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AUTHOR Autry, George B.; Guillory, Ferrel TITLE The Carolinas, Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow: An Exploration of Social and Economic Trends, 1924-1999. INSTITUTION MDC, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 228p.; Photographs may not reproduce adequately. Funded by the Duke Endowment. AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://www.mdcinc.org/the_carolinas.htm. PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /pC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Community Health Services; Economic Development; Education Work Relationship; Educational Attainment; *Educational Trends; Employment Patterns; Higher Education; Hospitals; *Modernization; *Philanthropic Foundations; Poverty; Racial Relations; Resistance to Change; Rural. Areas; *Rural Development; Social Change; *Sociocultural Patterns; State History IDENTIFIERS *North Carolina; Orphanages; *South Carolina

ABSTRACT James B. Duke established the Duke Endowment in 1924. This document examines what the Carolinas have accomplished since that time--both through the endowment's investments and otherwise--and what remains to be achieved. The first chapter describes the Carolinas' of the 1920s. While the rest of the nation enjoyed economic prosperity, the rural Carolinas experienced poverty and ignorance. Mr. Duke's hydroelectric industry initiated a start towards urbanization and industrialization, but the area's longstanding tradition of resistance to change was reflected in the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and Jim Crow laws. The second chapter recounts Mr. Duke's strategy for improving the Carolinas. His endowment concentrated on the Carolinas and sought not only to enable economic development but also to foster improvements for Blacks and Whites in higher education, health care, and children's care, and to support the rural Methodist Church. The third chapterdescribes the Carolinas of today: industrialized, diversified, with an increasing population and an increased educational level. However, the area still lags behind the nation in college graduates, child poverty, and health care. Racial relations between Whites and Blacks are much improved, but the area is now coping with new populations of Latinos and Asians. The fourth chapter is a discussion among distinguished Carolinians about these trends and how foundations are uniquely positioned to promote and foster innovation for improving the economic, social, and physical health of individuals, families, and communities. Appendices contain roundtable participants, literary and visual arts contributors, and 55 sources of data and art. (TD)

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Cover art

Exiting Tunnel Maud Gatewood, 1973 Acrylic on. canvas 50" a 56" Private collection

Back cover art clock-wise from upper left

Tunnel Descending Maud Gatewood, 1974 Acrylic on canvas 50"56" Private collection

Tunnel Snow Maud Gatewood, 1974 Acrylic on canvas 50" a 56" Private Collection

Tunnel Fall Maud Gatewood, 1973 Acrylic on mylar 50" a 56" Courtesy of Bess Powell Autry

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.4, AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRENDS, 1924-1999 YESTERDAY A - TODAY - TOMORROW by MDC, Inc. AuthorsGeorge andLeahFerrel Editors B.D. Autry TottenGuillory Associate Editor, Researcher Adam S. MitchellManaging Editor to commemorate the 75th anniversary ofJames Buchanan Duke's philanthropy in the Carolinas. This work was commissioned by the Trustees of The Duke Endowment 12 4 z.` .s ".> ,

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It is remarkable truly a superb demon- theirmanydationestablished sister years, to benefit 0Mary The Mr. Duke hadDuke,the followedpeople Endowment his brother of the the example Carolinas.Benjamin, set byForand a private foun- ofneedsMr. that,the Duke hetwo after saw, intended,Carolinas. 75 and years, still still thecares addresses foundation deeply theabout still problems the operates people and as their father, Washington Duke taking deliberate As we discussed the 75th anniversary and how inthey.and many caring The ways, creation steps a logicalto of aid The othersextension Duke less Endowment of fortunate a long-time thanwas, beneficiariesrealizedthatto observe has beenthat it, those accomplishedandour tothoughts achievements the people turned,since of belong1924. the naturally, two We to states. our quickly to allThis creation.Endowmentpattern of As family afor successful many giving. years businessman, prior to its he actual saw theWe know that Mr. Duke thought about The impulseareprogress, what wethese celebrate. accomplishments, This book flowedthese improvements from that to look back, but also to look ahead; to Asspiritualheeconomic a devoutrecognized life. Methodist, and As thesocial a transformingcaring heneeds saw human of the the power importancebeing, Carolinas, ofhe education. saw of and the andbring.alsosee we Wethe wantedare pastwanted immensely itand to the tobe learnbookbeautiful. grateful fromto be toThis itinformative, MDC what was theInc., no futureeasy andbut task,we may sourceHisplight great ofof thedreamfunds sick, towas thehelp to aged, addressput in the place allorphaned these a perpetual needs. children.Mr. Duke had a long association with Dr. andsiasmespeciallyGeorge's the for Trustees the to understanding theproject latefondly Georgehelped dedicate of bringAutry, our it visionthis in for his book their andmemory. towork. his life, enthu- leadership,WilliamdreamDurham. Preston locatedOver Few, the in years, thepresident South. Dr. Fewof Enthralled Trinity outlined College by his Dr. own in a private university of national stature and thefeltand Carolinashopewe look is that forward this book to a new millennium, our heart-As we look back on three-quarters of a century will be a useful companion in the our gift to the people of 15JamesFew's B. vision,Duke made and encouraged it possible forby hisTrinity brother College Ben, journey to the future. Chairman,TheMary D.B.T. Semans Duke Endowment Trustees of Mary1999The D.B.T. Duke Semans, Endowment Chairman WilliamLouisHugh M. G.C. Anlyan,Chapman,Stephens, M.D. Vice Jr., Chairmanand 75th Anniversary Chairman Vice Chairman JohnRichard HopeConstance H.Franklin, Jenrette F. Gray Ph.D. 1,, e - Mary D.T. Jones 0 JuanitaThomas M. Kreps,A.S. KenanLangford, Ph.D. III Ph.D. 0 " A John G.MinorRussell Medlin, M. M. Shaw RobinsonJr. II o I . I WilliamCharlesNeil Williams B. F. McGuire, Myers, Jr., Emeritus Emeritus thephilanthropistlishedThe people Duke in 1924 Endowmentof North Jamesby North Carolina B. is Duke. Carolina a private and The Southindustrialist foundationEndowment Carolina estab-and serves by workscountry,andMDC toincrease expandInc. with is prosperity aathe private,special economy, focus nonprofitin communities develop on the research South.the workforce,across group the that 100Thehealthsupporting NorthDuke care, EndowmentTryon children's selected Street, welfare,programs Suite 3500and of spiritualhigher education, life Telephone:MDCChapelP.O. Inc. Box Hill, (919)17268 NC 968-4531 27516-7268 www.Fax:Telephone:Charlotte, (704) duke en 376-9336 (704) dowment. NC 28202-4012376-0291 org www.mdcinc.orgFax: (919) 929-8557 LibraryCopyright of Congress 0 1999 CatalogMDC Card Number: 99-047147 AcknowledgmentsFor usrepresents at MDC, publicationa bittersweet of moment.this volume Our afterC.E. retiring Bishop, from who running became major MDC's universities, chief economist manuscript.suddenlycolleague only As six president weeks before of MDC, completion he had beenof the and friend George Autry died givestepped us his in toconsiderable check our wisdom.facts and analysis and toTwo members of MD C's staff worked with researching,to producedelighted this thatwriting, work. The conversing DukeAnd doingEndowment with the workexperts, asked us bringingthespecial managing this diligence, project editor, tenacity, to fruition.kept usand on Leah tactfulness schedule Totten, andin acollecting sense of challenge,art and poetry and of fun. Many of the words that you will read in the had stirred in him liaisonandcalmed Dukewith our The University nerves. Endowment, She Press. served the Adam graphicas an Mitchell, effective designers, a weandchapters moved his spirit that toward follow flows completion, fromwere writtenbeginning George's by Georgeto end. wife As Bess gatheringassociaterecent Dukeeditor,data asUniversity performedwell as literature. graduate prodigious Aswho the research,was project our fatheraprovided counselor. in selectingus withRet Autry insights art, andBoney from she had guidedher assistedexperience us in her com- as America,thewas San ending, and Francisco some he left California Bay MDC will to be youngjoin fortunate Teach people tofor havealong asbypleting president,MDC's that Board task. not only Davidof Directors gave Dodson, us histo who succeedadvice was on George elected the Boardhim at ofthe Directors head of their of MDC, classroom. Inc. Our chairman,We gratefully acknowledge the backing of the confidencecontent but inalso, our importantly, efforts. signaled his Nova Henderson, George's long-time theWilliamMississippi, former Winter, U.S. and Secretary the our former vice of chairman, governor Commerce, Juanitaof offered, Kreps, toincreasedexecutive detail, keeping assistant,her already us rose functioning considerable to the occasion smoothly. attention and Dr. ofas theusual, Board important of Trustees insights of The and Duke guidance. Endowment.We gratefully acknowledge, too, the backing 20 regularlyElizabeth deliveredLocke, The us Endowment'sa dose of her enthusiasm president, for School;of the Ormond Michael Center C. Blackwell, at the Duke president Divinity of Baptist staffourthis drafts.project, provided Several and us her important members sensitive assistance of critiques The Endowment's in improved both Salley,ChildrenChildren's president of Homes North of The ofCarolina; NorthMethodist Carolina; Kevin Homes FitzGerald, Michael for processMann, and Val substance: Rosenquist, David Rhett Roberson, Mabry. Joseph Fred Chappell, poet laureate of North Services;directorChildren's of Charles the Services North C. Harris,Carolina Section; chief Divisionand of James the ofstate Bernstein, Social novelistsforCarolina, assistance Doris responded in Betts selecting and generously Reynolds readings. toPrice.So, our too, Theirrequests did atLawsonNorth Duke Carolina's atUniversity Duke Energy director Medical Archives of Center rural and health. Cultural Janice Dennis Palmer beyondwork what appears they herein, wrote. but their contributions wentDot Hodges served as our curator for paintings artServices elements provided of this valuable book. assistance with visualWe deeply appreciate the willingness of Gallery,Christieand photographs. Taylorfilled the and volumeHer the efforts, staff with at asgraceHodges well notes. as Taylor those Peggy of joinSusanBill our Friday, roundtableKing, Tom Julius Lambeth,discussion Chambers, David that and isShi, Doris excerpted Bill Betts Grigg, to developedSouthernRabb, Meghan Media a splendid Lubker, Design presentation and and their Production, associatesof this work. Inc. at threein Chapter people IV. who gave us support by tolerating ourThe MDC project team also warmly recognizes whoknowledge care deeply and experience about the people of thoughtful of the Carolinas. people From time to time, we met and drew on the longdeepstriving hours, bow: to understanding keepAdam our Mitchell lives balanced.our to Hollydistraction, WeTaylor; give and Leahthem a whoWeonce, held has withwrittenconsultations, Robert fine booksDurden, sometimes on theThe Duke moreEndowment historianthan theTotten well-being to Louis of Cook,the people and ofIto the Kat Carolinas, Guillory. whomAnd we offer this report as a contribution to volumesUNCand the historian Duke on the family; whoSouth; has George Jackson written Brown W. several Carroll, Tindall, important director the advancementGeorge Autry heunderstood had a lifelong so well commitment. and to whose Ferrel Guillory iv 21 22 N Table of Contents Preface 3 ChapterChapter II I The Not-So-RoaringThe Philanthropic '20s Vision 15 Chapter IVIII TheThe Carolinas State of Tomorrow the Carolinas 6925 LiteraryRoundtable Contributors Participants 9593 VisualSources: Arts DataLiterature Contributors and Analysis and Art Ica 9997 L 24 \ S 1>`erere4..... As vo&N., 'Vc3.

.2= Preface james Buchanan Duke knew something about Hean orphan,was shaped and ineven childhood about being by the in Civil abeing minority. War poor; to he knew something about being 1 objectedwhich his and widowed into which father, he Washington was bitterly Duke, drafted ofagainstaway final from whichrebellion his Washingtonfour when young he children.Dukejoined made the It wasRepublican a statement a war /. sVACOVI NorthParty in Carolina 1867, as and soon the as rest that of party the appearedSouth. in re tobaccounusual. farm,They thewere half-orphan raised on a children Durham of County aJames B. Duke and his siblings were twice amanysingle political familiesfather, outcast in and a time thefarms. majoritywhen Their widows offather those headed was women also "scalawags"survivedand the decimated the wellwar wereinto corps the hostile of20th white tocentury. Republican fathers who L Northopportunities Carolina. facing He believedthose who that grew in theseup in ruralSo James B. Duke knew the barriers and wasChapterindenture's the object I and timeof hisMr. and strategy Duke's place: forbeneficence the improving, landscape in eventhat butstubbornareas he also were knew rural "the that parochialismbone there and wassinew" thatan indigenous,of could society; smother todaytransforming,Chapter in contrast III describesthat to landscape their thestate state in75 Chapter yearsof the agoCarolinas II. and state'sprogress. first, best modernizer at the beginning ofDuke was a business genius. He was also his maypastanalyzes andtell presentusbroad about economic with the anfuture. eye and toward social what trends they of the izationtraditionalists.a half-century to the ruralstruggle He appliedCarolinas between that he spiritprogressives revered of modern- in bothand Mr.guished Duke Carolinians might have about confronted these trends them ifand he howwereChapter IV is a discussion among distin- philanthropyhis hydroelectric fueled industry by that and industry. the highly focusedMr. Duke completed the legal indenture wouldthewith trends address us and suggest. about the trauma how the and panelists opportunities themselves that Theaccomplishedthat focus established of this sincework The thatis Duke what time Endowment the Carolinas in have 1924 both through institutionfoundations, in whichsociety The panel focuses partly on the role of more thanare any positioned other to promote chaptersTheand Endowment's what set remainsthe context investments to beof achieved.this analysisand otherwise The and first the two andsocial, fostercommunities. and innovationphysical health in improving of individuals, the economic, families, t_. 2 9 CAROLINA So Roaring '249s America'sright 1920s past economic the rural South.boom roaredNorth Carolina feltand thestillSouth breeze remembering Carolina, as the nationboth Reconstruction, predominantly drove headlong hardly rural into wasmodernity. responding to the condition of the Carolinas'When he created his philanthropy, Mr. Duke WorldizedPiedmont Warand their I. as He he people wanted knew to it thehave before Carolinas access and tojust modern- high-quality after tualeducational"those solace who and and are refuge.medical most Heunable facilities wanted to helpas to well ensure themselves," as spiri- that caredthe Carolinas' for. orphaned children, were well By the time The Duke Endowment opened culturehadits doors, enteredclashed North awith time Carolina the of forces turbulence. and of changeSouth An Carolinaembeddedemerging 31 - L 32 oracross near the destitution land, and and most in Caroliniansmore or less lived appre- in years [Norththese people Carolina].... were touched Until veryscarcely recent theAn embeddedforces of change culture emerging clashed with rum,hension religion, of the andthree race. R's of W.J. Cash, born in Europe:fromat all byany 'foreign'even of the today other migration, the States, number whether or fromof destitutionacrossCarolinians the land,and lived in and more in most or or near less thatwroteGaffney the in The1920s andMind were buried of the"Years inSouth Shelby, negligible....'foreign-born' citizens is almost ofapprehension rum, religion, of and the racethree R's Prohibition,erathe definedCuckoo by controversyClaimed hardship, over an othershifted, states it was than more from from people people moving moving in. toTheTo the extent the Carolinas' population evolution, and a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan. tunesofCarolinas educated and werepoor young blackpopulation people people offexporters, off to toseek seek especiallytheir more for- native-bornPopulation states in black in the and Union white in 1920. TheThe Carolinas were the two most Protestant ServiceCarolinaopportunity. estimated between The that ClemsonNovember 50,000 Collegeblacks 1922 andleft Extension JuneSouth 1923. Thomasthegreat North waveWolfe sent of noted Europe-to-America barely in hisa ripple short into story immigrationthe "The South. Men As to segregationand economic lives of the Carolinas. A surge ofIn the 1920s, whites controlled the political expressed both in Jim Crow laws of Old Catawba" by Inmany fact, of although her cities America to be a isconfusion supposed thecustomsand turnin unwritten, of the 20th yet century hardening, and Northday-to-day Carolina had hit South Carolina shortly before unwelded,inof theraces, world there tongues a is more perhaps and homogenous peoples, nowhere as yet hadshortly 2.56 millionafter. people, compared to South In the 1920 Census, North Carolina 4 33 population than that of Old Catawba Carolina's 1.68 million Though smaller in 4 Mostly Native explainthan whites the greaterin the years intensity from of 1820 its racial to 5920 rigidity. helps 15 Percent% of residents foreign-born, 1920 politicalLooking scientist back over V.O. the Key, first Jr. half observed: of the century,South Carolina's preoccupation with 12 13% raceoffices,the Negro issue there mufflesstifles is conflict political conflict aplenty, conflict.over issues but Over the 9 wantMilllatent to workerkeep in the the economyand Negro plantation in of his South place.owner Carolina alike 6 Still a rural place Even as an economic revival was sweeping 0% 3 0.3% MN=EM21 0.4% Anddefinedthe in nation, the theCarolinas, theculture. South anNot remained intense only were dual largely mostisolation isolated. of the INIMeR1North Carolina South Carolina Source Decenntal CensusUnited States anothergreatpeople distances rural, but from they one lived isolated from the Anddual in the isolation Carolinas, defined an theintense culture. Northpopulationoverall Carolina. population, of blacks Blacks South represented Carolina about had 30a larger per- I00,000 more than did other.isolatedAmerican There even mainstream, was, from wrote each fromruratNot one only but another theywere lived most great of the distances people isolated thancent of50 thepercent North of Carolina the South population Carolina population. and moreThe fact that South Carolina had more blacks anSamuelNorth "excessive Carolina Huntington individualism" sociologist Hobbs, isolatedfrom the even American from eachmainstream, other. 35 R 0 i klN:13: : BESTCOPYAVAILABLF L 36 5 produceand an "excessive a scattering rural of smallmindedness churches across Individualism and isolation combined to manywithCarolina churches places. countryside outnumbering as "over-churched," schoolhouses in wereto sustainthe stretched Carolina rickety trying landscape structures, to serve Congregations and these ministers fledgling struggled percentageand South Carolinaof total population ranked in livingthe top on five farms in theAmong the then-48 states, North Carolina communities. Hobbs described the North national6o percent average of the oftwo 30 states, percent. compared to theIn both states, small-scale farming was the 80%Urban vs. Rural Church Membership, 1926 Members in Urban Churches fewestnorm. cultivated North Carolina acres per was farm the dweller state with the 70 71.2% Members in Rural Churches withacres 5.7 per acres person. per Southfarm dweller. Carolina "We ranked come next nearer 5.5 50-60 wroteandapproaching ofknee North farming Carolina.the European than any otherconditions state," of Hobbs hand 40-30- 360o wereNorth operated Carolina, by tenants. more than In South four outCarolina, of pc) farmshalfIn addition, farm tenancy was pervasive. In +6.. 20 NV:rt\Nt:t as wereof the 80 farms percent operated of the by farms whites operated were tenantby blacks. farms I0- 5,,*v's observed that widespread tenancy had both South Carolina historian G. Croft Williams r 4 0% North Carolina -;S,' - South Carolina United States impoverisheseconomic and the civic land" consequences, and prevents "for a large it Source. Religious Bodies insegment education of the and population economic from well-being. advancing 6 37 BESTCOPYAVAILABLE ...... A OLIN. 7,:t,140. L...5,_' .: , -, '!""Us . .."*"Wraw - - .:', ...+41., ...':t" .-;V-, 5.5.,-..s.vgasisrr:,4Ae", - ' '4, 7P)`,"7' - ,,..:,r" "; NegroesAn"Sharecropper's excerpt as Tenantsfrom The and Economic Farm Laborers andHomes" Social in South Conditions Carolina, of k." / kt; 5 isby a NearWalter group the of M. home houses Buchanan of eachin which land crop- owner areBy smaller the time than a thoseman becomes of the renter. a barnyard.eightpers live small These houses houses not far are from bleak, the In one group is about thelongerrenter necessity heand is has older, for a largera has larger been family house married and f -it .2., e; shadebare, uninviting trees. In eachand not yard favored there byare exists. The construction of these " .re? -if / g r- noa few cultivated beautiful land flowers. about They the house have andhouses in workmanship. are void of beauty The inlumber design Two Red Shocks havetheand yard. hence two Therooms, no houses cotton a front growinggenerally and a inrear workmanship.inis crude,every respectrough and without unplaned skill andand yard.shadethe barnyard The and, houses of Theycourse, are have attrees a more distance in the aboutwillbeyond find six a orgroup the more dwelling. of incropper number Here houses you 1996Oil25"by Beverly Pastelx 38" onBuchanan Paper kitchen.living-room,one. The If front the dining-room houses room serves are and painted as a ofwind papers. out of Newspapers, the house by magazines the useAn effort is made to keep the beingraisingfrom each a of likely chickens other. cause This possible of makesunfriendly without the withoutfield.standing These yard out are in thewithout open shade cotton and Literally cotton areat the all, same it is a color. cheap The red tendencypaint and all haveand wrapping gotten from papers, the storeswhich theyfor feeling. . In following a mad route that againstgrows up the to house the very door and The stables 14f 4 sizepossibleis to Thehave insize the every varieshouses respect according as uniformexcept to as wallsthe purpose of the house are plastered and ceiling over theCropper houses situated at the statelyplantationpasses dwellingthrough , theof one center of the of the one is led by the choicethewere woodlot further location Thedown mules at the had edge the of whole,the size the of housesthe family. for croppersOn the areconjunction better situated of the fieldthan and those forest near routeowners which to the ends end some of the distance mail Reprtntedveth permsacrr by Beverly Buchanan CoPright © 1929 by Walter M. Bueharon N BEST COPY AVAILABLE 40 7 weevil.and tobacco Both states in North were cottonCarolina; country: cotton cotton and cornTo make matters worse, along came the boll termstownsmore ofdidn't thansize, match Columbia.they adapted the cities Though to oftechnological the the North Carolinas' in and to the south. Historian George Tindall wrote: damagedThe worst moreyear was than 1921, 30 percent when the of weevil the inthecultural 1921, Carolinas' change.only a first year For radio afterinstance, station, Charlotte's went on WBT, the air 2", staplecrop and Sea completely Island cotton wiped of Southout the long- ratedKDKA commercial in Pittsburgh broadcast- inaugu- moreDuring and andmore after Carolinians World War began I, wasofCarolina. celebrated a folk song. [The in the insect's]The interminable farmer invincibility 'buried stanzas him Worlding inWar the I, United more andStates. more During and after thanworking'20s, by thetheby theCarolinassun clock outside insidewere, In the rathersimulta- andman...in the nice; hotlef fedsand...him him on I'll deon stand ice...paris itmightygreen... like a coolbest thanby Caroliniansthe by clock the sun inside began outside. rather working In butincreasinglyneously, rather predominantly stable industrial. society, In rural changea poor and A refrain,I ever seen.' 'it's jes'It ismy my home.' home,' was his simultaneously,the '20s, the Carolinas predomi- were, elbowed its way in oU butnantly rather rural stable and society,increasingly change industrial. elbowed itsIn waya poor in. er.. townsUrbanization in the Carolinas. and In theindustrialization 1920 Census,Amid excessive ruralness, there were growing anindustrial economy base centered while Southaround Carolina large textile developed mills.Economically, North Carolina had a broader Winston-Salemmorecities thanwith Charlotte.a population led the listWilmington of 48,400,North wasCarolina about third, 2,000 with tobacco,theBy theSouth's mid-'20s, textiles, leading Northand manufacturing furniture, Carolina the had state industries become with 415S.Y$44SAR a, 4 populousIn33,370, South about Carolina, city 9,000with Charleston 68,000 people people, more was thanthe 30,000 most Raleigh. leadingthat would the way. dominate during the 20th century,Several factors contributed to the Carolinas' 41 BESTCOPY AVAILABLE 1:i 4 2 SC,The inRepublic 1915. Cotton Mills of Great Falls, attraction as a locale for these types of manufac- v., harnessinglowturing: cost abundant of ofliving, water raw and power materials, water by power. Mr. cheap Duke's Indeed, labor, utility the 2 shifttheand spindlesothers in the suppliedeconomy. and otherwise the Cash electricity fueledsummarized an that enormous turned the progression this way: Under the touch of Buck Duke's Photo courtesy of Duke Power ArcNves millionintomillions, being, horses and hydroelectric was by 1910pulsing the power into energy the sprang wiresof a Anddous side growth by side and with multiplication this went a tremen- of towns. 1914,industriesof Dixie. apart And made from literally their the cottonappearance. a hundred mills, lesser Bythere Illiteracy and ill health Illiteracy ran rampant in the Carolinas of wereinestablishments theat least South; 15,000 and of thoughmanufacturingone sort most or another of them figuretionalthe 1920s. illiteracy:well Today'senough the toSouth inability function worries to in read, a about technological write, func- and gatewereexceeded theexceedingly value that of of theirsmall, the product cotton yet in mills thefar aggre- illiteracyDukesociety Endowment went and aby modern the classicwas labor founded, definition: market. measurements When the The of H E ... themselves. inability to read and write, period. 9 Among North Carolinians age 10 and above, 'in grave danger of ballyhooing itself into further 29counted24 percent as ofilliterates blacks andin 1920. 68 percent In South of whites Carolina, were offbackwardness.' markedly at " age 15. Nearly 8o percent of In the Carolinas, school attendance dropped 11' Sze werecould available not read at thatand time,write. Hobbs While suggested no figures only14- to 50 15-year-olds percent of 16- were to in17-year-olds. school in 1920, but ss tenancyoutnumberedthat the and people rural those sufferingisolation in sheer contributedfrom illiteracy. "near-illiteracy" to Farm high deathsmid-1920s, per 100,000 South Carolina people from had moretuberculosis than 8oDisease was as common as illiteracy. By the totenancylevels export of required bothchildren illiteracy no off education the and farm near-illiteracy; tofor school adults, was and washadand infant 17,00040 permortality cases100,000 ofhigh, malariafrom so waspellagra. in 1927.maternal The Not mor- stateonly andoften lost too labor. expensive in terms of both money The 20th century opened with something 1,000tality births in North Carolina in 1925. An early report from The Duke Endowmentmore than eight mothers died for every acrossof an education the South, reform and in movement the 1920s sweeping state and local governments assumed Caroliniansillustrates the in paucity 1925: of hospitals available toFor the country as a whole there is one hospitalsForty-four100 atcounties all of whileNorth had 21 Carolina's no of generalSouth launchedprogramsresponsibility bythat national had for been school foun- generalple;general ...for hospital Northhospital bed Carolina bed for for every thereevery 517 is291 one peo- larlyCarolina's bereft 46 of countieshospital facilitieswere simi- exceededeightdations. Southern the South national Carolinastates rate that ofled populationStatepeople.... in the North to Union hospital Carolina in thebeds; proportionis ...the [f]or fortieth of 45 oneprideincrease educational in thein cost achievement," perleader pupil. warned "There wrote that Tindall,was the reasonSouth "but was for Southhospital Carolina bed for isthereevery the is forty-eighth797 one people.... general State in the Union in the proportion of general hospitals (which had bed space for 3,753 Forty-fourpopulation ofto Northhospital Carolina's beds. I00 counties 1926privatewhite hadpatients and 46 30 general and were 949 public.hospitals black South patients), with Carolinabed 72 space were in for hospitalCarolina'shad no general facilities. 46 counties hospitals Of North were at all similarlyCarolina's while 21 bereft 102of South of of1,598 those white 46 hospitals patients andwere 714 private. black patients; 28

