Igrt\TION HISTORY NEWSLETTER

$Igrt\TION HISTORY NEWSLETTER$

THE IGRt\TION HISTORY NEWSLETTER

Volume X, No. 2 November 1978 righted. Permission to reproduce in any form Copyright © Immigration History Society, 1978 must be obtained from the editor and the author. Editor: Carlton C. Qualey c/o Minnesota Historical Society The two principal .articles in this issue are 690 Cedar Street longer than the usual essays, but the editor St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 has concluded that to cut them would eliminate useful and significant material. Dues: $3.00 per calendar year, payable to the Immigration History Society. Mail to the editor-treasurer. MORMON SOURCES FOR IMMIGRATION HISTORY EDITORIAL William~lder, Department of English University of Utah Your attention is called to the appointment by President Moses Rischin of two new chairmen of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day committees: NOMINATIONS COMMITTEE - Professor Saints, better known as the Mormon Church, has Louise C. Wade, Dept. of History, University of been since its founding in upstate New York in O~egon, Eugene, OR 97403. She and all our of 1830 a vigorous missionary church, intent on ficers hope for greater participation in the preaching the "Restored Gospel" to all nations nomination and election of officers, especially before the great winding up prophesied in Reve to the Executive Board, three members of which lations. In the nineteenth century, particularly, come up for election at each annual meeting. Mormonism preached and promoted "the gathering" Please send your nominations to Professor Wade, of the faithful to America as the Land of Zion preferably long before the annual meeting in in preparation for the Second Coming. Conversion April 1979. PROGRAM COMMITTEE - Professor Max was tantamount to emigration, or at least the ine S. Seller, SUNY-Buffalo, 428 Christopher expectation of it. In their several removes Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260. Suggestions for westward across the United States the Mormons ac programs and papers at meetings of the AHA, OAH, commodated themselves to a succession of centers WHA, AHA-PCB, SHA and other organizations should for the ingathering (at Independence, Missouri, be mailed to Professor Seller as soon as pos at Nauvoo, Illinois, and finally, in 1847, in sible. the Valley of the Great Salt Lake), proselyting with evangelical fervor in the United States it Members are reminded that the IRS does not have self and in Canada and missions opened in Great the facilities to bill on a regular basis. It Britain (in 1837) and northern Europe (Scandina is therefore important that members mail in via in 1850). At the same time they marshalled their dues for each year. Some have solved the the practical means for bringing their convert problem by paying for several years in advance. emigrants on a massive scale to Zion. At the bargain rate of $3.00, that presents no Millennia! expectations have abated and "the great financial burden. gathering" is no longer preached nor practiced,! but the records of missionary and immigration ac The IRS continues to be grateful to the Minneso tivity are extraordinarily complete: "the gather ta Historical Society for its hospitality. ing" has left a rich historical legacy engraved · on Mormon memory and imagination and preserved in Readers are reminded that articles appearing in thousands of documents at the headquarters of the the Immigration History Newsletter are copy- church. From the mission and emigration records

1 assembled there, t he names of Mormon convert expression in the administrative structure emigrants may be followed from the membership and, almost symbolically, in the assignment of and minute books of mission congregations, space in the new high-rise General Church Of with their notation "Emigrated to America," to fice Building at 50 East North Temple Street, the emigration ledgers kept at mission head across from Temple Square in Salt Lake City: quarters (Copenhagen for Scandinavia, Liver the Historical Department and the Genealogical pool for England), to the log of the journey Department (synonymous with the Society) occupy kept by the clerk appointed in every shipboard opposing, symmetrical wings. They are private company, to the passenger lists copied from institutions with a philosophy of public ser the National Archives of vessels arriving in vice. Their specialized collections are open the United States, to the announcement in the to qualified users without charge. ~ Guide to Deseret News .of the arrival of emigrant compa the Historical Deparbnent and a comparable nies in Salt Lake City, and finally to their ~ealogical Library Guide quickly acquaint the entry as "members of record" in one of the con visitor with the resources of each, their or gregations in Zion. Mormon shipping lists, ganization and location, and the regulations manuscript mission histories, a manuscript his governing their availability and use. The re tory of "Church Emigration" providing a de search scholar will discover to his pleasure scription of each organized emigrant company that the physical facilities and finding aids to 1869, the records of mission congregations, are superb and the staff professional. and a growing collection of personal litera ture -- immigrant letters, journals, and mem THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT oirs -- may all be found in the Library-Ar chives Division of the Historical