GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION
PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PDA)
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT
Consultant:
76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 120015, Haryana (INDIA) Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected], Website: http://www.wapcos.gov.in
March 2015 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title/ Sub-title
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
1.2 Mahakali River and Project Location
1.3 Mahakali Treaty-1996
1.4 Pancheshwar Development Authority
1.5 Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in Brief
1.6 Hydropower Potential in Mahakali Basin
1.7 Seismicity
1.8 Population and Economy
1.9 Resettlement and Relocation
1.10 Physical Environment
Annexure-1.1
Salient Features
2. Previous Studies Conducted
2.1 Preliminary Project Report by WAPCOS-1971
2.2 Project Report by Nepal-1995
2.3 Additional Investigations by Joint Project Office(JPO-PI)
2.4 Draft Project Report prepared by India-2003
3. Field Investigation and Studies
3.1 Topography PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.2 Hydrology and Meteorology
3.2.1 Hydrology
3.2.2 Meteorology
3.2.3 Climatic Conditions
3.2.4 Annual Rainfall
3.2.5 Evaporation
3.2.6 Mean Monthly Inflows at Pancheshwar
3.2.7 Flood Estimation
3.2.7.1 Flood Estimation at Pancheshwar Spillway
3.2.7.2 Flood Estimation at Re-regulating Dam
3.3 Sedimentation Studies
3.3.1 Pancheshwar Reservoir
3.3.2 Sedimentation in Rupaligad Re-regulating Reservoir
3.4 Geology and Geo-technical Investigations
3.4.1 Regional Geology
3.4.1.1 Geology of Pancheshwar Dam Site
3.4.1.2 Geology of Pancheshwar Reservoir
3.4.1.3 Rupaligad Dam Site and Reservoir
3.4.2 Engineering Geology
3.4.2.1 Pancheshwar Dam Site
3.4.2.2 Spillway Geology
3.4.2.3 Pancheshwar Power House Geology
3.4.2.4 Rupaligad Dam Site
3.4.2.5 Power House at Rupaligad
3.5 Construction Materials
3.5.1 Material Requirement for Pancheshwar Dam
3.5.2 Field Investigations for Pancheshwar Dam PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.5.3 Laboratory Testing for Pancheshwar Dam
3.5.4 Materials Availability
3.5.5 Construction Material Investigations for Rupaligad Dam
3.6 Seismicity
3.6.1 Seismological Observations
3.6.2 Seismic Design Parameters for the Project Development
3.7 Communication Survey
3.8 Land and Property Survey under Reservoir Submergence
3.8.1 Land Survey
3.8.2 Property Survey
3.8.3 Forest Survey
3.8.4 Historical Monuments/ Important Infrastructure Facilities
4. Benefits Assessment and Project Optimization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Re-regulating Dam at Rupaligad
4.3 Dependability Criteria
4.4 Input Data Pancheshwar
4.5 FRL & MDDL for Pancheshwar
4.6 Input Data-Rupaligad
4.7 Power Benefits
4.8 Installed Capacity and Unit Size
4.9 Irrigation Benefits
4.10 Flood Control benefits
5. Preliminary layout and Civil Structures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General Layout PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
5.2.1 Selection of Pancheshwar Dam Site
5.2.2 Selection of dam
5.2.3 Diversion and Outlet facilities
5.3 Pancheshwar Dam and Appurtenant Works
5.3.1 General Layout
5.3.2 Dam Section
5.3.3 Spillway
5.3.4 Power Facilities at Pancheshwar
5.3.5 Intake/ Water Conductor System
5.3.6 Vertical Drop Shaft/ Penstock
5.3.7 Power house
5.3.8 Draft Tube Tunnels/ Tail Race Tunnels
5.4 Re-regulating Dam at Rupaligad
6. Electro-Mechanical Designs
6.1 General
6.2 Pancheshwar Power House Equipment
6.2.1 Turbines and Governors
6.2.1.1 Turbine
6.2.1.2 Governing Equipments
6.2.1.3 Unit Inlet Valves
6.2.1.4 Excitation System
6.2.1.5 Generator Characteristics
6.2.2 Generator Line Terminal Equipments
6.2.2.1 Isolated Phase Bus duct
6.2.2.2 Generator Neutral Grounding Equipment
6.2.3 High Voltage Equipments PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
6.2.3.1 Generator Transformer
6.2.3.2 765 kV Bus duct and Switchgear
6.2.4 Control, protection and communication system
6.2.4.1 Generator/Transformer Protection Equipment
6.2.4.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
6.2.4.3 Communication System
6.2.4.4 Cable System
6.3 Auxiliary Mechanical Equipment
6.3.1 Power House Cranes
6.3.2 Ventilation and Air conditioning System
6.4 Station Service Auxiliary Power Supply
6.4.1 Station Auxiliary Supply
6.4.2 Unit Auxiliary Supply
6.4.3 UPS and DC Supplies
6.4.4 Emergency Diesel Engine Alternators
6.5 Lightning System
6.6 Grounding and Bonding
6.7 Oil Handling Equipments
6.8 Station Cooling Power System
6.9 Service and Potable Water System
6.10 Drainage and Dewatering system
6.11 Compressed air System
6.12 Fire Detection and Protection System
6.13 Workshop
6.14 Lifts
6.15 Clock System PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
7. Irrigation facilities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Banbasa Barrage
7.3 Tanakpur Barrage
7.4 Lower Sarada Barrage
7.5 Mahakali Irrigation Project in Nepal
7.6 Augmented Flows from Project available for Irrigation
7.7 Existing and Committed uses in India and Nepal
7.8 Irrigation Benefits from the project in India and Nepal
8. Access Roads and Infra-structure Facilities
8.1 Access Roads on Indian Side
8.1.1 Access Roads on Nepalese Side
8.1.2 Temporary Roads
8.1.3 Permanent and temporary Bridges
8.2 Housing Facilities
8.2.1 Requirement of Accommodation
8.2.2 Facilities of Residence
8.2.3 Non-residential Building
8.2.4 Requirement of Land for Residential and Non-residential Purpose
8.3 Main Disposal Area
8.4 Construction Power Supply
8.5 Water Supply and Sewerage
8.5.1 Domestic Water Supply
9. Environmental Aspects PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
9.1 General
9.2 Policy and Legal Framework
9.3 Environmental Baseline Status
9.3.1 Climate
9.3.2 Topography
9.3.3 Geology
9.3.4 Water Quality
9.3.5 Flora
9.3.6 Fauna
9.3.7 Fisheries
9.4 Prediction of Impacts
9.4.1 Impacts on Land Environment
9.4.2 Impacts on Water Resources and Quality
9.4.3 Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology
9.4.4 Impacts on Aquatic Geology
9.4.5 Impacts on Noise Environment
9.4.6 Impacts on Air Quality
9.4.7 Increased Incidence of water related diseases
9.4.8 Impacts due to Command Area Development
9.5 Resettlement and Rehabilitation
9.6 Environmental Management Plan
9.6.1 Environmental Measures during Construction Phase
9.6.2 Maintenance of Water Quality
9.6.3 Health Delivery System
9.6.4 Compensatory Afforestation
9.6.5 Wildlife Conservation Plan
9.6.6 Sustenance & Enhancement of Fisheries Potential PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
9.6.7 Control of Weeds on Agricultural Lands
9.6.8 Pests Control
9.6.9 Training and Extension Courses for Farmers
9.6.10 Control of Air Pollution
9.6.11 Noise Control Measures
9.7 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan
9.8 Dam Break Analysis and Disaster management Plan
9.9 Local Area Development Plan
9.10 Environmental Monitoring Programme
9.11 Conclusion
10. Project Cost
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basis For estimates
10.3 Civil Works
10.4 Electro-mechanical Works
10.5 Abstract of Cost (Pancheshwar Main Dam)-5600 MW
10.6 Abstract of Cost (Re-regulating Plant)-240 MW
Annexure-10.1
Project Cost
11. Financial Evaluation & Phasing of expenditure
11.1 Cost Estimates
11.2 Phasing of Expenditure
11.3 Financial Package
11.4 Economic Evaluation of Power Components
Annexure-11.1
IDC & FC Calculations PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
12. Conclusions and recommendations
Annexure
Drawings
1. Location Map
2. Rupaligad Proposed Dam Axis
3. Pancheshwar General Layout Plan of Dam Complex
4. Cross Section of Pancheshwar Dam
5. Pancheshwar Dam Longitudinal Profile
6. Cross Section of Machine Hall and Transformer Hall
7. Rupaligad Dam D/s Axis
8. Layout Plan Rupaligad (D/S Dam Site)
9. Cross Section Of Power House And Water Conductor System
10. Geological Map of Project Area
11. Regional Geological Map of Project Area
12. Location of Borrow Area and Quarry for Pancheshwar Project PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is envisaged on the Mahakali River (known as Sarada” in India) where the River forms the international boundary between India and Nepal, dividing the Far Western Development Region of Nepal from the Uttrakhand State in India. It is a bi-national scheme of India and Nepal, primarily aimed at energy production.
The Pancheshwar dam site was first identified in 1956, by the then Central Water and Power Commission (CW&PC), India. The state government of Uttar Pradesh (India) had started/ carried out field investigations, and a preliminary project report was prepared in 1971, by the then WAPCOS INDIA Ltd, suggesting a 232 m high concrete gravity dam with dam toe powerhouse(s) of 1000 MW installed capacity.
(Pancheshwar dam site)
In order to develop the feasibility study of the scheme, a Joint Group of Experts (JGE) of India and Nepal was constituted in 1978 and thereafter, in- depth field investigations were undertaken. The investigations were carried out independently by India and Nepal PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
officials in the Indian and Nepalese side of the river, between 1981 and 1991. During the 5th meeting of the Joint Group of Experts held in March 1991, the data collected by both sides were exchanged; gaps in the data were identified and it was decided to prepare and finalize a mutually acceptable Detailed Project Report (DPR) for consideration of Nepal and India. Accordingly, a draft Project Report was prepared by Nepal in 1995 and forwarded to India in 1996 for consideration.
