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¿Puede Enseñarse El Derecho Inglés En Las Universidades? ¿Puede enseñarse el Derecho inglés en las universidades? Albert Venn Dicey Estudio preliminar y traducción de Javier Carlos Díaz Rico ¿PUEDE ENSEÑARSE EL DERECHO INGLÉS EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES? The Figuerola Institute Programme: Legal History The Programme “Legal History” of the Figuerola Institute of Social Science History –a part of the Carlos III University of Madrid– is devoted to improve the overall knowledge on the history of law from different points of view –academically, culturally, socially, and institutionally– covering both ancient and modern eras. A number of experts from several countries have participated in the Programme, bringing in their specialized knowledge and dedication to the subject of their expertise. To give a better visibility of its activities, the Programme has published in its Book Series a number of monographs on the different aspects of its academic discipline. Publisher: Carlos III University of Madrid Book Series: Legal History Editorial Committee: Manuel Ángel Bermejo Castrillo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Catherine Fillon, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Manuel Martínez Neira, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Carlos Petit, Universidad de Huelva Cristina Vano, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II More information at www.uc3m.es/legal_history ¿PUEDE ENSEÑARSE EL DERECHO INGLÉS EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES? ALBERT VENN DICEY Estudio preliminar y traducción de Javier Carlos Díaz Rico DYKINSON 2021 Publicación financiada por FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Econo- mía y Conocimiento/Proyecto “La memoria del jurista” (ref. UHU-1256527). Historia del derecho, 93 ISSN: 2255-5137 © 2021 Javier Carlos Díaz Rico Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 – 28015 Madrid Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dykinson.com Preimpresión: TALLERONCE ISBN: 978-84-1377-346-9 Depósito legal: M-4248-2021 Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo http://hdl.handle.net/10016/31912 Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España ÍNDICE Dicey y la enseñanza jurídica: Javier Carlos Díaz Rico 1. Dicey y la Cátedra Viner 9 2. Renovación de la enseñanza del derecho inglés (1846-1884) 11 3. Creación de literatura jurídica y codificación 30 4. Nota sobre la traducción 35 ¿Puede enseñarse el derecho inglés en las universidades? 39 Can English law be taught at the Universities? 63 Apéndices 1. Principales sedes de la enseñanza jurídica (1847-1914) 85 2. Cronología de Albert Venn Dicey 86 3. Ante la Gresham University Commission (1892) 89 Bibliografía 113 7 DICEY Y LA ENSEÑANZA JURÍDICA 1. DICEY Y LA CÁTEDRA VINER Albert Venn Dicey (1835-1922) accedió a la Cátedra Viner de derecho in- glés del All Souls College de la Universidad de Oxford en 1882. Lo hizo con 47 años y permaneció en ella otros 27, hasta 1909. Su lección de despedida tuvo por objeto los Comentarios de Blackstone, el primer titular de la Cátedra Vi- ner, la más antigua de derecho inglés (fundada en 1758)1. Tras abandonarla, Dicey ocupó brevemente el cargo de reader en derecho internacional privado (1910-1913), disciplina de la cual fue uno de sus principales impulsores en In- glaterra. La cátedra que nos ocupa deriva su nombre del jurista inglés Charles Viner (1678-1756), cuyo testamento previó su creación2. Las dos biografías existentes sobre Dicey no otorgan un papel relevante a sus ideas sobre la enseñanza del derecho, a pesar haber sido uno de los aspec- tos cruciales de su elección a la cátedra3. Los estudios sobre Dicey están deci- didamente centrados en su Law of the Constitution4, y en menor medida en su Law and Opinion5, sin conceptualizar la primera obra como culminación de un programa de investigación comenzado décadas atrás, la “exposición clara y efectiva del derecho vigente”6. La lección inaugural no se entiende sin la expe- riencia de la instrucción jurídica en los bufetes y el propio ejercicio posterior 1 A. V. Dicey, “Blackstone’s Commentaries”, National Review 54 (1909), pp. 653-675. Reimpresa en The Cambridge Law Journal 4, 3 (1932), pp. 286-307. 2 Vid. la lección inaugural de otro Vinerian Professor, William S. Holdsworth, Charles Viner and the Abridgments of English Law, Londres, Stevens & Sons, 1923. 3 Richard A. Cosgrove, The Rule of Law. Albert Venn Dicey. Victorian Jurist, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1980, cap. 3, The restoration of the Vinerian Chair, pp. 45-65; Trowbridge H. Ford, Albert Venn Dicey. The Man and His Times, Chich- ester, Barry Rose Publishers Ltd., 1985, cap. 5, Apprenticeship in London, pp. 79-100. Vid. en español el reciente estudio, Héctor Domínguez Benito, “Historia de un manifiesto. Una introducción al derecho de la constitución de Albert Venn Dicey”, en A. V. Dicey, El dere- cho de la constitución, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2019, pp. 9-77. 