Tkn:, 7161, . 4 Oteit, ...t. OV't '114 rinvitot ...-" ,:,- .... :?, , , Y , , ELECTitiC SAVr r(rwt^vv'4rr c00 v. ES KING $01'USED itt vcrtrctittis.*. PARLORSARE NOW Yr HOURS OF EMU DGERV: An electric range float in Greenville, SC, TPhoto courtesy of Duke PowerArcHves 47 BEST COPY AVAILABLE in 1927 48 Southerners in Congress had voted for wentReform into effect as 1920 dawned in the United The 18th Amendment, approved in 1919, and reaction constituentsofProhibition other states. more promptly And heavily more made thanthan the representatives a regionfew of infamoustheir SecretarypublisherStates. Josephus whoof the served Navy,Daniels, as welcomedthe the Wilson Raleigh in Administration's Prohibition newspaper bills"for its white lightnin'. The 192os also featured a rash of "monkeyefforts in Southern legislatures to prevent orrt Washingtonat a church in assembly January 1920.in From then on, as delightedThe monkeys to know in the that jungle the Northwould Carolina undoubtedly Legislature be theorytheCarolina teaching of evolution. turned of Darwin's aside South one imagesfeaturedTindall ofwrote, two the conflicting South: the decade "the of theconducthas North absolved of Carolina the them human Legislature from race all responsibilityin generalin particular. and for that the later,suchGeneral bill the in North Assembly1921. Carolina Four considered years 1Z. benightedprogressive South New and South." the And Sam J. Ervin, Jr. ofa bill evolution to prohibit in the the public teaching 44k, /, 3, righteousnessously,in that aera, good-government progressivism strain. It was contained,strain during and the a simultane- moral-192os deliverthen-statecolleges the and Representative sort schools of vivid of thedown-home Sam state, J. aErvin, bill speech that Jr., led forto preeminent"Wisconsinthat North good-government Carolina of the South," won its a statereputationreference of the to asnation. the the centurywhich he later. became Ervin famous declared: in Washington a half-If my friends had been sitting in the alsoinitiatives, indulged as wellin movements as road-building, to resist the the Carolinas rush But in addition to education and health cialundertook,Spanish assistance, legislature with to Queenmake when his Isabella's Columbusfirst voyage finan- reform,into"fears modernity. it and was hates." also If it a wastime, a astime Cash of modestwrote, of prohibitundoubtedlyof discovery his sailingto have America, proposed for fear they helegislation would might fall to - 1. 49 ItoE- 41 ;9 morningMule teams in Spartanburg, at the square on a Saturday SC, in 1900. A ' fever, the Ku Klux Klan had a resurgence duringIn parallel with the surge of antievolution fr ;1. composedthe 1920s. ofAt whites that time, who it worked was an onorganization the farm and e SS whocians.in the did mill,Many not of joinof small the nevertheless more businessmen, prominent winked. and businessmen The of politi- Klan, 4{, ,friaoper.4t AS. a /9 ,r wrote Cash, "summed up within itself, with pre- 4 fee;.,4 as, Photo courtesy of Duke Power Archives movvi, ' ofcise the completeness fears and hates and ofexactness, the time," the and whole he wentbody Althoughoff one Iof am the adamantly four corners opposed of the to earth. on to say: anti-Negro,It was, as is well anti-Alien, known, atanti-Red, once oneconfessthe Poolehappy that bill, result. its candorpassage The compelsmonkeys would produce me in theto talist,anti-Modern,anti-Catholic, vastly Moral, anti-Liberal,anti-Jew, militantly anti-Darwin, fundamen- Protestant. junglehasknow absolvedwould that theundoubtedly them North from Carolina beall delightedresponsibility Legislature to And,past,them summing andinto above focus up allthesewith with thefears, the tradition ancientit brought of the Legislaturegeneralfor the conduct and in that particular. of of the the human North raceCarolina in histrionics,ofSouthern the scapegoat violence pattern and ofand highthe mass heretic. romantic coercion 51 5 2 ,e7. So, as the end of the Great War ushered in a fear of what technological change would mean rural,alsothe beginnings set small-town, in motion of modern awhite-Protestant time of American turbulence Carolinas.society, in the it action,to a culture conflicting that had economic long resisted and socialchange. currentsBy the time The Duke Endowment went into wereradio the and decade the proliferationof jazz, of the of introduction automobile of For the rest of the United States, the 1920s thewithhad countryside.come reaction. together The Economic cityin the lured Carolinas. growth people lifted awayReform hopes, from vied women,andownership, Charles and of of Lindbergh.the the hero-worship first stages But for of of the Babe liberationCarolinas, Ruth of Duke'slessness.but persistent Endowment In the poverty midst went of left these to many work paradoxes, behind on the intasks Mr. hope- of gressivism,ignorance,the 1920s of were ofa creepinga amixture decade toward of persistentmoralism urbanism povertyand and pro- and inpeopletransforming a region lift themselvesabout a hidebound which to he a higher societycared deeply.quality and helping of life , Ic / ;ow , \Vs ision tt ant ro or many_years I have been engaged in the develop- 5/ c ment of water powers in certain sections of the 5/ r1 subjectStates ofNorth I have observed and South how Carolina. such utilization In of a natural my study of the resource, which otherwise would run in waste to the sea forest,and both not gives remain impetus and increaseto industrial as a 5' / investmentlife and provides for capital a safe My and ambition enduring is shallasthat administerthe the operation revenues to theof of suchsocialsuch developmentsdevelopments welfare, 445r/ //,', 4,./4: "" , /,,, ,;.;" + ..:4 welfare,is administering of the communities to the economic which =5, e ' /5' , ' ' eee eee 4, they serve James B. Duke in the Indenture and " 4, > ".".tg Endowment,Deed of Trust December establishing 11, The 1924. Duke Photo courtesy ofThe Duke Endowment 56 anyI think'As other Iit have islarge real_ thought benevolence a sounder ofyour inidea plan, this than countryit grows that aroundwith in my which mind.which beenas easierhave many than sincefinding a way to give it awayJames Buchanan "Buck" Duke once noted that making his money had I am familiar has been built."DukeWilliam University, Preston Few,in a letter the first to Mr. president Duke in of 1919. wisely.Carolinas'reinvested But he naturalthe did profits find resources a generatedway. That in the fromunique two the states'way precededhuman resources. Duke as one of the John D. Rockefeller Mr. Duke, by contrast, saw the byphilanthropistsleading harnessing industrialists the of economichis andday withDuke complementary PowerEndowment Company missions:as institutions and The naturalpotential resource: of a different oil. Unlike theand Northfirsteconomic enabling Carolina development the and industrial South of e andDuke, others however, spread he, their Carnegie, Carolina Piedmont; the second Rockefeller,givingand evenacross aroundfor the example, country the world. mental,Carolinas'supporting and people the spiritual development along lines." "physical, of the frrx, 2g,:( t communitiesrarely directed where philanthropic oil was pumped dollars orto refined.the Mr. Duke, by contrast, saw Duke Power 4":;X ' Photo courtesy of Duke University Archives .4%,:o0Ixftf tionsCompany with andcomplementary The Duke Endowment missions: the as firstinstitu- JamesBenjamin B. Duke in Atlantic(right) with his brother City, 1924. Piedmont;ofenabling the North the the industrial Carolina second supporting andand economic South the Carolina developmentdevelopment 1 6 57 pEST:COPY.AvAIVsPLE...... 53 alongof the "physical,Carolinas' mental,people and In a time when most philanthropists' giving was in of philanthropy was the one This expansive definition defineddeeplyspiritual in by lines." this his geographic heritage He invested and area productMrreaction Duke's ofto his indenturerequests personal or reflects theexperiences advice the benefactor of and "professionals," convictions. and is a andSouthMr. formalizingDuke by polishing, introduced his family'sfocusing, to the business"mightin his indentureinterests, have extended explaining that he this aid andinjunctionIt is humanitariancolored"in that The a society and Endowment egalitarian, that was serve thenwith "both thecrippled repeatedwhite Endowmentyearsstrong before legacy wasThe of giving. established,Duke For opinionandto other to is other thatcharitable sosections, doing objects wouldbut my be productive of by Jim Crow. Methodist Church, a liberal arts college then Washingtonchildren gave Duke to andthe his thereadditionless good was to alsoby this reason a uniquevariety of attemptingconceptualof functional tooframework, originality much." In receivedandknown other as and Trinity,charities. honored the In Oxfordcountless addition, Orphan requeststhe Duke Asylum, for family governance.ofin Thethe benefaction Endowment to its detailed instructions for from the leverage and focus DukeBymoney creating set infrom motionThe relatives Duke a trust Endowment and that even would poor in systematize 1924, strangers. Mr. by "Neitheralmsgiving." the individual Carnegie actednor the on race his notionis improved thatIn the 1880s, Andrew Carnegie said, andmosthis giving in pressing perpetuity. and socialwould problemstarget several comprehensively of the Carolinas providesameliorate.charity by the itself He ladders pioneeredonly perpetuatesupon philanthropywhich what the aspiring it seeks"that to was in reactionprofessionals," to requests Mr. or theDuke's advice indenture of reflectsIn a time when most philanthropists' giving agedall."can rise... Hisimprovement, would to assist be abut collaboration, philanthropy rarely or never thatand tocreativeencour- do andexperiencesthe benefactoregalitarian, and and withconvictions. is thea product repeated It isof humanitarianinjunctionhis personal that problem-solving. : ...... The Endowment serve "both white and colored" An"The excerpt fromRecovery Sermons from of the Human Black Pulpit byCompassion" Samuel Proctor doing college work in the South, ISome years ago when I was manI listened who carefullyspoke before to the I wasyoung to corner,One eye and sank it struck right down me forcefully in the andSmith oatmeal, field Your eyes are perfect ham and orange juice, grits wentClubCounty to conferenceeastern to give Carolina a speech to atNash a 4-H In those days veryspeak, bright. and I was moved He was'VVhen he turned around, I mindboyI thought has kept a to problemturning, myself, likeand You that? I meanforgot And thatall my Iboy?Why can't don't And be bothered youI tried do tosomething say to myself, for that I tried to sneak wasIneverything a those black days 4-H was collegeClub segregated, conference heads and rou- this whenhim,shook and he his openedhe hand blushed to his congratulate eyes,bashfully. I saw But areabout healthy my littleand prosperous.remarks You droveI kept on saying, Sam, here you Jerichodetail.past road,on Somebody the I'm other too else busyside will offor catch the that him tinelypeoplebecause attended benefitted we suchfelt that conferencesfrom rural such young visits hisastigmatized.that eye one was eye severely was We severely call "crossed." it "crossed"; gotwalletout credit here You'recards in a spillingbrandloaded new outdown ofcar yourwith You've toschool me, "Yourpublic mindrelations is blank, man, Sam, he saidAs I was riding back with our inThere athe society indenture.are also that more was For subtle thenexample, crippled reflections he wasby Jimof fascinated Mr. Crow. Duke philanthropypredominantlyCarolina, and able the ruralto takerural North the Methodist long-term Carolina. Church viewThis was andin a a Helengesby thewas presentedconstruction equally challenged by theand electric problem-solving by the power complexity business. chal- of tionsworkof time.inwith a variety aThe limited indenture of ways number over also of anmade partner extended it clear institu- period that wouldlastingfounding gain relationships sophisticationa philanthropy with from thatcore sustained formedbeneficiaries deep, support. who enablebeneficiariesThe Endowment their own could wasefforts, lean not tonot be supplant a crutch them. on which For it was to leverage and children'sconcern: higher care in education, North Carolina health andcare, South andMr. Duke's indenture laid out four areas of ordertoexample, raise to as receive the much community Endowmentor more moneyand support.congregation themselves had in ,,9 said,You're "Yeah, not talking yeah, yeah, to me:' that's And right" I eyeseyes:' have "Oh, beencome crossed on, Sam, all the of hisboy's foundand the deep little into house Nash There County we we continued. . The Miracle of the Looses and Fishes Gerald Stemmeyer Fresco You"Sam,But Godsaw I'm hadthat not justlittlegoing putcountry to it let on you boyme go with Youthat,life." keepbecauseI said, on "No, getting I'm I burdenedcan't burdened drop with it likeif it." tionfoundrural that all south wereof the atso poverty thattypical time and of theisola- Germanton United Methodist Church page ToiLife for(See size, more Sources totaling information literature 6¢ squareCourtesy and) feetArt onof the congregation. eyes.anybodythose crossedWhat in your are eyes. far-Myyou Yougoing with don't tocrossed don' have hislife,you yoke buttry tothe is letan burden Christeasy yoke.is lead light yourand helpingWhenmother we him spokeabout to his staff person thatcould I wanted hardly himsleep to that Laternight. I told the public-relations agriculturalfound him. (Iagent had askedto get hisa county name We went out there and we "Thetoride find back little that overboy boy. withthere "What the and crossedboy?" I wanted anotherhisand home address road ) We andand took theanother onedirections road road, and to 5. Able-minded, able-bodied Mr. Duke's focus on the power of higher whentime.education Heconducted claimed was along bothin the novelsane indenture andand practical,prescient that "education, asfor his powertoopposed religion, of to Mr. dogmaticthe Duke's greatest andidea civilizing theoretical, influence." lines, is, nextThe that education should usefultoneither denominational and be lockedapplied in doctrine,for an the ivory benefit but tower instead of nor humanity shouldrestricted be 4 .1...1:: ,111 0, 63 64 19 get"The surgery Lord for made his eye, him she like said, that; Greensboro, we didn't know whatWhen we came back to andto a hischurch two wheresons who there's run ana father eye still has its problems Now I know that the world I couldn't doitleave hurt, it, it'shim Dr. not likeProctor7" going that:' to He I hurt"said, said, "Who's"If "Will they Waldoto do.ethics IBeach, was by Waldoreading he was Beach. a abook Duke on I knew operationclinicChristian in Durham. all folk. the timeAndAnd ifTheythey this dothingare that is women'sIfeed couldn't every rights.solve hungry the child problems in India. of I couldn't solve butgoing I know to do one it?" thing; "I don't big knowas this yet, wentUniversity to see him ethics professor. I goingburdening to burden you the them way withit is, thenit, too" I'm willthe takecivil rightsyou as problem. God took But me, God and worldherewith is this,whoand if theknows there's way how anybodyI'm toburdened straighten around who'smust know big enough, somebody an ophthalmolo- in Durham "Brother Beach," I said, "you Waldodoctor Beach and saidhis dad to me, and "Sam, his brother theThe next day the phone rang totestfocus do you youwith and on it, seesomething, what you're and thengoing gaveI'llout afind crossed slow, him" qualified eyes, His mother he's agreement. my finally man and crossedstraightengist with eyes."enough out oneHe compassion, said,little black"Sam,I boy's togo therm"oversaid Compassionthey'llto Nash do County. it if I get the boy to I rushed back motherCounty andthe goodtold the news boy His and mama hisI went back over to Nash has been as important as the power of his money.At Duke University, which receives the its developedlocal region into and a headsmedical of state,center as that well serves as both hislargestMr. vision. Duke'sshare Trinity of money The College, Endowment's enabled a small the realization funding,Methodist of threeordinary other folk, educational from abroad. beneficiaries While The Endowment's investment in its Davidson Dukefirstliberal a University regionalarts college, and serves thenbecame the national worldthe central university.Duke core scholars of Now supportSmithCollege, University and Furman guidance University, have steadily and Johnson strengthened C has been less, its ongoing 7. tiesapply to Dukeproblems research of law, in thehealth, sciences business, and humani- the humanitythe institutions and their capacity to serve AndCarolinas'environment, what began first asand four-year a modesteducation medical hospital around school and the the hasworld. improvingchallenge health facing care the inCarolinas a region inoverwhelmed the 192os wasMr Duke was also convinced that a critical 6a 66 : : started crying and praying She I got him in there, and he ripped I said, "'Well, 1 went to school a Lord, too" And if you get enough short,said, "We'll his eyes have were him straightened there:' Now to make a long story up Gulfrightin Pittsburgh Oilthrough Company. thatworking MBA. for He the ended Ilong wouldpromised time serve studying him him over aboutuntil and IJesus, died over thatand showingreachingfolk like that, compassion,across loving race Jesus andone dan,likeday that, the writeoutLivingstone Later a reference on, he College, asked for him and if Ito wouldhe go made to said,in my "I'moffice a productand he walkedmanager in andforA little while ago, I was sitting IopportunitiesYou seized lust upongave it."tome do one just of that the bestand andbecomekingdoms of his the ofChrist. kingdomthis world of will our indeed God whenhadone there.of I thewas finestSome at the recordstime University after they that, of ever Johnsonleaving,street" and He "Dr Johnson said Proctor, to meacross I wantjust the before to ask madeDr. Beach those want white to ophthalmologists do it? What He asked further, "What made comeWisconsin, up there he said,and get"I'd myIke Masterto Whatyou something made you for take my an own interest benefit tionin Durham like that?" give "Because me a free they're opera- CoPYrighse 1984 by Judson liors,Valle, Forge, PA by Samuel ID Flom, ondVVilliam 0 Watley Senn= frees the Slack Pu4ort of Business Administration degree" by curable diseases. Support for medical research, in mer' Christian folk, too They love the that ill or injured country folk should travel to Rqsnnted vet, perms:eon ofJudson Press Commissionstaytechnology, of Rockefeller's and began education eradication philanthropy, had longof thewhose been hookworm. Sanitary a main- "Theannualthe nearest rural report populationcity dearly for care, states is Theentitled Mr. Endowment's Duke's to just position: as good loth providinghealth care community was to attract hospitals more physicians with the most byMr. Duke's solution to improving rural ofreflected medicalrural life Mr. care... by Duke's moving as peopledesire resources toin improvelarge in, cities." instead the quality This of majoritythemodern charity equipment of care hospitals given available in by operation such andhospitals. wereto help privately The pay great for latertheoriesforcing provided peopleand methods theto movemodel were out. for so His theeffective federalEndowment's that govern- they theandowned rural patients. poor. and therefore ThoughFees were manydosed prohibitive, at to the many time especially physicians argued for dollarsment's Hill-Burtoninto hospital Act construction. which put billions of E 6 7 14' 1 Endowment. The Endowment helped institutions DukeChildren was himself and churcheshalf-orphaned by his mother'sBefore he was two years old, James Buchanan operationestablisheddevelop ofa uniformchild-care a clearinghouse system institutions, of of record best practicesand keeping, started in the s, a 5, death. He was effectively parentless for the years the process of creating a system of minimum s k,c " sf-A his fatherown understanding was serving in of the the Civil challenges War. Reflecting facing Instandards addition, for all the of care The ofEndowment's children in groupbeneficiaries, homes. standingonorphans the Duke andrelationship wantingfamily's withlong-to expand Endowment'sMr.the Oxford Duke included Orphan indenture Asylum,in The the a. orcare half of "whiteorphans" or coloredin institutions whole A perEndowmentin orphan the Carolinas. to 35 contributed institutions In 1926 $10 the serving 4,677 young people. But as was the case with .1 ,`S all its beneficiaries, orphanages s " P'.47.e ."F" technicalgot critical assistance professional from and The sss ks\, 7AW " /4i Downtown Charlotte, NC, in 1 924. Photo courtesy of Duke Power Archives ,0 theiroperatingincluding counterparts children'sthrough thehad homes, Depression to shut were their able as doors. many to continue of Theandchurches Endowment religious in many life kept ofsmall whole many and andrural isolated vital communities. thecommunities, social Endowmenthis family's philanthropic made provisions legacy, for Mr.the ruralDuke'sIn another bow to his own heritage and to providedages and ruralto "worn-out churches, preachers," as well as the is amoney limitedWhile the operational support for orphan- preacherscreditedMethodist as the one Church Church of the of largestand North its influencescircuit-ridingCarolina. Hisin his father caretheybeneficence suggestedof disrupted to thatcauses families systems dose and wereto Mr.the needed elderly.Duke's to heart,Astake a downciallylife, and into accordance.hisWashington children: This DukeBuck same Dukesupported belief once was it said: finan- passed "If I withmentprecursor those support unable to Social programs, to help Security themselves The andEndowment's other showed govern- that work daddyamount and to anythingthe Methodist in this Church." world, I owe it to myThe Endowment was charged with helping charity)focused wereresources the foundations and energy of (and a healthy not random society. theirCarolina,to survivors,build and helping maintainand assisting support rural withretired churches the pastors churches' in North and A perpetual trust James B. Duke's philanthropy dug deep into pushedsuppliedoperational congregations more costs.than half But to those buildThe Endowmentcosts a lasting, and always architec- never commonlyinthe America social problems givenat a time generalized of when two foundationsof mandatesthe poorest withwere states no sionedSundayturally soundarchitectural School. structure The modelsEndowment with amplefor small also facilities ruralcommis- for haveThelimits, South been focus, awas black or miredstructure hole in for poverty for the addressing meager and could philan- problems. easily standardenablingchurches, of churchthe an building,important facilities operation, initiative and buildings. orthat renovation raised By the of todayThethropic Endowment to dollars improve, invested vastly the areas improved, in itthe addressed region. and That continuesserves as Mr.successa philanthropic Duke of forThe grant-making Endowment model. So too avalued model: is the at financialgifts just overfrom partlyareuniversities, notbecause the needs ofhospitals, Mr. they Duke. werechurches, But in creationMr. and Duke's orphanages of time The$I.388$90 millionEndowment's billion in through1925 assets have December have produced continued 1998 grants even to worth grow as bombardment,healthknowledge care, and spiritual nurturethe capacity reflection of children to apply amidst in it, fragmented accesscultural to groundto well overin a vastly$2 billion. changed environment. MoreThe Endowment now plows the same variousfamilies as they are enduring. all these are challenges as fresh and , C " e tate the Carolinas VY of By allthis economic is the Golden and most Age social of the measures, Carolinas. t 45: 7 77 prosperous,The people ofand the better two stateseducated are healthier,than ever. more Their integratedhavegreat-grandparents imagined into amainstream society in the that 1920s America is so could thoroughly and hardly so well .., s, positioned to compete in the global economy. "Everything that was ever possible for /.'i ki** ,. % ...... - civilized man is possible here," Walter Lippmann ...... h , ...... e. , wrote of the South in the 1920 s . Then as now, ., . ,.; , , -,. , ,, ,,,,,A, ;A 1 ;', 7 ,,,..;,4 , ...k/AE1,..7....y. v ------, -.. , ti resourcesthe South withpossessed which the to naturalflourish. and But human unfortu- ( Ar;50 U.' A , ; " ..fe .; . ....' r 4,, ..'" $. ' " .,,,x, ; ; /..5; ....,::, .7' : nately, then and for decades thereafter, the , ,-, .., - , ....,, - ./..: itsSouth resources. lagged in marshalling and investing in ../g. , ,, , 5 " 4/*"" ; ;A. /" et..;.;" -,/,'," e 4 >5 rA James Buchanan Duke and The Endowment he By the time Lippmann wrote those words, .s,zoex 5 createdCarolinas had begunnecessary to help for "civilizederect facilities man" in the places 6 , , , ::5':" ,.. shelteringforDuke teaching and the theand young, people learning, and who for for have worshiping. healing, run his for philan- Mr. itsforward-looking opposite, or its leadership absence. wasFrom demonstrated time to time, bySometimes, of course, the importance of investingthropy through in the theSouth's decades people have pays proved handsomely. that The Carolinas' experience over the past segregationtheirCarolinians leaders and the economic status quo than to rank-and-fileworked hardercitizens to as maintain well as racial VS potencyseven decades not only gives of resoundingsuch philanthropy evidence but of also the Depression,respond to distress the Carolinas and disease. were amongDuring the the Great 5\ investments.of progressive leadership and public and private evenpoorest the of poorest the American state outside states, the worse South. off thanWorld War II served, in the words of histo- sidemyen of route tripsRockingham todown hamlet Highway and was Hamlet, inspired 74On bythis ispublicgreatest where art unintentionalJohn in the Coltrane southeast. piece was Hamlet ofborn, South.experience"rian Dewey Less W.thanfor Grantham,the a decadeCarolinas afteras asa "transforming Presidentwell as for the wallthereis in whatis a a field singular, remains of kudzu. three of a Perhaps turn-of-the--story brick it sometimesimageshamlet isare a aboutsmalldown town,arural Journey roads,and these hisSouthRoosevelt's administration the nation's special deliberately"No.commission I economic used declared the problem," war the kudzumakecentury it growing resemblemill. Its uparched an the aqueduct side windows k's withthe currentlysometimes sitting. indown the myplace imagination, t am Tom Stanley South.mobilization Grantham as a meanswrote: of modernizing the /5 /, # e, 4?