Department Several distinct sets of documents comprise (formerly known as the Historian's Office) of the holdings of the Library-Archives Division the church, their use facilitated by both tra of the Historical Department. The finding aids ditional card files and, increasingly, com appropriate to each are within easy reach in puterized indexes, guides, and registers, more the Division's Search Room, a spacious area fully described below.2 studious in atmosphere and appointments. The Mormon historical activity is matched by a "Journal History of the Church" is the most com genealogical program yielding an international prehensive general source, essentially, as the harvest of records of great interest and utili Guide to the Archives Search Room·:describes it, ty to the immigration historian. Although "a massive scrapbook with a day-by-day account large-scale immigration is over, the Mormons of happenings in the Church from 1830 to the pursue another kind of gathering in their present." By now it consists of more than a search for ancestors to complete family lines thousand chronologically arranged looseleaf they believe will exist in eternity and to volumes filled with newspaper clippings, excerpts give the unbaptized dead the opportunity to em from private journals, letters, biographies,. brace the truth in the spirit world by perform pioneer/immigrant company rosters. and histories, ing gospel ordinances for them on earth by and other documentary materials. A subject card proxy. The "work for the deadn bas given rise index presently filling dozens of drawers refers to a prodigious effort on the part of the Gene to the date of each entry. A microfilm of the alogical Society of the church to microfilm JH, as it is usually cited, is available for vital records around the world, as well as public use in the adjacent microfilm reading evecy conceivable document bearing on genealo room, as are microfilms of a Church Chronology gy.3 Microfilms of land grants, deeds, probate Card File and a microfiche Biographical Sketches records, marriage records, obituary and ceme Index. tery records, parish registers, military, nat In the reading room two useful emigration/im uralization, business, professional and college migration name indexes may be found on microfilm: records, personal papers, local histories, dia the European Emigration Card Index, also known ries, autobiographies, and correspondence, cen as the "Crossing the Ocean Index" (9 reels, from suses, immigration and ships passenger lists - Aagaard to Zysling) and the Utah Immigration Card everything of genealogical value -- are finding Index, also known as the "Crossing the Plains their way from dozens of countries into the So Index" (3 reels, from Aagaard to Zundel). Also ciety's Granite Mountain Records Vault, a vast there on microfilm are the emigration records of storage facility tunneled into the solid granite the Swedish Mission, 1905-1932; the Scandinavian of the Wasatch Mountains east of Salt Lake City. Mission, 1854-1886, 1901-1920; the Netherlands The vault, equipped with sophisticated systems Mission, 1904-1914; and the particularly valuable for processing, preserving, reproducing, and re records of the Liverpool Office of the British trieving the film, is designed to keep "the Mission (since Mormon emigration from Europe world's genealogical information recorded funneled through there, in 6 reels, from 1849 to through the ages . . • safe from the ravages of 1925. nature and the destructions of man."4 Two manuscript sources of Mormon history, one The devotion of the church to history and general, the other specialized, are on microfilm genealogy, twin fields of endeavor intimately there: the Manuscript History of the Church, the related in Mormon thought and practice, finds work of scribes during the administrations of

2 Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, on which the amounts to eight shelf feet of records, the published Documentary History of th~ C~~~~ is General Files to three feet, the New York Of based, and the Manuscript History or-Missions, fice Files to 4 1/2 feet, and so on. The en- indispensable to immigration accounts. try in the Church Records Inventory (synonymous Other than these, the documentary collec with Register) for CR 376/2, the PEF Co. Finan tions of the Library-Archives Division are cial Accounts from 1849-85, gives the following classified as either Church Records (institu information: "Contains ledgers, journals, cash tional) or Manuscripts (personal). A series of books, promissory notes, company accounts, church coordinated indexes, guides, and registers teams' accounts, and various other types of fi bound as easy-to-handle computer printouts nancial records," and itemizes the ledgers, serves each category: for Church Records an In journals, blotters, cash books, promissory note dex to General Church Records, a Guide to Gen stubs, bonds and promissory notes, fund accounts, eral Church Records, and Church Records Inven church team accounts, orders and receipts, and tories; for Manuscripts a Manuscript Index, a miscellany, each with the number of the reel of Manuscript Guide, and Manuscript Registers. microfilm on which it may be found. The researcher consults the alphabetical Index Similarly, the multi-volumed computer print for his topical heading and its various trac out Manuscript Index, Manuscript Guide, and ings or subheadings to find the Record Group Manuscript Registers are the open ·sesame to the