectuals in Turkey: Rethinking Human African States, Aggressive Multilateralism, and the Rights, Democracy, and the West WTO Dispute Settlement System – Politics, Process, Outcomes, and Prospects MARIA GUADALUPE MOOG RODRIGUES College of the Holy Cross, Political Science MARCUS HALL Transnational Environmental Activism and Its Research Fellow, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Impact on Local Communities Switzerland Fighting Malaria in Sardinia: DDT, the Rockefeller KEITH M. SLACK Foundation, and Imperial Environmentalism Policy Advisor, Oxfam America Digging Out of Poverty? Just Management of ELIZABETH OGLESBY Natural Resource Extraction and Its Implications University of Arizona, Latin American Studies for Poverty Reduction in the Developing World: Education and the Politics of History in Guatemala: Lessons from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia Integrating “Memory of Silence” into the Curriculum? ELIZABETH K.P. WONG Secretary General, National Human Rights Society, HARI M. OSOFSKY Malaysia Whittier Law School, Environmental Law Changing Perceptions of Rights and Security in Learning from Environmental Justice: A New Malaysia Post-9/11 Model for International Environmental Rights
TAKASHI YOSHIDA SCOTT A. SILVERSTONE Western Michigan University, History United States Military Academy at West Point, Remembering the Pacific War: War and Peace International Relations Museums in China, Japan, South Korea, and The Ethical Limits to Preventive War Taiwan
DIETER ZINNBAUER London School of Economics, Development Studies Intellectual Property Rules for the Digital Economy: Determining the Distribution of Global Benefits from a Technological Revolution
28 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Officers, Trustees, & Staff
OFFICERS STAFF Jonathan E. Colby, Chair Dahiana Adames, Administrative Assistant* James J. Shields, Vice Chair Christian Barry, Editor, Ethics & International Joel H. Rosenthal, President Affairs; Senior Program Officer, Justice & the World Economy (Studies) Harrison I. Steans, Treasurer Joanne R. Bauer, Director, Studies Ulrike Klopfer, Secretary Eva Becker, Vice President for Finance and TRUSTEES Administration Vivian Bertrand, Program Associate, Environmental Lisa Anderson Values Project (Studies)* Marcus C. Bruce Deborah Carroll, Director, Information Technology Jonathan E. Colby and Member Services Phyllis D. Collins Elizabeth A. Cole, Senior Program Officer, History Barbara Crossette and the Politics of Reconciliation (Studies) Thomas Donaldson Mary-Lea Cox, Director, Communications William F. Felice Martha Ellwanger, Manager, Housekeeping Russell Hardin Ulrike Klopfer, Secretary of the Corporation Malcolm J. Gudis Anthony F. Lang, Program Officer, Education* Charles W. Kegley, Jr. Frank Leitão, Associate, Internal Affairs Anthony Lake Erin Mahoney, Program Assistant, Human Rights John Langan, S.J. Initiative (Studies)* David Little Joanne J. Myers, Director, Merrill House Programs David Mayers Vivek Nayar, Program Assistant, Education Wilson D. Miscamble, C.S.C.* Evan O’Neil, Administrative Assistant Holly Elizabeth Myers Marina Oyuela, Assistant to the Vice President Ann Phillips Mark Pedersen, Staff Writer, Communications Alexander H. Platt Eliza Rhee, Administrative Assistant Arnold E. Resnicoff Nicholas Rizopoulos, Senior Research Associate Joel H. Rosenthal Joel H. Rosenthal, President Julius S. Scott, Jr. Melissa Semeniuk, Assistant to the President; Database Administrator Nancy Sherman Morgan Stoffregen, Program Assistant, Justice & James J. Shields the World Economy (Studies); Fellows Program Richard H. Shultz Coordinator Harrison I. Steans Lydia Tomitova, Associate Editor, Ethics & Warren Zimmermann International Affairs Yesim Yemni, Program Assistant, Education HONORARY TRUSTEES Charles M. Judd *Departed prior to October 1, 2003. Robert J. Myers Maurice S. Spanbock
INTERNATIONAL HONORARY TRUSTEE Eiji Uehiro
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 29 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Financial Summary
Statement of activities for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2002, and ending June 30, 2003
REVENUE & SUPPORT
Grants for Programs 141,767 Trustee & individual contributions 63,873 Program & Membership fees 139,532 Interest Income 2,169 SUBTOTAL 347,341
Net assets released from board-designated restrictions 2,363,418 TOTAL REVENUE & SUPPORT 2,710,759
EXPENSES
PROGRAMS Studies 589,061 Education 713,941 Merrill House Programs 330,626 Publications 719,481 SUBTOTAL PROGRAM EXPENSES 2,353,109 Management and General Support 357,650 TOTAL EXPENSES 2,710,759
The Carnegie Council’s audited financial statement and operational report has been filed with the state of New York (#48749), and copies are available upon request. Write to New York State Department of State Charities, Registration Section, 162 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12231.
