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Developments, Structures and Perspectives of These Institutions for Their Integration Into the European Higher Education and Research Area

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Developments, Structures and Perspectives of These Institutions for Their Integration Into the European Higher Education and Research Area INSTITUTIONS OF RESEARCH AND TERTIARY EDUCATION IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH EAST EUROPE Developments, Structures and Perspectives of these Institutions for their Integration into the European Higher Education and Research Area FINAL REPORT Wolfgang MANTL / Joseph MARKO / Hedwig KOPETZ With the collaboration of: Prof. Dr. Bogdan Aurescu/Bucharest Branka Bošnjak, PhD/Podgorica Mag. Anna Fedorchenko/Graz-Lviv Dr. Arben Hajrullahu/Prishtine Zaim Hallunaj/Tirana Zoran Ilievski, MA/Skopje Dipl.Psych. Margarita Kastanara/Graz-Thessaloniki Marko Kmezić, MA/Belgrade Mag. Eva Lahnsteiner/Graz-Berlin Mag. Slobodanka Milikić/Graz Mag. Anastasios Moraitis/Graz-Athens Antonija Petričušić, MA/Graz-Zagreb Dr. Michaela Salamun/Graz Bozhana Stoeva, PhD/Sofia-Madrid Prof. Dr. Monika Vlad/Sibiu 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ……………………….……………………………………………….. 7 Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………….….... 9 I. Introduction: Research Problems, Hypotheses and Project Goals …………………. 20 1. The Political, Economic and Cultural Context: The Agenda for Change …...…… 20 2. The Analytical Framework ……………………………………………………...…... 23 3. Methods and Methodology ………………………………………………...………… 26 II. Developments, Structures and Perspectives of Central and South East European Higher Education and Research Institutions for their Integration into the European Higher Education and Research Area …………………...……… 31 1. ERA - The European Research Area ……………………………………………...... 31 1.1. The Birth of a New Concept in European RTD-Policy ……………………...… 31 1.1.1. The Year 2000 as a Turning Point: ERA and Lisbon Strategy …..…………….. 31 1.1.2. European Research Policy from 2002 to 2006: After ERA is before ERA ...…... 33 1.1.3. The Year 2007: A New Era for the ERA ………………………….…………..... 34 1.2. The Concept of the ERA …….………………………………………………...…. 35 1.3. The Legal Framework of the ERA …………………………………………….... 37 1.3.1. The Legal Basis of Community Policy on RTD ……………………..……...….. 37 1.3.2. The Legal Character of the Framework Programme …………...………..……. 39 1.3.3. The Institutional Framework of the ERA ……………………….…...…………. 41 1.4. The 7 th Framework Programme as the cornerstone of ERA 2007-2013 …...…. 44 2. Teaching needs Research: The Link to the European Higher Education Area ..… 47 2.1. The Bologna Process and its Political Impact ….……………………………..… 47 2.1.1. From Bologna to London or how to make University Reforms attractive …..…. 47 2.1.2. Key Areas of the Bologna Process ……………………………………..………. 49 2.2. EU Policy in Higher Education ……………………………………………...…... 52 2.2.1. The Legal Basis of Higher Education Policy on EU Level ……….………...….. 52 2.2.2. Objectives of the EU Policy on HE in the Framework of the Lisbon Strategy …………………………………………………...………………..…... 53 2.2.3. ERASMUS, TEMPUS and Others: Success Stories of EU Policy on HE ...…..... 55 2.3. The Concept of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) …….……..….. 56 2.3.1. The EHEA as the Principal Goal of the Bologna Process …………….……..… 56 2.3.2. Interference of EU Policy on Higher Education and the Bologna Process ...….. 58 2.3.3. The University as the Cornerstone of the EHEA: The European Commission’s Concept of University …………………………….……..……… 59 2.4. The Legal Framework of the EHEA ……….………………………………...….. 59 3. European Approaches towards East and South East Europe in Research and HE ………………………………………………………………………………...…… 61 3.1. Political Integration of South East Europe by the Means of Research and HE Cooperation ….………………………………………………………….…… 61 3.2. Austria’s Commitment ……...…………………………………………………… 62 2 III. Institutions, Structures and Functions of Research and Tertiary Education in South East Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Empirical Findings from the SEE Country Reports …………………………...……………………………………. 64 1. The Institutional Setting of Universities in SEE and Its Challenges …………...…. 64 1.1. The Political Context …………………………………………………………..… 64 1.2. System-wide Regulation and Policy Planning ………………………...………... 66 1.2.1. Croatia …………………………………………..…………………………..…. 66 1.2.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………….. 68 1.2.3. Serbia/Montenego …………………..………………………………………….. 70 1.2.4. Kosovo ………………………………………….………………………………. 72 1.2.5. Macedonia ………..…………………………………………………………….. 72 1.2.6. Albania ….……………………………………………………………………… 74 1.2.7. Romania ……………………………………….……………………………….. 75 1.2.8. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………... 76 1.2.9. Greece ……………………….…………………………………………………. 76 1.3. Financing and Budgeting ………………..………………………………………. 78 1.3.1. Croatia ……………………………….………………………………………… 78 1.3.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………….. 78 1.3.3. Serbia/Montenegro ……………………………..……………………………… 78 1.3.4. Kosovo …………...……………….