number (CR) or Manuscript Collection number thousands of personal papers, originals and/or (MSD). With the Record or Manuscript number he copies, to be found in the Archives.5 The In goes to the appropriate Guide for a physical dex indicates whether the item is hard copy or description of the item and a summary of its film and its location and provides multiple contents (including the number of shelf feet it tracings, sub-topics like "Pioneers--Emigrants- occupies). If the group of records or manu Handcarts--Ocean Travel." For example, the en scripts consists of many itemized parts, he can try "Scandinavian Mission" in the Manuscript by the same number refer to the appropriate In Index is followed by numerous alphabetical en ventory or Register for a complete list. The tries of names of persons or groups (such as immigration historian, in short, follows a the Danish Organization) for whom diaries, remi well-marked trail among treasured documents, al niscences, notebooks, correspondence, genealogi beit microfilm copies of them (originals may be cal records, autobiographical sketches, mis inspected on special request). sionary experiences, collections, letterpress Material pertinent to immigration in the copy books, minute books, certificates, memora Church Records collections may be found in the bilia, or oral interviews are on deposit. Two Index to General Church Records under the head entries for Canute Peterson, for example, one ing "Emigration and Immigration," which lists of the first Norwegian converts to Mormonism the following: Perpetual Emigrating Fund Com (from the Fox River Settlement in Illinois), pany (hereafter PEF Co.) Financial Accounts; identify his "Autobiography 1900" and his "Cor PEF Co. New York Office Files; PEF Co. General respondence 1852-1901" and "Papers ca. 1844- Files 1849-1898, PEF Co. Frontier Account Books 1902." By means of their collection numbers 1856-64; Presiding Bishopric, Immigration Pa (MSD 665 and MSD 2175) they can be pursued in pers 1903-16; Transportation Agent, Incoming the Manuscript Guide which, like its companion Correspondence 1885-1923; and Transportation Guide to General Church Records, provides a Agent, Letterbooks 1886-1917. Each of these en physical description and content summary. The tries is given a CR reference number which can Autobiography is described as "lv [vol], 31 em be pursued in the appropriate Guide and Register xerox of MS," and summarized as follows: "Pres printouts. Other headings relating to emigra ident of the South Sanpete Stake. Contains ac tion in the Index to General Church Records in count of early life in Illinois, immigration to clude "European Mission," "Finance: PEF Co. In Utah, and mission to Norway. Includes stories dex of Recipients and Donors (ca. 1862-1874)," of his life and biographies of his wives com "Missionary Department: Index to Missionary Rec piled from family sources. Also includes letter ord 1830-1971" (with numerous subheadings), and extracts and poetry. Copied by Sarah Nelson "Statistics," (with many entries). Beal. Original in· privai:e possession." The To move from the Index to the Guide to Gen Guide entry for Peterson's correspondence indi eral Church Records: the description for entry cates the number of folders, identifies to whom CR 4/62 "Presiding Bishopric. Immigration Pa and from whom the letters were written, and pers, 1903-1916," reads as follows: "Contains briefly indicates their subject matter. The en material concerning immigration to North America try for the Peterson papers shows that there are by members of the Church and returning mission 32 items. aries. Includes correspondence, telegrams, and A register for the papers of Joseph Smith, passenger lists. Also contains reports and sta founder of the church, has been printed; a tenta tistics made by the presiding bishopric office's tive one for Brigham Young, who presided over employment and immigration department regarding the most active period of immigration and settle job placement or immigrants. See register for ment, has been mimeographed. complete list." The Search Room of the Library-Archives Di The PEF Co. Financial Accounts, CR 376/2, vision is indeed a happy hunting ground for the

3 immigration historian, who will find, in addi Diaries and Autobiographies, compiled by Davis tion to the records and documents already de Bitton and published by Brigham Young Univer scribed, a growing portrait and photograph col sity Press last year. It annotates and provides lection, with its own index and guide, the guide locations for 2,984 items, published and unpub in the form of a Miniature Visual Shelf List, a lished. dross-indexing by country makes it easy unique looseleaf album displaying reduced re to discover immigrant items: over ninety, for productions of the originals at a glance. Im example, may be found under "Scandinavian," and migrant items are scattered throughout: one of the entries themselves provide a brief profile the entries under "Scandinavians in Utah" is of the diarist, a succinct summary of contents, "Thatched house of Swen Lindall, ca. 1890." and a physical description of the original. Besides what is found in the Archives, A Register of Latter-day Saint Records, much pertinent immigration material, some of it compiled by Laureen R. Jaussi and Gloria D. rare, may be found in the printed collections Chasten, was published in 1968 by the Deseret of the Church Library, administratively part of Book Company (Salt Lake City) but is