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Riot Or Rebellion: Media Framing and the 1967 Detroit Uprising Casandra E

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Riot Or Rebellion: Media Framing and the 1967 Detroit Uprising Casandra E Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2011 Riot or rebellion: media framing and the 1967 Detroit uprising Casandra E. Ulbrich Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Ulbrich, Casandra E., "Riot or rebellion: media framing and the 1967 Detroit uprising" (2011). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 338. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. RIOT OR REBELLION: MEDIA FRAMING AND THE 1967 DETROIT UPRISING by CASANDRA E. ULBRICH DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2011 MAJOR: COMMUNICATION Approved by: ____________________________________ Advisor Date ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY CASANDRA E. ULBRICH 2011 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION Dedicated to my mother, Juanita R. Washburn ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for their support of and input into this dissertation. -David Bonior -Dr. Charles Elder -Doug Fraser -Dr. Mary Garrett -Dr. Linda Moore -Dr. Matt Seeger -Michael O. Smith -Val and Juanita Washburn -Paul and Elaine Williams -David A. Williams -Dr. Kelly Young -Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum -The Michigan Chronicle iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication __________________________________________________________________ ii Acknowledgments ___________________________________________________________ iii Chapter 1 ―Media Framing and the 1967 Detroit Uprising‖ ____________________________ 1 The Significance of Framing ____________________________________________ 2 Failures in Framing _____________________________________________________ 3 Review of Framing Literature: Types of Framing _____________________________ 4 The Effects of Framing __________________________________________________ 6 Framing Research _____________________________________________________ 8 Social Movements and Framing __________________________________________ 13 Frame Analysis and Social Movements ____________________________________ 14 Critiques of Framing Research __________________________________________ 14 Why the 1967 Detroit Uprising? _________________________________________ 17 Methodology ________________________________________________________ 19 Identifying Frames ___________________________________________________ 20 Data Collection ______________________________________________________ 22 Sample ____________________________________________________________ 23 Dissertation Outline __________________________________________________ 23 Chapter 2 ―The Model City ‗Riot‘‖ ____________________________________________ 25 ―Riot‖ Language _____________________________________________________ 29 Who Took Part in the Uprising? _________________________________________ 30 The Targets _________________________________________________________ 31 The Four Categories of Death ____________________________________________ 33 iv Detroit Was the Last Place This Should Happen _____________________________ 36 The Militant Black ___________________________________________________ 38 Caught in the Moment ________________________________________________ 44 Social Conditions _____________________________________________________ 47 Blacks Isolated from Society _____________________________________________ 49 Police Brutality ______________________________________________________ 54 The Algiers Motel Incident ______________________________________________ 58 Blame Assignment ___________________________________________________ 62 Do Whites Share in the Responsibility? ____________________________________ 64 Who is Responsible for Fixing the Problem? _______________________________ 65 Conclusion ___________________________________________________________ 68 Chapter 3 ―The Road from Riot to Rebellion‖ ____________________________________ 70 Social Inequities ______________________________________________________ 73 Could Causes of the 1967 Uprising Lead to Another Uprising? _________________ 74 Police Brutality ______________________________________________________ 76 What Was Missing from the Coverage? ____________________________________ 78 Fatalities ___________________________________________________________ 79 Eyewitness ―There When it Happened‖ ___________________________________ 79 Impact of the Uprising on Detroit in 2007 __________________________________ 81 Racial Tensions Have Led to Economic Insecurity ___________________________ 81 Detroit‘s Decline Began Before the Uprising/White Flight _____________________ 82 Benefits of the Uprising 40 Years Later ____________________________________ 85 Will the 1967 Uprising Continue to Define Detroit? __________________________ 86 v Conclusion __________________________________________________________ 88 Chapter 4 ―A Frame in Transition‖ ____________________________________________ 89 The 1967 Detroit ―Riot‖ ________________________________________________ 89 The 1967 Detroit ―Rebellion‖ ____________________________________________ 91 Coverage Comparisons: 1967 versus 2007 __________________________________ 94 Police brutality and the Algiers Motel incident ___________________________ 94 Reliance on official sources versus reliance on citizen reports ________________ 96 Where were the participants? _________________________________________ 98 The white voice versus the diverse voice _______________________________ 98 Coverage of uprising-related deaths ___________________________________ 102 Episodic versus Thematic Framing ______________________________________ 102 1967: Episodic framing ____________________________________________ 102 2007: Thematic framing ___________________________________________ 105 Why We See the Difference ____________________________________________ 107 Detroit: A community of change ______________________________________ 108 Blacks in leadership positions _______________________________________ 110 Chapter 5 ―Conclusions and Future Research‖ __________________________________ 112 A Frame in Transition ________________________________________________ 115 Limitations of This Project ____________________________________________ 116 Future Research _____________________________________________________ 118 A guide for future research __________________________________________ 119 Appendix ________________________________________________________________ 120 References _______________________________________________________________ 122 vi Abstract _________________________________________________________________ 134 Autobiographical Statement __________________________________________________ 135 vii 1 CHAPTER 1 “MEDIA FRAMING AND THE 1967 DETROIT UPRISING” Framing is a significant area of study found in subjects related to psychology, linguistics, and political science, to name just a few (Benford & Snow, 2000). In communication research, the study of framing has led to new insights into the role of media, political elites, and others in opinion formation, issue identification, and blame attribution. Framing has been shown to effect social change by altering how people think about issues and to whom or what they assign responsibility for them. Simply stated, framing is the practice of highlighting certain elements of an issue, idea, or event over others to strengthen or change how people view and/or react to it. By studying framing, researchers have identified a number of framing effects, including dramatic impact on public opinion and issue judgment. Framing research has demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, frames can alter outcome preferences and impact how blame is assigned to individuals or groups. On a mass level, framing effects have been shown to alter how many of us view the world in which we live. Framing has also been shown to affect social movements and the public’s reaction to them. The framing of a social movement can legitimize or delegitimize the actions of the group(s) involved, impact the level of support for the movement, and strengthen support for various outcomes. Social movement frames are found to be particularly powerful when they correlate with existing beliefs. Framing research can take many forms, both qualitative and quantitative. However, much of the research offers a snapshot in time. There is a lack of longitudinal studies related to framing, which identify changes over time. Therefore, a longitudinal study of framing may offer insight into how a frame endures over time and/or changes as 2 circumstances change. This dissertation offers an in-depth case study of framing, one that is richly documented and consistently relevant, even 40 years after the original event. This dissertation studies the 1967 Detroit civil uprising and the frames found in media reports in both 1967 and 2007, the 40th anniversary. (Because the terms “riot” and “rebellion” are both contested frames, I have chosen to use the more neutral “uprising,” the term used in the Kerner Commission report to refer to the event.) The Significance of Framing Frames make sense of complex issues, while also offering suggestions
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