Since then, efforts were made by both sides to finalize a mutually acceptable DPR. However, not much progress could be achieved on account of lack of data regarding re-regulating dam site(s) which became essential due to requirement of peaking power at Pancheshwar power stations. To fill the data gap required for DPR, it was agreed to set up a th Joint Project Office – Pancheshwar Investigations (JPO-PI) in 11 JGE meeting held in March’ 1999 in Kathmandu. The JPO-PI was established finally in December’ 1999’ to undertake additional investigations required for finalization of the DPR. The JPO-PI was closed in ‘July 2002’ after completing necessary field works and investigations. However, the DPR could not be finalized by the experts, due to differences in perception on certain issues, mainly, on project parameters related to re-regulating dam site(s) and assessment of irrigation benefits to India in post-Pancheshwar scenario.
1.2 Mahakali River and Project Location The proposed main dam of the Pancheshwar project is located about 2.5 km downstream of confluence of the Mahakali with the Sarju River. An old temple, known as Pancheshwar Temple is built at the confluence and the proposed dam project is identified accordingly.
A re-regulating dam is also proposed downstream of the main dam to even out peak flows from Pancheshwar powerhouses for meeting irrigation requirement and to exploit hydropower potential of the basin below Pancheshwar.
The Mahakali (Sarada) basin up to the Pancheshwar dam site has a total drainage area of 12,100 km2; out of which an area of 9,720 km2 lies in India, and the rest of 2,380 km2 in Nepal. The catchment area map is presented at Figure 1.2.1. During its course, the river Mahakali carries the flows from several major tributaries including the Dhauliganga (catchment: 1357 km2), Gauriganga (catchment: 2300 km2) and Sarju (catchment: 4019 km2) from Indian side and the river Chamaliya (catchment: 1572 km2) from Nepal. Other minor tributaries joining the Mahakali River below Pancheshwar dam site are the Lohawati & Ladhiya Rivers from India and Surnayagad, Rupaligad, Sirsegad & RagunKhola from Nepal before the river emerges onto the Gangetic plains near Purnagiri temple before Tanakpur town. The total drainage area up to the Purnagiri temple worked out 14,922 km2 out of PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
which 10,884 km2 area lies in India and 4038 km2area in Nepal. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT t ec j m pro a r D a hw s e h c n a P p of a M a e Ar nt e m h c t a C 1 . 2 . 1 Fig. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
A schematic diagram showing the existing and proposed schemes on Mahakali (Sarada) is presented in the Figure 1.2.2.
Fig. 1.2.2 Schematic diagram showing the existing and proposed schemes on Mahakali (Sarada)
The project structures, including the reservoir area, lie in Champawat, Pithoragarh, Bageshwar and Almora districts of Uttrakhand state in India and in Baitadi and Dharchula districts in Nepal. It has been estimated that an area covering 116 km2 would submerge in the post-project scenario at the main dam out of which an area of 76 km2 lies in India and remaining 40 km2 in Nepal. An Index Map showing location of main dam and re-regulating dam alternative sites is presented in the Figure 1.2.3. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT p a M x e d n I .3 2 . 1 Fig. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
1.3 Mahakali Treaty-1996 It is necessary to mention here that a treaty (known as the “Mahakali Treaty”) was signed on February 12, 1996 between Government of Nepal and the Government of India concerning the integrated development of the Mahakali River including Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage and Pancheshwar Project. The center-piece of the treaty was “Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project” which both sides agreed to implement in accordance with the Detailed Project Report jointly being prepared by them. The main principles enshrined in the Treaty, on which the project is to be developed, are summarized below:
Both Parties have equal entitlement in the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River without prejudice to their respective existing consumptive uses of the waters of the Mahakali River. The Project shall be designed to produce the maximum total net benefit. All benefits accruing to both the Parties with the development of the Project in the forms of power, irrigation, flood control etc., shall be assessed. The Project shall be implemented as an integrated project including power stations of equal capacity on each side of the Mahakali River and the total energy generated shall be shared equally between the Parties. The Cost of the project shall be borne by the parties in proportion to the benefits accruing to them. Both the Parties shall jointly endeavor to mobilize the finance required for the implementation of the Project. A portion of Nepal’s share of energy shall be sold to India. The quantum of such energy and its price shall be mutually agreed upon between the Parties.
Further, in the letters dated 12 February, 1996 exchanged by the two Governments along with the Treaty, the principles for assessment of project benefits during the preparation of the DPR are also defined as under: Net power benefit shall be assessed on the basis of, inter alia, saving in costs to the beneficiaries as compared with the relevant alternatives available, Irrigation benefit shall be assessed on the basis of incremental and additional benefits due to augmentation of river flow, and Flood control benefit shall be assessed on the basis of the value of works saved and damaged avoided (to both sides of the river).
In accordance with the earlier agreement, Nepal is entitled to draw 1000 cusec of water in monsoon season and 150 cusec in the dry season from Banbasa irrigation canal. This water drawn from Banbasa barrage provides irrigation to a command area of 11,600 ha; known as Mahakali Irrigation Project (stage-I & II), in Nepal. In addition, another 1000 cusec in the wet season and 300 cusec in the dry season has been committed under Article-2 of the Treaty from Tanakpur barrage. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Besides the above, it is also stipulated under the Article -1 (2) of the Treaty that, India shall maintain a flow of not less than 10m3/s (350 cusecs) downstream of the Sarada Barrage (Banbasa) in the Mahakali River to maintain and preserve the river eco-system.
Further, under the Article-7 of the Treaty, the local communities living along both sides of the Mahakali River shall have the use of the Mahakali waters, not exceeding five (5) percent of the average annual flow at Pancheshwar. In addition, India shall supply 10 m3/s (350 cusecs) of water for irrigation of Dodhara–Chandani area of Nepalese Territory, under the Article-4 of the Treaty.
The Pancheshwar DPR will be prepared keeping the above guiding principles in mind and the benefits from the project which are likely to be accrued to each Party; will have to be assessed clearly in accordance with the Mahakali Treaty.
1.4 Pancheshwar Development Authority Pursuant to the Article-10 of the Mahakali Treaty, the Government of India (GOI) and the Government of Nepal (GON) have further agreed at the 3rd meeting of the Joint Committee on Water Resources (JCWR) held in November’2009 to set up the Pancheshwar Development Authority (hereinafter referred to as “the Authority”). The Authority shall act as an independent autonomous body. It was agreed that the Authority shall take immediate measures to finalize the Detailed Project Report of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (here in after referred to as “the Project”). Thereafter, the Authority shall undertake the execution, operation and maintenance of the Project, including the re- regulating dam at Rupaligad site in an integrated manner. The Authority has been formally notified by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, vide Letter No. Z-14012/3/2013- Ganga /2302-2314 dated 7th August, 2014.
1.5 Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in brief
Based upon the data/ information/ draft reports received from the project authorities, the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project including re-regulating dam at Rupaligad site has been envisaged as under:
1.5.1 Pancheshwar dam project
The Pancheshwar dam project would comprise of a rock fill dam, with central clay core, of 315 m height from the deepest foundation level. It would have two underground power houses, one on each bank of the Mahakali River, having a total installed capacity of the order of 5600 MW. The power plants at main dam will be operated as the peaking station to meet energy demand in India and Nepal, during the peak hours.
The Pancheshwar dam has been envisaged with an un-gated side channel spillway on the left bank to pass the PMF of the order of 23,500 Cumec with appropriate energy dissipation arrangements. The Pancheshwar main PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT reservoir will be spread over 116 sq km having a gross capacity of 11355 Million Cubic Meter ( MCM) at full reservoir level (FRL : 680 m). The live storage capacity of the reservoir has been estimated as 6038 MCM at Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL: 615 m).
A re-regulating dam downstream of the main dam is also proposed to even out powerhouses releases to achieve continuous river flow conditions to meet irrigation water demands in the downstream. The re-regulating dam has been envisaged at Rupaligad site, of a height of around 70m from the deepest foundation and having two power houses, one on each bank, of a total installed capacity of 240 MW.
The Project will generate more than 8000 GWh dependable power energy at main dam complex. In addition, about 1235 GWh per year energy will be generated at Rupaligad dam site. The salient features of the project are enclosed as Annexure-1.1.
The Project will regulate the natural river flow, allowing the year round irrigation of agriculture land in the existing Sarada command in India and the Kanchanpur District in Nepal, meeting the existing and future water requirements of Indian and Nepal irrigation system.
In addition, the project will have an incidental flood mitigation effect, reducing the risk of flood along the lower course of the Mahakali (Sarada) River, both in the Nepalese and the Indian territories.
1.5.2 Rupaligad Dam and Power Plant
In order to accommodate the powerhouse releases during peaking hours from Pancheshwar dam, a minimum live storage of 60 Million Cubic Meter (MCM) was considered necessary at the lower dam site to even out the river flow and to meet the irrigation water demand in the downstream irrigation projects. Accordingly, two dam axes near Rupaligad confluence were considered in the studies conducted by the Nepal side. The first axis is located about 1 km upstream of the confluence of the Mahakali and Rupaligad Rivers. At this site, the river flows in a narrow gorge and a central spillway with two underground power houses, one on each bank, is envisaged.
The second dam axis was considered about 950m downstream of the confluence point of the Rupaligad River. Here, the width of Mahakali River is more and a central spillway with surface power houses on each bank is also possible. Field Investigations by the Nepal side were, however, restricted to the upstream dam axis only as the river gorge was narrow and geotechnical investigations on the Nepal bank were completed by them. The remaining geo-technical investigations on the Indian bank were completed by the Joint Project Office (JPO-PI) later on.