$ 5 26 7 A."R§OVINAS§:, significantlyeconomicThe war encouraged integration reduced the theof nationaltheeconomic South andand tionaluniversitiesinitiatives, development broadened and thus of served theSouthern research to foster higher capacity the education. institu- of infusionandsocial other disparities of Americans. new capital between It and led Southerners industry to an Duke's1946, leading dreams to the realization of one of Mr. Congress passed the Hill-Burton Act in a hospital in nearly every county. fret ia' 4,nto Wit :; 41" 3. turingitsinto urbanization, the of South, its agriculture quickened accelerated and the broughtthe pace restruc- of a Thethecourse National nation, to help Institutesincluding alleviate of the theHealth South. health charted problems a of campsflood of from soldiers other to regions. Southern training TheSouth white also South, turned in particular,anew to fighting reacted old sharply fights.At the end of the war, unfortunately, the investmentsgovernment madethat helped critical further long-term transform educational theIn the aftermath of the war, the federal mentandto legal moral to pressuredismantle pressure from racial from the segregation the federal civil governmentrights laws. move- And moreattendSouth. brainpower collegeThe G.I. and Bill to thus enabledfuel provided its transformation. military the region veterans with The to leadingflowedyet, once into Jim andincreased Croweconomic collapsed,prosperity growth privatefor accelerated whites investment along National Science Foundation, among other with blacks. At critical moments, leaders emerged en route to hamlet AcrylicPhotographs13.75"1993-99Tom on Stanley, acanvas 13.75" by each kt . ri Terry Roueche 79 80 ,:;kx*..> to guide the states through a transition in race Still, just at the point at which our two states permittededucation,relations and the training, to Carolinas advocate and to infrastructurefor participate investments in that thein graphicsmackare catching into shifts, the thenewup withglobal hurdles the economy, country, arising fromandthey higher havedemo- run Carolina,Sunbelt surge. Terry Two Sanford, examples who illustratewas later thepresident point:In his single term as governor of North arecitizen notshaping expectations.reversible, the near-term but The the big-pictureCarolinasfuture of thecan trends Carolinasgive thattheir pioneeringhisof state's Duke community Universityantipoverty college and effort a U.S. system, through senator, launched The built North aup people the wherewithal to cope and even to flourish. Sanford'sraiseCarolina taxes contemporary, to Fund, bolster and the convinced public Ernest schools. F. the Hollings, legislature to withMorePercent at leastBrain NC, four SC, Power years and U.S. of college/BA populations degree 25 years and older initiatedandwho then served anmore industrializationa term than as 30 South years Carolina's campaign,as a U.S. senator,governor worked Nee tours"University,to assure around the and peaceful his subsequently state integration to build took support of "hunger Clemson for acrossfood, housing, America and in mid-century medical programs. have contributedThe two major rights movements that swept ft. North Carolina UnitedSouth Carolina States haveto the witnessed transformation of the Carolinas. Our states and been strengthened by the 0% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990* 1997* , A economy.theburgeoning dynamism of aof strong women black in education middle class and andthe Source. Decennial Census and Current Population Survey "Data only available by state as BA+ 1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 82 B CAROLINAS More muscle, more confidence Germanautomotive and center other as direct it became foreign a catch investment. basin for andof the to Carolinasthemselves, have that already they can proved, succeed to inothers aAs they confront the new hurdles, the people surviveddownsizingCharleston, a massive thatto reemerge gracefulhurricane as coastal anda thriving military city, centerhas bechanging the engine economy and not and the society, caboose:Durham, that wherethey can the Duke family made its ciga- tionTheof commerce basedCarolinas on andan invented economic culture. a new imperative model of as educa- they ofmedicine rettes,the flourishing hasand become higher Research education,an international Triangle. a linchpin The center of workforcedesigned and community to attract collegesnew businesses. to retool the thestrengthResearch one Mr.of Triangle nearby Duke transformedPark,universities developed (including through on the his Carolinasinvestment diversified in universities their andeconomies. hospitals, theAlong with boosting public and private andinformationphilanthropy), pharmaceuticals. technology, grew into biotechnology, a major center of conditioninghighwaysInformation and technologies airports and improved made the Carolinas more and, of course, air- c' tr othermoreIn Northstate top-20 of Carolina's the doctoral South. universities, programs thanthere in are any ourofficeattractive two buildings. states for industrial absorbed As a result facilitiessubstantial of diversification, and job-shedding high-rise textilecompany,Charlotte, executives has where evolved went Mr. from for Duke financing a town planted where into his a power ratesdecades,by the at textile the to end the and ofpoint tobaccothe 1990sthat industriestheir fell unemploymentwell over below two the Greenville/Spartanburgcenter.national and global banking transformed and commercial itself confidencebarriers,nation's. Thus,the Carolinas having leapedcan face over the substantial future with knowing, as Lippmann said, that E S..T. A TE::.:0:P.'"'TliE from a cotton-mill economy into a high-tech AROLINAS everything is possible here. strengthen in the country was muscling up in the theRural city. no Carolinians longer have found themselves The industrial age has been a race toward wheregaragescity. cotton, The in sprawling two-mule corn, and suburbs, farm tobacco has often given once built way grew. onto two-carsites pulledprofitabilitythe race, although of small the tobaccopace was farms slowed and by by the textile many willingly, some reluctantly into forHeartland, The New John York Herbers, Times, held a national North Carolinacorrespondent up asAs recently as 1986, in his book The New thestates'mills "bone located waterways. and in sinew" small By the townsthat 199(3s, Mr. strung Duke it was along wanted dear the that to low-densityinvitation"the prototype to growth.a style for ofEven America's living as thecharacterized twofuture" states in haveitsby active PercentCarolinians of residents Become living inCity urban Folks areas Southernersavoidedbecome morethe densefind cosmopolitan, so urban unattractive development the Carolinasin the that North. have 80%NC, SC, and U.S., 1920-1990 arrivalsthatOur citiesappeal alike. feature to longtime many safe,residents leafy and neighborhoods recent te 60 comesuburbanized to the end cities, of the the 20th people century of the faced Carolinas withAnd yet, in creating automobile-dependent .rsc thatan array eats ofup new precious challenges: landscape, how howto tame to reducesprawl " 20 __e_. North Carolina UnitedSouth Carolina States often-impersonalnurturingthe fouling communities of air andsociety. water, and For a andvital many how civic Carolinians, to life build in an 0% 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Source Decennial1980 Census 1990 comesafea house cul-de-sac true. on aHowever grassy represents lot unintentional, with the a back American deck that alonglifestyle, dream a 30 86 S A Wilson County Farmer by James Applewhite The mercury-vapor yard light on a pole 4 it seems by the television's phosphorescent glowthecomes in front on room, automatically seen incongruously at dusk, triggered through those unnaturalsashes and light panes before from his lust packhouse, after the stillCivil smoking WarThe middle-aged farmer standing in shadow of this heads of his wife and daughter-in-law throughwindow,a Lucky, the andlust athe few grandson's in any day occasional, now, sees ball-quick topassage inhibit throughsuckers, color, the tractor-drawn and thinks maybe harvesters, he,hastoo long. survived Life is easier, maybe, with MH-30 off leaves, dipping them into the reeled chainsarewhere But undependable, croppershands ride and close without to the his ground, blood kin,breaking ofa man the wayscouldn't of tobaccohardly be With sure the of aquotas, harvest the crew. decliningSome use the migrants, hard-working, ignorant who learned tobacco from his father, who himselfreadprices, couldn't and every write, day looks more far news across about at redcancer, Antares this man placeover the lit by swamp blue fight woods and there TV. as beyond odd and the as highway, lonely.what not star knowing he is seeing, and feels his station in this Copyright Roger Winstead. Magnolia Tree 1997 by /'g, 0s "A VVilson County Farmer" by James Apple...fine CopyrientReprinted C 1993 by by James permission Applewhite of the author Lau:slam State Unsversky Press From A History of the Roe, ...:.:::: ...... AT11 OF THE CAROLINAS 8 U 88 31 thatdramaticadopted strengthened on diminishing a sweeping communities of scale, the "front-porch has and resulted long visiting"charac- in a PercentDiversity of residents on the foreign-bornRise terized the South. Moreover, even in the Carolinas' Golden 14%NC, SC, and U.S., 1920-1990 North Carolina andbeenAge, the somemore rural placesrapid church, in are urban inthe trouble. rural than school,in Job rural creation andareas; other has 12 0-- UnitedSouth Carolina States inseveresmall-town the tobacco economic institutions industry, stress resultinghave a diminishing been from subjected a of decline quality to I0 jobincounties. opportunities, metropolitan Fewer places.andpeople a depopulation live in rural settings of rural than 8 Rockthan one Hill; million Greensboro/Winston residents: Charlotte/Gastonia/ -Salem /HighAt least three metropolitan areas have more 6 nearingGreenville/Spartanburg/AndersonPoint, a and million. Raleigh/Durham/Chapel metro Hill. isThe 4 populationand South Carolinagrowth, especially have experienced since 1970. robust AmongFueled by their metro areas, North Carolina 2 the states, North Carolina ranks Nth with 7.5 0% I I dimensionmillion.million people,But of the a richer Southvolume89 story.Carolina of growth 26th is withonly 3.7one BESTCOPYAVAILABL 1920 1930 1940 1950 1%0 1970 Source: Decennial Census 1980 1990 residents have higher education attainment than importersYou're not from around here, arejou?Our states have become population of blacks and whites, Latinos and Souththe people Carolina already in attractingliving in the new region. residents fromIn the 199(3s, North Carolina has outpaced MDCfromAsians abroad.told from it inevery The the 1998story section Stateof oftoday's ofthe the country Carolinas,South, andcan't as be Onemigrationother way states. to of measure North 430,000, Carolina the South influence had Carolina net of domesticpopulation 91,000. Technicolor'''.captured only in black and white, but in Many thousands of blacks left the region whostatewideshifts cast is ballots to elections, look in at North voting nearly Carolina patterns: one out had Inof lived thefive past peoplein two toSouthduring a majority-white Carolina the mid-century's switched state beforefrom great a out-migration. themajority-black 1930 Census. enteredthe state the for United no more States than andsix years.settled in the Unlike the 1920s, when waves of immigrants blackAndCarolina now population many since blacks rising1990, are byby returning 139.5 percent percent home in in North South the ticremainedNortheast migration isolated,and patterns Midwest the of immigration whilethe 19910s the Carolinas have and domes-begun to gltpfzsoc- reversalCarolina. of black migration In addition to seeing a transform the South. In search of jobs, Latinos alsopatterns, experienced the Carolinas a turnabout have PercentGrowing increase Faster in population than the by Nation race/ethnicity, 1990-1997 Clack American Indian Asian likein the the "brain rest of drain." the seaboard Now, SouthUnited States Rot Population 10.26% 7.29% Hispanic33.28%30.00% White5.99%3.18% 15.05%10.86% 10.74%11.97% 48.47%32.75% whitesmoreSouth, as of wellthe the two ashighly blacks. states educated, attractIn the NorthSouth Carolina Carolina 1154% 7.47% 72.05%25.69% 64!8%9.39% 13.23%9.48% 18,00%3.38% 29.40%60.02% ::S.T.ATE :0 F aggregate, newly arrived 91 92 Source US Census Bureau 33 41, '4NO: o havethrough moved Texas up from and MexicoFlorida and intothe Caribbeanthe Carolinas. inNorth rate Carolinaof growth counties of Asian ranked population. in the top 15 SouthCarolina's increased Hispanic by 33 percentpopulation since growth 1990. rateNorth Asof a whole, the Hispanic population of the regionHispanic would populations be looking in atthe an Carolinas, aging resident the Were it not for the growth of black and Hispanics.South72 percent Carolina far had exceeded a 25 percent that of growth the South, in while healthyyoungworkforce adults economy with in significantly the over pipeline the next fewerto decadefill well-trainedthe andneeds a half. of a 1 the South, especially in cities. Over the past Asians have also found job opportunities in fewerNorth whitesCarolina aged is projected20 to 44 in to the have year 150,000 2015 than 4' ora percent.hasdecade, grown the 60 Asian percent, population in South in CarolinaNorth Carolina 30 By 1996, more than 14;000 Asians lived in54,000it hasthat now, age more bracket.but blacks the Tar Similarly, and Heel 14,000 State South morewill Carolina have Latinos is decadeandin both among withWake counties at County least 2,000nationwide and MecklenburgAsians, that these began County;two the increasesoldexpected whites toby in have 3,0002015, 91,000 andwhile Latinos fewerthe number 20-by 7,000.to of 44-year- blacks as An"On excerpt thefrom The Great Water is WideMigration" by Pat Conroy largemen jars Yamacraw oysters were in the factory shucked into oystersa czar from were a good,fiddler and crab, the but oyster the wasIn the a parabletime when of Yamacraw the black peoplethere youngethic men Each would morning take theto their strong orderedclaimsworld famous. that Yamacraw a czar An ofisland oysters Russia legend for once an theprovidedfactories people. aoperating substantial Everyone on hyingworkedthe island for and all 4,, tenetshard,supported and laid lived themselvesdown up in to the the well, Protestant sacred worked oysters,andbateaux inlets andwhich for search the the large women the dustersshores and old of for propagateimperialthe most banquet. part,this rumorwould The The whitenot blacks,know people factoryvillaineveryone situated appeared. made on money,aIt knollwas an aboveThen industrial a But there will be an even bigger bulge in 2015, representsDepending a critical on older trend workers in the Carolinas. NorthStill, the overall aging of the population Carolinanonprofits,a bulge that is expected andhas consequencesbusinesses to have Inin forexcess2015, governments, Northof one peopleCarolina 65 and isa quarterexpected older in of to2015 a havemillion than half more.now, a million South The more South250,000million Carolina more blacks people will have 460,000 more, aged 45 to 64 than it has now. including 725,000 whites, inimportantburgeoning housing consequences and postretirement health population has sincluding r 313,000 whites and 140,000r blacks. 4 ....,, anceation,care, andin in retail social and services.insur- recre- 4; Jonathan Green, 1990 Oyster Pickers Collecuon of Drs Yele and Shirley Aluko Oil on Canvas 47" x 98" ;417, spewedawaythe from Savannah its Yamacraw. excrement River The manyinto villain the miles Yamacraw, analyzed them under a Ten thousand oysters were now as the oysters became contaminated, ',( rfs thesilentlyriver, filth infected as crept the the topull thecreeks, of shoresthe tides,and of as afterresultsmicroscope, this, littleto the white and proper reportedsigns officials. were the Soon faceless,worthless it could as grains not be of moved sand . Since a factory is soulless and . migrationalmostthe island's immediately. began. only industry The greatfolded AV. samplesYamacraw.. of the Someone water around took dingplaced anyone by the to oyster gather banks the oysters. forbid- itsto understandcoming had the wrought destruction When Reprinted by permission of the author Copynet cift 1972 by Pat Camay Houghton 11114 BostonFrom fbeWater a Wee ' ' ' '' ' ' '' 99 36 e. "SAI AgingProjected o f populationthe Workforce change (in thousands) NC and SC, 1995-2015 NC 65 and older 441 13 SC 65 and older 201 years old 45-64 72$ 27 years old 45-64 I 10 years old 20-44 .160 14 years 20-44 old .91 3 7 M Hispanic 5-19 12 5-19 10 WhiteSlack -200 years old 0 200 400 600 800 1000 -200 years old 27 5 200 400 600 800 1000 War II baby boom. Almost all of the working This bulge results from the post-World ofSouthern baby boomers states, have who agrew larger-than-average up with inadequate share Source. U S. Census Population Pmectsons years.workforcemembers Most publicof of that the policy generationCarolinas debate duringwill looks still the ahead be next in tothe 15 black-and-whitelow-skillschools, industrial who were TV economy, and trained tremble for who an at remember agriculturalthe thought or whencan'tmakers baby ignore thinking boomers baby about boomers begin the retiring, workforcebefore butthey policy-in retire our states agingomyof working workers will remain onas ita speedsheavilycomputer. into dependent Thethe new Carolinas' on century, these econ- generationcated and Many as well-off baby boomers as their counterpartsare as well edu- inIt's difficult to generalize about an entire totheand enhance availabilitythe two thestates skillsof willadult of have theeducation peoplethe task andin of the ensuringretraining baby 36 97 other regions. But the Carolinas, like their sister boom bulge. 8133E CAROLINAS Diversifying economy, proliferating jobs traditionalinternational manufacturing firms from 18 enterprises countries. of While textiles, the ofspecifically the Carolinas. intended He did to transformso by investing the economy in theAs a modernizer, James Buchanan Duke brisklyofcigarettes, the to Carolinas' a base and of furniture economy,high-value-added remain the states powerful manufac- are moving sectors thishelpedgeneration region set inoverof motion hydroelectric and over a dynamic again. power. that Indeed, has reshaped he ceuticalsturing to electronic equipment. And there is diversity throughout the econ- ranging from automobiles to pharma- employedturing provided persons the in jobsthe two for states.seven Now,out of however, I0 In the 1920s, farming and light manufac- competingareomy. working Increasingly, in the in globaloffices, the economy. providingpeople of A services,the ranking Carolinas and of percentNorthagriculture of Carolina the directlystates' and employment. accountsSouth Carolina for And, no todaymore while thanhave 5 a chemicalsplacedthe top real I0 industries third,estate andfirst, inconstruction health North services Carolina fourth. second, in Both 1996 forthanlarger fewer the share nation than of 30theiras apercent whole, workers of factory employedin manufacturing work persons. accounts high-valuesector,Carolinas with services manyhave movedof and the paying sector'swell into high jobs the wages. providingservice a reality. ThereDiversity, is diversity that long-sought in agriculture. goal, North has become decadesCarolinians ago, has per improved capita personal markedly. income Seven in bothAs a result, the overall income of J./ , nowgrowingCarolina ranks state. third, remains But behind within the nation'shogs North and Carolina,leading poultry, tobacco- tobacco in nationalNorthstates was Carolina per less capita than has income,half risen the to national with90 percent South level. Carolinaof Now, theannual mid-1970s, cash receipts. seven upstate counties of SouthThere is diversity in manufacturing. By wereat aboutmore economically80 percent. isolated, America's In contrast to the 1920s, when our two states 4X 99. Carolina were home to more than 200 CAROLINAS roaring '90s did not bypass the Carolinas. lieu 37: ploymentStarting in fell, the mid-'9even as cps, our jobsstates' grew traditional and unem- hadIn manufacturing, a 38 percent decline for example, in employment North Carolina in characterizedapproachindustries the continued end by considerableof the to centuryshrink. churning Thewith Carolinasan economy on one textilesemploymenttobacco from products 1988 in industrial to and 1996 a 19 At machinery percent the same decline rosetime, 31 in establishedfurtherday, statesurge company and in hiring,federal announces onagencies another a round bring day, ofnews anlayoffs old, of a retailpercent.percent trade andAnd (22electrical job percent), growth equipment in and services finance/insurance/ went (68 up percent), by 9 IndustryFrom Farming distribution and70% Forestry... 1920 5060- 4.24 UnitedSouthNorth CarolinaCarobna States ';:s>/:7." 4030- 20I0- 36.2 -.4fArrovw, 0% forestry.Agriculture. and 0.2 of mineralsExtraction 0.1 2.6 andManufacturing mechanical Transportation Trade $ ® Public service 1.6 Ma 1.9 WUErg Professional service 2.4 El personal serviceDomestic and 7 2.3 occupations Clerical 1.8 animal husbandry industries II Source' Decennial Census 38 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 102THE CAROLINAS manufacturingreal estate (24 percent) industries. outpaced The economic the emerging transi- economicrobust economy. momentum State Policy index, Reports combining publishes one- an someCarolinianstion of of them the latewith wider 1990s, uncertainty opportunities, therefore, and thus offersand it manypresents yearCarolinapopulation. shifts in ranked employment, The sixthmost inrecent personalthe nation, index income, hadwith North growth and theheightened larger of anxieties. the two states, clearly had the moreAs the 1990s came to a close, North Carolina, rankednationalabove 27th, the average. withnational growth average; somewhat and South below Carolina the Industry...To Manufacturing distribution70% and Services 1990 5060 - UnitedSouthNorth Carolina States 3040 2010 0% 2.6 2 2.5 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 M.6 CC al ALS Agriculture Forestry and fisheries Mining . Construction Manufacturing communication,Transportation,public utilmes and other Wholesale_ trade M Retail trade Muginsurance, and real estateFinance, Services Source, Decennial Census administration Public n THE STATE OP THE CAROLINAS 103 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 10439 as. incomes on the Rise...... And Catching up with the Nation 4 Average1929 perand capita 1996 (inpersonal 1996 dollars) income asAverage a percent per ofcapita U.S., personal 1929-1996 income $25,000 $22,244 13 1996 1929 100% 90 20,000 7080 15,000 -o 60 10,000 0 50 o_ § 40 30 --as South Carolina North Carolina 5,000 $2,459 ,1' 20I0 Source Survey of Current Business $0-. North Carolina (dollar convemoo done at chrtplialerorecgf-lainicolcalculatorcg) South Carolina United States 0% 1929 1940 1950 1960 1970 Source: Survey of Current Business 1980 1990 1996 /s, 4, ,try 304 Gains, but not enough intellectualand private universities,synergy and whichwhich, create together, an provide andregarded of the as South the Achilles' generally. heel Low of educationalthe Carolinas,For two decades or more, education has been advancement.a platform for further economic and societal Furthermore, the Carolinas have taken someourattainment states' justification. economicrates were advancement seen as stumbling blocks to and with haveamountimportant repositioned to policysurgery and community on programmaticthat Achilles' colleges heel.steps as critical Theythat andregion cheap advertised labor, tooitself many as a Caroliniansplace of cheap saw land littleIndeed, for much of this century, when our oftrialelements reform bases of inand strategiespublic diversify elementary to their modernize economies. and secondary their Burstsindus- a fieldsschool.value inor After educationfactories all, steady, beckoned. beyond albeit a year low-wage, or two in jobs high in begunachievement.schools to follow have, Andoverthe lead now,time, of Southresulted North Carolina Carolina in gains has in economy'sstates of their demand vulnerability for higher in levelsthe face of ofknowledge the But even those who persist in reminding our mentdevelopmentfocusing in school. on the to imperativesbolster preparation of early childhoodfor attain- andchanges schoolingSouth Carolina can hardly have ignoremade in the education. sweeping and advances that North Carolina worldderives -class sustenance research universities, from the presence one at eachof three North Carolina's Research Triangle Park Jamesvaluea Buchanansmall he saw college in Duke higher in gave Durham education expression into by a majortransformingto the interna- tionalnotpoint have ofinvestment theattracted triangle. tosuch Greenville/Spartanburg And transforming South Carolina interna- could twoothertional states privateuniversity, have colleges a asbroad well in network asthe investing Carolinas. of both in Now,threepublic the withoutafforded the by significant its technical training colleges. opportunities 3T AT. 107 Graduation gap erased For much of this century, the education greatlyolder, North narrowed Carolina the gap and with South the Carolina nation in have highMeasured in terms of adults 25 years and S/,, , nationtargetchallenge