……………………………………………. 79 1.3.5. Macedonia ……………………………….…………………………………….. 79 1.3.6. Albania …………………………………………………………………………. 79 1.3.7. Romania ……….……………………………………………………………….. 80 1.3.8. Bulgaria ………………………….…………………………………………….. 80 1.3.9. Greece ………………………………………………………………………….. 80 1.3.10. Comparison ……………………………….…………………………………… 81 1.4. Internal Governance and Management Structures ……...…………………….. 81 1.4.1. Croatia …………………………………………………….…………………… 81 1.4.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………….. 82 1.4.3. Serbia/Montenegro ………………………………..…………………………… 83 1.4.4. Kosovo …………………………………………………………………………. 84 1.4.5. Macedonia ……………………………….…………………………………….. 84 1.4.6. Albania …………………………………………………………………………. 85 1.4.7. Romania …………………………….………………………………………….. 86 1.4.8. Bulgaria ………………………………………...……………………………… 86 1.4.9. Greece ………………………………………………………………………….. 87 2. Performance of Functions ………………………..………………………………….. 88 2.1. Autonomy and Accountability ……………..……………………………………. 88 2.1.1. Conceptualizations: State-control – State-supervision – Market-orientation .… 88 2.1.2. Comparative Conclusions on the Institutional Settings in SEE ……………..…. 90 2.2. Research and Technological Development ……………………………………... 94 2.2.1. Croatia …………………………………………………………...…………….. 94 2.2.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina …………………………………………..…………… 95 2.2.3. Serbia ………………………………………………………………...………… 96 2.2.4. Montenegro …………………………………………………………………….. 96 2.2.5. Kosovo …………………………………………………………………..……… 96 2.2.6. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………...…… 97 2.2.7. Albania …………………………………………………………………….…… 97 2.2.8. Romania ………………………………………………………………...……… 98 2.2.9. Bulgaria …………………………………………………………………...…… 99 3 2.2.10. Greece ………………………………………………………………….……… 99 2.2.11. Comparative Conclusions ….……………………………………………....… 100 2.3. Teaching ………………………………………….……………………………… 106 2.3.1. Croatia ……………………………………………………………...………… 106 2.3.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………… 107 2.3.3. Serbia/Montenegro …………………………………………….……………… 108 2.3.4. Kosovo ……………………...…………………………………………………. 109 2.3.5. Macedonia …………………………………………………………………….. 110 2.3.6. Albania …………………………………...…………………………………… 111 2.3.7. Romania ………………………………...…………………………………….. 112 2.3.8. Bulgaria ………………………………..…………………………………….. 112 2.3.9. Greece …………………………………………………...……………………. 113 2.3.10. Comparative Conclusions ………………………...…………………………. 114 2.4. Internationalization ……………………….…………………………………….. 117 2.4.1. Croatia ………………………………………...……………………………… 119 2.4.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina …………………………………..………………….. 119 2.4.3. Serbia/Montenegro ……………………………………………….…………… 119 2.4.4. Kosovo ………………………………………………...………………………. 119 2.4.5. Macedonia …………………………………………………………………….. 120 2.4.6. Albania ………………………………………..………………………………. 120 2.4.7. Romania …………………………………...………………………………….. 120 2.4.8. Bulgaria ……………………………………………………………………….. 121 2.4.9. Greece ………………………………...………………………………………. 121 2.4.10. Comparative Conclusions ………………………………………...………….. 121 2.5. Inter-ethnic Cooperation ……………………………………………………….. 121 2.5.1. Croatia …………………………………………..……………………………. 121 2.5.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………..……………………………….. 122 2.5.3. Serbia/Montenegro ………………………….………………………………… 122 2.5.4. Kosovo ………………………………………………...………………………. 123 2.5.5. Macedonia ………..…………………………………………….…………….. 123 2.5.6. Albania ……………………………...………………………………………… 124 2.5.7. Romania …………………………………………………...………………….. 124 2.5.8. Bulgaria ………………………………………………..……………………... 124 2.5.9. Greece ……………………………………………..………………………….. 124 2.5.10. Comparative Conclusions ….…………………………….………………….. 124 2.6. Slovenia and the Ukraine as Benchmarks for Comparison ………………….. 125 3. Academies of Sciences in South East Europe …………………….……………….. 127 3.1. Academy of Sciences: Concept and Short History ……………………………. 127 3.2. Comparative Analysis of the Academies of Sciences in East and South East Europe ………………………………………………………….…………... 129 3.2.1. Slovenia …………………...…………………………………………………... 129 3.2.2. Croatia …………………………………...…………………………………… 130 3.2.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………..……………………………….. 131 3.2.4. Serbia …………………………………………………………………………. 132 3.2.5. Kosovo ……………………………………………...…………………………. 133 3.2.6. Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 134 3.2.7. Macedonia …………………………………………………………………….. 135 3.2.8. Albania …………………………………..……………………………………. 136 3.2.9. Greece …………………………………………...……………………………. 136 3.2.10. Bulgaria ……………………………………………...………………………. 138 3.2.11. Romania ……………………………………………...………………………. 139 4 3.2.12. Ukraine …………………………………….………………………………… 140 3.3. Comparative Analysis of Crucial Issues ………………………………………. 141 3.3.1. Common Heritage and Common Challenges …….………………..………….. 141 3.3.2. Manager of Science ………………………………….……………………….. 142 3.3.3. Relationship to Universities …………………..………………………………. 143 3.3.4. Advisor to Society …………………………………………………………….. 144 3.3.5. Learned Societies …………………………………….……………………….. 144 3.3.6. International Cooperation ……………………………...…………………..… 145 3.3.7. Reform Processes ………………………………….………………………….. 145 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations
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