Base on the field data and topographical maps prepared for the JPO-PI, it was decided that FRL of the re-regulating reservoir/ pond at Rupaligad site would be fixed in line with the Tail Water Level of the Pancheshwar dam, i.e. + 420 m and MDDL:400m for power potential study purpose.
The sedimentation study revealed that the New Zero Elevation (NZE) attained PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT after 70 years would be 400.97m, which is above the MDDL (400m) used for power potential studies for the Rupaligad Project. Adopting the DSL as 400.97m, the FRL required to accommodate a live storage of 60 Mcum (required re-regulating volume) was worked out to + 441 m (approx) for one HRT on either side option. The raising of FRL above + 420m was not found/considered as a feasible solution.
In this backdrop, it has now been agreed by the Governing body of Pancheshwar Development Authority, to undertake geotechnical investigations of the second dam axis (downstream axis) at Rupaligad site and finalize project parameters in order to complete the Detailed Project Report of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in accordance with the Mahakali Treaty, within next six months.
1.6 Hydropower Potential in the Mahakali Basin
No other storage scheme has been envisaged on the main stem of Mahakali River upstream of Pancheshwar dam site. However, in the Indian side of the Mahakali River basin, upstream of Pancheshwar dam reservoir, the State Irrigation/ Water Resources Department identified various staged developments, on the Dhauliganga and Gauriganga Rivers. Similarly, the Nepalese side identified a medium size project on the Chameliya River in the upstream.
1.7 Seismicity
The project area falls in zone IV of Seismic Zoning Map of India (IS 1893- 1984). The Pancheshwar main dam site and Rupaligad re-regulating sites, fall between North Almora and South Almora Thrusts. The neotectonic activity has been reported along the potentially active 80 km long Rangunkhola Fault which is considered to be part of MBT in Nepal. It has been analyzed that, this fault is capable of generating an earthquake of 7.4 magnitude.
1.8 Population and Economy
The population density in the project area on both sides, India (259 persons/ km2) and Nepal (69 persons/ km2) is low compared to average densities in both countries. Subsistence agriculture is at present the primary economic activity in the project area, both in India and Nepal.
1.9 Resettlement and Relocation
The Pancheshwar reservoir will displace approximately 19700 persons on the Indian side and 11500 inhabitants in Baitadi District in Nepal as per the rough estimate of 1987. In Nepal, it is proposed to use part of the area irrigated by the project to relocate these persons. Similarly, the persons affected on Indian side would be resettled at appropriate locations in consultation with the local population, state administration and as per resettlement policies.
1.10 Physical Environment
Main reservoir of Pancheshwar would submerge 116 km2 area of which 76 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT km2 would be in India and balance in Nepal. About 21.95 km2 of agriculture land in India and 13.78 km2 in Nepal would be coming under submergence of Pancheshwar reservoir. The project area is mostly covered with Sal forests, which could be classified as moderately thick. One endangered tree species, Alstonia Scholaris, is located in the project area. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT SALIENT FEATURES
No. Description Features A. Location 1. Country India and Nepal a) Districts Champawat/ Uttarakhand/ India Baitadi/ Nepal 2. River Mahakali 3. Pancheshwar dam site 2.5 km downstream of the confluence of river Sarju with River Mahakali (near Pancheshwar Temple) 4. Rupaligad dam site 25 km downstream of main dam
B. Hydrology 1. Drainage area of the river at - 9720 sq. km (India) Pancheshwar Main dam site - 2380 sq. km (Nepal) - 12,100 sq.km (total) 2. Drainage area of the river at - 13,400 sq. km (cumulative) Rupaligad dam site 3. Average annual rainfall 1620 mm 4. Average annual yield 582 Cumec (Pancheshwar) 5. 75% Dependable Annual yield 508 Cumec (Pancheshwar) 6. Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 23,500 Cumec (Pancheshwar) 27,700 Cumec (Rupaligad) 7. Design Flood for diversion 10,920 Cumec (Pancheshwar) (1000-year return period) 8. Annual Sediment Load 29 Mcum/ year (Pancheshwar)
C. Pancheshwar Dam Complex
1. Main dam i) Type of dam Rock fill with central clay core ii) River Bed Level 410 m iii) Deepest Foundation Level 380.00 m iv) Top of Dam 695.00 m v) Height of Dam 315.00 m vi) Length of dam at Top 869.00 m vii) Upstream slope 2.75 H : 1 V viii) Downstream slope 2 H : 1 V ix) Top Width of dam 20.00 m x) Volume of dam fill 53.44 Mcum
2. Spillway i) Type Un gated Chute ii) Design routed flood 17842 Cumec iii) Width 175.00 m iv) Water Way 3 Bays of 21 m v) Invert Level 655.00 m vi) Crest Level 680.00 m PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT vii) Maximum Head over crest 15.50 m viii) Length of Stilling basin 310.00 m ix) Length of Approach Channel 259.00 m x) Invert Level of Plunge Pool 380.00 m
3. Diversion Tunnels i) Number 4 (Two on each bank of the river) ii) Diameter 13.00 m (Horse Shoe Shaped) iii) Inlet Level 410 m iv) Outlet Level 401 m
4. Main Reservoir i) Minimum Draw Down level 615 m Reservoir area 72 Sq km Dead Storage 5317 Mcum ii) Full Reservoir Level 680 m Reservoir Area 116 Sq. km (Total) - 76 Sq. km (India) - 40 Sq. km (Nepal) Gross capacity 11355 Mcum iii) Live storage 6038 Mcum iv) Submergence Villages - 60 (In Pithoragarh, Almora & Champawat District of India) - 14 VDCs in Dharchula & Baitadi Districts in Nepal v) Reservoir stretch 80 km vi) Avg. Tail Water Level 420 m
5. Power Houses at Pancheshwar Two underground powerhouses - one on each bank of the river i) Size 23 m x 54.8 m x 278 m each ii) Unit size & Installed Capacity 8 units of 350 MW each in each bank i.e. 5600 MW iii) Transformer Cavern size 20m x 31.5m x 277m each
D. Rupaligad Re-regulating dam 1. Location 25 km downstream of Pancheshwar dam and about 1km below the confluence of Rupaligad with Mahakali river. 2. Riverbed Level (avg.) 370 m 3. Intervening catchment between 1284 sq km (approx.) Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dam 4. Intervening catchment contribution 39 cumec (annual avg.) 5. Type of dam Concrete Gravity 6. Height of dam 70 m from deepest foundation level (approx) 7. PMF at Rupaligad dam site 27,700 Cumec 8. Type of Spillway Central spillway having six bays of 18m each with stilling basin of 95m x 133m size 9. Powerhouses Two surface powerhouses - one on each bank of the river 10. Size of Power house 66 m x 22 m x 47 m 11. Unit size and installed capacity Two units of 60 MW each in each powerhouse i.e. 240 MW 12. Plant Load Factor Base load PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 13. Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 420 m 14. Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) 400 m 15. Avg. Tail Water Level 375 m 16. Reservoir Area at FRL 4.0 sq km 17. Reservoir Capacity - Gross 75 Million Cum 18. Reservoir Capacity – Live storage 54 Million Cum 19. Rated Discharge (per unit) 170 Cumec (of each generating unit) 20. Total outflows from Rupaligad 680 Cumec
E. Project Cost 1. Pancheshwar dam project Total Cost of Pancheshwar 31,717.87 crores 2. Rupaligad dam project Total Cost of Rupaligad 3,254.07 crores Grand Total 34,971.94crores (of Pancheshwar + Rupaligad option)
F. Power Benefits 1. Pancheshwar Power Plant a. Firm Power 910 MW b. Plant Load Factor Peaking station c. Annual Generation 8378 GWh (90% dependable year) d. Secondary Power Generation 2483 GWh e. Total energy generation 10,861 GWh
2. Rupaligad Power Plant i) Firm Power 120 MW ii) Installed capacity 240 MW iii) Plant Load Factor Base load station
G. Irrigation Benefits Annual Irrigation in Nepal 0.013 Million ha Annual Irrigation in India 0.24 Million ha
H. Economic Viability 1. Power Component 24,460.82 Cr i) Economic Life 35 Years ii) Levellized Tariff Rs 8.39 Per KWh
I. Construction Period 8 years (Pancheshwar dam) 6 years (Rupaligad dam) PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
SECTION 2: PREVIOUS STUDIES CONDUCTED
2.1 Preliminary Project Report by WAPCOS - 1971 The Pancheshwar dam site was first identified during the hydroelectric survey of potential sites on the Mahakali (Sarada) River conducted by the erstwhile Central Water and Power Commission (CW&PC) of India in 1956. A storage type development for power generation was envisaged at that time.
In the year 1962, the State Government of Uttar Pradesh (UP) carried out preliminary field investigations with the assistance of the Survey of India and Geological Survey of India. Based on the field investigations carried out and data collected by UP Irrigation Department, a project report of the scheme was prepared by WAPCOS INDIA LIMITED in November1971. It was envisaged to build a concrete gravity dam at Pancheshwar with a crest at elevation 638 masl for a height of 232 m from the river bed and dam toe powerhouse(s)to install four units of 250 MW each, having a total installed capacity of1000 MW (stage-I), similar to the Bhakra dam. Development of hydropower in the downstream at Purnagiri (stage–II) site was also mentioned in the report. 2.2 Project Report by Nepal -1995 In order to develop the feasibility study of the scheme and to decide about further investigations to be carried out, a Joint Group of Experts (JGE) of India and Nepal was constituted in the year 1978. Further investigations on the scheme were started by the Indian side in Indian Territory in July, 1981.During April, 1984, it was decided that the feasibility report would be prepared jointly but the investigations required for the study will be carried out independently by India and Nepal in the respective territories.
Nepal side appointed consultants with the financial assistance of the International Development Agency (IDA) to carry out field investigation works at feasibility level. On the Indian side, these investigations were carried out by Central Water Commission (CWC).
