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Nitrification and Oxidation of Carbon Sources and Nitrogen Removal in Ammonia Rich Effluents

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Nitrification and Oxidation of Carbon Sources and Nitrogen Removal in Ammonia Rich Effluents Nitrification and oxidation of carbon sources and nitrogen removal in ammonia rich effluents Rodrigo Costa da Cruz Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biológica Juri Presidente: Prof. Arsénio do Carmo Sales Mendes Fialho Orientador: Prof.ª Helena Maria Rodrigues Vasconcelos Pinheiro Vogal: Julio Maggiolly Novais Novembro 2007 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank to the following people: Professor Willy Verstraete for receiving me at LabMET and Avecom. I am deeply grateful for all the technical and psychological support, enthusiasm, patience, comprehension and most of all, for sharing with me his vision about things Professora Helena Pinheiro for the great opportunity and all the continuous interest and guidance Mariane Van Wambeke for all the support, careful revision of my work, comprehension and so many clear words and explanations that really made me understands the sense of things Tom Vercauteren and Wim de Windt for the opportunity, patience, support and cheerful moments Jan Dick, Kim Windey, Els Jolie, Harmien Verstraete, Lutgart Stragier and Rita Rygole for all the technical help and interest Robin for being at the same time, a colleague and a friend Siegfried Vlaeminck for all the support and guidance and the careful revision of my work 3 4 Abbreviations AAS.........................................................................................................Aerobic Activated Sludge ABIL..........................................................................................Ammonia Binding Inoculum Liquid AnAOB....................................................................................Anoxic Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria AOB7777...........................777777777777..Aerobic Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria CANON77777777777777....Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal over Nitrite COD7777777777777777777777777777.Chemical Oxygen Demand CS...........................................................................................................................Carbon Source DE............................................................................................................................Dranco Extract DO......................................................................................................................Dissolved Oxygen HA................................................................................................................................Humic Acids ISA7777777777777777777777777.....International Searching Authority NOB7777777777777777777777777777.7Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria NI.......................................................................................................................Nitrifying Inoculum OLAND77777777777777....Oxygen-Limited Autotrophic Nitrification/Denitrification OUR...............................................................................................................Oxygen Uptake Rate RBC777777777777777777777777777.Rotating Biological Contactor SHARON7777777.77...Single Reactor System for High Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite TAN77777777777777777777777777777..Total Ammonia Nitrogen TSS............................................................................................................Total Suspended Solids VSS777777777777777777777777777...7Volatile Suspended Solids 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 5 Thesis outline ............................................................................................................................. 15 1 Literature review ............................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Aquaculture .................................................................................................................. 17 1.2 Toxicity of Ammonia .................................................................................................... 18 1.3 The nitrogen cycle: autotrophic nitrification ................................................................. 19 1.4 Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB).............................................................................. 20 1.5 Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) ................................................................................... 23 1.6 Ecophysiology of AOB and NOB ................................................................................. 25 1.7 Tools in bacterial taxonomy ......................................................................................... 26 1.7.1 Genotypic methods .............................................................................................. 26 1.7.1.1 Gene sequencing ......................................................................................... 26 1.7.2 Phenotypic methods ............................................................................................ 27 1.7.2.1 Classical phenotypic approach .................................................................... 27 1.8 Enhancement of nitrifiers activity by heterotrophic bacteria ........................................ 27 1.9 Nitrifying biofilters ........................................................................................................ 28 1.10 Commercial nitrifying inocula (NI) ............................................................................ 29 1.11 Patents ..................................................................................................................... 29 1.11.1 Products ............................................................................................................... 31 1.12 Activated Sludge ...................................................................................................... 32 1.13 Denitrification ........................................................................................................... 33 1.14 Anoxic ammonia oxidation (anammox) by anoxic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) 33 1.15 Conventional nitrification-denitrification processes for wastewater treatment ......... 36 1.16 New processes for nitrogen removal ....................................................................... 37 1.16.1 SHARON .............................................................................................................. 37 1.16.2 AOB in association with AnAOB: 2 reactors (SHARON+Anammox) and 1 reactor (OLAND and CANON) ........................................................................................................ 38 1.16.2.1 SHARON + Anammox ................................................................................. 38 1.16.2.2 CANON ........................................................................................................ 39 1.16.2.3 OLAND ......................................................................................................... 40 1.16.3 NO x process ......................................................................................................... 41 2 Study of commercial nitrifying inocula........................................................................... 44 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 44 Resumo .................................................................................................................................. 45 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Materials and methods ................................................................................................ 47 2.2.1 Patents survey ..................................................................................................... 47 2.2.2 Nitrifying inocula (NI)............................................................................................ 47 2.2.3 Specific nitrifying activity of the NI ....................................................................... 48 2.2.3.1 ABIL (0.05 and 0.025 g VSS/L) at two different TAN concentrations .......... 49 2.2.3.2 ABIL and Baktinetten ® and a mixture of ABIL and Baktinetten ® .................. 49 2.2.3.3 Biospira ® ...................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3.4 Filterstart ® .................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3.5 Product A ..................................................................................................... 50 7 2.2.3.6 Influence of phosphorous in the nitrifying activity of ABIL ........................... 51 2.2.3.7 Influence of adding several TAN pulses ...................................................... 51 2.2.4 Biolog test ............................................................................................................ 51 2.2.5 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests ............................................................... 52 2.2.5.1 Oxidation activity of ABIL and two types of aerobic activated sludge for different carbon sources ................................................................................................. 52 2.2.5.2 Oxidation activity
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