out of the Library-Archives Division and housed in the print awaiting an updating. A section on same wing. It holds complete files of mission "Church Emigration-Immigration" describes the periodicals such as The Latter-day Saints' Mil card indexes and registers mentioned earlier, lennia! Star for Great Britain (with an index with graphic illustrations to instruct the in for 1840-1908), Skandinaviens Stjerne for Scan experienced searcher. dinavia, and Der Stern for Germany, valuable Less professional aids which could have for their pronouncements on program and doc originated only in Utah may nevertheless pro trine, news of emigrant companies, correspond vide an occasional useful lead: for example, ence, and annual statistical reviews. The Li James C. and Lela Lee Neagles, Locating Your brary, furthermore, has copies of all Mormon Immigrant Ancestor (Logan, Utah: Everton Pub and most anti-Mormon publications abroad - lishers, 1975), and Carl-Erik Johansson, Cra tracts, pamphlets, periodicals and books -- and dled in Sweden: A Practical Help to Genealogi the only complete file of Utah's immigrant press, cal Research in Swedish Records (Logan, Utah: indispensable for the settlement story. A Cata Everton Publishers, 1972), "written for those log of Theses and Dissertations Concerning The who desire to search the millions of pages of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Swedish genealogical records on microfilm at the Mormonism and Utah may be found in the Library, Genealogical Society Library in Salt Lake City as well as a Periodicals Index and Topical Card but who do not master the language of the re File, to 1939, indexes to early Mormon periodi cords." cals and the pioneer paper The Deseret News The bibliographies of several master's (invariably filled with immigration news), and theses, all done at the University of Utah, ex indexes to The Journal of Discourses, 1854-86, plore Mormon immigration sources: Douglas D. ~nd the Conference Reports 1880, 1897-1959 (col Alder, "The German-Speaking Immigration to Utah, lections of sermons at general sessions of the 1850-1950" (1959); Sheryl R. Benson, "The Emi church and a rich source of immigration policy gration of Swedish Mormons to Utah, 1905-1955" and program). (1965); FrederickS. Buchanan, "The Emigration Two major reference works, one general, the of Scottish Mormons to Utah, 1849-1900" (1961); other specialized, both long in preparation, and Helge Seljaas, "The Mormon Migration from have recently been published and are sure to Norway" (1972). My own master's thesis at the provide invaluable keys to Mormon sources. The University of Utah in 1947 looked at "Utah's general work is A Mormon Bibliography 1830-1930: Nordic Language Press: Aspect and Instrument of Books, Pamphlets, Periodicals, and Broadsides Immigrant Culture," which was followed in 1949 Relating to the First Century of Mormonism, ed by Ernest L. Olson's closer look at the career ited by Chad J. Flake, with an introduction by of the Swedish immigrant editor Otto Rydman the late Dale L. Morgan, published in September (M.A. thesis, University of Utah). of this year by the University of Utah Press. Several monographs on immigration history Nearly 1,000 pages and over 10,000 entries pro have made full use of Mormon sources and provide, vide "a new and panoramic view of, a fresh in in their notes and bibliographies, the nearest sight into, Mormonism as a phenomenon in Ameri approach to published guides. My own Homeward can and world history. The titles and author to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia ship of the various books speak eloquently not (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, only of Mormonism but also of the general cul 1957) and the British scholar P.A.M. Taylor's ture exemplified by Mormonism as religion, so Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emi ciety, and personal experience." Striking pho gration of Their British Converts in the Nine tographs of the title pages of twenty-six rare teenth Century (Edinburgh and London: Oliver & documents of Mormon literature from several im Boyd, 1965; Ithaca: Cornell University Press, portant collections introduce each alphabetical 1966) contain perhaps the still most complete of section. Most entries are annotated and give, the specialized bibliographies, although they besides the usual facts of publication, the lo were done before the finding aids and arrange cation(s) of the work. ments at the church library and archives were as The specialized work is Guide to Mormon refined as they are now. M. Hamlin Cannon's 4 doctoral dissertation, "The ' Gathering' of Br it Latter - day Saints' Emigrants' Guide ••. from Coun ish Mormons to Western America: a Study i n Re c il Bluffs to the Valley of the Great Salt ligious Migration" (American University , 1950) Lake ••• (St. Louis: Missouri Republican Steam has not been published (Taylor' s work wo uld Power Pre ss and Chambers & Knapp , 1848). James have superseded it) except for t wo articles B. Allen and Thomas G. Alexander have edited which have appeared in the American Historical Manchester Mormons: The Journal of William Clay Review. Gustive 0. Larson's Prelude t o the t on, 1840-1842 (Santa Barbara and Salt Lake Kingdom: Mormon Desert Conquest , a Chapter in City: Peregr ine Smith, 1974), the earliest ex American Cooperative Experience (Fra nce stown, tant Mormon immigrant journal. N.H.: Marshall Jones Co., 1947) devotes a long The Peoples of