During the 5th meeting of the Joint Group of Experts, in March, 1991, data collected by both sides were exchanged, gaps in the data were identified and it was decided to prepare and finalize a mutually acceptable Project Definition Report (PDR). Based on the data collected by both sides, a Project Definition Report identifying the basic characteristics of the project, its preliminary benefits and cost was prepared independently by both India and Nepal and made available to either side.
During the goodwill visit by the Nepalese Prime Minister to India, in December 1991, an understanding was reached between the two countries to prepare a Joint Detailed Project Report, at Feasibility level.
The additional field investigations that were identified in the 6th meeting of Joint Group of Experts (JGE) of India and Nepal on Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project held in February 1992, to meet data gaps for the PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
preparation of the Detailed Project Report, were completed in December’1993. These field investigations comprised mainly, topographical surveys, geological explorations, seismological studies, in-situ rock tests, construction material surveys, etc. Based on the data exchanged and the preliminary project features adopted for studies by the two sides in the 6th JGE meeting, modalities for preparation of Detailed Project Report were mutually agreed upon. An action plan was drawn and the work of preparation of Detailed Project Report was assigned by distributing the subject chapters between the two sides. Accordingly, Indian side completed the assigned chapters and sent to Government of Nepal in 1994 for review. Based on the information contained therein, a draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) was prepared by Government of Nepal in 1995 and forwarded to the Government of India in 1996 for consideration.
The Report-1995 sent by Nepal, inter-alia, suggested to have a 315 m high rock fill dam with central clay core with crest elevation at 695 masl. The project was designed as peaking power station having 12 units of 540 MW each at 20% plant load factor, housed in two underground power houses located one in each bank of the river. It was also suggested to have a re- regulating dam (25 m high concrete gravity dam) at Rupaligad, 25 km downstream of the main dam. The cost of project was indicated US$2,980 million at 1994 price level.
The Nepal Report- 1995 was examined by the Indian side and it was found that necessary field investigations at Rupaligad re-regulating dam site were not undertaken/ completed on the Indian side by the project consultant appointed by Nepal. The unit size of 540 MW suggested in the DPR was also considered to be too large to transport from rail head to the dam site due to topographic constraints and very steep slopes along the existing roads on Indian side.
As it was evident from the above, some additional field investigations and studies were necessary to develop the final design of the project and optimize the project layout before implementation of the scheme, both sides agreed to conduct further investigations jointly to prepare the Pancheshwar DPR. 2.3 Additional Investigations by Joint Project Office (JPO-PI) Realizing the need for additional investigations and studies to be carried out jointly for main dam as well as a re-regulating dam, in the 11th JGE meeting held in March 1999, it was agreed, to establish a Joint Project Office- Pancheshwar Investigations (JPO-PI) at Kathmandu along with Field Offices, as required, to conduct additional field investigations and studies for preparation of Detailed Project Report jointly.
The JPO-PI was entrusted with finalization of DPR jointly including additional survey for re-regulating dam reservoir and geotechnical investigations at re- regulating dam site(s) along the Mahakali River; and to decide the appropriate units’ size and installed capacity for main dam complex besides development of necessary project layout and specification designs. 2.4 Draft Project Report prepared by India -2003 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
JPO-PI completed investigations at Rupaligad, Purnagiri as well as at Pancheshwar dam sites in a record time. Though some chapters of DPR were also prepared by JPO-PI but a mutually agreeable DPR could not be prepared on account of certain differences in opinion on the issues, like unit size, final location of downstream re-regulating dam, irrigation benefits to India, apportionment of project cost, etc. JPO-PI was closed in July 2002.
In order to ensure that the newly created data based on the field investigations is not remained unused/ unattended till preparation of detailed project report is taken up jointly by the two sides, a draft detailed project report was prepared by the Indian side which could be utilized as a basis for finalization of the joint detailed project report, later on.
The Indian draft report of 2003 has retained many project parameter(s) as it was suggested in the Nepal DPR-1995. A statement showing salient features of the Project which are agreeable to both sides and suggested in their respective reports, is summarized in the following Table-2.4.1.
Table 2.4.1: Salient features of project
Indian Draft S. No. Project Parameters Nepal Report-1995 Report 2.5 km d/s from 2.5 km -d/s from 1 Location confluence of Sarju conf2003luence of river with Mahakali Sarju 2 Drainage area at Pancheshwar dam 12,100 km2 12,river100wikthm2 Annual Average flow at Pancheshwar 3 Mahaka3li 3 582 m /s dam 582 m /s 4 Design flood (PMF) 23,500 m3/s 23,500 m3/s 5 Sediment rate 2.36 mm/ year 2.36 mm/ year 6 Sediment load 64 million T/year 64 million T/ year 7 Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 680 m 680 8 Minimum Operation Level (MDDL) 615 m 615m 9 *Reservoir Area at FRL *134 km2 116mkm2 10 *Live Storage Volume *6.56 BCM 6.038 BCM 11 *Dead Storage Volume *5.70 BCM 5.317 BCM Rock fill with Rock fill with Pancheshwar dam– Type central clay core central clay 12 Crest Elevation/ Top of dam 695 m co695re Maximum height of dam 315 m 315m *Crest Length 860 m 869m Side channel/ m Spillway Ungated Chute 13 Ungated Crest level 680 m 680 14 Plant Load Factor (for peaking station) 20% 17m 15 Installed Capacity 6480 MW 5600% MW *Annual energy in the 90% dependable *9374 GWh 8069 GWh 16 year at Pancheshwar with Rupaligad Option * These figures have been refined based upon the topographical maps of reservoir area received after the 1995-Report. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Section 3: Field Investigations and Studies
3.1 Topography
The Survey of India has carried out aerial and terrestrial surveys and produced the project related topographic maps for Pancheshwar Project. The Nepalese side also carried out survey works and utilizing the existing aerial photographs taken in 1974, fresh maps covering the reservoir, dam site, access road, borrow areas etc. of the Nepalese side were prepared.
At a meeting of representatives of the Nepalese and Indian Survey Departments held in Kathmandu on September 4-6, 1991, it was decided to jointly prepare a new topographic map of the dam site, by terrestrial methods, to cover both banks of the river up to El 940 m, with 2 m contours.
Accordingly, joint field works were carried out during 1992-93 and topographic maps covering the dam site up to elevation 950 m a.s.l. were prepared jointly by Survey of India (Government of India) and Department of Surveys (His Majesty's Government of Nepal).
Topographic maps covering reservoir area of 94.30 sq km between Pancheshwar & Purnagiri, Purnagiri dam site area of 2.19 sq. km and Rupaligad dam site area of 1.27 sq. km were also prepared jointly by Survey of India and Department of Survey, HMGIN.
3.2 Hydrology & Meteorology
3.2.1 Hydrology
The Mahakali (Sarada) basin up to the Pancheshwar dam site has a total drainage area of 12,100 km2; out of which an area of 9,720 km2 lies in India, and the rest of 2,380 km2 in Nepal. The catchment area map is presented at Figure 1.2.1. During its course, the river Mahakali carries the flows from several major tributaries including the Dhauliganga (catchment: 1357 km2), Gauriganga (catchment: 2300 km2) and Sarju (catchment: 4019 km2) from Indian side and the river Chamaliya (catchment: 1572 km2) from Nepal. Other minor tributaries joining the Mahakali River below Pancheshwar dam site are the Lohawati & Ladhiya Rivers from India and Surnayagad, Rupaligad, Sirsegad & RagunKhola from Nepal before the river emerges onto the Gangetic plains near Purnagiri temple before Tanakpur town. The total drainage area up to the Purnagiri temple worked out 14,922 km2 out of which 10,884 km2 area lies in India and 4038 km2 area in Nepal. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.2.2 Meteorology
An Indian meteorological station was set up at Pancheshwar dam site in 1982, for recording daily rainfall, dry/ wet bulb temperatures and maximum/ minimum air temperatures. A meteorological station was established at the Pancheshwar Field Camp on Nepal side also in 1989. The measurements commenced from July 31, 1989 and have been taken continually since then. JPO-PI set up weather stations at Pancheshwar, Rupaligad and Purnagiri sites in 1999 recording daily hourly rainfall, dry/ wet bulb temperatures, maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed & direction and sunshine. Data at these stations are being continuously observed.
3.2.3 Climatic Conditions
The climate and the precipitation pattern over the project area are strongly affected by the monsoon. Winter season generally begins in early October and continues up to the end of February. The hot weather season starts from March and continues up to the last week of May. The monsoon sets in by the last week of May or in early June and continues up to the last week of September or mid October. Table 3.2.1 gives the average temperature at Pancheshwar dam site.
Table 3.2.1: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Pancheshwar site (°C)
Month T(°C) Month T(°C) Month T(°C) January 13 May 28.2 September 28.7 February 15.6 June 30 October 24.6 March 21.3 July 29.5 November 19.7 April 25.4 August 29.3 December 15.1
3.2.4 Annual Rainfall
Total annual rainfall in the basin ranges from 1000 mm to 2000 mm, with about 75% of the total precipitation occurring during the monsoon months of June to September. Maximum precipitation generally occurs in July and August. The annual average precipitation over the basin is estimated in the order of 1,620 mm. The Table 3.2.2 gives the average monthly rainfall at Pancheshwar Dam site.
Table 3.2.2: Mean Monthly Rainfall at Pancheshwar dam site
Month Rainfall Month Rainfall Month Rainfall (mm) (mm) (mm) January 29.1 May 111.7 September 130 February 54.9 June 110.2 October 60.7 March 36.6 July 237.6 November 5.8 April 51.2 August 191.5 December 38.4
3.2.5 Evaporation PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
For the purpose of preparation of the Detailed Project Report, it was agreed to adopt the following series for lake evaporation based on the concurrent data recorded by both the stations, as given in the Table- 3.2.3.