closein high the in school thegap Carolinas between graduation. ourcentered states While onand too a theclear andcentschool inof Southadultsgraduation. Carolinahave graduated In North74 percent Carolina,from high 76school, per- compared a" succeededdiplomamany young in inhand, peoplehitting the still theCarolinas once-elusivedrop out have without largely target. a Southernisto attributablethe U.S. adults at 82to who thepercent. largegrew That numberup in some the of old, gapolder low-skillpersists SS economy. Look at younger adults, and a more telling withMatchingPercent at least of apopulationthe high Nation school aged diploma, in 25-44 High March School 1998 Grads highbetweenpicture school age emerges. diploma 25 and Among44, in 1338,fully North 88.7 above percentCarolinians the national had a 100% - : r barely,level of at 88 85.3 percent. percent. South Carolina trailed, but 6080 - progress.explains some, but surely not all, of this The influx of well-educated newcomers 40 - EducationCarolina Progress and South tests Carolina show that still North fall behind theScores on the National Assessment of 0% - 20 - wouldnation have in aachievement decade or two ago. In eighth-grade but not as far as they North Carolina South Carolina Source. StausticalAbstract of the United States, 1998 United States belowCarolina'smath the proficiency national average average scores of 268 inof fell 1936,271, only and North three South points Carolina was 10 points back at 261. On the science the147proficiency Southwas only Carolina tests, one thepoint average North lower Carolinaof than 139 theput average nation's;it nine of asProgressNC aand percent SC average withof the Room U.S.SAT scoresaverage for Improvement thepoints long lower. historic lag in elementary and secondaryWhile persisting in the quest to overcome 100 % 98 96.6% WrzFert P'sv§k' haveeducation, to confront North an issueCarolina that isand difficult South toCarolina 9496 innerquantify. cities In andfar toorural many areas, schools, low expectations, especially in on 92 9 1 .9% 93.5% !J. ourthe partstates of of both the teachersfull blossoming and students, of potential deprive 8890 SouthNorth CarohnaCarolina totalent. instill The a spirit Carolinas of high have expectations much more and to todo 86% 1981 87.6% 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 measurementsexpectationsprovide the resources of achievement required and to meet accountability high and to the extent that they do so, up with the nation in high school attainment, Source The College Board will surely rise. schoolpreciselythey still has lagthe become significantlymoment a prerequisitewhen in education college-going for abeyond middle- high at extendFrom diplomastheir gains toin educationdegrees up to the 12thEven as the Carolinas work to preserve and earnedaccordingdais standard58 percent to The of living.Economist,more than Twenty-five collegehigh school graduates years gradu- ago, highergrade,demographic theeducation. states andface Although economic new demands, the change,states rooted are to catching bolster in alsoates; civic.now college The health graduates of our earn democracy 77 percent requires more.The imperative is not only economic but butCollege Not EnoughAttendance on the Rise, colleges.and universities, andeight 16 independent technical community colleges 50%withPercent at least of NC,some SC, college and U.S. residents crucial to preparing for an economy in which theTogether, these are major assets and are 40 6. North Carolina UnitedSouth Carolina States numberoftransfer goods. ofof This knowledgepeople means who significantlywill go outpaceon to 13, theincreasing 14, production and the 2030 onlyonmore our from years colleges the of loomingeducation. and universities growth The growing in will the come college-age demand not it,py 3W. 010 r aggressivepopulation actionbut also to educatefrom our even states' more need of theirfor 1.14104., 0% 1950 1960 1970 1980 Source.Decenotof Census 1990 recentlycitizens forproduced the economy a detailed of theanalysis 2I't century. of college-The Mortensen Research Seminar in Iowa thecitizens knowledge who have to makethe skills informed to participate decisions. andThe march of time has proved Mr. Duke a beingthegoing enrolledstates. and Itsfound in index college that was a varied 19-year-old's based widely on a formula amongchances that of visionaryinstitutions,the highest in his quality. and insistence the He people put on his higherof themoney twoeducation into states private haveof proportioncontinuationcombined of highrates each schoolto state's give graduation the19-year-olds "best estimate rates that and ofwere college the eee investedof public strongly colleges in extensive, and universities. accessible Now, systems North theenrolled Mortensen in college formula in the for fall "chance of 1996." for collegeUnder colleges.entCarolina colleges South hasand Carolina 16universities, public has universities, 18 and public 58 community colleges 36 independ- Carolinaby age 19," fallranked both below 42nd,North the SouthnationalCarolina Carolina level. and South North43rd. 4 41". C No longer a guy thing? therequirements challenge is ofto ensurethe changing that more economy. men begin And women.sities, Incollege-going both community among colleges women isand rising, univer- whileMen are less likely to go on to college than inadapting, college too.attainment, our states still have anAlthough blacks have made substantial gains menmale areenrollment less likely is thanlagging. women And to once graduate. in college,After noting that women have surpassed men theeducationunacceptable proportion beyond gap of between whitehigh school.adults whites withIn and both a blacksbachelor's states, in asking:Mortensenin college what's continuation seminar wrong authors with since the wonder, guys?"the late "WeIt 1980s, is akeep key the blackdegree adults or beyond inwith South afar degree. Carolinaexceeds Only thehave 10 proportion apercent college of of arequestion adapting for themore Carolinas. readily than Women, men it'sto the clear, Amongtiondegree, with white nearly a degree adults 14 percentrisesin both above states,in North 22 thepercent. Carolina. propor- , ofWomen Thetotal studentsNewas a percentage Gender enrolled* Gap blackment men would and shrinkwhite men.the earnings Race still gap matters, between butEliminating differences in education attain- SouthNorth Carolina, FaltFall 19911998 NC PublicCommunity University College System System** 55.9% 59% thisenterit matters higher the workforceless education and less with gap, as amore whiledegree blacks reaching in hand. and forwhites Closing even ryac4141';, /; SC TechnicalPublic Universities Education System 55.4%57.4% higher percentages of both whites and blacks with 4 United Public 4-year2-year Institutions StatestFall 1996 54.4%57.6% ofatcollege-level leasttalent two and beneficial aneducation, amelioration results: would ofan give racialincreased the frictions. Carolinas supply Source State Data Sources and Digest of Education Statistics * Most recent figures available for each category ** C.umculum students by Souththe historian that it was George in "grave Tindall, danger warned of ballyhooing theJust as a long-ago educational leader, quoted 115 S:TATE O . . . BEST COPY AVAILABLE 116 itselfCarolinas' into further leaders backwardness," risk sliding into today's complacency. willDepression, take their fathers, neither or civil even war many nor ofworld them, war away. that thetaryToo quality andmuch secondary ballyhooingof our community schools about progresscolleges inand elemen- and especially about trends,families modern today iscircumstances, to come to grips and withnew interlockingknowledge;To try to assess the needs of children and theuniversities danger of resting on laurels. and our states will learn anew archingandit childrenis difficult realities. in tothe Forgeneralize. Carolinas the majority, Still, is to to seelife look twohas at over-never families Two realities for families and childrenThe 75 years since Mr. Duke created The economically,Abeen substantial as good as minority, socially, it is at the andhowever, dawn emotionally. of remainsthe 2Ist century. at risk wayconditionEndowment society of cares havechildren forbrought its and young. familiesa sea In change the 192cos, in the and in the determiningCasey Foundation the segment has devised of the an population index for ofThe Kids Count project of the Annie E. butworkeddivorce also at was25 a percent gainfulrare. Many job,of the notchildren TO- only to olderin I5-year-olds. the adolescents Carolinas sixdrenchildren characteristics: are definedliving in as "highnot having living risk" four with families of two the parents,followingSuch chil- fortoThen, invest children it was in and deeply to upgrade humanitarian orphanages for Mr. to careDuke regardless of race who lost one schoolline,living having in dropout, a family a head-of-household living with incomewith parents below who without the is poverty a high Carolinaor both parents. and South Carolina have vastly brighterNow, most children growing up in North Count,andsteady receiving employment,19 percent welfare of lacking Southbenefits. Carolinahealth According insurance, children to Kids ago.thanprospects Inthose the ofGolden their counterpartsAge at the end of ofseven the 1990s,decades enormously broader horizons fellnationalfall slightlyinto theaverage below"high of therisk" 14 national percent.category, average North above withCarolina the 13 117 there is no rampant child labor, no Great percent of children at "high risk." HE C;AROL'IN'A producedTwo parents, a spurt two of new, workers higher-paying jobsThe robust economy of the 1990s has by TheMichael Women Chitwood opportunityin the Carolinas, for a offeringhigher standard millions of of living. families to decorateTheyBible don't verses sitting-room stitch into cloth walls squares Andfamilies yet, even rely in on a moretwo incomes diverse toeconomy, maintain many what byinThey thethe keep weavedoors their ofroom Drawing-In,sayings and clothwith them,room, living.onthey a Thelotnow of modernregard debt, hasas consumer-economy, a heightened middle-class expectations standard resting of $. Theyat the don't window have to toSupply. back up to take their pay Asand expectations raised the have level increased, of material women possessions. have They'vethey'llIf you're help gotlooking you another find for ait.shift fight, to pull when they get home, someeconomicstreamed out intoofnecessity, both. the workforce, many out many of career out ofchoice, andallWomen their sometimes lives,work daylight do it pregnant. and graveyard force.history In of states women with deeply a large engaged base of inlow-wage the work- But, of course, our two states have a long ' .4 whoThey're fill inthe the ones, blanks. after Revelations, onmanufacturing two incomes and to hold farming, themselves families together depended eco- ,;9,, Copyright ID 1998Reprinted by Michad by permission Chitwood"The Women'of the author by fichael Chitwood University of Chicago Press From The Weave Room shift,nomically. mom Inworked many another.mill villages, dad workedThus, one the legacy of history and the dynamics <0. Unitedhavingof the modern Statesa higher as economy levela whole. of mothersresult in at the work Carolinas than the Machine62"CibachromePhil Moody,Tender and1994 Silver prints 24" A T 47: A 119 E WA,* laiNWS::: BESTCOPYAVAILABLE 120 47 with children ages 6 to 17 are in the labor force,Nationally, about 75 percent of mothers hasConsequently, risen for high-quality in both states, day thecare public and for demand * centunderand aboutof age mothers 6o6. Inpercent withNorth children of Carolina, mothers ages aboutwith 6 to children 1778 are per- findingsextended-day with respectprograms to earlyin the childhood schools. develop-Adding intensity to these issues are research mothersageworking, 6. In with Southand children67 Carolina, percent 6 to with about 17 andchildren 80 67 percent percent under of andmoviesment teenagers. and on to the the attitudesBrain-scanning effect of and television, behavior research music, of haspreteens and two-workerwith children families under agemeans 6 are several in the hours labor a force.day For many young children, the prevalence of mentalbetweenrevealed development. birth that and richly 4 years An stimulating array of age of are researchexperiences crucial has for ageorunder under children, the no supervision supervision the result of is atnonfamily hours all. For at manyhomecaregivers school-in front behaviorentertainmentsuggested among that haveviolence young raised people.and the other level crudity of antisocial in mass earlysomeof a TV, eveningteenagers, video have game, the become hours or Internet ofthe late time hookup.afternoon for crime, For and revolveschildren andaround the bothcondition their economicof their families status andThus, concern over the well-being of "orphaned"drugs, and sex. for several hours day-to-day. In effect, thousands of children are left specialthe influence concern of are the the surrounding afternoon orphans.culture. Of 121 ;,R,:01.:. I :NA, Poverty of body, and spirit Despite the robust economy, troubling theA poverty rate among rate amongadults. childrenThe troubling higher trendsthan include, nomicallyofsocietal Carolinas' trends vulnerable children have left and and hundreds deprived their families of of thousands hope. eco- A AnA two-decadefamilies. epidemic of proliferation parental alcohol of single-parent and drug bearcombination down on today's of cultural vulnerable and economic families forcesin such inaddiction neglected that and has abused led to achildren. dramatic increase e X development.supporta way as and to conspire attention to they rob manyneed forchildren healthy of the and South Carolina fell below the national In terms of overall poverty, North Carolina percentagePercentagePoor Children, of of total children population Poor living Future inliving poverty in poverty and perspective,thepoverty drop rate in this the in is theCarolinas' an mid-1990s.amazing poverty achievement. From rates a historical does But not OverallChild Poverty Poverty Rate, 1996 Rate, 1996-1997 numbersofindicate poor of people, a middle-class recent but drop rather inand the anaffluent absoluteexpansion people number in the inliving the innumber the two of states. children living in poverty. OfMost significantly, it doesn't mean a decline 1 poorfullythe 885,000 South337,000 Carolinians, poor were North children. 184,000Carolinians Of thewere 482,000in children. 1996, 4 0% - s- North Carolina South Carolina United States povertyambitions has less than to with do with the circumstancestheir own efforts of andtheirOf course, whether children suffer from STATE OE THE CAROLINAS 123 Source: !Gds Count Data Online and US Census Bureau :..BESTCOPYAVAILABLE parents and related adults. Of North Carolina's 4 :49: Surge in Single Parenthood riedsince women 1980. Inas Southa percentage Carolina, of all births births to jumpedunmar- Births1980, to 1992, unmarried 1996 women as a percent of all births percentinfrom 1996. about to North 32 23 percent percentCarolina in in thatwent 1980 same from to 37period. about percent 19 S NC 12% (butheaded an byincreasing a single numberparent, most of men). of them Consider womenAbout one-fourth of families today are SC schooltically,the triple education,she disadvantage is likely her to earnings have of a nosingle aremore likelymother: than to a bestatis-high less 32% .1980 19921996 bothonthan blacks only a man's, one and income. whites,and she aIn mustvast the economic aggregate,support her divide among children 5 10 15 20 Source25 Statist cal Abstract of the Vatted States 30 35 40% withseparates two earners)two-parent and families single-parent (especially families. those Several shifts in societal attitudes and, as andpercentI 915 million percentlive in children, families lack health with19 percentinsurance. a single are parent, Of poor, South 29 daydifferencesa consequence, and in today's in the government careCarolinas. of children policies in Mr. Duke's define the 4v1 andpoverty,Carolina's 17 percent 31 percent 955,000 lack residehealth children, withinsurance a 24single percent parent, live in familiesadopted awith policy dependent of providing children. financial More aidrecently, toDuring the Great Depression, the nation withcies the in consequences the 1990s, the of Carolinas a surge instill births must to contendDespite a sharp decline in teenage pregnan- welfarethe nation strategy has assumesto moved a working-poor awaythat single from strategy. mothersits half-century The 50 125 unmarried women adults as well as teenagers BESTCOPYAVAILABLE would remain at home with children; the 126 working-poor strategy seeks to insert poor of children going into foster care has stabilized, andparents itafter-school presumes into the workforcethat supervision day care as quicklyfor older as childrenpossible, young children butunder at such stress. an increased level that the system isBlack children tend to be removed from willremoved be available. from the homes of their birth-parentsIn addition, in cases in which children are children.their6,300 homes blackIn at1997-98, achildren, somewhat North 5,500 higher Carolina white rate children,hadthan nearly white and careorphanagesor includesclose relatives, a to range foster there of care short-term has and been adoption. aliving shift fromFoster Fosterabout 400 children Care of other races in foster care. emphasizeshomesarrangements, or with the including anpreservation unrelated placement familyof safe Publicand in group stable policy 7000NCChildren (1998) in and foster SC care (1997-1998) by race Black abuse,offamilies. economic or from But inadequatedeprivation, preparation from alcohol for or par- drug whether stemming from the stress 50006000 $235 OtherWhite moveddecade-longenting into foster rise in care. the numbers of children the Carolinas have experienced a sharp 4000 of childrenthe 1990s, entering the rate the of fosterincrease care in system the number in ourFrom the mid-1980s through the first half 20003000 - 2$1 1 twoCarolina states far had surpassed a 78 percent the national increase rate. from North 1990 1000 0- 227 ofincreaseto 1995,19 percent. and South Since Carolina the mid-'90s, a 59 percent the number both well above the national increase North Carolina Source North Carolina Division of Social Services, Fiscal Research Chnstars and South Carolina Department of Social Semmes South Carolina EMIR E 127 T.:H:E :C 1::543:t .. .. BESTCOPY AVAILABLE 128 51 forBlack a longer children duration also tend than to white remain children. in foster care Two realities in health, too neglectchildren and involved abuse inin substantiated 1997-98, about cases 85 ofpercentOf the more than 34,000 North Carolina alsoCarolinas known had as aGerman few isolated measles. outbreaks The incidences of rubella,Near the close of the 20th century, the Half15were percent ofclassified the werecases as judged ofsubject substantiated victims to neglect of neglectphysical or abuse. abuse and nearly largerecentlyoccurred part because arrived. in communities rubella, The outbreaks especially where made Latinos dangerous news had in aboutinvolved a complex children picture. 6 years Many of age children or under. reap theOnce again, it is difficult to generalize in pregnant women, had been practically wiped fosterbenefits parent, of a diligent or of a socialwell-run worker, group of home. a caring And ProgressVast1921 -1953Reduction in12000 prevention in ofOld some Diseases major illnesses in NC oneForyet, manyplaceoverall, tochildren, fosteranother; care it formeans is some,an imperfectbeing it means shuffled solution. living from 10000 --eAt-- Smallpox Whooping cough TyphoidDtphthena fever asin athe household home from nearly which as theystressed were or removed. dysfunctional For 0p, 8000 homelessness.longermore than eligible one forin four foster 18- care, to 21-year-olds it means a spell no of E 6000S 4000 thattoo small well, segment society ofhas today's found youthno sure who answers are forAnd, as social services officials know only 2000 incorrigibly disruptive. 1931 1941 Source North Corolino.An Economic and Social Profile 1947 1953 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 130 Alt::0:1;TN S thatout inpublic the United health States. teams movedBut the promptlynews was to also vaccinateof the disease. the vulnerable and to stifle the spread 120InfantWay1924 deaths andDown 1995 per but 1000 Still live birthsBehind seven decades ago have been virtually eliminatedOne by one, diseases that were prevalent 100 102 IllNorth Carolina statesUnitedSouth wereCarolina States (in 1924,34 included in the pellagra.nowor contained. from The typhoid Hardlyrubella fever anyonestory or illustratestuberculosis dies in the both Carolinasor the 80 birth registration area) Carolinas.reachadvances into of the modern small towns medicine and andhamlets its extended of the 60 has been achieved. He gave The Endowment aTo a large extent, what Mr. Duke sought 4020 landscapemandate to so spread that country hospitals people across would the ruralhave o- 1924 1995 boostpeoplemuch from the had. thesame His federal access vision Hill-Burton to anticipated health care Act. and that got city a for example, our two states have narrowed the Source Statistical Abstract of the United States .4" insurmountablelaunched,Seventy-five geography years barrier after no Theto longer quality Endowment stands health as was care.an thehistoric course gap of with the the20t nationcentury serves as an espe-The plummeting of infant mortality over but they still lag. rr substantiallypeople of North better Carolina off, in andreal Southterms Carolinaand relative areBy several health-care measurements, the birthswerecially more in dramaticNorth than Carolina,8o example. infant deathsand In themore per mid-'20s, thanLoot) Iot) live there E STATE OP THE'`CAROLINAS 131 Into theterms nation, of physicians than they wereper I00,000 seven decades residents, ago. STCOPY"AVAILAB theper national1,000 in rate.South In Carolina the mid-'90s, there were both far above 9.2 infant deaths per 1, 000 live births in theCarolina.North infant Carolina, mortality While far rates9.6 below per in our1,000 the twolevels in states South of the still 1920s, Barrierhealth definedcare, economics in dollars stands out as a multi-But if geography is less of a barrier to quality ratesstandards,exceed are the still thenational too Carolinas' high. rate of infant 7.6. By mortality today's technology,fromdimensional the not-so-healthy. which barrier helps that saveseparates Modern many medical thelives healthy and heal z differences in the distribution of health-careThere remain, to be sure, distinct urban/rural ever-escalating,many bodies, comes cost. at More a high, than and 1.5 seemingly million :3 aresources. metropolitan It's still area easier than to attracta small a town, physician where to peopleor an in illness our two that states may liverequire in fear medical of an care injury that .? drivefewhe or peers shelong isnearby. distances likely Manyto workto see rural longer a doctor folks hours still or a mustand nurse. have theyCarolina, cannot afford.the percentage of the population In both North Carolina and South oftals, new an technologiesarray of initiatives over the and past the three proliferation decadesAnd yet, in addition to community hospi- coveragenationalwithout healthlevel is an ofintensifyinginsurance 15.4 percent. is problemslightly But lackbelow across of thehealth the havestatesseparated dramatically have rural rural loweredpeople health clinicsfrom the barriers health with physician care.that long Our AmericansCarolinaUnited States. withouthad 996,000 Of health the more in insurance, 1995, than South 40 North million manypatientsassistants miles by and electronic away. nurse There practitioners monitors are helicopter to whospecialists can ambu- link healthCarolina maintenance 546,000. organizations than AmericansThe people of the Carolinas rely less on areahospitals,lances health that and ferryeducation airplanes the gravely centers. that illfly or doctors injured out to to populationnationalin general. averageenrolled Our two in in statesthe health percentage fall maintenance well belowof their the Se 133 organizations. Only 8.4 percent of South . 134 C Alt to WAS ofCarolinians North Carolinians. are in HMOs, Across nearly the 15U.S., percent more tofewer a 1998 than publication whites. In Northof the Carolina,Office of Minorityaccording reachthan 26 out percent the healing are in hand HMOs. to rural people livingIn Mr. Duke's day, the challenge was to diabetesblackHealth females at and faster thedie rates,ofState heart adjustedCenter disease, for for stroke,Health age, than andStatistics, healingthefar apartchallenges arts frommore eachare affordable how other. to makeIn today's the modern Carolinas, and how to thanage-adjustedwhite white females. males. rates Similarly, of death black from males these have maladies higher, betweenremove whites lingering and blacks. differences in health statusIn both of our states, African-Americans eightCarolina percentage blacks is points 15.5 perabove 1,000 the livewhite births infantThe infant mortality rate among North have an average life span of about four years mortality rate. White male 90 yearsAverageRacial length Disparities of life by race in Life and genderSpan 1989-1991 f.f4 Non-whiteNon-whaeWhite mate female female 6080TO 14 121 50- Yti zzz gal;3345:.;' fr 4 iz ...... 