Utah, edited by Helen Zeese chapter to the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Com Papanikol as (Salt Lake City: Utah Historical So pany based on his pioneering master's t hesis ciety, 1976), is a collection of historical es done in 1926. says on Utah's immigrant and ethn ic groups, the European scholars are discoveri ng Mormon first a ccount to go beyond the Mormon story. sources: Kristian Hvidt's Flugten t il Amerika Although it provides no bibliographies, the eller Drivkraefter i masseudvandr ingen fra Dan notes and references and the detailed index en mark 1868-1914 (Aarhus, Denmark : Universitets hance the utility of these rich ~nd diverse de forlaget, 1971) devotes a sizable section to scriptions of the state's secular immigration. the Mormon emigration, and J¢rgen W. Schmidt's Toil and Rage in a New Land: The Greek Immigra Oh, Du Zion i Vest: den Danske Mormon-Emigra tion to Utah, by Mrs. Papanikolas (Salt Lake tion 1850-1900 (Copenhagen, Denmark : Rosenkilde City: Utah Historical Society, 1970), helped to og Bagger, 1965) is entirely about i t : "The stimulate this belated awareness of the "other Danish mormon-immigration 1850-1900 illustrated history." Charles S. Peterson's Utah in the Bi by the immigrants' own letters and diaries and centennial States and Nation Series (New York: of what was written by the press and in the lit W.W. Norton Co., 1977) also takes account, in erature, also descriptions of 23 'pre- r ailroad' pa ssing, of the non-Mormon presence, its origins immigrant-groups and glimpses of t he h istory of and character. Utah. With a bibliography on Dani sh literature Both church and secular periodicals in Utah for and against Mormonism." frequently publish articles and reviews on immi The chapter-by-chapter bibliographic es gration: the Utah Historical Quarterly (a state says and notes in Leonard Arrington 's massive organ), the Journal of Mormon History (the annual Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the of the independent Mormon History Association), Latter-day Saints 1830-1900 (Cambridge: Harvard Brigham Young University Studies, The Western University Press, 1958) includes much on immi Historical Quarterly (of the Western History As gration. Arrington, now Director of the His sociation), and the Genealogical Journal (offi tory Division of the Historical Department of cial organ of the Genealogical Society of the the church (the division charged with writing church). The Mormon History Association News history), is general editor of a projected multi letter, issued quarterly, regularly announces volumed "new history" of the church that will, research in progress, a good deal of it on immi as the ultimate official history, make use of gration history, and the Association usually the full range of the Department's resources. conducts a session at meetings of the national Meanwhile, Mormon scholars James B. Allen and and regional historical associations, with papers Glen M. Leonard have produced a one-volume gen often devoted to aspects of Mormon immigration. eral history, the first since Joseph Fielding At the 1978 meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch Smith's Essentials of Church History (1921), of AHA, Richard Jensen and Gordon Irving, staff called The Story of the Latter-day Saints (Salt members of the Historical Department of the Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1976), with a church, analyzed British Mormon emigrants who considerable section, "The Gospel in All Na sailed on the ship Amazon in 1863, their paper tions," devoted to international activities titled "The Pick and Flower of England," a quan since 1939. Chapter bibliographies are espe titative attempt to draw a pre-emigration pro cially useful in their survey of published books file. At the same meeting James Smith presented and articles, and "Specialized Historie s" and a paper on "Social Origins of Mormon Immigrants "Mission Histories" in the General Bibliography from Manchester, England, 1840-1844." Mormon make note of a number of immigration studies records, as complete as they are about the emi (most of them cited above). They further call grants before departure, during the journey, and attention to two "important primary sources" on after settlement, make such quantitative studies the Mormon migration: James Linforth, ed., feasible. The Mormon History Association , in Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, fact, has provided a form for its "Quantitative Illustrated ••• from Sketches made by Frederick Studies in LDS History File," an attempt to keep Piercy (Liverpool: Franklin D. Richards, and track of the work going on. London: Latter-day Saint Book Depot, 1855), Typical articles in the Genealogical Jour available now in an edition edited by Fawn M. nal, a quarterly now in its sixth year, of inter Brodie (Cambridge: Belknap Press, Harvard Uni est to immigration historians include "Tracing versity Press, 1962); and William Clayton, The the Immigrant Ancestor," "Provincial Archives in