Table 3.2.3: Monthly Lake evaporation data (mm)
Month Rainfall Month Rainfall Month Rainfall (mm) (mm) (mm) January 18 May 156 September 106 February 32 June 138 October 95 March 71 July 126 November 46 April 136 August 216 December 26 Total 1166
3.2.6 Mean monthly inflows at Pancheshwar
A 31 years records of mean monthly flows between January 1962 and December’ 1992 has been developed for Mahakali River at the Pancheshwar Dam site on the basis of flow measurements and Nepalese gauge heights, earlier gauge heights recorded in India, and a correlation with measured flows of the Karnali River at Asaraghat (DHM-240). According to these studies the average annual flow of the Mahakali River at Pancheshwar dam site is estimated to be 582 m3/s with the monthly distribution shown in the Table 3.2.4.
Table-3.2.4: Average monthly flow series at Pancheshwar dam site (m3/s)
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1962 223 212 228 252 331 752 1252 2427 1712 639 309 212 1963 162 136 165 203 324 672 1526 2381 1476 484 282 205 1964 161 134 125 176 211 435 1481 1686 1480 534 279 207 1965 166 155 163 217 255 485 876 1076 725 321 215 165 1966 129 125 119 134 237 472 1038 1874 854 331 210 160 1967 128 110 107 131 176 366 1155 1937 1121 426 247 189 1968 168 152 167 182 294 695 1497 1842 918 466 261 189 1969 166 145 148 183 352 587 1172 1767 1564 594 303 209 1970 172 151 145 190 257 620 1648 1748 999 548 296 214 1971 174 159 174 241 273 1207 1763 2169 1520 611 361 250 1972 197 193 187 198 365 464 1193 1273 1235 447 280 200 1973 177 162 195 274 429 930 1579 1668 1387 1212 399 251 1974 200 172 158 204 240 398 989 1667 921 482 272 202 1975 178 171 176 260 396 1317 1568 1859 1585 659 330 236 1976 184 169 157 198 326 502 937 1435 1112 404 248 184 1977 154 141 124 144 238 422 1479 1793 1066 454 276 204 1978 171 165 206 252 484 758 1500 2318 1181 490 281 216 1979 169 174 161 223 397 546 1131 1245 499 280 182 150 1980 130 110 133 181 300 556 1591 2053 1091 436 248 180 1981 155 138 148 197 321 470 1503 1826 937 556 302 206 1982 171 161 230 280 391 724 1176 1928 114] 415 253 182 1983 161 135 129 208 361 475 902 1324 2359 1385 363 216 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
1984 167 182 174 202 494 972 1484 1398 1226 403 229 168 1985 147 121 117 151 310 483 1351 1872 1232 1053 473 284 1986 235 153 142 226 402 822 1979 1813 850 431 287 209 1987 160 155 139 183 276 575 1026 1493 1242 384 222 155 1988 117 108 130 219 465 605 1789 2145 920 440 283 176 1989 182 128 140 170 329 534 1066 1833 1175 427 244 173 1990 134 121 179 244 476 668 1659 1981 1261 477 246 173 1991 155 130 157 221 430 705 1279 1876 1075 381 212 152 1992 123 119 114 152 258 444 901 2022 1284 398 207 136 Mean 165 148 156 203 335 634 1338 1798 1198 534 277 195
From the aforesaid mean monthly flow series, the year 1985 has been found as the 90% dependable year to assess the firm power and installed capacity at the Pancheshwar dam.
In spite of some minor known weaknesses in the foregoing record of mean monthly flows, it provides an adequate basis for estimation of the energy potential for development at the Pancheshwar dam site.
Based on the mean monthly flows/ records of Pancheshwar dam site and Paliakalan G&D site maintained by CWC, mean monthly flows for the intermediate catchment areas that can be intercepted between Pancheshwar and the downstream Rupaligad (1284 km 2) site have also been developed, to be utilized for the evaluation/ optimization of the corresponding energy production and of the water requirements for irrigation. The annual average runoff of the intermediate basin between Pancheshwar and Rupaligad has been estimated of the order of 39 m3/s.
3.2.7 Flood Estimation
3.2.7.1 Flood Estimation at Pancheshwar Spillway
A flood frequency analysis has also been developed by Hydrologists on behalf of JPO-PI for the construction planning of main dam complex and in the study of the reservoir operation for flood control purposes. It is based on ten years of record of Pancheshwar dam site, complemented by a 20 years long correlation with the daily records of the Karnali weather station. The Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) has been estimated on the basis of the storm of September 28-30, 1924, which occurred to the west of the Mahakali Basin in India. This storm was assumed to be transposable to the Mahakali Basin, with its core around the Pancheshwar Dam site so that the northern half contributes to the flood. Based on persisting dew point data from Indian stations, the historic storm was maximized by a factor of 1.38. The Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) at the Pancheshwar dam site, for the basin in its natural state has a peak flow rate of 23,227 m3/s, occurring about 53 hours after the storm begins. Floods of smaller return periods were determined through a statistical analysis. The Table 3.2.6 gives a summary of the basic characteristics of different floods considered in the design. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Table 3.2.6: Basic Characteristics of Floods of Different Return Period
Return Period(Year) Peak flow(m3/s) Volume (10^6 m3) 10 7070 356.2 50 8540 552.5 100 9110 639.6 500 10400 859.4 1000 10920
3.2.7.2 Flood Estimation at Re-regulating dam
The design flood hydro graph of Rupaligad dam site computed is based on synthetic UH for the intermediate catchment, channel routing parameters considered are approximate in the absence of short interval data of flood events at Rupaligad. Synthetic UH for D/S catchment has been computed based on the regional parameters given in "Flood Estimation Report for Western Himalayas-zone 7" of CWC. The design flood thus, worked out to about 27,700 Cumec, which may be used for preliminary planning of the project.
In order to estimate the flood peak with return periods of 100 year, 500 year and 1000 year, the annual maximum flood at Pancheshwar transported from daily observed flood at Chisapani on Kamali river from 1962 to 1982 have been converted to annual instantaneous peak using multiplying factor of 1.3. Further the annual instantaneous peaks from 1983 to 1999 were worked out based on observed daily discharge and hourly gauge at Pancheshwar. Thus, an annual instantaneous peak series from 1962 to 1999 at Pancheshwar were developed and analyzed to estimate the flood peak with desired return period using various statistical methods. The flood peaks with return period of 100 yr, 500 yr and 1000 yr thus obtained at Pancheshwar are 8700 Cumecs, 9900 Cumecs and 10,500 Cumecs respectively. The corresponding flood peaks at Rupaligad site were also estimated on catchment area proportionate basis (proportionate to 3/4th power of Area) and the results are given at the Table - 3.2.7.
Table 3.2.7: Flood peak with different return period
Site Return Period Flood (Cumec) 100 yrs 500 yrs 1000 yrs Pancheshwar 8700 9900 10,500 Rupaligad 9300 10600 11300
3.3 Sedimentation studies 3.3.1 Pancheshwar Reservoir
For Pancheshwar dam site, the average sediment rate of the six years data (1983 to 1988) has been considered along with the depth integrated sample sediment rates obtained for the period 1990 to 1993. The average sediment rate of these five values is estimated as 2.36 mm/year with the addition of 20% as bed load. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
The sediment rate of 2.36 mm/year has been agreed to by both the sides for adopting in the reservoir sedimentation studies. Therefore, the recommended annual sediment load is 29 million cubic meters. The Full Reservoir Level of 680 m has been finalized and sedimentation studies have been carried out with this level only. Trap efficiency of the reservoir has been calculated by Brune’s method and sediment distribution in the reservoir has been done using the Borland and Millar Empirical Area Reduction Method. The reservoir life has been found to be more than 250 years, with the adopted sediment rate of 2.36 mm/year. The New Zero Elevation after 100 years of sedimentation is estimated at 482.84 m. It is seen that up to 250 years, the sediment level at the dam face is less than MDDL (615 m). This shows that operation of the turbines, free of sedimentation deposit encroachment for at least up to 250 years is possible for a selected Full Reservoir Level of 680 m. During the first 100 years of operation of the reservoir the trap efficiency will be of the order of 96% and the material that is not decanted in the reservoir may go through the turbines. The untrapped annual sediment load amounts to about 1.16 million cubic meter, which corresponds to a sediment concentration of about 63 ppm, which represents a turbidity nearly acceptable as drinking water.
3.3.2 Sedimentation in Rupaligad Re-regulating Reservoir
According to the sedimentation studies conducted in Nepal’s DPR-1995, sedimentation is stated to be a serious concern for the small Rupaligad reservoir. Despite the trapping effect of the Pancheshwar reservoir upstream, the Rupaligad reservoir would be filled up to the spillway crest level within 25 years of operation. No site specific observed sediment data is available as the sediment observation at Rupaligad site has been started in 2001. This aspect has been further studied by JPO-PI later on. The annual trapped volume of sediment in Rupaligad reservoir has been estimated to be more than 0.5% of the gross capacity of reservoir. As per IS Code No. 12182 — 1987 "Guidelines for determination of effects of sedimentation in planning and performance" the problem of sedimentation was treated as serious. Sediment from Rupaligad catchment (1284 km2) at the sedimentation rate of 2.36 mm/yr, thus works out to be 30.3 MCM for span of 10 years. Sediment outflow from Pancheshwar dam will be 11.4 MCM for a span of 10 years after trapping 96% of sediment inflow at Pancheshwar Dam site. Out of the sum of these two sediment load only a part will get trapped in Rupaligad reservoir according to its trap efficiency. After 70 years of operation of the Project, sediment trapped efficiency will be also zero corresponding to capacity inflow. Further studies and model tests are necessary to verify the adequacy of proposed designs.