203040 " g tf 0 years #0 North Carolina 54:) South,1f, Carolina sz United States *We THE STATE OP THE CAROLINAS 135 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Source; US, Decenmal Gfr Tables for 1989-1991 136 55 below the national level in AIDS cases North Carolina and South Carolina rank though sevenUniversity out of of 10 North North Carolina Carolina at adultsChapel do Hill, not ofresidentsSouth 25.6. Carolina's The is only AIDS slightly rate death of below rates23.5 areperthe nationalsignificantly100,000 level habits,get adequate the economics exercise. of health-care deliveryWhatever the trends in individuals' daily blackhigherexample, females for blacks 16.2 in Norththandeaths for Carolina from whites AIDS and per59.4 100,000 deaths in 1996, for agedislocationhave of created consolidation at a thepowerful close has of dynamicovertaken the 20th of hospitals,century. change andAn perdeath 100,000 per 100,000blackwhite males,males. white contrasted females and with 7.4 one deaths andconsiderabledoctors' the consumerspractices, uncertainty andof health insurers. for bothcare. It the is an deliverers age of Carolinasaffordability face and the differences difficult task between of encouraging races, theIn addition to overcoming the barrier of welltals as owning pulling healthgroups maintenance of physicians organizations under their asConsolidation has resulted in many hospi- healthmillions statusby of altering people of a population their to shield daily themselves ishabits. not only After afrom function all, illthe new,hospitalinstitutional though boards umbrellas.often of directorsunrecognized, The increasedtrend responsibilities. has powergiven and andnurses,of the day-to-day availability and hospitals, behavior. and but affordability also Prevention of people's of of doctors, disease lifestyles hospitals.ofIn therural 1920s, Thesehealth Mr. days, care Duke restedthe resolutionthought largely the inof future propagating health- quality abstainingstems from from nutrition, harmful physical substances. exercise, andNearly one in three residents of both North ofauthoritiescare hospital issues boardsbutrests also, not onlyincreasingly, in the hands in the of handspublic including the boards of AboutingCarolina toone the inand School four South adults of CarolinaPublic smokes. Health is overweight.And, at theaccord- manyfor-profit of the corporations Carolinas' communitythat have purchased hospitals. q 137 138 Religion: trends and tension sawmuch in meaning religion ain critical his own civilizing life. And, influence more, heat a devotionchurches, and Mr. broad Duke societal acted from vision. both He personal sought toIn deciding to invest in rural Methodist nantlytime when rural. the Carolinas culture was predomi-The response to economic, social, and TopReligion ten denominations in North by membershipCarolina give back to the denomination that had given so TopReligioncultural ten denominationsconditions in inSouth the Carolinas by membershipCarolina cannot be - ' 1926 MembersTotal AUPercent Members of Denomination1926 MembersTotal Percent of NegroMethodistSouthernDenomination Baptists Episcopal Baptist ConventionChurch, South 206,807249,916385,940 27.4%14.7%17.8% MethodistSouthernNegro BaptistsEpiscopal Baptist ConventionChurch, South 217,104235,224135,129 All Members24.9%26.9%15.5% \ AfricanProtestantDisciplesPresbyterian Methodist of Episcopal Christ Church Episcopal Churchin the Zion United Church States 135,69838,08877,691 2.4%2.7%5.5%9.6% AfricanPresbyterianMethodist Methodist Episcopal Church Episcopal Churchin the ChurchZion United Church States 38,22547,74959,372 4.4%5.5%6.8% MethodistFree Will Baptists EpiscopalProtestant ChurchChurch 26,89526,92231,25633,371 1.9%2.2% RomanProtestantUnited Lutheran Catholic Episcopal Church Church in America 25,75637,60418,994 9,036 2.2%2.9%4.3%1.0% ti Denomination1990 AdherentsTotal All /WO/ItAdherent.* of 0#400Milltittart1990 Adherentsroot AnAdheventsPercent of AMEBlackUnitedSouthern Zion Baptists Methodist Baptist (est) Convention Church 1,446,228 462,785605,362 36.4%11.6%15.2% UnitedBlackSouthern Baptists Methodist Baptist (est) Convention 308,915345,858894,390 41.4%14.3%16.0% EvangelicalCatholicPresbyterian Lutheran Church (USA) Church in America 205,548312,693149,483 2.2%3.8%5.2%7.9% AMEEvangelicalPresbyterian ZionCatholic Lutheran Church (USA) Church in America 65,12278,76893,714 2.8%3.0%3.6%4.3% ChurchEpiscopalChurch of ChurchChrist of God (Disciples (Cleveland,TN) of Christ) 50,46054,82873,66487,815 1.3%1.4%1.9% PentecostalChurchEpiscopal of ChurchGod Holiness (Cleveland,TN) 44,42248,65525,12261,489 2.1%2.3%1.2% BEST COPY AVAILABLE 140 57 moorings,shouldFamilies not communitiesbe under stress, divided children and in needisolated of solely a government response. claimindeclare a Protestant a asomewhat religious denomination higheraffiliation percentage still list membershipof adherents in fact, Baptists businesses,religiousall of these, congregations, andand nonprofitmore, require as agencies.well actionas civic by groups, people,meanwhile,today the than religious 75 is yearsthat landscapeas ago. the TheCarolinas changes.larger growreality, Roman in thecongregations country. To in what the Carolinas,extent should as there a church is acrossThere is a kind of tension within many especiallyhaveCatholics, assembled in Jews,the in cities largeand andadherents enough suburbs, numbers, of Easternthat their religions orawayprovide more from sanctuary,on the worriesweekend, a place of where thewhere world they people for can an can pray, hour get wouldpresence have today 20 yearshardly ago. raises an eyebrow as itAnd while it is easy to rank denominations nityAndrefresh ofto concernthemselves,what extent and andshouldof action take a carechurch driven of eachbe by a that commu-other? definingstoryby membership, is that characteristic denomination another of facet thousands has ofdiminished the ofdiversity as a havetoconcern, feed ethical the a placehungry, dimensions, where to speak people and out to work onreach issues together out thatto landscapeamongCarolinians. denominations.is increasingly Many families marked And move today's by thebetween religious rise of and muchtransform a church a secular should society? lean this way or that, In addition to a pull-and-tug over how includingburgeoninglarge, nondenominational young suburbs. families Young with congregations adults, children, especially have in our to contemporarytwo trends also society influence in thethe Carolinas.way religion relatesAlong with population growth and diversity ership.been attracted Within toProtestant such evangelical denominations, congregations. womenThe second trend has to do with church lead- native-borncomesCarolinas religious Protestants.were diversity. populated Today, In almost the most1920s, exclusively who the by society.havethey emerged have Meanwhile, into into business the in ranks an and era of professionsin the which clergy, growth in just the aswiderin 4 the clergy has not kept pace with population ingrowth, deciding lay leadersthe direction have heightened of their congregations. responsibilitiesSome forces are at work that are beyond the shiftscommunitiescontrol and of vastlocal economic churches. changes The decline of rural brought about by population has had an strengthensoughteffect on to thestrengthen. their rural viability, churches In effortschurches that to Mr. willmaintain Duke surely and pushedmore,have to as downfigure responsibility to out the their state for role and social in local society. services levels, What's is s, dutychurches and willpotential have toin comeseeing to to grips it that with rural their qt v. 3LSSVA +a< "5.5Z,3' 5a. < S4,1 05'44Mr'4 S, 'as 9 AE.40012":'ktts$:50.74 '$?1,935t9SMSt. 55$ z,..X:s0,4".{. 3S 12$902**affec Ural an.:44$5.47.0.914):414 SZAW 4P63$4 VPMqcw/..1;. +10Vast,g$ 4?' 4:84,5* t",s.xsamkostaxs mosamrs.324M3* x^exf,Jrsin or4s people get social and medical services. FOR THE SON OF IS COME TO SEER AND TO S WAS CopyrightHollyGod's Taylor, &Veld© 19991999 by Holly Taylor A $. STATE 143o ti:N.A BES:17,CO.PY:AVAW3LF.hVakikr069- e ere ee e, re, e 69 that struck down dual school systems. In February longRacial gone. reconciliation amid diversity Across our two states, Jim Crow is gone, openinglaunched1960, black public the college sit-ins accommodations thatstudents led to in the Greensboro to civil people rights of alllaw lawsCarolinians in place. favored But Jim keeping Crow racialfell in segregationthe face of For much of this century, most white publicraces. schools led to the Supreme Court rulingIn Charlotte, a challenge to segregated manycourageous in the actionCarolinas. by black citizens, includingIn the early 1950s, blacks in Summerton, makethecalling city's the civicforlandmark county-wide leaders, ruling white busing. work and and Insteadblack, thus rallied of helped resisting, to casesEducation,SC, decided sued and the in theirClarendon the 1954action Supreme County became Board Courtone of ofruling the segregationlay a basis for laws its liberatedcurrent economic the economy vitality. of theAcross the region, the elimination of racial An"Walk excerpt from to Dreams the of Supermarket" Sleep by Josephine Humphreys carsfromwhite Ofwindows course and they'd porches, stare. fromIt is skin. People stared at her ofpremium.every the city,house Butit isn'tto this collect Bayside, is not a weeklythe where worst borhoodtakes her ofthrough midtown. the blackIt is not neigh- the The walk to the supermarket becausecouldIris be,said, It's rf you're"ljust don't something afraid. know II'm guess I've not rt oneaunheard white of these person of in places, any to walkSouthern the through old citycol- for arefor oldmonths they people of atwhat don'ta time, is leaveon so the frightened their street. houses to thedetourway business she around used streets, to the go; project, sheor even used sticking go to youalways aren't done. scared I mean, of rt." if you live in itSo Ahce started walking Iris's hotelscityored and towns The lost only nowbehind whitesgulped stores thatinto and dothe it patchesTheNo, thishouses of gardenis just are old outpainted colored front. wood, town with Alicethroughto another asked,"Isn't the store. project Butit dangerous?"every Iris walksday. herened,way. white-woman's The as outfirst of time place she clothes as was a clown andfright- herin menthem,are insurance in young cheap twenty-five-year-old agentssuits stopping She has at seen cornersingsChildren and or old in hang menthe yard gatherfrom that the on hasporch the a rail- ESTCOPY::' .. VAILABLE gaveCarolinas African-Americans to attract new wider investment opportunities even as in it participation.education, in the economy, and in political Neighborhood Watch theand South Carolina stand in stark contrast1920s. toIn matters racial, today's North Carolina Actions by the federal government Mary Edith Alexander, Winter, 1998 Oil on linen 12" x 16" statebroughtthe courts, about the change,Congress, but and it also the presidencytook action by and local leaders to manage the transition and divisivemake progress. Today's Carolinas feature a less divided society than 75 years ago. Even surroundedcable spool setby bustedup as a dinette card table, or overlooked by the children It is a pocket of slow, warm +." *36 alwayschairs and a game Coke Sometimes crates There's it is an worldliving incoexistent the middle with of town, the rest like but a 8 5 table,tossanimated cards and game, sometimes or coins the menout it's ontosedate,laugh the and a whitemainnot people visible traffic go. fromarteries Sometimes, it, not or placesfrom if the peoplethreeon orthe are four walk, always times. now there Somethat when she's of theshe done it by.Thesweepingor the sidewalk, woman every is timeeven near Alice thesixty dirtwalks and yard, squirrelsunderdreamy comethe slow pecan down afternoon tree, and so creepgame quiet up the expectfindyou're this lucky, ita haven Alice where thinks, you you least can womanway,passes, who shesome stay sees of near the every home.old time,ones, One a any- is a hairrassedshy, standsher smile smile away of is athe from ten-year-old slow, her embar-head, Her tingto within what inchesnuts have of the been chairs, reiected get- She no longer feels out of place sweepinglarge-boned, her deep-black porch or her woman steps fromstiff and the shiny. broom She toward raises Aliceher eyes but continued...... 56' 147 _ _ 148 . though there is more harmony, our states remain side and the black side of town isn't the defining someToday,vulnerable extent the toissue the racial same.of racefrictions Government-imposed is different and even hostility. and and yet to ouronedivision statesthing, that isthe restructuringit settling once was of inLatinos the the populations Carolinas. and Asians Forof in pleted.tion-licensed between Residual discrimination whites economic and blacks issues is gone, is notlinger, but fully reconcilia-and com- onlyplexionnumerous to enrichof townsthe theCarolinas and culture, cities. has but The the also changingpotential to heighten com-not dialoguestereotypingCarolinas and face remainsreconciliation, the taskprevalent. of ourcontinuing Whilestates alsothe black/white have andtensions, the job especially market contracts.when the economy cools offWhat's more, society suffers from a fracturing morethe challenge ethnically of diverse managing society. the transition to aThe railroad track that separated the white andin cultural stereotypicala fragmentation, enclaves, notions harboring as people of each suspicions, huddle other togetherMost biases, willother,does never not but speak, lookevery tooright day shy at the ofher woman'seach They of years?minorrights disturbancemovement White people nothing in thehave succession but start- a Southwhether or theit will Reese be the family. world or the Americans,Independencethe tests said,from the"inand the Declarationthe rights Bill of of Rights of woman'scomesmotions face by are lifts. the Alicesame takes when it Aliceas the broom stops, the likewhitesed telling the livedouble jokes farther again.curve apart ofBlacks a than hyperbolic and ever, didevening not believe paper infor progress, twenty.= and years, he Her father, editor of the AmendmentsthroughRights the Movement." subsequent and the currentBut her Civilfather a greeting What will happen to all these occupyingidenticalfunction, miserytwo opposite human and quadrants, passion worlds butof non- adailywas scale inbusiness a that position ran with from to worldjudge, fillers events doing to on change,whatsaid thelooks worldhe likesaid, was progress Without not improving: istelling only publicdead,black people, theiroffices) heroes now Was tuckedthe the movement whole away civil in is blowseparate.intersecting up, but One In Alice aday way, doesn'tsomething equal know but will ing.suggestedheadlines. "Trace All thethe of worldsteady Alice's was growth,'schooling improv- tain,trusthim, forshein aexample, heldtrend on for tothat the her bybetter, own the girlishtime cer- 62149 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 150 THE CAROLINAS Carolinians live in suburbs, not the old close-knit, depends upon avoiding "a stratification of our sittwo-earnereven in iffront racially lifestyleof TVs divided, or wears computers communities. families linked out, Now, and to thepeople a interdependence."citizenry" and an understanding of "our mutual"There must be a recognition that the worldsimply but theisolated repealing from of the laws neighbor that granted next door.eco-In such a society, the issue is no longer lefteconomicultimate behind," challenge advancement Winter lies said. inof the"Wepeople educational must who get have the and gotten formerWinter,nomic and governor the social chairman privilegesof Mississippi of MDC's to one who boardrace. served William and onthe F. povertyeverymessage poor runs out household, toby every the schoolhouse. household, that the only and Discrimination especiallyroad out of inspokethe the Presidential toSouth. the "new He Advisory declared realities" Board that of race our on Race,andfuture ethnicity recently harshestwellis educatednot limitedfault linefrom to of race.the all." poorly The line educated that separates is the the wouldmoreshe grew maids. all get up Peoplemaster'sthere would like degrees Estelle be no in frontwhomean doubtedof She his doestelevision progress know day that now and the sits man in thepapermen,dissipated. South so often poetsWhy end doas philosophers doctors?as news- in Itsdonebuilt long fifteen in glassydozens years facade of ago,suburban is now papered out- malls. tocounseling, medical school their children would go He has not won yet She is still chance.shouldnight, Should a have self-fulfilled givenhave hopedprogress prophecy. against a He amongpainMaybe and other loss_ they human a crave sense beings.what's of living foundThey'll in cannedwith ads corned for Tide beef, and civilization. Crisco and housesseemsnot sure towith about support sagging progress. him porches, Evidence the these cominghope. home from Princeton withYoung, he had hoped. But after Americagive up dreams Street, forwhere it. the She turns the corner onto underwoman the sweeping, trees the old men but it's hard to worka degree at the in newspaper,philosophy hewhere went the to ofsupermarket its parking lot,rises the suddenly biggest super-up out Copyright Ca 1994 by Josephine Humphreys from Breams of Aar* say for sure what such things kind of hope taught at Princeton market in the state when it was Reps:mod by porsnission of the author Viking 9 151 BEST 152 ee Conclusion: strains and pains of growth reachesment, to all ensure people and places, to build a cohesive that the chance for prosperity ofcompany, flowing he rivers aimed for to the harness benefit the of naturala spread-out forcesWhen Mr. Duke launched his power socialsociety trends amid suggestsracial and that ethnic a series diversity. of issues willA scan of demographic, economic, and theniumpopulation. near-future with high The imposeshopes Carolinas for demanding a enter brighter the testsfuture,new ofmillen- but decadetestCarolina the ofleadership the and 2000s: South and Carolinacitizenry inof theNorth first sprawlpubliceducate willand more andprevent policy: people degradation toto nurturehigh levels,of the the young environ-to contain and ° With the two statestheban having consequencesstyle settled of development, into in a terms subur- theyof traffic-clogged now confront byA DorisParable: Betts Whose Child is This? "My child's gifted and talented!" "Not mine" called a citizen. mine!"shaking they their chorused, gray heads."Not "because I've One day in wise King Solomon's Another said, "No, my child's clothes"never dress my child in worn-out"Not mine" said another,"I'd taxesfinished are raising too high my already!"children and The king hoped a man in aca- claimedthrongcourt of guardsto grumbling own ledpart incitizens. of a thischild child Someand a thiseyes can't look be mine:'different" Said a third, "My child's grown, stovewood."Tooher shoulder big asquiet a stick for mine!"of One woman wore a chip on notbutdemic themy robes educatorchild butwould Isaid, do claim recognize "No, the that's child, earbut manyor a finger. didn't want even one "Whose child is this?" King theto him skin the from child dark kept to changing light; hair The king was puzzled, because anyplacecarryshe shouted a knife! she "MyMychooses" girlboy can has smoke a right to theonlyhim. abstract:' study Or her.theoretical That's aper-pupils per-pupil in I 153 theSolomon wrong asked color" "Not my child!" said one."It's bothgendenTocurly maleor straight and him female, the eye child color, aged looked size 5 to and 25. calledthe others up older arguing citizens, to one already side. HeSolomon ordered her to Join childrensince 100 in percentthe good of old good days old wereNext, some merchants said that supplies,thoroughfares, and a heightenedcritical need demand for safe on and water developmentabuse, research occurs showing in the that early critical years. brain And Withincreasinglysanitary population, waste located disposal. power, in andmetropolitan prosperity areas, group;ofstill, poverty in andour thantoostates, many any children other families population have lack a higherhealth rate age- Theandthe two placesfuture states thatof havechildren may distressed be isleft at fartherthe rural center behind.people of an Aftersufferinsurance, many the yearsstresses live ofin ofdetermineddilapidated domestic effortsviolence.housing, to andsite unwedtrendsarray parenthood, of interrelated an increasedevelopments in substance and a shift in welfare policy, a rise in insurmountableruralclinics Carolinas, and entice geographybarrier doctors to quality is and no longernurses health antocare. the thisperfect modem, students, imperfect they'd child never hire Religious leaders now came be manymy pupil," looked said tired."This one, squinting. child could"1 The teachers edged forward; aarrestinghood; senator the the policemanflung child's the childolder was a busysiblings; govern- theRage child Thesewith greedy, ruffians dirty grabbed hands for"STOP" roared the king, and ecumenicalforward, in sacred nods and garments, smiles. giving "Oh King, that IS our chile graderteach sowho many needs their glasses? faces blueThe Others said,"Is this the first- todunkersment be grant,role posed models rock for singers whenTV and andthey offered slam- rabble.he ordered guards to banish thisThen, quietly, he called his childoursthey said,"atOncespiritual a least weeknourishment, one-seventh we'll offer but this is suingormiddle-schooler sleeps me forin class? low whogrades? Is herplays fatherDoes hooky his found the time Then a brawling, unruly mob to lookinterestsubjects carefully groups, out of at theirand the orderedseparatechild. each self- wechildren(you worship." understand, would track Oh King)in mud full-tune where shoulder?"mother have a big chip on her Everyone said rt:"Not my child!" I'llpoured take in,him! yelling, Give "That'sher to me!"MY child!Poverty came shouting ahead of' mirrorsilent. atIt wasthemselves like looking long into ago; a likeAll stared at this child and grew teachers have something to say." "Sure ly:' King Solomon said,"you working in the child's bad neighbor-The social worker was over- Racism,his gang Unemployment,of Ignore, Despair, Drugs Crime, and tomorrow.looking through a window at continued .. 155 156 65 remain,But disparities and a large rooted share in race of the and power poverty to close the sameinner qualitycity and of out education to the hinterlands delivered to with the Thesethe gapsdays, rests public in today'sschoolsand consolidated educatemore diverse many hospitals. more students than ever before. lesseconomy,suburbs. a ticket In a anhighto satisfyingincreasingly school diploma work demanding than these to furtherdays is accountabilityhigherAnd now standards they are and being demonstrate called upon greater to reach even as they must reach into reformed,Eveneducation. when the the 21st public century schools economy are fully will , ar m a LucyStudentsChildren's Daniels of the Quilt Center Lucy Danielsfor Early Preschool, Childhood ^ , treatCary, theirNorth cancersCarolina Merchants saw art, to teach the child to think and 41,N.Is Politiciansfuture workers looked and beyond customers. new voters justdance, laws. to write poems, to make 0 fi ofand North widened Carolina, their visionall of America to see all noticed when wise King SolomonThey were so busy they hardly t teachers:pulling "Here,up chairs; you they sit down! said toYou theOne-at-a-time, people began Sometimesleft. the hardest job any He didn't mind. He was tired. That'scan't not do your this educatingchild, not evenby yourself! my againruler has how is wise lust tothey help are people at heart. find brown child, blue eyes gazed intoThose with brown faces saw a child'sjoneses face. all ran together in the child, it's OUR child." Together they began planning "A Parable. Whose Child &This," by Oa& Betts Asianblue. and Hispanic, the freckled-faced Native American, up child who would fix their cars, Grandparents foresaw a grown- computers,to give this childto provide schools, music books, and For the Fourth Inauguration of Governor James & Hunt, Jr Reprintedthe Ness by permission & Observerjanuary of she author 14,1997 Copyright @ 1997 by Doris Betts 66 157 TIE1158 require more that is, two or more years 1920s, James Buchanan Duke understood challengeCarolinaof education not and only beyondSouth in coping Carolina high school.with face anticipated Botha daunting North philanthropicthethat, pursuit while governmentsofinitiative excellence could hadand make ahappiness, role a largeto play a in institutionsmunityenrollment colleges growthof higher but in also educationuniversities in ensuring respond and that com- theirto infrastructureanddifference delivering bythat investing health we know care in as insidethe universities intellectual hospital walls. Asmorethe the economy's region broadly diversifies educated demand ethnically,workforce and society's Northand need citizenry. for a needtheseFrom agenda-setting days,philanthropy North Carolina and and the the and nonprofit connecting South Carolinasector of pasthumanCarolina and relations the andfuture. Southagenda Even Carolina defined as the states willby both find continue thetheir aphilanthropynew long-term learning view, insistingto real-world our states on and problems. may helping not look Withoutto shape fromto workremove the out era educational, white/black of racial segregation employment,disparities and lingering andstrive income to beyond the horizon. Clear evidence, from our own states, points economymeldingdifferences, and new democracy. they entrants must into alsoThe the turnissues mainstream attention that to continuecrucialto civic, to business, flourishing, community and the healthpolitical Carolinas and leadership progress. will need as To a textured,weresurround a generation racemultidimensional, have ago; evolved they fromhave and whatrequirebecome they newmore leadershipopmentrejuvenation of determinescreative of civic leadership. life the and destiny the The sustained of qualitytowns, devel- of Becauselanguage elected and new officials approaches. serve for short terms spherecities, and of raceeven and states ethnic relations. especially so in the c. 7" termmoment,and necessarily needs slow-developing often are get drawn short to trendsshrift. the issues Inand the long-of the ofelegantly Furman summarized University, by in Davida roundtable Shi, the discussion presidentThe task ahead for that leadership was '44/-754' A organized for this project. In the 1920s, said well-being, North Carolina and South Carolina advancementtoShi, manage both Carolinas survival." in health, "found Now, education, afterthemselves 75 yearsand strugglingeconomic of tohave distribute reached success" the point and of havingto leave the no "opportunity one out.