30 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Publications
Ethics & International Affairs Human Rights Dialogue
“Making Human Rights Work in a Globalizing World” (Spring 2003)
Vol. 17.1 (Spring 2003) Featuring a roundtable on the pre- “Public Security emptive use of force; a special sec- and Human Rights” “A New Turn in the “Instead of tion on achieving global economic (Fall 2002) New War” Reconciliation, A justice; and a debate on Israel’s policy (May/June 2003) Widening Gulf” of targeted killings. (March/April 2003)
Vol. 16.2 (Fall 2002) Featuring a roundtable on the September 11 effect; a special section New Carnegie Council Books on health and Ethics and the global justice; Future of Conflict: and a debate Lessons of the on human 1990s, eds. rights and the politics of victimhood. Anthony F. Lang, Jr., “Dealing Justly with “Justice after War” Albert C. Pierce, Debt” (January/ (November/December Morganthau Memorial and Joel H. February 2003) 2002) Lectures Rosenthal (Prentice Hall, 2003). Waging Modern War, by Wesley K. Clark (2003) Just Intervention, ed. Anthony F. Lang, Jr. (Georgetown University Press, 2003).
“The Carnegie The Mystery of COMING SOON: Council Covers the Capital, by Dancing Cats and Factory Ships: New War” Hernando de Soto Justice, Livelihood, and Contested “Threats beyond the (Supplement, (2002) Environments, ed. Joanne Bauer Headlines” Summer 2003) (M.E. Sharpe, 2004 forthcoming). A (September/ report of the Council’s multi-year study of October 2002) environmental values and policymaking.
2003 Yearbook and Annual Report 31 THE CARNEGIE COUNCIL Membership
Everyone with anything interesting to say about international relations sooner or later finds “ their way to Merrill House. Merrill House Programs provide an excellent overview of the ongoing debate about how nations should treat one another in the world they all share. The PAUL LEWIS, FORMER WRITER dialogue between speaker and audience is sophisticated and always stimulating.” FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
arnegie Council members receive invitations to our Merrill House Programs, featuring government leaders, academics, and acclaimed C authors in the field of ethics and international affairs. Other mem- bership benefits include free publications (see list on page 31); an invitation to the Council's annual Morgenthau Memorial Lecture; and regular e-mail updates on upcoming events and new resources. In addition, Carnegie Council members experience the intangible benefit of con- tributing to our mission of supporting educators and students in the field of ethics and international affairs. Every year we hold development programs for college fac- ulty and support the work of junior scholars on original research projects. Membership levels are listed below. Please visit our Web site, www.carnegiecouncil.org, for a complete description of the benefits associated with each level.
MEMBERSHIP LEVELS: $25 Student $60 Affiliate $200 Associate $300 Friend $500 Supporter/Individual $700 Supporter/Institutional $1,000+ Contributing Fellow & Benefactor
The Merrill House breakfasts offer perhaps the most stimulating early-morning intellectual “ fare available in New York City. Remarkable speakers, an exceptionally well-qualified audi- ence, and a relaxed atmosphere – under the firm but light guiding hand of director Joanne Myers – contribute to discussions that are invariably interesting, lively, and productive. I SHASHI THAROOR, UNDER- SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR always leave the breakfasts feeling energized and enlightened. I can’t imagine a more refresh- COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC INFORMATION, ing start to the working day than one of Merrill House’s Books for Breakfast.” UNITED NATIONS
Visit www.carnegiecouncil.org to download or order Carnegie Council publications, become a member, or make a secure donation.
32 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs CREDITS
COVER MONTAGE: TEXT: Mary-Lea Cox, with Vivek Nayar, Top row: William Kristol at a 3/5/03 Merrill House Christine Neilsen-Craig, and Mark Pedersen
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