3.4 Geology and Geo-technical Investigations
Field Investigation for Pancheshwar Project complex including main Pancheshwar Dam and re–regulating dam alternatives at Rupaligad or Purnagiri and their appurtenant works, have been geologically investigated in three phases between 1971 and 2002. During the period between 1971 and 1979, the studies were conducted by WAPCOS, CW&PC and GSI of PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Government of India. Later on during 1991-1999, the investigations were conducted under the guidance of Joint Group Of Experts (JGE) involving Geological Survey Of India (GSI), Central Soil and Mineral Research Station (CSMRS) of GOI and Ministry of Water Resources, Electricity Development Centre Department of Mining &Geology (DMG) of His Majesty‘s Government Of Nepal . Subsequently, between year 2000 and 2002, the investigations were conducted under Joint Project Office – Pancheshwar Investigation (JPO- PI), a joint unit of GOI and NEPAL. The site specific studies were conducted deploying techniques of surface and sub-surface investigation. Surface geological studies include collation of regional geological data base, aerial photo and remote sensing based interpretations and geological traverses to comprehend the geo-morphological, lithological, geo-tectonic and structural framework of project domains. The sub surface investigation were conducted resorting to techniques of drilling, drifting, seismic refraction surveys, in-situ rock mechanic testing and laboratory based examination for geotechnical characterization
(River view of Mahakali at Pancheshwar dam site)
Pancheshwar Dam site across River Mahakali, downstream of Sarju confluence has been extensively investigated evaluating different dam axis alignments for concrete dam (Axis B-B and C-C) and rock fill dam (Axis D- D).Finally opting dam axis D-D, layout has been optimized for ‘Rock Fill With Clay Core’, side channel spillway on left bank and two powerhouse complexes on the two banks; location for U/S And D/S coffer dam locations were also decided. In the beginning, exploration were conducted independently by GOI(the team consisting CWC,GSI,CSMRS)and NEPAL (the team comprising Ministry Of Water Resources, Electricity Development Centre and their consultant agencies DGM e.g. PACCO) on right and left bank, respectively. However, subsequently, joint investigations have been conducted under JGE and JPO-PI. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Regional Geological maps covering Himalayan domain of Pancheshwar project complex have been prepared on 1:50000 scale. These have been updated and lineament map of Pancheshwar Project area has been evolved based on interpretation of aerial photos and LANDSAT imageries on scale 1:2,50,000. The site specific surface geological studies were conducted and integrated and Geological maps have been generated on 1:2000 scale (10 - sheets). Reservoir Geological maps have been prepared by Nepal agencies on 1:15000 scale (5 - sheets).
The sub-surface exploration have been conducted resorting to drilling (61 drill holes aggregate drilled length 7573.88m, seismic refraction survey (29860 line meters) and drifting (20 nos. aggregating length 1885.90m.In-situ rock mechanic test including Plate Jack Test (PJT: 6 - sites) and Goodman Jack Test (GJT -16 Location) in drifts (A3, A4 and A5),In - situ stress studies have been conducted in deep holes at power house sites on left bank resorting to hydraulic fracturing and impression tests. Rock mechanic tests were conducted on samples in laboratory for geotechnical characterization.
Table 3.4.1: Geological and Geotechnical Investigation for Pancheshwar Dam site. Item Of Jointly GOI + Under JPO-PI, S.NO By GOI By Nepal Investigation Nepal (2000-02)
Regional Regional Regional geological map geological map on 1. - - Geology compiled on 1:1 1:50000 scale mile scale Lineament map Reservoir of Pancheshwar geological map project 1:15,000 scale - - 1:2,50,000 scale Combined Dam site Final geological map geological map geological map of dam site 1:2,500 scale of dam site 1:5000 scale 1:5,000 scale. Site specific Detailed Bed rock 2. geological geological map geological plan maps of right 1:5,000 scale - - abutment 1 : 2000 scale Geological map Sub surface of spillway area explorations map 1:2,000 scale 1:5,000 scales. Geological map - - for borrow and quarry sites on 1:5000 scale. 33 nos. drill 18 drill holes on 9 drill holes 11 nos. of drill holes RT/Bank, drilled length holes. (6 nos. in aggregating aggregate drilled 806m,deepest Spillway, 5 in 3. Drilling drilled length length 2381.30m, drill hole- PH; aggregate 2406m Deepest drill hole 240.50m drilled length (RT/Bank) – 19 - 240.81m. 1979.60m. drill holes, Deepest drill PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
LT/Bank – 04 hole DDH-2 of drill holes, River 300.6m) bed – 10 drill (Transformer holes , deepest cavern on drill hole of LT/Bank). 146m 10230 m at dam 4700 live Seismic site and 14930 m meters on 4. refraction - - at borrow quarry Right Bank survey sites. 12 Nos. (7 LT / 6 nos. LT/Bank, 2 nos. 449m Bank and 5 Total length 300m RT/Bank PH, 5. Drifts RT/Bank, - 407.78m Total length LT/Bank PH. 689.90m PJT :4 Nos. Lab based In-situ tests by GJT: 16 Tests examination on 90 Hydro- (Adit A3,A4 samples Fracturing , 21 2AS) Tests in drill holes SDH- Rock 6,DDH-1 and 6. Mechanics - DDH-2 Tests Impression tests : Hydro fracturing 8 Tests in SDH-6 AND DDH
Rupaligad Re-Regulating dam site at upstream of confluence of Rupaligad with Mahakali Rivers was selected by Nepal for 60m high Dam with Powerhouses on either bank. Desk studies have been also conducted for another site for the structure, located downstream of Rupaligad – Mahakali confluence. The site located U/S of confluence has been preferred for detailed investigation. Initially two drill holes (DR-1 and DR-2) were drilled by Nepal agencies; further the site has been explored under the guidance of JPO-PI. A regional geological map covering 350 SQ km area downstream of Pancheshwar dam site and covering Rupaligad and Purnagiri re–regulating dam alternative sites have been prepared by GSI based on the interpretation of IRS-IC (PAN &LISS III) merged on scale 1:12,500. Further, the dam site has been geologically mapped on 1:1000 scale. The sub surface geological investigation was supplemented by 19 nos. of new drill holes aggregating a drilled length of 1428.89m, and two numbers of drifts (RUD-1 RT/Bank and RUD-2 LT/Bank) on either bank which had gone to lengths of 35 m and 15 m on the date of examination in March 2002.
3.4.1 Regional Geology
Mahakali River, across which different Dams and Reservoir of Pancheshwar Project are located, originates on southern slope of Tibetan Plateau and traverses entire width of active tectonic domain of Himalayas spanning across PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
the sector from higher Himalayas to sub Himalayas and Terai Front. Deeply incised Mahakali River transects prominent thrusts viz. Main Crystalline Thrust (MCT), Main boundary Thrust (MBT/MBF) and Himalayas Frontal Fault (HFF). The Himalayas have been continuously rising for the last 40-50 million years under the impact of Continent – Continent Collision driven by Plate Tectonics. The Indian plate is moving north-easterly with enormous geodynamic stresses, resulting into rise of Himalayas, Structural deformation, igneous Intrusion, geomorphic changes and accelerated mass wastage. The geodynamic deformation is also manifested in seismicity, landslides, climate changes and consequent Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) hazards.
The 150 km wide region of Pancheshwar Project Complex with main dam and re-regulating structures, spans across Lesser Himalayas and Sub-Himalayas, punctuated by sub - parallel fault systems viz, MCT, North Almora Thrust (NAT),South Almora Thrust(SAT),MBT/MBF. The litho-tectonic Units bound by these faults continue across the bi-national boundary between India and Nepal, trending ENE-WSW. The data on Regional geology of Pancheshwar project complex has been collated by GSI (GOI) and agencies of Nepal and further updated by incorporating results of aerial photo and remote sensing based interpretations.
Table 3.4.2: Rock Sequence from South (Tanakpur) to North (Tawaghat) SOUTH (TANAKPUR) Indo – Gangetic Alluvium Lower reaches of Mahakali/ Sarada basin
……………………………..Himalayan Frontal Fault………………………………………
Shivaliks upper - middle - lower Shivaliks Purnagiri Dam Site & Part (Tertiary) Reservoir
…………………………………………….Main Boundary Fault…………………………………………..……
Garhwal Bhimtal Formation Part Reservoir of Group / Purnagiri Dam Midland Group (Proterozoic)
……………………………………….Ramgarh Thrust…..…………………………………………
Crystalline Ramgarh Crystallines Group ………………….South Almora Thrust………………. (Proterozoic) Almora Crystallines (Dadeldhura- Pancheshwar Dam & Kalikot) Part of Reservoir and Rupaligad Dam Complex & and Reservoir ………………………North Almora Thrust………………………………..
Rameshwar Formation (Routgara Garhwal Formation) Group Pancheshwar Reservoir Tejam Formation (Pithoragarh (Midland (Part) Formation with Intrusives Group) Berinag Formation with patches of PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Askot Crystallines Tejam Formation with intrusive bodies
………………………………………Main Central Thrust…………………………………………………………
Crystalline Upper Reaches of Central Crystallines Group Mahakali Basin NORTH (TAWAGHAT)
The MCT, dipping towards north, lies 80 km north of Pancheshwar Dam site. The MBT/MBF separating Tertiary group of rocks (Shiwaliks) in south and Proterozoics (Almora Crystallines / Ramgarh Crystalline) in north lies 10 km north of Purnagiri site. The NAT is about 5 Km north of proposed Pancheshwar Dam whereas SAT lies nearly 20 km south of Rupaligad Dam Site.
Thus, Pancheshwar and Rupaligad Dams are located in a thrust sheet/Nappe (referred as Dadeldhura Klippe in Nepal Statigraphy) bound by NAT and SAT. Reservoir of Rupaligad is confined to Klippe whereas Pancheshwar reservoir extends across NAT spreading over Garwhal Group of Rocks (Table 3.4.2). The area from South (Tanakpur) to North (Tawaghat) is comprised of sedimentaries, meta-sedimentaries and Crystallines which are separated from each other by Tectono – structural discontinuities/ Thrusts (Table-3.4.2). All these Thrusts dip northward except NAT which dips southerly.NAT and SAT define Dadeldhura Klippe also interpreted as Nappe structure. After a review of stratigraphic sequences presented by GSI and Nepal agency PACO, a dichotomy is noted with respect to Suntar Formation reportedly occurring with thrusted formational contacts assigned Eocene age; as per the Indian stratigraphy, it is classified as equivalent to Rameshwar Formation of Late Proterozoic age.