s. z-.., -AP.- .,..!,`:, ....X.1 ?,'4 r9/SA0/ .-: f - k .-----!(,,.;* ''' .44,04 7 Weep, (*,.1.0 / 161 0 Li kA sf" ,rolinas Tomorrow life experiences.WT. He knew, of course, the kinds of hen James Buchananhe Endowment, Duke established he drew on his own '' ''., 7' ' , c, , .:' ...$4'ss .f.t- philanthropy that other wealthy men of his era ,4 .'... ,., ,, .6, ...... , 5.,--... z.":1 9,-.,...,-, ,_,,$ j had set up, and as a businessman he surrounded '-',... '...... ,....,'"',..# ' .;-,.. / ,', s4#) c ' '- ". a;./.;:"...4; ,, , , 4..s.7,., , ryt 4":4) '412, ' ps:-. ,- se himself with technical experts. But in the end, 'A;,,,,,,,,,...,<,\\': s .,,,,,, .1 ' + .....zakV% 9.4.:4:6 p.,.i. 4, ...... -,.), .5,...., Zs, ";.'4, .,X --....a,./.4.7,1./..2z.",:le./"..--...:--ro,:::,,.4.---,- 2.1- 4'.", ' '. .9:: ....., 1 % ,-, ' ' C ' '''''.7'.: ...:.... ,...,..,0 4,,,,..6." .. s+vt';'i.s. s, he listened to his own mind and heart in deter- ,,,, r , ,,,, ie- 1,,.., '...... S, sf.s..:1--, % ' mining how his endowment would go about ,:,0,,,,vrr ..:-.,:, .. --- " ;.,..:7, , ofimproving the people the of social the Carolinas. and economic prospects andrespond South to Carolinathe condition at the of end North of the Carolina 20th How would Mr. Duke, were he alive today, blendingoncentury? his personalboth Undoubtedly, quantitative experiences he and would andqualitative convictions, again draw andinformation. poetry, of art and data. It represents an effortThis work, too, is a blending of history to balance quantitative analysis with expressions 164 69 of the heart. To expand our exploration of the The participants were: informedthestate thoughts of the observers Carolinas, and observations of thethis two chapter ofstates several pulls well-together writers, JuliustheDoris Chambers, University Betts, novelist chancellor of North and Carolina professorof North at ofChapel English Hill; at well-informedponderthinkers, these leaders people questions: who regularly talk to other whom we asked to ofBill CarolinaNorth Friday, Carolina Centralformer system presidentUniversity; and executiveof the University director philanthropy'sCarolinas over role the in next addressing 25 years, those and issues?what isWhat are the critical issues facing the EnergyBillof the Grigg, William Corporation; chairman-emeritus R. Kenan, Jr. Charitable of Duke Trust; servedApril 13, as 1999,moderator in Chapel and led Hill. the George participants Autry MDC hosted a roundtable discussion on LeadershipGlassSusan andKing, now Program former leader-in-residence chiefat Duke executive University; ofof theSteuben Hart OP- ":: religion,education,through aleadership, five-hour race, health, interchangeand families philanthropy. andon the children, issues of DavidSmithTom Lambeth, ReynoldsShi, president executive Foundation; of Furman director and University. of the Z. Photo cotrtesy offhe Duke Endowment BillFrom Fnday, left Doristo right Betts, and Susan King

