Journal of Applied Global Research
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ISSN 1940-1833 Journal of Applied Global Research Volume 7, Issue 20 Published and Sponsored by: Intellectbase International Consortium Journal of Applied Global Research Volume 7, Issue 20 Editor-in-Chief Dr. David King, Tennessee State University, USA Dr. David King holds a Ph.D in Computer Information Systems and over 14 years experience in Applied Research. He is also a Certified Cisco Systems Instructor, Microsoft Certified Professional, Certified Novell Administrator and has recently achieved Diplomas in Medical & Dental and Pharmacy academic programs. Dr. King’s educational background expands across Australia, Europe, Africa and North America. He is keen in teaching Networking Systems, Computer Systems Security, Applied Information Technology, Relational Database Management Systems, Management Information Systems, E-business strategies, Knowledge Management, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence, Business Process Reengineering and ERP Application Systems. Dr. King’s research work is in the areas of: Computer-Mediated-Communication, The Internet and Psychology, E-Learning and Distance Education, The Internet and Global Collaboration, Foreign Aid Projects in Developing Nations, Accounting Information Systems, Knowledge Management, Intelligence & Homeland Security Systems, Health Information Science & Management, Research Methods and Design. He has published in several top Information Systems Conference Proceedings and Journals (IFIP, ACIS, PACIS, IRMA, JAGR, JISTP, etc.). In addition, Dr King serves on several editorial boards in the research community. He has received several research presentation “Best Paper” awards in Seattle, USA, Bangalore, India, Las Vegas, USA, and Venice, Italy. As new research disciplines develop, Dr. King expands his horizons, investigates, experiments and contributes to intellectual consortiums and forums. He serves as the Chair for the Intellectbase International Consortium conferences and leads the Editors Excellence Review Panel (EERP) for the International Handbook of Academic Research & Teaching (IHART) Proceedings. In addition, he currently serves as the Program Coordinator for International Institute of Academic Research. Contributing Editors Dr. Stephen Kariuki Mr. Kristopher Burris, Managing Editor Dr. Kong-Cheng Wong Associate Editor-in-Chief Intellectbase International Consortium Associate Editor-in-Chief Nipissing University, Canada USA Affiliate Governors State University, USA Senior Advisory Board Dr. Brett Sims, Associate Editor Dr. Jeanne Kuhler, Associate Editor Dr. Frank Cheng, Associate Editor Borough of Manhattan Community College, USA Auburn University, USA Central Michigan University, USA ISSN: 1940-1833 Print ISSN: 1938-2073 Online ISSN: 1940-1841 CD-ROM Copyright ©2013 Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC). Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this journal for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial use. All copies must bear this notice and full citation. Permission from the Editor is required to post to servers, redistribute to lists, or utilize in a for-profit or commercial use. Permission requests should be sent to Journal of Applied Global Research, 1615 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37208. 8 www.intellectbase.org Published by Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) 1615 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, TN 37208, USA Editor’s Message My sincere gratitude goes to the Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) program committee for their hard work in producing Volume 7, Issue 20. In addition, I want to thank the Reviewers’ Task Panel (RTP), Executive Editorial Board (EEB), Senior Advisory Board (SAB), and the Contributing & Managing Editors (CME) for their efforts, which have made JAGR a successful and an accredited academic Journal. They work diligently to review, comment and provide significant feedback to authors of the various research papers to fulfill accreditation standards. The articles in this Issue of the Journal offer intellectual contributions and focus on broadening academic resources. JAGR provides continuous development and exchange of ideas among global research professionals. JAGR is a double-blind reviewed Journal which provides a forum for academics, scientists, practitioners and decision makers to advance their presumptions in a scholarly exertion that has both national and international orientation. The Journal is committed to articles that engage global research and philosophical judgment, with significant practical issues in a range of hard and soft sciences, which identify societal benefits and establishments. JAGR seeks research innovation & creativity and presents original topics. The focus of the journal is to substantiate professional practice, teaching and learning