3.4.1.1 Geology of Pancheshwar Dam Site:
As mentioned above, the Pancheshwar Dam site is located on Dadeldhura Klippe of a recumbently folded Nappe bound between NAT and SAT, exposing Almora Crystallines. Integrating surface and sub-surface geological studies, the schematic map 1:2000 and 1:5000 scales have been generated by Geological Survey of India and DMG, Nepal. As per these maps (10 - sheets on 1:2000 scale), the dam site is occupied by schists and gneisses with variable grade of metamorphism from low grade mica schists to high grade sillimanite bearing gneisses; six litho-units of these metamorphosed rocks have been identified at Pancheshwar dam site; these are (i) Inter-bedded quartz mica schist and augen gneisses, (ii) Quartz mica schist (D/S Unit), (iii) Streaky and augen gneisses,(iv) Granitized quartzite with thin schistose interleaves, (v)Quartz-biotite gneiss, (vi) Quartz mica schist (U/S Unit). These are intricately folded; however, S2 foliation trends N50⁰W to S50⁰E with sub – vertical south westerly dip. Because of local warping and flexuring, variation in attitudes of foliation is noted. These litho-units are traversed by 4+ random sets of joints rendering rock mass platy in schists and blocky in gneisses. These are traversed by multiple of local shear zones, mostly trending along PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
foliation.
(Schists and Gneisses exposed in the Mahakali River in Rock fill dam section)
Different rock units lie exposed on the river banks and are also found outcropping on steep slopes on either of abutments. The overburden, consisting of landslide debris, debris fan and alluvial fill in central river section varies to maximum of 22m. The conspicuous feature is presence of minor landslides especially in weathered quartz mica schist and feldspathic gneisses. Distressing features such as faulting and shearing, landslide, weathering and creep have also been noted. A prominent slide crescent on left bank, U/S of dam axis, christened as Chmatada Slide, is the most conspicuous feature of the site. Engineering implication of geological framework of dam site is briefly discussed in forth coming section.
3.4.1.2 Geology of Pancheshwar Reservoir
Reservoir geological map has been generated on 1:15,000 scale (5-sheets) which shows the reservoir extends across series of Klippen or Windows. The main reservoir trending NNE-SSW extends across NAT and spreads over weak sedimentary of Garwhal Group consisting of Dolomite, Shale, and Quartzite bands and locally chlorite schists and phyllite. These are found to have favourable structural attributes for Main arm of Reservoir and issues of reservoir leakage are ruled out. However, a prominent arm of the reservoir extends along strike parallel valley of Sarju river where, slope stability issues owing to circular shear failure of debris mass, foliation/joint guided planer and toppling failures cannot be ruled out. Hence, it would be desirable to further take up reservoir stability studies deploying techniques of Landslide Hazards Zonation (LSHZ studies) based on interpretation of remote sensing data. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.4.1.3 Rupaligad dam site and Reservoir
Rupaligad Dam site is located on ‘Dhalidhura Klippe’ between NAT & SAT. The rocks belonging to Almora Crystalline Group are exposed at the site. The surface geological attributes have been defined based on Geological mapping of Dam site on 1:1000 scale. The sub –surface exploration has been conducted resorting to 21 drill holes (Aggregate length 1428.89m) and two numbers of drifts (Total length 50m). Grey coloured fine to medium grained, feebly weathered and fresh mica schist with thin bands of quartzite have been mapped between the area 170 m upstream and 300 m downstream of the dam axis. A small patch of graphite schist has been recorded on the left abutment. The left abutment has a continuous exposure of rocks up to an elevation of 445 m, above which it remains concealed under a thin cover of over burden comprising debris material admixed with soil. The rocks on right abutment mostly remain under variable thickness of over burden cover. The light coloured quartzite bands are of variable thickness (10 to 75 cm) and occasionally pinch out along the up slope direction. The mica schist with thin quartzite bands are monotonously exposed in the area with foliation striking NW-SE dipping by 30⁰ to 50⁰ north eastward i.e. favourable towards upstream. These would provide almost uniform foundation rock for the dam, excepting the patches occupied by lensoids of graphite schists. The rock is generally fresh below the over burden which generally varies between 1m & 5m. A shear seam has been observed at depth between 46.20 and 47.70 m. The mica schist with quartzite was encountered below the overburden in the drill holes.
In Rupaligad reservoir, which is located over Lesser Himalayan rocks, seven landslide incidences were noticed. Out of these, only a couple of slides are located close to the reservoir rim or the Full Reservoir Level (FRL).
3.4.2 Engineering Geology
3.4.2.1 Pancheshwar Dam site
The "Inner Gorge" mentioned in the WAPCOS report was not detected under the riverbed. Some minor clay seams parallel to schistosity/foliation and perpendicular to the river were detected and are probably associated with minor shearing. The structural attitude of the rock mass, which strikes almost normal to the axis of the Mahakali River, is favorable for the stability of slopes within the gorge. The most vulnerable slope to sliding failure is the north side of the Sir Khola which is oriented parallel to the structural trend and is characterized by exfoliation sheets. No potentially active faults were located in the vicinity of the dam site. In the dam site area the bedrock is generally covered by talus material except along the river bank. The thickness of overburden in the cofferdam axis varies from 10 to 21 m according to seismic results. In the proposed dam axis the maximum thickness of overburden was found to be 12 m.
Thickness of alluvial deposit varies along the river channel as shown by four seismic lines crossing the river and drilling in the centre of the river. From these results, the thickness of alluvial deposit varies from 17 to 21 m. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
(Rocks exposed at left abutment of Pancheshwar dam)
Both abutments of the rock fill dam along its axis and also the flanks in the foundation areas are covered by a thick overburden, with thicknesses varying from an average of 30-40 m on the right bank (Indian side) to an average of 40-70 m on the left bank (Nepalese side). Along the dam axis the central core will be founded predominantly on quartz-biotite gneiss. The upstream shell will be founded almost totally on the quartz-micaschist zone while the downstream shell will rest on the granitized schist and quartzite and on the augen gneiss zones. In the river channel, the core foundation will require the excavation of about 21-22 m of alluvium deposit and of about 3-4 m of the top of the bedrock in order to reach the sound foundation rock at elevation 380 m.
On the basis of permeability data, bedrock in the river section appears tightly jointed and hence may require only nominal treatment in the core region to make it watertight down to designed depth. Bedrock in the abutment, however, appears open jointed down to 20-25 m depth in the lower section and 50 m or more in the upper section.
The foundations for the Rock fill dam are found to be competent, in terms of strength, allowable bearing capacity, deformability characteristics and sliding stability.
Excavated river alluvium, which consists of sound, durable particles ranging from sand size to boulders, should be processed and utilized as a source of concrete aggregate, drain gravel, filter sand, etc. during embankment construction.
The average depth of the grout curtain to be done for the water tightness of the dam foundation could be of the order of about 70 meter in the dam foundation base (riverbed section) and of some 70-80 meter in the valley flanks (always starting from the top bedrock elevations). PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.4.2.2 Spillway geology
The ungated chute spillway, about 1000 m in length along with trough, chute, ski jump and plunge pool structures, a non-integral part of the dam, is aligned in N45°E S45°W direction and is proposed about 300 m east from the dam top. The design drawings of the spillway indicate, that, the various components would be seated much below the existing surface levels which are in the range of about 900 m and 780 m in approach channel, trough area and the control structure, while for the chute, the levels drops from 780 m to 560 m and in area of plunge pool, they would be in the range of 560 m and 440 m. The proposed foundation level of the structures lie between 695 m and 645 m in trough and in control structure, 493 m in ski jump and 400 m in the plunge pool section.
Large scale geological mapping has been carried out on 1:2000 scale covering an area of about 0.1438 km2 in the reaches of the approach channel, the spillway chute & the related structures up to the river edge. The domain has been further investigated by 11 drill holes. Occurrence of the outcrop is sporadic all along the proposed spillway layout and the area is covered under considerable thickness of slope talus (max 44m). The rocks of fine litho types would be exposed at the foundation levels of the spillway, the chute, ski jump and a portion of plunge pool would lay on augen gneiss whereas the Quartz mica schist (upstream) would be exposed in side channel and trough portion. The quartz mica schist (downstream unit) would be encountered in major portion of the plunge pool structure. The quartz biotite gneiss and the granitised quartzite units are likely to be exposed in remaining 100 m length around control structure.
From the study of design drawings of spillway, it is evident that huge obligatory cutting (ranging from 80 to 200m) involving overburden and rock would be mandatory to attain the required design levels for all the components. The maximum excavation (200m) would involve Quartz –mica schist (u/s unit); which the prominent foliation joint in schist strike NNW-SSE and dip steeply (70o) in SSW. These are traversed by 3+random sets of discontinuities; the rock mass is classified as “poor rock” (class IV; ø-25⁰). The slope stability issue need be addressed performing studies on discontinuity analysis, slope mass rating and numerical modeling for planning slope stabilization measures. The structure may have to be properly anchored with the rock. The consolidation grouting all along the spillway should be carried out to make the rocks behaviour uniform. However, the actual excavations would guide the remedial measures as these rocks of crystalline group have intermixed rock types which may vary in depth as have been recorded in the drill holes.