4 A. V. Dicey, Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Lon- dres, Macmillan and Co., 1885. 5 A. V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law & Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century, Londres, Macmillan and Co., 1905. 6 A. V. Dicey, ¿Puede enseñarse el derecho inglés en las universidades?, infra, p. 57. 9 ALBERT VENN DICEY de la abogacía por parte de Dicey. Al igual que en los casos de sus colegas de Oxford Pollock, Holland o Anson, aprendizaje en el bufete y ejercicio del de- recho son dos elementos insalvables para explicar su pensamiento jurídico. Esta lección inaugural permite asimismo calibrar el influjo en Dicey de los juristas que le precedieron. La literatura tradicional ha modelado tal influen- cia en dos vertientes, una analítica representada por John Austin y otra histó- rica representada por Henry S. Maine. Habitualmente se otorga un peso de- terminante a la primera, lo que conduce a la calificación de Dicey como jurista austiniano-analítico7. Las propuestas de Dicey en su lección inaugural cuestio- nan esta tradicional visión en favor de un entendimiento más complejo de su producción intelectual. Recientes aportaciones transitan esta vía, por ejemplo a propósito de la teoría constitucional del imperio defendida por Dicey, im- pregnada de una noción de civilización próxima a la defendida por Maine8. El libro clásico sobre la Cátedra Viner o Vinerian Chair of English Law es el de Harold G. Hanbury, titular de la misma durante el periodo 1949-19649. Su título es sin embargo impreciso, pues si bien pueden encontrarse en él re- tratos de los distintos titulares de la cátedra y análisis de sus doctrinas, escasa información es ofrecida sobre las condiciones de la enseñanza del derecho presentes en cada periodo. Hasta cierto punto es paradójica esta ausencia, en una obra que denomina el acceso a la cátedra de Dicey “segunda fundación” de la misma. Estas carencias fueron remediadas primeramente por el profe- sor Frederick H. Lawson con su obra The Oxford Law School, cuya primera página centra adecuadamente el objeto de estudio: “el derecho fue enseñado por primera vez en Oxford hace muchos siglos, pero la formación jurídica [legal education] tal como la conocemos hoy tiene una historia de poco más de cien años, […]”10. Así lo reconoció Dicey en su lección11. La presente intro- 7 Cfr. Ian Ward, Writing the Victorian Constitution, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2018, p. 170. Hart en cambio no lo nombra: “[D]esde Austin desciende una línea de juristas analíticos ingleses: Amos, Clark, Markby, Hearn, Holland y Salmond […]”, cfr. H. L. A. Hart, “Introducción” [1954], en John Austin, El objeto de la jurisprudencia (ed. Juan Ramón de Páramo), Madrid, 2002, pp. 5-15, p. 15. 8 Vid. Dylan Lino, “Albert Venn Dicey and the Constitutional Theory of Empire”, Ox- ford Journal of Legal Studies 36, 4 (2016), pp. 751-780, p. 764. 9 Harold G. Hanbury, The Vinerian Chair and Legal Education, Oxford, Basil Black- well, 1958. 10 Frederick H. Lawson, The Oxford Law School, 1850-1965, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968, p. 1. 11 Dicey, ¿Puede enseñarse el derecho inglés en las universidades?, infra, p. 60. 10 ¿PUEDE ENSEÑARSE EL DERECHO INGLÉS EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES? ducción expondrá los inicios de esta formación en la Universidad de Oxford, contemplados desde la perspectiva de Dicey. 2. RENOVACIÓN DE LA ENSEÑANZA DEL DERECHO INGLÉS (1846-1884) Dicey fue admitido el 26 de enero de 1863 en la corporación de barristers londinense Inner Temple, pero conviene remontarse unas décadas atrás para establecer cuál era la situación a la que se enfrentaban los juristas reformis- tas. El propio Dicey señala en su lección los años cuarenta y cincuenta del siglo XIX como el inicio de las reformas en la enseñanza del derecho12. El 25 agosto de 1846 fue publicado el informe del Comité sobre Enseñanza Jurídica13, nombrado por la Cámara de los Comunes el 8 de abril del mismo año. Éste se lamenta, comparando explícitamente en varias ocasiones la si- tuación inglesa con la alemana, de que solamente haya en Oxford dos cátedras de derecho, “la cátedra de Civil Law, ocupada por el Dr. Phillimore, y la cáte- dra de Common Law, también llamada Vinerian Professorship, desempeñada por el Dr. Kenyon”14. Sobre esta última se afirma que el número de lecciones anuales es de veinticuatro y el de asistentes es de alrededor de treinta y ocho. No hay exámenes ni se confieren grados enCommon Law, solamente en Civil Law. En Cambridge se encuentran otras dos cátedras jurídicas, The Regius Professorship of Civil Law y The Downing Professorship of Law, ocupadas por el Dr. Geldart y por Mr. Starkie respectivamente15. El University College de Londres sale mejor parado de la investigación parlamentaria. Su situación se valora como más avanzada o “continental”. Su reciente fundación por círculos benthamistas en 1826 contribuyó a ello. La de Jurisprudencia era una de sus facultades y se conferían anualmente grados de bachiller y de doctor en derecho, tras la superación de un examen.
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