5 Sweden," "German Migration to America," "Maps in researching them. In 1972 more than a score and Map Sources in the Netherlands," "English of countries were represented, with the number and Welsh Immigrants," "Spanish and Mexican Im of reels of film ranging from 67,274 for Den migration to the United States." Its predeces mark, 62,679 for Great Britain, and 60,443 for sor, The Utah Genealogical and Historical Maga Sweden, for example, down to 350 for Italy and zine, which was founded in 1910, is equally 52 for Japan, for a total of 740,204 reels.6 rich, although the Mormon interest and emphasis Secular scholars are cooperating with the are unique. Where else than in Salt Lake City Genealogical Society to make the information on can one find a "Genealogy Shoppe" downtown? these thousands upon thousands of feet of film more useful to demographers, social scientists, THE GENEALOGICAL DEPARTMENT and historians. The University of Utah's Center for Historical Population Studies has embarked The Genealogical Society of the church, on a Finding Aids Project, funded by the Nation founded in 1894, considers itself the largest al Endowment for the Humanities, to provide in the world. Its library grows by 200,000 classified lists, country by country, in keeping volumes a year through filming, purchases, and with more traditional archival methods. The gifts. Its shelves are lined with thousands of project, presently at work on surveys of Germany, the world's printed family genealogies and his Mexico, and France, and an inventory of England, tories, past and current genealogical periodi will issue a series of paperbound guides as the cals, and published histories of towns, coun classifications are completed.7 ties, states, and countries. Over 128,000 ge A Concise Guide to LDS Genealogical Sources nealogical volumes are available on open stack, Available in the Church Historical Department, with over 400 new volumes accessioned each a one-page handout, identifies most of the month. sources for immigration history already cited The general card catalog has added a lo to be found in the Archives Search Room: the cality card to the usual title, subject, and church records, the manuscript histories, his author cards and has refined and expanded the torical reports and minute books from local list of subject headings, with multiple cross units of the church, the manuscript collection references, to facilitate genealogical (and of personal papers and biographies, the Journal therefore biographical and historical) research- History, the church emigration indexes, and so from Almanacs and Apprenticeship and Archives forth. Besides these, the Guide lists several and Atlases in the A's to Vestry Minutes, Visita sources of obvious immigration interest in other tions (Heraldic), Vital Records, Wills, and Year locations: (1) Biographical Sketches, from 1891, books. The subject heading "Emigration and Im on microfilm in the Church Library (hereafter migration," for example, provides cross refer CL), with an index on microfiche. These are ences to "ship passenger lists," "ship arrivals two-page data sheets submitted by officials of and departures," and "lists of emigrants." The the church at all levels--local, regional, gen U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service pas eral, and by other prominent men and women of senger lists of vessels arriving at American the church. (2) Church Census, 1914-1960, on ports of entry are available on 516 rolls of microfilm in both the CL and the Genealogical microfilm, and the Genealogical Department has Department Library (hereafter GDL): an alphabeti prepared a mimeographed "Register of Film Num cal churchwide file of data about LDS families, bers for Passenger Lists and Indexes of Vessels arranged by head of household only. (3) De Arriving in the U.S." and an alphabetical "Index ceased Members File, since 1941, on microfilm to Passenger Lists" which may be consulted at in CL. (4) Missionary Records, since 1830, on the reference desk. microfilm with index on microfiche, in CL: a The library's books, microfilms, maps, par chronological vital record of full-time mission ish printouts, and other materials have been ar aries, most of whom have served abroad. (5) ranged geographically into a U.S. and Canada Obituary Index, 1848-1970, on microfilm in CL Collection, a special section of U.S. and Canada and GDL: an alphabetical index of names of per Family Histories, the Britain Collection, the sons whose obituaries have appeared in Salt Lake Scandinavia Collection, the Continental Europe City newspapers and early LDS publications. (6) Collection, the Latin America and Iberian Penin Ordinance and Action Records, 1907 to present, on sula Collection, and the Africa-Asia Collection. microfilm in CL and GDL: an annual report of vi For physical convenience, registers, pamphlets, tal statistics from local units of the church; and oversize materials are gathered in separate Form 42-FP in this group identifies 'members emi collections. Special Collections include manu grated" during the period 1911-1962. (7) Patri scripts and pedigree charts, and materials archal Blessings, with index on microfiche, 1833 marked "ES" for "Extra Surveillance," and hence to present, in the CL and GDL: names of persons, restricted. dates and places of birth, parentage, name of Positive copies of all the microfilm foot patriarch, and date and place of the blessing. age stored in the Granite Mountain Records Vault (8) Record of Members, 1840s-1941, on microfilm are in the library, with several hundred micro in CL and GDL: bound volumes dating back nearly film reading machines available for public use to the beginning of the church recording vital