G. 10 165 ...... BOIINAS 166 This chapter consists of excerpts from that developing understanding, for seeking solutions, thesubject.roundtable questions The fromdiscussion participants, different with perspectivesto remarks be sure, grouped addressed and, by MDC'sfor building findings, consensus. their primary assignment was toWhile the participants had an outline of issuesfromillustrated time and toclarifying time,the value offered problems, of discourse divergent a necessity in views. illuminating for They astwoarticulate they states look what and, ahead theymost beyondwere of all, hearing whatthe year theyand 2000. seeingare thinking in the isexpectations.Betts: that There'sthe population And been I meanan of enormous the that '205 in two andchange ways.'3os inwas One haveraisedThey notare to beenathe slightly same solved. problems,higher level but of they approach. have been They Theyborereally knew up a poor,with it was thingsstoic going population. that to bepeople tough. Life will And was not so tough.now they versusCounty rural because living. theyPeople are comenot charmed into Chatham any moreAnother issue is urban versus suburban theendure. expectations Their expectations of who is to have solve been these raised. problems.The other thing that has changed, I think, is ment.birdsby urban are The supposedliving, rural theyareas to want be.are And changingto go that's where intoa new the kind blue-move- of feelingandI do churchesthink that there taxes are is toand less solve government, feeling them that and philanthropydespite much morethe butlarge they're suburbs still with suburbs. big lots, like five or ten acres, theyproblemsSouth's are a arebetterpush still against class here, of theythat, problems. areis to still solve Instead huge, them. butof The atPointLambeth: where in Easternthe You letter can North was still written Carolinago down on and toshipboard Drummond see the spot cannotInsteadlynching, functionof youbeing have inunable aother computer-run to kinds read andof inequities. society.write, you whatthe he Newfirst was letterWorld looking written at as in "the the goodliest English languageland in in which an explorer described 167 . 168 andtounder live I would the up copeto hate that of todescriptionheaven." see the Weday of havecome North always when Carolina, we hoped importantthe means today to thoseas we endsmove is forward. incredibly more goodlywatercouldn't and any see gomore. thatdown spot, there because and look we won'tout over be the option,publicFriday: service.asWe citizens? have What to redefineIt istakes our leadership,whatduty here,we mean notin the byour best internationalizationGrigg: One of the of things business. that's And happening the other is the sense of that word, to make progress happen. s thing that happening is consolidation of busi- Education Youcarenesses. see with it Youin hospitals the see energy it in merging banks, business. youand You seeconsolidating. itdon't in health have peopleThe ofconversation the Carolinas turned today specficaly have far different to education. educational The anyelectric more, companies you have and energy gas companiescompanies. separate So I think that trend toward consolidation, withandneeds the the nation than culture those in highare 75years demanding school ago. graduation, Theeven South more but haseducation. the caught economy Withup 4* convergence, is going to continue. fewhigh exceptions, school fall people behind who those do not who pursue go on educationto community beyond 04.>, haveswhichKing: andsociety We have-nots. really is organized, have It hasto relook givenbeen atquite the the information clearwhole that way in theexpansioncollege 20th or century. athat university has Autry characterized in pointed benefiting to our the from region advances the atvast the made economic close by of thatservicesbusiness government orcouldn't to take was be responsibility expectedexcellent toat delivermanagingin this area,social policy, and menbehindwomen are women inlagging education in behind pursuing and white the higher economy. men. education, A special But men challengeand are black lagging for 169 butdelivery was lousy of atsocial service programs delivery. and helping frameThe role of the not-for-profit sector in the whitethe and Carolinas minority is tomales. address the difference in education of 90%EducationalEducation attainment Disparities of population Remain 25 years and older by race and ethnicity NC and SC*, 1997 7080 BO% NC BlackWhiteHispanic 1111 SC WhiteBlack 40b0SO ". 20I30 25% 0% High School Graduate or More BA or More High School Graduate or More 007:1:4 *Data not available for SC's Hispanic population BA or More 10% Chambers: We sit here today, and we watch people the opportunity to really learn something Source Roth-mai Abstract of the United States, 1998 .*c,A"," sf. betweenminoritiesincreasing minorities andgaps whites. in and college-going whites We watch in performances ratesincreasing between gaps foris all crucial of us. and helps to build a better society gapsnonminorities.on instandardized job opportunities Thoseexams. are Wefor areas minoritieswatch where increasing andI think fromyouGrigg. get now that You you're diploma, come behind out you're ofbecause school educated. of today, the A things andyear when whenwe can we do grant, something. for example, affirmative action toI think we all should look at what happens bethat in are the changing. business of education And that collegesSo I think that business is going to have to cation.make sure Whether that people it's going get ato chance be an educationto get an edu- at businessand universities of continuing are going education. to have I thinkto be adultin the ift(4/ v64,/ t ChapelN Hill or an education at Central, giving education is increasingly important. 172 73 rr, 0" .441:40 thelive,Betts: Hispanic were The absolutelyschools population. in unpreparedChatham Siler City County, for is the not whereinflux a rich ofI we'reilliteracy way behind. if English And is that'sa strange a new language form of to you. English.aretown, Hispanic, and And now youmany almost have of themteachersone-fourth speaking who of haven't itslittle children or been no thetodayFriday: classroom about It's so what's andinteresting how happened are to we hear to going the people teacher to pull talk inher theprepared schools to ofbe education. bilingual. And we're way behind,So you've got to trace that all the way back to Createor cakehim aoutsalesman professional; of this and maze let this ofthem isbeing the really idea.truant teach. officer .44 morning's paper said the average major leagueIt's rather significant that a story in this baseballteacheron average. player in the That's this best year highmore will school money make in than$1,360,000, Raleigh the bestwill neversomethingmake take in itsabouther eye entire ouroff thisculture.lifetime. issue. Society I think shouldit says /7 v,St, beyondteachersLambeth: where who Not Doris were long andreally ago I grewI extraordinary was up in anda school met because five not far 5,4 childrento oftry their to doto commitment thesomething arts and about inother this introducingenrichment rural school theiractiv- system e youities. understand One of them how looked hard itat is me to andwork said, with "Do chil- 7Photo courtuy of The Duke Endowment 173 Bill Friday dren who arrive at school already defeated?" 174 And that's a very powerful message. Thereabout is howa model to improve everywhere. public There schools. is a Everything.pilot I think we know everything we need to know fromonAbandoned Long Branch Schoolhouse Source by Fred Chappell Whatproject. we There lack is is the nothing will to else do it.we need to know.A constant challenge and frustration for WithTheBlack final his nametendrilscholar in double scrawlsaisle dust, tongue, his lickslong the air kf toorganized do something. philanthropy It is true is how that you nothing create in the this will WhoAndCoils dozes neverup in shadowlikegot thestraight farmerof a thebusted boys capital chair butwithoutstate it is veryjustthe support asimportant true thatof thehas if ourbusinessever public been community, accomplishedschools are ThoseOf longIdaho, books division, found were outor alllearned the about. joys what Most all panes meansgoing to K be through what they graduate ought school to be and thatit is going to AreSwirl opengone up, tonow andthe and world.show the whichGoldweb-milky dust-grainsway thewindows wind blows we,lic'sbe because asschools, funders, the decides havepublic, to that workbecause they hard will they at be.being are I thethink strategic pub- that NowInK.B. a darkened Katherine heart Johnson on the and cloakroom Roger sleep wall R.I., cut deep in our role of supporting education We are clearly the source of survival for SideTheQuite teacherof past Sterling the sleeps summons Mountain, narrow of as too,the stern morningon yonder bell strategic.forhigher public education, We education. are notwe're appropriation Our the funding margin ofhascomnuttees excellence to be SunsetInWith the her Bible washes grave verse theas shewithblackboard. set a loutish them Bees to blunder learn Weimportantobligation have no business enoughto decide torelieving whether invest inthe their them. public children And of their I are WhereEntrancesReturn much to theisthe stored richnative attic Their tranquil nest vocalese dust " r. thinkour that's funding. a constant challenge to us about BEST COPY AVAILABLE "Abandoned Schoolhouse on Long Branch" by Fred Chappell Reprinted by permission of theCopynght author 1985 by Fred ChappellLouisiana State Press From Source 175 - 176 7S Carolina,recently,Friday: In Education "It's writing a fit-and-start Weekabout saidthe Southernaboutplace." North We states get into ofliberalShi: late From includearts thecolleges, pointa growing ofI would view emphasis ofsay small, the and developments private maturation executivesolvinga fit about the directorsomething, problem. of Forthe we theWilliam start last it 13and R. years Kenan,never [as finish Jr. haveof formalexplicit, leadership structured development leadership development programs.Most of the private colleges in the Carolinas somethingCharitable that Trust] I didn't I've in had the an previous opportunity 30 [at to the do thatLead is thou higher me thanto the I rock andsoupUniversity I've kitchens, been of inNorth and homeless I've Carolina]. been shelters. in literacyAnd What I've classes, been you into 14.25"MixedDonald intagliox Furst 9-75" about,thefind academic doesn'tis that communitythere's understand. another really world doesn't out know there that ( rystemsThe Carolinas of community are fortunate and technical to have colleges, hey developed as well as 2 ,0Nt ; 0. universitiesresearch and in regional North Carolina universities. have Autry more pointeddoctoral out research that fieldssitiesprograms than can any beranked otherpowerful among Southern architects the state.top of20 Colleges ourin their future, respective and and univer the panelistsissueshigher were andeducation in asked developing in to responding reflect leadership. on what to social we should and economic expect of 76177 178 applyprograms the leadershipintended to potential stimulate, of ournurture, students. and Related to this development is the continuing David Shi Photo courtesy ofThe Duke Endowment theinevolution the academic last of15 service programyears is learning. a with growing social What intersection service has happened activity, of academicsocialso that change, more curriculum. and social more involvement It courses gives much are into incorporating greater their K ment,depth toon that the socialpart of activism, the students. that social involve- rs q1, students.emphasis That on is, engaged more and learning more ofon our the colleges, part of ourThe third, and still-related, activity is an ;/// 456 k / ofinsistingand, information more that and students moreand knowledge, ofnot our just professors, be butpassive that are recipientsthey now be , imaginatively,classroom,active participants in theoutside laboratory, and of even the classroomcollaborators and, perhaps and in offmost the the weamongFriday: want to youngDuke be careful University'speople about illustrates when program we a pointtalk in ethicsabout I think researchcampus in opportunities, the form of internships, experiential undergraduate learning.An old Chinese proverb says, "Tell me and characterskills.leadership. They're development They're talking not about talkingand integritymoral about issues questions.management and fe %sr vj that'sinvolveI will reallyforget; me andwhat's show I will medriving understand."and Ithis will nationwide remember; And I think universitiesquit saying don't it's reachan option. out. IIt's think a duty. we shouldYou can't solve societal problems now if the 179 emphasis on more active forms of learning. What I am so anxious to see is somebody step 180 77 andforward say, in"We're the political going to arena do And what (white males] have to understand is wechurches, talked about we talked civic organiza-about schools, Weneedthese know tothings." a do. lot Let'sabout Let's justwhat stop get we talking. up the goodaroundthe same intentions the questions table are, is the don'tthere same. getare askedWhateverquestions if everybody thattheir get inthing.tions. North WeThe Carolina talked one place about agreed that every- races that butdon't,nerve. one term. IMaybe don't So thinkyou be it.don't we're If we serve ful- peopleaskedpresent when who There arepeople of are a of differentquestions a different race that gender areget present.asked are when Sortotherthey ofhad races a sadthe was mostfact, shopping itcontact seems malls. withto me. fillingour hands,the trust our that generation. was put in ingchanged more to projects that come to us out of the clearly a positive One thing that has is that we are react- RaceThe conversation moved on to race, which Autry described African-Americantionsnot that or organizationscome from and predominantly the that Latino are trying communities, white to reach institu- out, hasinas North"our changed. oldest, Carolina It thorniest, has and evolved. South trickiest, ItCarolina. isn't most getting Race, explosive any as easier.a problem,problem" It's organizedalthough there's philanthropy some of in that. this state, the fendersIn our case certainly and in the case of most gottenbeganare nowmore by a complex. recallingmultiracial, aThe survey multiethnic Carolinas, on racial society.as attitudeswell asTom the in Lambeth nation,North bybutlook gender. boards more likeare morethe whole representative state. Not byjust race like and it, Lambeth:Carolina commissionedThe statistic by that the alwaysZ, Smith naggedReynolds atFoundation. me boardSalem has about women whether on it or it hasmatters African-Americans that the schoolThe arguments have gone on in Winston- Northoffrom greatest that Carolina survey communication was was shopping that we between foundmalls. thattheNot racesthe exactly point in a everybody"meaningon it. And white there and malesreallyare always meanthat say, theseit. And "I'm extremely what interested they well- have in 78: 181 great kind of communication. We talked about to understand is the same questions don't get 182 asked if everybody around the table is the same. just that the questions don't get asked and answers genderquestionsWhatever are that their present. get good asked There intentions when are peoplequestions are, thereof a that different are get Chambers:aren't required The if race everybody issue isn't is alike. just whites peoplepresent.asked when of There different people are questions ageswho areare represented.of that a different get asked It race doesn't when are discriminating againstagainst blacks anyone today. who It'sis different. everybodyIn Durham today, or Raleigh, or Charlotte, commitmentnecessarily reflect on the the partof lack ofanybody good intentions present, andit's tohelp,the promote communication I think, more if foundations dialogue gap is terrible.among would people. Andfund it efforts would effectivelythis gap or untilbegin you to addresscan figure this out issue ways of to race reallyI don't think you're going to really bridge Hispanicstobring encourage people and together.black Asians, people all,And toand you're sit white down going people at a to table have and andtogether to get and the to parents get their working kids in together. school togetherAnother problem is that there are barriers pointsforthat example, lessI don't on thinkan do SAT we we havethan are readywhiteblack tokidskids? focus scoring I don't on. Why, foo ^O. thinkexperiencesmentally anybody inferior. andcan provea problemI think that it's withthey a problemwhatare just they with have, Photo courtesy ofTho Duke Endowment 9 4. Tom Lambeth kindthe kind of parental of experiences guidance they that have they at have. home, the 183 11:011r.:: 184 PopulationTechnicolor' by race States /ethnicity, 1997 `'.' °- A Nontt Catglitto 7,425,000Total White 1,643,000 Black (219%) AmericanEskimo, Indian, Aleut Asian,Pacific Islander (anyHispanic race) Origin 4' .. 'Z4 ..{ South Carolina 3,760,000 2,549,0005466,000 (734%)(67 8%) 1,124,000 (29 9%) 95000 (I.3%)9,000 (02 %) 92,00032,000 (I 2%)(09%) 149,000 (2,0%)46,000 (I 2%) '' ' ',::,,,k0Z`Nr" kAsiZzsPe z.,...,1J s sz-s..ass..sz-z.00/ ., s;,.., United StdteS 267,636,000 104,571,000 (72.7%) 3-1,161,000 (I 17%) 2,322,000 (0 1%) 10/133,00 (3.7%) 29,347.000 (101%) :: .4%\s " .7 ...... x.,,,,...... ,, Source. US Census Bureau Estimates C:...... : :t. ' .....}.$. :4,vtlki -'.; '.4 How much money does it take to teach a kid The question was, whom do you lay off? students"getwho away grows withwhen up saying,in one a poor student "I givehome? an Andequal how dollar do for you may need ten dollars havetheThe junior time-honored laid offpeople. the minorities. Well, tradition if we wasAnd did that Billthat, you Lee, we laywould to offhis groupsissue.in order And standing to buildwhen back awe bridge. don't, criticizing WeI think won't everything. we face get racialthat that."everlasting And we credit, worked said, out "We're a more not equitable going system.to doThe aftermath of that decision set a whole it? Grigg:You've It got all to comes have downsomebody to leadership, out front saying,doesn't rightsaying,new tonething "This for to thatdo."is the company.And way it it's makes going One all manto the be; atdifference this the is top the I ff theown"This 1970s, company is thewe ofwaybegan a greatit's to going integrateexample to be." ofour that.I construc-think Back in myin Chambers:in the world. If black people, or some of them, 185 somethetion '70s force projects demand for andthe fell firsthad off, totime. solay we peopleThen were in off.canceling the end of a whiteandsay theywhite school, would people then rather somebody, return to some a black leader, school say they would rather return to 186 todiscrimination."has have to say, resegregation. "We can't Otherwise, have that I kindthink of you're reverse going Race is still a pervasive issue. Susan King Photo courtesy of The Duke Endowment termsShi: In of addition statutory to orthe legal obvious rights improvements over the last 75in Andturbednity in peoplethe that minority arepeople quite commu- don't dis- ; andimprovementyears, upper-middle- probably is the and mostemergence professional important of a class butblack lessof middle- leaders. visible theseem case to wantin saying to address hardly it. I don't think I overstate developtant factor and at sustain work in programs Greenville directed in helping at poverty, toAnd that's probably the single most impor- itspoverty. anybodythere, Iwe think wants recognize we to recognize address all the fr interrelated.ties,educational as well asinequality, the familial criminal dynamics justice that inequali-are all themstatistics.disparities there. And reflected I don'tyet we see inleave thethat real commitment / Ate Osx.-- whatKing: the youngHope isblack what male the poordoes notdon't have. have; And hope we is Shi:to addressing In Greenville it at rightthe present now, a time.biracial task force samesensecan focus communityof community on how insteaddo that we involvesencourage of these everybody little and disparateenrich in the difficultthatis wrestling is a very to comewith thorny issuesby, thicket they're of criminal because controversial justice. statistics Andto are enclavesChambers: as everybody What bothers sort of meself-segregates. is that most of us difficultinterpret, to and reform. the criminal justice system is verySo, I think, that probably is going to be the Fii Ow andproblems.today thought dose I our thinkabout eyes historically fault, to the "Who fact we causedthat looked there this?" at are things system.tablecontinuing treatment focal of point citizens of racial in the issues, criminal the justice equi- 187 81 ...... viii; ...... Health developmentBetts: I coming out of our medical centers. think about prevention as the primary Autrythat Carolinaopened Mr. Duke the one discussionand of Thethe bestEndowment on and health strongest care helped by nonprofit observing give North health- There'sexercising much and more prevention emphasis, and I think, better ondiet. But I do know too many people have no statesandcare have amongsystems not Africanachieved in the countryAmericans. adequate But health heHow, also amonghe observed asked, the can poorthat we both weouthealth mightovernight insurance call Andthe whatsoever underclass they are not and There always can arebe in wipedplenty what s- anwalls eramake asof wellhospitals"bigness" as to paythe attentionpally of care to what within goes their on outsidewalls? Intheir big hospitals, big HMOs, big insur- insurancepassableof people wage makingbecause who what ofmay peculiarities Ior used may to not consider ofhave different health a toadequateance, quality bg doctors'health and affordable care practices for those care? who now have limited access how can we provide more forkinds people of isjobs. increasingly difficult. Among the So I think the problem of guaranteeing care An"On excerpt Nurses" from A I recall dearly though that ail Whole New Life who was less bythan Reynolds helpful My Price blendaccidentalothers, their thosegrace, professional women more than codewere most withable to askeddidwas Imy Ineed? being opinion Certainlytreated of my well? nocare medical What else thethosenow summit days The and ofone pain wakeful good in mymemory nights life till were of that womenthanks,strongest who'd are memories answerfor the calmmy though, calls black inand looksthemere oldest and human wordsnatural connection, that code award of all thea simple eversince,doctor to I've donate ever thought asked. a work that Many ifof I artwere times to thewhole constant stay in kindness Duke Hospital I received was stay,the predawn when I neededhours of help this topainful turn Notsuffering at all creatureincidentally, his orthey her were dignity bronzeDuke, statue I'd commission of a black womana realistic CapyrietFrom Alelmte Now 16 1182,1986, fromrecall nurses. no nurse From all my stays woman or man in bed By something more than an ofthe my only hospital persons stays in mywho recollection ever itin standa nurse's by the uniform hospital and door. ask that theReprintedPlune/Pervin author1990,1944 by permission by Reynolds of Ance 82 189 1 r Ali CAROLINAS ; sonalitytrends to that pay we attention all fear. to is the growing imper-Since I've worked with my mother's situation ingthe sorethe hospital throats andright The there Endowment on site. and the It's a great example of a partnership involv- Ipaperworkat puzzled age 87, overI thathave forthe never hours. elderly seen If are youso askedmuch are on toludicrous Medicaredo, which underutilizedchurches, which institution incidentally in America. I think are the most thosetoor Medicaid,fill prescriptionout the you forms. really systems Or, need if and you're to yoube a on callgenius one long simplyof FamiliesThe and children age of orphans and half-orphans, cared for in large andgivedistance punchus your and ' 5. backwardsthey ' " It'ssay, just "Now, Social dreadful. punch Security '3.' numberNow, andatinginstitutions, neglect. one-parent Autry has families, steeredpassed and theinto risingparticipants an age incidence of foster into of acare, consider- abuse prolifer- It'sneed private to be moreinsurance, humane. too. It's not just Medicare.So there's an inhumanity at a place where we canandation wechildren, of bringseveral ourpoverty, intersecting institutions and the trends quality with of regard family to life. families How not onh, government, but operatingGrigg: There'sin a Charlotte a pilot communityneighborhood in aclinic facility now raisingalso community the quality organizations of family life andin the nonprofits Carolinas? to bear in goodand'staffedbuilt bypartnership. a church, by the It'sCarolinasfurnished a wonderful byMedical The way Endowment, Center to provide a GreenvilleorationShi: At Furman,[funded County bywe've Schools,The been Endowment] theinvolved Greenville inamong a collab- the medicalservices servicesfor a' community before. that really didn't haveAnd there's a Head Start facility there createdagencies.Memorial a reverse The Hospital simplestmagnet System, school.way toand explainThat an arrayis, itinstead is of we related have intowithNow buses800 they kids and can thattake administer they downtown used the to to haveshots get to shots.and put check togetherinof atrying particular at-risk to bring discipline kids together for pre-K or thearea, throughmost we broughttalented third grade. kids 9 2 3:: the school for both diagnostic, preventive, andThe hospital system has created a clinic in watchingFriday: I satthis there happen. in a littleThey place put the in motherKentucky and provideseducationinoculation education for treatment. the for parent the The children,or schoolguardian but not toprovides only gain a breakfastridethe children in together. together on the First in same their time schoollives. they've Twelve bus, had and a mothers warm they you'llGED see certificate. a classroom of five-year-olds, and onWalk down the hallways, and on one side hadhusbands,there, children each all of 3,of them 4,them and had are 5 beenyears poverty-stricken abandoned of age. They'd by cases, their turn,parentsthe other help at side theout you'llsameat recess time.see anda Andclassroom lunch. the parents, of their in everyandnever played day.had anTwo together. hour meals in Wetheir a day worked lives together. where that Andin they at this10:30 sat is recreationis now talking center about that constructing would include a community a medicalA group of black leaders in our community kindergartenchildtogetherness. was getting trainingShe allwas the you'd getting prekindergarten ever a GED, want andto andget. the h. singlehaveclinic overnight asparent well mightas beds a police havefor children substation. been arrested whose It would or might inGrigg: the lower Where preschool we really and have early a serious school. problem When is havetransition andisappeared. immediate to institutional For need such for foster kidsa place care,suddenly to they sleep inwill readyactionsomebody to is gonot gets into going to college. be to a work12th-grader, We've if that got persontoaffirmative tackle is thatnot e .44K, N..: e '5:e <44 that night. issue early on. e.4.1 5 .5. 5: (5, e e e concept of multiagency, holistic organization, It is beginning to echo and reverberate, this what we've done for higher education? How doHow do we do for early childhood education e school,indeedand institutional organicallymedicine. emphasis related. onThat problems is, family, that faith, are fromyouconfronting solve yellow the from problem one blue child ofand who a anotherfirst-grade doesn't who know teacher already red 84 193 knows how to read? AndFriday: yet Governor Smart Start Hunt needs has literallyto be in hadevery to county.stop right,need to it's really a different look at world poor people.out here. He's It's quitea differ- program,doing everything get it funded, else, or concentrate that's lost. on that one world.ent world And I right don't here think in many Durham black and people Chapel Hill.And I don't think many people know that withShi: That'sa program being called mimicked First Steps. in South Carolina suredoor that whitesomething these people children to know bridge getthat that an world. educationgap and Unless to andmake we hearofChambers: cryingpoverty, out andDr. there hisFriday asis reallymuch has been asabout he raising hasthe aboutonly this voice our issue I tohave have society.some hope for the future, we're going I call it a cancer of the American college.do: health care, prenatal care, housing, going toAnd, you know, it cuts across everything we " didn'tBetts: haveWhen to Buck think Duke about was crack setting babies. things up, he NorthFriday: Carolina There are who nearly don't a makemillion more people than in a P/ care;Onepoverty outor, wage.ofif hethree or That's sheeither hasa sixth does any ofsemblancenot the have population. health of health "," resources.care, a catastrophic And a sick illness child wipes can't outlearn the in family school; Photo courtesy ofThe Duke Endowment Julius Chambers neither can a battered child. But who do you hear speaking for this? T 195 ": 7 in NorthThere Carolinaare nearly who a million don't people Nothing.sayingWhat do around youNow, hear the this anybodystate? is a therethe children, is no spokesman the displaced, now likethe disadvantaged,there used to be. makeOneThat's more out a sixthofthan three ofa povertythe either population doeswage not corporateparalysis that's North going Carolina to hurt familyGrigg: andOur the major whole problem range ofhas family to do issues: with the early care,hashave any healtha catastrophic semblance care, or, illnessof if healthhe or wipes she peopleanybodymore than form else, its part becausegoing of theto these hurt business,familychildhood unit. I think I education, think it's that a problem thisbreakup is a for problemof education,the family, for Ithe neithersickout the child canfamily can't a batteredresources. learn in child.school, And a workforce.tive that the Great Old State Now what is the alterna- whothink makes it's a problem it into college, for all forof us.example, had an Studies have shown that virtually every child nextitself week into9 in aWe're committee going hearingto stand and up overhear thereit of North Carolina has put mayonadult for not role support. always model Normally,be. to Itlook might to it's forbe aadvice, parent,minister, to but leana it formandatesaid a that sound theof basictheonly North wayeducation we Carolina can for carry every Supreme out child the Court is to kindScoutmaster, of a solution. a teacher. But it's a one-on-oneWhich leads me to the conclusion that, 0,4 bodyinstitute to stepa lottery. forward now in a leadership role,There is a great need out there for some- tionmajoralthough to many role government ofin ouraddressing problems will societal continue is going needs, to to play be the at a solu- definenoteven winning at this the expensecommunity next time, of maybe that'sto role...although in addressing government societal will needs, continue the solution to play toa majormany eyeball-to-eyeball,be theone-on-one, local level. It's you going and to to outtalk here about that For nobody the poor, wants me,goingof our dealing toproblems be one-on-one, with isproblems going eyeball-to-eyeball, to thatbe at are the unique local you levetto us.and It's thatme, dealingare unique with to problems us. 198 Faith and spiritual life number of minority students. But a high per- Autry institutionsnoted that it inis economicsometimes and difficult social to action, involve in religious part because differentcentage are kind second-career, of ministry, forolder good people. or for It's ill. aIt seems to me that when Buck Duke was theirsalvation.many churches churches And to hebelieve be also a haven notedtheir roleof that peace is many fostenng and worshippers reflection, personal awaywant poorchurchcoming and was along, struggling to comfort one of and peoplethe having big whofunctions a werehard essentiallytime, of the and pickedfrombetween the up "cultural the Mr. conversation Duke's bombardment" era byand noting the of temper thea distinct outside of our difference world. times Sin to build character and have them persevere. Most of our population now is in the middle, gre05,-. galvanicinstitutionsShi: A problem social has issues beenfacing thethat religious growing tend to life fracture emphasis and religious not on only indenominations, our two states but most individual recently, congregations. the lottery andWhether it be abortion or homophobia or, videothey poker, exacerbate these issuesfragmentation are so superheated rather than that facili- le dogmatictate community stance dialogue.on either Theyside of presume the issue. a er, wasupBetts: a veryThere high was calling. a time whenI've been for aon boy the to board grow and it usually was a boy to be a minister for a theological seminary. And the ministry is efe 199 now being entered by a lot of women and a certain Dons Betts ""'"' Photo courtesy of The Duke Endowment 200 87 anand institutional most of them suspicion. don't go Soto church.all the churches They have are Technology and quoit of life gettingcoping withto come this backmiddle until group they that get theymuch are older. not prospectsMr.ated Duke of from Caroliniansused water technology power and to make his philanthropy both to improve the economic in his case, electricity gener- somentKing: much of In churches,asthe the spiritual use I of think, area,churches may attention notas organizing be to the establish- issue Agepossible.with be usedincreased How to mightallow opportunity? theCarolinians technologies a higher of the quality Information of life Grigg:facilities The for local providing church good is becoming in the community. more inShi: theory, There's gives no doubtus the thatpotential the Information to redistribute Age, changing.mentautonomous of a layThe and ministry. minister what you're The is no roleseeing longer of theis thethe minister onedevelop- you is certainlyworkplace.population in andThethe near transformproblem future, at the isthe ensuringvery moment, nature access and of the oflookcome the to tochurch that when person is the going barn to to do burnsbe everything. carried down. out You byThe laypeople. no ministry longer software.ofboth the to Information the education Age necessary and to the to takehardware advantage and greatestdous opportunity wasted resource there. Iis think our churches. probably TheourAnd if that's true, I think there's a tremen- schoolsanother areto realize a generation that many or two of ourgenerations public It's one thing to talk about it in theory. It's tunityfacilitieswealth to that's dothat good there,are thingsthere the offertalent addressing tremendous that's allthere, these oppor-the andbehind the inteacher terms training.of the equipment, the software,And then we've got the problem of so many problems that we're talking about. teacherscomputerdisadvantaged and at home,professors students and and yetare familiesmorepresuming and not more thathaving their a 8 8 201 students have computers at home and have ready 202CA.iO IN A 1:: Photo courtesy ofThe Duke Endowment Bill Grigg howthey totaught repair a largecomputers number and, of therefore,their rural gave students whilesortsthem teaching ofa skill economic that them is howandhighly socialto marketablebe computerand racial literate. lines across all offertextiles.Grigg: tremendous We High have tech, moved opportunity. in particular, away from I thinkis agriculture going the to and Carolinas.Information Age is really a great thing for theBut businesses are going to get bigger, are impersonal,personalization.going to consolidate. and Businessit's going And iswithto going create that to comesproblems. be more less thattechnologyaccess widens to computers. becomes,the gap between Otherwise, ironically, rich the anand instrumentcomputer poor, OZros:-- AnxietyShi: The goes U.S. up Chamberin that kind of ofCommerce environment. last year Lambeth:advantaged There's and disadvantaged. a program called ExplorNet currentlyinformationpublished aa shortage whitetechnology. paper of 250,000 lookingIt stressed atinformation thethat future there's of operatecomputers.in which computers. high Simultaneously, school And kids they are they taughtare learndoing how how this to repairtofor isIntechnology onlythe face going ofprofessionals tothat increase shortfall, with in whichthe time, United theylast yearStates.predict all 203 computersfortheir example, school in system. theytheir reduced classrooms In Johnston the cost by County $100,000; of putting recently, 25,000colleges computer and universities science produced majors. a total of This shortfall affords the Carolinas a strategic 204 opportunity. The technical colleges today are Lambeth: When it gets to technology, we might projectbutdoing they're managers. an not adequate turning job out of systems entry-level analysts, IT training, education.theactually implications be While developing ofeverybody distance an interest seemslearning in to looking haveto higher enthu- at morepeople importantly, who not only have have business the technical acumen skills, and butThat's the critical node within the IT sector: scholarship.thatsiasm means for that, to thesewe have traditional some concern centers about of what segmentvisionaryinterpersonal of and a corporateskillseffective so thatactivity.managers they can within be both their overought the to nextbe concerned several years about is thein public response policy of theIt seems to me that one of the things we Southcorporate Carolina and governmental catch up in creating support theto help infra- Our challenge at the moment is to mobilize enrollment.thepublic private system, institutions because also,it has to an this implication growth in to :4 peoplestructure about for suchcreating IT development.something like ResearchWe're in conversation with a small group of quickdealt with,fixes Ito am deal frightened with it. at the thought ofBecause, while its real and its got to be , filt":565. AO:3 irfel ResearchInsteadTriangle of Park,Triangle following but Institute with the aRTP unique as itsmodel hub, centerpiece. ofwe're creating talking a beingBetts: overwhelmed How to benefit by it from technology without I think that's going to S " wouldEducation.about be a atechnology Center for research Information park Technologywhose hub continue to be a real question. have an annual conference maybe you could do participantsAt theIf Mr.conclusion toDuke talk of about the were pane/ what discussion, withthey would us Autry telltag... Mr. asked Duke the andallit regionally of do the some members becausepresentations of there's the public about so many hospitaltrends and boards what and invite wereareas hea the way here most to among have critical the us issuesthesepanelists days.facing explore The the questionCarolinas two broad was over topics: posed the Whatnext inis happeningtheir communities long-term. and They on havetheir ahospitals. big influence Grigg:25years, There'sand how mighta tremendous philanthropy opportunity address these for issues? by multiagencyShi:the newI'm excitedemphasis community about of The the initiatives Endowmentopportunities through on afforded the innovate.infoundations. ways that Foundations governmentI think foundations can can't. serve Foundations as can conveners. experiment can thancanChildren sustain it just and being those Families ainnovations two-year program or perennially a andthree-year hope thatrather effort, we grind.are viewedAnd they as impartial,are, I think, they uniquely don't have positioned an ax toFoundations occupy a unique position. They Lambeth:and then we Race move and on poverty to something are still else. the great to convenesolutionsdeal with various inproblems, ways elementsthat and government to of experiment, the community simply to can't. find to withcommunityissues, them. and I would education needs tell to be himis theas that entrepreneurial strategy the nonprofit for dealing as the OS:,.. King: Look beyond tradi- Foundations occupy a unique position. They are for-profit community. If you really want your andwillingtional don't arrangements, to betake afraid some to risks, be fail. Andvariousviewed they are, elements as impartial, think, uniquely positionedof thethey community to deal with don't have an ax to grind. to convene opportunitiesitphilanthropy is important toto to beknow structure relevant, about interestingtogether. It ifwould you were be very to Bring hospital boards waysproblems, and to experiment to that government simply con't find solutions in makingthe world grants. in which you are I would say to Mr. Duke, 1.1i 4 s 207 BESTCOPYAVAILABLE 208 9 1 listenmation to all you these can, wise and people, then, if get you the think best it infor- best, otherto exercise foundations, a leadership these role smaller in helping foundations, these Thatignore is uswhat all, philanthropy and do what isyou all think about. is right. communicate,strategies,be accountable, the way the help waythey them theyoperate, developreport, the theway their way they MOW- anymore.DukesGrigg: and Philanthropy the Reynolds is is andavailable not the a tool, Rockefellers to aeverybody, toy, of the goingthey are to managed.be increasingly important. I think it's aI think collaboration among foundations is lastand year,it's growing. over half of it was given by people whoOf the $13o billion that was given to charity Shi:tremendous If we were opportunity. to have the luxury of talking to othernitymake foundations charitableless than $50,000vehicle. are growing a year. faster In fact,than commu-any whereastheMr. major Duke in the changesat 192cisthis stage, over both theseit Carolinas seems 75 yearsto mefound isthat that, one of likechallenge Duke andfor thelike more Reynolds, established because foundations, they needBut this also creates an opportunity and a successfindthemselves ourselves to more struggling with people the to across opportunitymanage our survival, two to states.distribute we now 210 DorisRoundtable Betts EnglishBetts is Alumniat the University Distinguished of North Professor Carolina of Participants InCorporationChief addition Executive to in serving Charlotte,Officer on of several DukeNorth Energycorporate Carolina. andwriting.Carolina,at short-story Chapel A native sheHill, collections.is ofwhere the Statesville, author she teaches of North eight creative novels Susan King ofand the civic Foundation boards, he for is theChairman Carolinas. of the Board Julius Chambers A nativeCharlotte, of a smallNorth rural Carolina, community Chambers east ofis aofLeadershipKing member Public is Leader-in-Residence Policy, of Program the Duke at University.University the Sanford of the SheBoard InstituteHart is alsoof markUniversityChambersChancellor civil rightsin successfully Durham. of casesNorth before ACarolina arguedformer the several Unitedlitigator,Central land- andtheTrustees, Nationalthe MDC the PublicCoca-Cola Board Radio of Directors. Board Board of of Directors, Trustees, EducationalStatesCounsel Supreme of Fund the Court NAACP in New and YorkLegalwas Director-City. Defense and Tom Lambeth SmithLambeth,Carolina, Reynolds a nativeis Executive Foundation of Clayton, Director in North Winston- of the Z. William C. Friday ExecutiveofFriday North is Carolina,President-Emeritus Director andof the he Williamnow of servesthe R. University Kenan, as andUniversitychairmanSalem, was North the of of firstthe Carolina.North Board chairman Carolina of He Trustees ofhas atthe served Chapel North of the as Hill HumanitiesdegreesJr. Carolina.Charitable and MedalawardsIncluded Trust in are in 1997in Chapelthe his Nationaland numerous Hill,the World North honorary David Shi A prominentCarolina Teaching historian Fellows and the Commission. author of William H. Grigg Citizen Award in 1996. ProfessorFormerly,Universityseveral ofbooks,he in History wasGreenville, SkiFrontis at is Davidson President W.South Johnston Carolina. College,of Furman K. Carolina,Grigg, who is grew Chairman-Emeritus up in Albemarle, and North former chairmanwhere he alsofrom served 1987 toas 1992.the history department ./ fr it if 94.'%exa*tori