that exemplify global research and collaboration. The Journal attracts ideas of high quality which explore the relationship between expertise in both interpretivist and positivist frames of reference. We continue to look for individuals interested in becoming a reviewer for Intellectbase conference proceedings and Journals. Potential reviewers should send a self- nomination to the editor at [email protected]. Reviewers may also be asked to be part of the Executive Editorial Board after they have established a positive record of reviewing articles in their discipline. A COMMITMENT TO ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE Articles published in the Journal of Applied Global Research (JAGR) have undergone rigorous blind review. Intellectbase is one of the world's leading publishers of high-quality multi-disciplinary research in both Academia and Industry. Intellectbase International Consortium has an unwavering commitment to providing methodical Journal content and presenting it in a comprehensible format. In the areas of integrity and journalism excellence, Intellectbase maintains a high editorial standard. Intellectbase publications are based on the most current research information available and are reviewed by members of the Executive Editorial Board (EEB) and Reviewers’ Task Panel (RTP). When there is lack of research competence on a topic (technical or exploratory), together the EEB and RTP provide extensive feedback (based on what is known and accurate) to author(s). For upcoming Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) conferences, please visit the Intellectbase website at: www.intellectbase.org Reviewers Task Panel and Executive Editorial Board Dr. David White Dr. Dennis Taylor Roosevelt University, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Danka Radulovic Dr. Harrison C. Hartman University of Belgrade, Serbia University of Georgia, USA Dr. Sloan T. Letman, III Dr. Sushil Misra American Intercontinental University, USA Concordia University, Canada Dr. Jiri Strouhal Dr. Avis Smith University of Economics-Prague, Czech Republic New York City College of Technology, USA Dr. Joel Jolayemi Dr. Smaragda Papadopoulou Tennessee State University, USA University of Ioannina, Greece Dr. Xuefeng Wang Dr. Burnette Hamil Taiyun Normal University, China Mississippi State University, USA Dr. Jeanne Kuhler Dr. Alejandro Flores Castro Auburn University, USA Universidad de Pacifico, Peru Dr. Babalola J. Ogunkola Dr. Robert Robertson University of the West Indies, Barbados Southern Utah University, USA Dr. Debra Shiflett Dr. Sonal Chawla American Intercontinental University, USA Panjab University, India Dr. Cheaseth Seng Ms. Katherine Leslie Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia, Cambodia Chicago State University, USA Dr. R. Ivan Blanco Dr. Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad Texas State University – San Marcos, USA North-West University, South Africa Dr. Tahir Husain Dr. James D. Williams Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Kutztown University, USA Dr. Jifu Wang Dr. Tehmina Khan University of Houston Victoria, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Janet Forney Dr. Werner Heyns Piedmont College, USA Savell Bird & Axon, UK Dr. Adnan Bahour Dr. Mike Thomas Zagazig University, Egypt Humboldt State University, USA Dr. Rodney Davis Dr. William Ebomoyi Troy University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. Mumbi Kariuki Dr. Khalid Alrawi Nipissing University, Canada Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE Reviewers Task Panel and Executive Editorial Board (Continued) Dr. Mohsen Naser-Tavakolian Dr. Joselina Cheng San Francisco State University, USA University of Central Oklahoma, USA Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed Dr. Natalie Housel James Cook University, Australia Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Regina Schaefer Dr. Nitya Karmakar University of La Verne, USA University of Western Sydney, Australia Dr. Ademola Olatoye Dr. Anita King Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria University of South Alabama, USA Dr. Dana Tesone Dr. Lloyd V. Dempster University of Central Florida, USA Texas A & M University - Kingsville, USA Dr. Farhad Simyar Dr. Bijesh Tolia Chicago State University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. John O'Shaughnessy Dr. John Elson San Francisco State University, USA National University, USA Dr. Stephen Kariuki Dr. Demi Chung Nipissing University, Canada University of Sydney, Australia Dr. Rose Mary Newton Dr. James (Jim) Robbins University of Alabama, USA Trinity Washington University, USA Dr. Mahmoud Al-Dalahmeh Dr. Jeffrey (Jeff) Kim University of Wollongong, Australia University of Washington, USA Dr. Shahnawaz Muhammed Dr. Dorothea Gaulden Fayetteville State University, USA Sensible Solutions, USA Dr. Brett Sims Dr. Gerald Marquis Borough of Manhattan Community College, USA