6 information and church ordinance data. (9) thousand missionaries in the field at a time Record of Members Index (also named the '~innie and in far more countries than the first genera Ma.rgetts File" after the compiler), 1839-1915, tion could handle. Missions today are not tem on microfilm in CL and GDL: an incomplete in porary stopovers on the way to America. "Build dex to some early branch and ward membership ing up Zion" today means giving Mormon congre record books, particularly of the British Mis gations abroad permanence as part of the world sion, useful in linking emigrants with point of wide administrative and territorial structure of origin in the old country and residence in the the church. Temples are built in foreign lands, new after arrival. where "work for the dead" in the spiritual gath Genealogical Department sources central to ering of Mormon kin can be performed. Mormon temple activity and of more use to social 2Most of these records and documents have scientists, perhaps, than historians, include been in the possession of the church for many three unique sets of records: (1) the Family years, ''but only recently," according to Dr. Group Records Archives and Four-Generation Pro Ronald G. Watt, manager of the Technical Services gram Records, a collection of seven million Section of the Historical Department, "were these family group records in alphabetical order ac records fully identified and their provenance de cording to the husband's surname; (2) the Temple termined." Dr. Watt gives a timely account, es Records Index Bureau (TIB), which facilitates pecially full in its descript~ons of the opera search for direct-line ancestors, a collection tion of the church-incorporated Perpetual Emi of more than thirty million cards representing grating Fund Company, in his article "LDS Church names that have been processed by LDS temples Records on Immigration," Genealogical Journal, from 1842 through 1969; and (3) the Computer 6:1 (March 1977), 24-32, in which he says that File Index (CFI), with a microfiche index to "the first work of any consequence was Andrew approximately 36 million names submitted for Jenson's series on immigration in The Contributor LDS temple ordinances from 1970 to the present. (Salt Lake City) in 1891." Sets of microfiche and readers are located on 3The microfilming program, begun in 1938, several floors of the library, as are machines is expanding as archivists of church, municipal, for photocopying. county, and state record repositories become The foregoing description and analysis has aware of the undertaking and recognize its value. been confined to sources of immigration history The Genealogical Society microfilms records at at Mormon headquarters. The books and periodi no cost to the repositories and donates a posi cals and the manuscript collections of diaries tive copy to them on completion. and memoirs at the church-endowed Brigham Young 4An official leaflet glows with this v~s~on: University at Provo should not be overlooked, "This worthwhile purpose is being realized as although in most instances microfilm copies each day cameras click in archive repositories have been deposited with the church archives the world over. The magnificent, complex machin and, since the Bitton Guide, they are known amd ery is in motion, and with an efficient, business accounted for. It goes without saying that in like approach, the vital records of the world are, "Mormon Country" secular institutions like the page by page and book by book, being stored up University of Utah, Utah State University, and as priceless treasures, securely protected in the State Historical Society have collections the tops of the mountains." In a Granite Mountain, not duplicated by the church, but are handsome illustrated leaflet published by the Genealogi- complements to it.8 These would have to be the cal Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of subject of a more comprehensive essay, as would Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1975), unpaged. the sources at the Reorganized Church of Jesus By 1975 over three quarters of a million rolls of Christ of Latter Day Saints, headquartered at microfilm had already been accumulated in the Independence, Missouri. There is, if anything, vault, a collection representing the equivalent an embarrassment of riches in Mormon sources for of over four million printed volumes of 300 pages immigration history. The treasure in terms of each. The total capacity is over 26 million 300- both specialized and multi-dimensional studies page volumes and .can be expanded through further has barely been tapped. excavation. 5 Ronald G. Watt. and Jeffery 0. Johnson have FOOTNOTES prepared a 40-page typescript "Guide to Sources for Studies of Mormon Immigration in the Archives I wish to thank the administration and of the Church ••• " which, except for a page enum staffs of the Historical Department and the erating the PEF files and indexes, is primarily Genealogical Department, the Church of Jesus a list of those letters, diaries, autobiographies, Christ of Latter-day Saints, for their courte and memoirs which say anything at all about migra sies, especially Richard Jensen of the History tion to Utah. There are entries for 332 individ Division and Ronald G. Watt of the Technical uals, for some of whom there are considerable col Services Section for their lively interest and lections, most notably the Dane Andrew Jenson ready suggestions. (who perversely spelled his name with an "o"), who as assistant church historian for many years 1Proselyting, however, goes on, with several compiled information about ship and overland im-