54

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4\1 JamesLiterary Applewhite ContributorsApplewhiteUniversity. is aHe professor has published of English seven at books Duke of findsCarolinaa book time of to atessays, teach Greensboro. at and the an University anthology. of He North also poetryAmericanmodernist and poetry,visualcritical and postmodernistart. Southernessays on literature,modern aesthetics and in Michael Chitwood of Chitwood,the Virginia born Blue and Ridge, raised now in is the a freelancefoothills Doris Betts EnglishBetts is Alumniat the University Distinguished of North Professor Carolina of writercollection,includingHe hasliving published The Hitting in WeaveChapel Below three Room, Hill, thebooks BibleandNorth ofan Belt. poetry,essayCarolina Chitwood writing.andCarolina,at Chapel short-story A native sheHill, is ofwhere collections.the Statesville, author she teaches of Northeight creative novels Pat Conroy publicis also radio. a regular commentator for WUNC-FM Walter Buchanan ofBuchanan, Science degreewho is fromdeceased, Ohio earned State University a Master bothauthorSouthConroy his nonfiction Carolina,of is five a resident best-selling which and of fiction. figuresthe books, Lowcountry He prominently allis theof which of in andTeachersSupervisorin I929. Dean Buchanan inof of Negrothe Vocational School servedSchools of Agricultural as Agriculture of Assistant South Carolina at Forewordnumeroushave been to articlesmade Jonathan into and Green'smotion essays, Gullahpictures, including Images. and the Fred Chappell BuchananSouth Carolina is his daughter. State College. Artist Beverly Josephine Humphreys DukeCarolina,Humphreys University where is a nativesheand returnedYale of Charleston,University. after studying TheSouth first at 415 booksCarolinaChappellA native of shortandofis theCanton, the stories, Poet author LaureateNorth 13 of volumes six Carolina, ofnovels, North of poetry, two essaymanyPEN/Faulknerof her collections.threearticles novels, andAward. isDreams a contributorShe ofalso Sleep, has to writtenwon several the 216 Reynolds Price A native of Macon, North Carolina, Price is Samuel Proctor Proctor, who died in 1997, had a distin- JamesshortHeUniversity, isB. stories,the Duke author where Professorpoems, of he critically hasplays, of taughtEnglish memoirs,acclaimed since at Duke 1959. andnovels, toofpresident,guished 1964North andcareer Carolina and taught teacher.as a A&T atpastor, Duke He University preacher,served University, as from collegepresident the 1960 translations from the Bible. sermonwasYaleUniversity the University, atfirst Dukeof African-AmericanWisconsin, Chapel.and Rutgers Vanderbilt University. to deliver University, He a

oi<272;s7.-;:q : MaryVisual Edith Alexander Arts ContributorsAlexander,raised in nowNorth a Carolina.resident of A Charlotte, Merit Scholar was and Donald Furst andFurst Theatre is a professor at the University in the Department of North of Art ArtsartistArt,masters sheand project graduate isScience a recentgrant ofCouncil. fromrecipient Cranbrook the Her Mecklenburgof workAcademya regional has been of CenterMuseumappearedCarolina for atofin theWilmington. Art,exhibitions Print; Charlotte; and organized His the the workLeicester Chicago byhas the City Mint Tarleton Blackwell acrossthe subject the United of solo States. and group exhibitions ArtandNelson-AtkinsGallery, Museum the OregonEngland; of Harvard Museum Art and Institute, University;is offeatured Art, Portland. Kansas atthe the City;Fogg A nativetheResidenceBlackwell recipient of Manning, wasat theof the aTaft Southern Duncanson South Museum Carolina, Arts Artist-in-of Federation/Art and was Maud Gatewood Carolina,Gatewood andis a nownative resides of Caswell in Chapel County, Hill, North ManningofFellowshipNational Paper. EndowmentBlackwellpublic in Painting, schools. teaches for Drawing, the art Arts in and theRegional Works acrossshownandNorth university Carolina. theher Unitedwork faculty Ain States. formersolo member, and She Fulbright group is Gatewood a recipient exhibitions scholar has of Beverly Buchanan Carolina,Buchanan, spent a native her offormative Fuquay, years North in AmericanArtsthe and NationalNorth the Academy Carolinapainting Institute of awardGovernor's Arts of Arts and from Lettersand Awardthe Letters. and in Fine StateSchoolfather,Orangeburg, College. Walterof Agriculture SheBuchanan, South has atwonCarolina, South was a Guggenheim dean Carolina where of the her Jonathan Green SouthGreen Carolina.is originally In 1996,from GardensUniversity Corner, of South 219 theMetropolitanfellowship, Highpermanent Museum and Museum collections her of work Art. of is Artof included the and in travelingregion.collectionCarolina exhibitions Green Press of his publishedhas works andhad 37reflectingfour Gullah solo solo exhibitionsImages, nationalhis native a 20 in museums and cultural centers since 1982. Gerald Steinmeyer Phil Moody ArtsHe from received the University an Honorary of SouthDoctorate Carolina. of Fine ScholarshipSteinmeyerCarolinaCarolina. School isrecipient.A a 1968 resident of graduate the In of 1982,Arts, Stokesdale, of he he the is completed aNorth Fogel North UniversityAssociateawardsBorn and Professorinclude in educated Rock the Hill,of 1998in Art Scotland,South at Carnegie Winthrop Carolina. Moody Foundation His is corporateforHisfresco thework studies Performing isand displayed inprivate Florence Arts collections.at theand and Kennedy in Venice, a number Center Italy. of ProjectGrant,CarolinaSouth Carolinaand Grants. Arts several Commission Professor Rock Hill of Artist's the Arts Year, Council Project a South Holly Taylor TaylorCarolina, is a native and a ofgraduate Rocky Mount,of the University North Tom Stanley atStanley Winthrop is director University of the in University Rock Hill, Galleries South isexploringof anNorth amateur Carolina a career photographer. inat theChapel culinary Hill. arts She and is Artists"Communities,co-curatingCarolina. for theHis "Still South recentPreservation, Worth Carolina projects Keeping: and Stateinclude Self-Taught Museum Roger Winstead atCarolina,Born NC andState Winsteadraised University in Rockyis andDirector now Mount, livesof Photography North in Raleigh. Switzerland.andCollection "Gene Merritt de l'Art Drawings" Brut in Lausanne, for the A photojournalisttotheyears, Murphy. state Winstead of North at hasThe Carolina literallyNews & fromphotographed Observer Manteo for 10 \ 98 221 222 Buchanan,Sources: Walter M. Economic Data and SocialCarolina,of Negroesand Conditions Unpublishedas TenantsAnalysis and Master's Farm Laborers Thesis. in South Hobbs, Samuel H. North Carolina:CarolinaSocial Economic (Chapel Press, and Hill,1930). NC: University of North Cash, W.J. The Mind of the SouthA. (New 1929).(Columbus,Knopf, York: Inc., Alfred OH: 1941). The Ohio State University, --- North Carolina: An Economic andCarolina(Chapel Social Profile Hill,Press, NC: 1958). University of North Children'sChernow, Ron. Defense Titan: Fund, The ChildrenLife ofJohnSr. in D.the(New Rockefeller, States: York: 1998 Random House, 1998). Hovey, Harold A., and Kendra Hovey.Quarterly,Fact CQ's Finder State 1998). (Washington,V.O. Southern DC: Congressional in State and Nation Duke Endowment, The. Annual ReportSection,states/data.html>Data, of North Carolina ).Politics --- Durden,The Dukes Robert of F.Durham: Lasting Legacy1865-1929Duke toDuke the Endowment, (Durham, Carolinas: University The 1924-1994 Press, 1998). (Durham, NC: MDC, Inc. The State of the South MDC,(ChapelCarolina(Chapel 1996). Hill, Hill,Press, NC: NC: 1954). University of North Ervin, AutobiographyNC: Duke University of Senator Sam Press, J. Ervin, 1987). Jr. a J., Jr. Preserving the Constitution:The Measuring--- The State Our of Progress, the South A Report1998 (Chapel toMDC, the North Hill, 1998). NC: Grantham, Dewey W. The South in RegionModern1984).(Charlottesville, at America: Odds (New A VA: York: The HarperCollins, Michie Company, 1994). Measuring Up to the Challenge: A ProsperousCommissionCarolina North in Progress a Competitive for a BoardCompetitive World, (1997). A North Report Carolina of the Hemmingway, Theodore. Beneath Microfilms1900-1940Bondage:the Yoke Aof History (AnnInternational, ofArbor, Black Ml:Folks1987). University in South Carolina, National Institute for Literacy, The Statein(1995) America: of Literacy Estimates at the Local, State, and Herbers, John. The New Heartland:FutureBeyond America's (New the Suburbs York: Flight andTimesBooks, How It Is Changing 1986). Our North Carolina Office of MinorityNational Health,CenterCarolina Levels for NorthMinority Health (1998). Health Statistics, Facts July (Raleigh, 1998). NC: State Odum,The OfficialHoward Web W. SouthernSite of North Regions Carolina, of the United United States Bureau of the Census.(Washington,Population, Census ofvarious DC). years 1910 -1990. Peirce, Neal R. The Border South StatesW.W.StatesCarolina (New (ChapelNorton York: Press, & Hill, Company, 5937). NC: University 1975). of North - -- HistoricalStatistical StatisticsAbstract ofof thethe UnitedUnitedyears States,Times 1919-1998. tovariousColonial 1970 (Washington, (Washington, DC). DC). Peirce, Neal R., and Jerry Hagstrom.America:Norton The Inside &Book Company, 50 of States Today1983). (New York: W.W. - -- StateReligious and Metropolitan Bodies, 1926 Area (Washington, Data Postsecondary Education Opportunity,(MarchOpportunityResearch The Mortenson and Seminar May, for Postsecondary 1998). on Public Policy Education Analysis of UnitedUnited States States Bureau Bureau of theEconomic Census Web Analysis. Site, Survey Schulman,... "Rubella Bruce Breaks J. From out Cotton in Robeson." Belt (Durham,Theto Sunbelt News(Raleigh, &NC: Observer, NC: Duke University August I, 1998). Press, 1994) Williams, G. Croft. Social Problems of(Columbia,(Washington,of South Current Carolina Business, SC: DC). The various State yearsCo., 1928).1921-1998. Tindall,State ofGeorge South B. Carolina The Emergence Public Information of the New Homepage, South, Winter, William F. "Race: An IntractableResponsibilitieson(New Foundations Orleans,Issue" of LA:conference, Foundations Speech onTheto the Roles Issue Council andof Race, University1913-1945 Press,(Baton 1967). Rouge: Louisiana State Wolfe, Thomas. "The Men of OldFromApril Catawba"1935). Death20, 1999). tofrom Morning. (New York: Scribner's,

.44.:4:44::-.44::44444::444.44444 TheEditor'sSources: Duke Note Endowment/In Regarding Memory HogLiterature Seriesof George CCOLGeorge Autry. Autry took and great joy Art in gathering art for Applewhite,Chappell, James. Fred. (BatonHistory Rouge:of the River LouisianaRouge: (Baton Louisiana State State University Press, 1993). jacket.Tarletonhisthis "old volume.And buddy,"Blackwell, he spentHe worked in much whoseselecting withtime Hog Maudconversingart Series for Gatewood, the consists dust with of Chitwood, Michael. The Weave RoomUniversity (Chicago: Press,of Chicago 1985). Press, 1998). conversations,themore South than and 200 Blackwellits pieces history. with created As multiple a result Hog Series imagesof their of DownConroy, and Out Pat. in The the GreatWater Depression: is Wide (New ForgottenBooks,Letters York: from1987). Man,Bantam the ed. R.S. McElvaince. (Chapel Hill, worknamedsity CCXX,on of the theit inweekend partlySouth's George's representing population. when honor. George the He increasingdied, finished and thehe diver- Gatewood, Maud. re-visions (Greensboro,WeatherspoonCarolinaNC: University atNC: Greensboro,Art ofGallery, North UniversityCarolina1994). Press, of North 1983). andEditor's Fishes. Note Regarding The Miracle of the Loaves Humphreys,Green, Jonathan. Josephine. Gullah Dreams Images of (Columbia,Viking, SleepUniversity (New 1984). SC: York: of South Carolina Press, 1996). Nicholson,servedmural;Shay Lombardo asJohn muratores; and Scales Ericaserved and LizNicholson as Gerald Clayton, associate Steinmeyer served Sterling artist as of assis- the New Stories from The South: 1998, ThePress,Shannon Tear's 1998). Best, Ravnel. ed. (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin offrame,tant the artists. composition.which Steinmeyer peaks at Germanton 17 designed feet, as an(NC)the integral tabernacle United part Proctor, Samuel D., and W.D. Watley.thePlume, Sermons Black 1982). Pulpit from (Valley Forge, PA:Reynolds. Judson Press, A Whole New Life (New York: onthroughtheMethodist Sundays. fresco Saturday fromChurch 8:00 andis opena.m. 1:00 tofor p.m. 6:00 the topublicp.m. 6:00 Monday to p.m. view PricIe9,8R4e)ynThe Rough Road Home: Stories by Northed.1984). RobertCarolina Gingher.Writers, (Chapel Hill, NC: 227 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Spielman, David G., and WilliamofSouthern W. SouthUniversity Starr. CarolinaWriters of North(Columbia, Press, Carolina 1997). SC: Press,University 1992). 2 U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) ERIC National Library of Education (NLE) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

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