7 migration now to be found, for the most part, had formed its distinct regional identity. The in the Manuscript Histories Collection. defense of slavery and an agrarian political 6 The number of reels of film for some economy were already the shibboleths of southern other countries may be of interest to scholars society.2 working on those nationalities: Netherlands, The North and the South diverged in economic, 53,621; Germany, 44,397; France, 42,701; Belgium, social, and political interests. In no way was 30,118; Finland, 13,318; Canada, 10,767; Poland, this more profound than in the changed demography 8,659; Hungary, 7,165; Norway, 6,994; Austria, of each sectiono A great surge of European im 5,867; Argentina, 2,381; Switzerland, 2,206; migrants swept over the northern United States, New Zealand, 1,458; Australia, 1,418; Polynesia, transforming cities and frontier into a swirl of 1,098· Russia, 834; Iceland, 765. competing religions and European cultures. The 7 Interview October 5, 1978, with Dr. South did not share proportionately in this im Richard S. Tompson, chairman, History Department, migration. Indeed, the South attracted only one University of Utah. immigrant for every eight who settled in the 8 The Utah State Historical Society, await northern, or free, states and territories. The ing a move into a new home in the renovated Den South became biracial, a world of black and white. ver and Rio Grande Depot in Salt Lake City, will Europeans subsumed their identities in the larger permanently house the Utah Folk Art Exhibition "white" community in order to maintain white he which premiered in October and will be traveling gemony. Slavery then was both the cause and the state for several months. Immigrant arti consequence of the South's smaller percentage of facts may be found in the exhibition as well as European immigrants; by discouraging immigration, in the Mormon information centers on Temple slavery became more important to Southerners in Square, the museum of the Daughters of Utah Pio need of cheap labor. Immigration, or the lack neers near the State Capitol, Pioneer Village at of it, accentuated sectional differences in the the State Historical Park near the This Is the United States, fixing the character of each re Place Monument at the mouth of Emigration Canyon gion and determining the rate of modernization, (note the name) in Salt Lake City, and in the North and South. Arts and Sites Division of the Historical De The South could not compete successfully partment of the church. Present in almost all with the North for European immigrants. In the these collections are paintings from the late Old South only New Orleans maintained a signifi 1800s of the Danish artist C.C.A. Christensen cant and regular connection with a European port and the Norwegian Dan Weggeland. (Liverpool). The main Atlantic shipping lines operated between northern and European ports. The North had a diverse, expanding economy. For IMMIGRANTS IN THE OLD SOUTH the many unskilled, poor Europeans moving toward America, northern manufactures particularly of Randall M. Miller fered economic opportunities which were largely Saint Joseph's College, Philadelphia absent in the overwhelmingly agricultural and rural South--a fact, incidentally, that explains If, as Ralph Ellison once suggested, the the lack of foreign immigration to the South even Afro-American is an invisible man in American so after the abolition of slavery. The northern ciety, the European immigrant is the invisible territories encouraged immigration by advertis subject in the historiography of the Old South. ing their land in Europe and offering easy credit George B. Tindall, in a presidential address to to settlers. The South lacked the business con the Southern Historical Association, recently nections to develop its frontier along northern observed that the South is the '~iggest single lines. No railroad companies recruited settlers WASP nest this side of the Atlantic." llhis is for southern territories as they did for northern true enough, but it obscures the diversity of ones. The South lacked the pull of the North. elements which comprised southern life, and which Slavery tarnished its image, and its staple crop still do. agriculture could not absorb large numbers of In the eighteenth century the southern col poor settlers.3 onies, particularly the backcountry, received Besides, the South did not want immigrants. frequent infusions of European as well as African Edmund Ruffin, the agricultural reformer and blood. Germans, Scotch-Irish, and other Euro Fire-eater, recorded the general reasons why peans wound their way down the Great Wagon Road planters feared massive immigration. Immigrants to populate the southern frontier. Other Euro threatened to disrupt the South's delicate social peans sought refuge in the southern colonies, bearings by importing strange customs, new re planting religious communities from Georgia to ligions, and unorthodox views on slavery. Pov Virginia. The "South" then was a polyglot erty, crime, and disorder followed large-scale world of many faiths and many talents. But by immigration, or so concluded planters who ob 1820 this mixing process was over. The second served developments in the North. The planters and third generations of the European settlers correctly blamed the unsettled politics of the were largely assimilated into American, and North on the presence of immigrants, and they southern, ways of life. And by then the South wanted no part of the internecine warfare over