The drill holes have revealed that the fresh rock would be available at the foundation grade as the weathered rock would be removed in obligatory cutting. The major portion of plunge pool structure would lie on quartz mica schist (downstream) unit, which is presumed to be less competent and the structure may hence be designed accordingly. The water after plunge pool would fall in river section which is about 250 to 300 m wide along the spillway alignment. The provision of the deep key at the end of the pool may have to be PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
incorporated in design to counter the retrograde erosion near the end of the pool.
3.4.2.3 Pancheshwar Power House geology
The proposed powerhouse on Nepal side is aligned in N21°W—S2l°E direction while on India side it is aligned in N33°E—S33°W directions. The rocks of Quartz biotite gneiss, (class IV), granitised quartzite (class III) and augen gneiss (class III) units with variable rock mass attributes, are expected to be encountered in the powerhouse cavity on the Nepal side of which about 50% length would fall in biotite gneiss unit and the other two units may occupy the remaining length with almost equal proportions. The powerhouse on India side is expected to lie almost completely in granitized quartzite unit of rocks with rock of augen gneiss unit in a very small portion of south western (downstream) end. On Indian side the rocks of granitised quartzite unit comprising fine grained grey coloured quartz mica schist and micaceous quartzite with dark grey coloured medium grained biotite gneiss have been encountered in the holes below the over burden. The rock is fresh to moderately weathered below overburden.
The powerhouse domain on the left bank has been explored with the help of three drill holes DDH-I & 2 and SDH-6 and drifts. The approach drift on the left bank (Nepal side) has been excavated in S73°E direction for a length of 250 m. The entire length has been excavated, almost parallel to the foliation, in the graintised quartzite unit. The quartzite with thin mica schist and quartzo- felspathic veins has been encountered. The small patches of migrnatitic rock are not uncommon. Generally, otherwise, the joints are tight except in initial PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
reaches up to RI) 28 m where joints are open in nature. Generally the joints are rough to smooth plane in nature.
On right bank power house cavity domains have been investigated by two deep drill holes (DDH-3 AND DDH-4) and drifts. The approach drift on right bank (India side) has been excavated in N51 °W direction for a length of 360 m. Thinly foliated granitised quartzite with mica schist and quartzo-felspathic veins have been encountered throughout the drift. The occurrence of migmatitic rock patches is common in the drift. The mica schist bands and migmatitic patches are more prevalent in this drift than the drift on left bank. The foliation of the rocks trends in N60°W—S60°E direction with subvertical to vertical dips in south westerly direction i.e. towards the right wall. In-situ stress tests have been conducted left bank power house domain, in drill holes DDH- 1&2 and SDH-6 defining orientation of the In-situ stress field and ratio of H/V stress (δH/δv and δh/δν). However, these needs to be confirmed following the international guidelines, in set of 3 drill holes drilled from the exploratory drifts.
3.4.2.4 Rupaligad Dam site
The rocks belonging to Almora Crystalline Group are exposed at the Rupaligad Dam site. The mica schist with thin quartzite bands are monotonously exposed in the area with foliation dipping upstream and would provide almost a uniform foundation rock for the dam. The bed rock in the river section has been encountered below 36.5 m depth. Thus is and fractured for a depth of about 10 m. This would require deep excavations in the river section for the acceptable dam foundations. The foundation levels may go further down on the left bank as an abnormal situation between 49.20 and 60.20 m depth has been recorded in the hole RDH 3 where river sand with rock cores have been encountered. It appears that the inclined open joints day lighting in river section might have been filled with river sand. The borehole RDH-7 put at the end of stilling basin indicated deep overburden at least for a depth of about 25 m. This also indicates that, the fresh rock exists below thick over burden cover in the river section. The foundation of the stilling basin may also have to be taken down much deeper in the river section in view of the present scenario. A deep key at the end of stilling basin, may have to be provided to counter the retrogressive sloughing during the operation of the basin. A small patch of graphitic schist has been mapped on left bank. Its continuity could not be traced on the surface. A few stray occurrences have also been recorded in the boreholes no. RDH-5 & RDH-9. Its behaviour in the foundation area would be adjudged during excavations and if need be, some special treatment, like scooping and back filling may have to be provided.
3.4.2.5 Power House at Rupaligad
The Indian side power house at Rupaligad is aligned in N90°E-S90°W i.e. E-W directions while it is aligned in N40°E - S40°W direction on Nepal side. The mica schist with quartzite band is exposed at the powerhouse sites. These would be encountered all through the length of the HRT and would continue in Surge shaft and Tail race tunnels also. These are traversed 5+ random sets of discontinuities. The detailed rock mass quality assessments and discontinuity PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
for Tunnel and Surge shaft shall have to be formed would be more realistic after conducting subsurface explorations along these structures further drill holes and small drifts of 50 or 60 m at Tunnel inlet and Surge shaft points on both sides may have to be excavated. The permeability tests conducted in the holes show that joints are tight at depth mound tunnel grade. It is however, inferred, that, the water ingress in the tunnel may be substantially low. It is seen, that proposed Powerhouse cavern have low lateral and ventral cover and fraught with chances of distressing along valley parallel discontinuities. Hence, the placement of cavities would be reviewed prior to taking up further exploration studies.
3.5 Construction Materials
Field investigations to assess the availability of different types of construction materials in the vicinity of the project area have been carried out separately and also jointly by Nepal and India. The first field investigations were carried out by India to locate a source of impervious core material of the earth – rock fill dam. Three borrow areas for impervious material, three borrow areas for fine sand and four borrow areas for boulders cum sand were located in Indian Territory. Between 1989 and 1991, field investigations were carried out by the Nepalese side to obtain a preliminary assessment of the availability of construction materials in Nepalese territory. In 1993, India and Nepal conducted joint field investigations primarily in India, although some samples were collected from Nepal areas also.
3.5.1 Material Requirements for Pancheshwar dam
Table 3.5.1 summarizes the volumetric requirements of the rock fill dam.
Table 3.5.1: Approximate Volume required for Construction Type of Material Quantity (Million Cum) Impervious Material 6.3 Transit Material 1.1 Filter Material 1.8 Rock fill Material 52.2 Structural Concrete 1.0 Total 62.40 Million Cum
3.5.2 Field Investigations for Pancheshwar dam
As a part of additional field investigation and studies, Joint Project Office (JPO-PI) entrusted the work of construction material investigations and rock mechanics tests to Central Soil and Material Research Station, New Delhi (CSMRS) to ascertain the quantity & quality of impervious core material and rock fill material for the main dam. CSMRS carried out field investigations for core material in the year 2001- PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
02 and thirty two representative bulk soil samples were collected for laboratory testing from six different borrow areas on the Indian side. Tiger quarry on left bank and Big Elephant Quarry on right bank were explored for shell material for main dam. It was found that a bundant quantity of rock fill material is available at aforementioned locations/ quarries shown in the drawing No.. (attached).
3.5.3 Laboratory Testing f o r Pancheshwar
Laboratory testing of samples collected during the various field programs has been performed at different laboratories over the years. A summary of the type and number of tests conducted earlier on samples from both sides collected by Nepal and jointly by Nepal and India is given in Table 3.5.2.
Table 3.5.2: Summery of Laboratory Testing (Prior to JPO-PI) Items 1985 1989-91 1993 Indian Side Nepalese Joint Field Side Works Normal Moisture Content (NMC) 201 Grain Size Distribution 60 201 105 Atterberg Limit ( AL) 13 196 105 Specific Gravity 26 132 42 Standard Compaction 10 08 42 Modified Compaction 10 11 09 Triaxial Strength 10 27 Consolidation 08 10 Water Absorption 12 05 39 Impact Value 12 39 39 Crushing Test 12 39 Los Angles Abrasion Test 12 03 39 Soundness 12 03 39 Sand / Cement Cube Test 4 Chemical Analysis 21 Pin Hole Test 10 Double Hydrometer 10 Crum Test 10
CSMRS, New Delhi carried out laboratory testing of samples collected during the field investigation taken up by IPO-PI. A summary of the type and number of tests conducted on borrow area samples (for core material) is given in the Table 3.5.3.
Suitable impervious material with most of the above characteristics is available from Harkheda borrow area. The sand and gravel materials from which the filters will be processed will come from required excavations in the river bed as well as from terrace deposits along the river, in particular the Binayak Borrow Area about 6 km upstream of the dam site. Material from t h e Tiger quarry and spillway excavation will also be utilized for shell material. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Table 3.5.3: Summary of Laboratory testing carried out on Borrow Area samples (JPO-PI) Item Number of Test Mechanical Analysis 32 Atterberg Limits 32 Standard Proctor Compaction 20 Specific Gravity 20 Triaxial Shear 7 One Dimensional Consolidation 6 Laboratory Permeability 3 Chemical Analysis 6 Special Dispersibility Identification Test 20 Sherard’s Pin Hole Test SCS Double Hydrometer Chemical Analysis on Pore Water Extract Crum Test
3.5.4 Materials Availability
Materials Balance : The Table-3.5.4 gives an approximate balance between the maximum requirement of different construction materials and the availability according to the results of the field exploration and laboratory testing conducted to date.
Table 3.5.4: Construction Material Balance for Pancheshwar dam Material Requirement Availability Type of Structure Maximum Source Maximum Volume Volume (M Cum) (M Cum) Impervious Dam Impervious 6.3 Patan (Nepal) 10.8 Soil Core Rato Mato (Nepal) 20.0 Pulhindola (India) 28.6 New Area near 10.0 Pulhindola Total 69.4 Sand & Gravel Dam Fine & 3.8 Required Excavation 1.4 Course Filters Binayak (Nepal) 7.7 Concrete Kharyani (Nepal) 1.5 Aggregates River Bed 1.0 Total 11.6 Moderately Coffer dam 0.8 Required Excavation 5.0 Weathered Impervious Core Rock Sound Rock Rock fill Concrete 52.2 Required Excavation 15.5 Aggregates Tiger Quarry (Nepal) Unlimited Leopard Quarry Unlimited (Nepal) River Bed 10.0 Elephant Quarry Unlimited (Nepal) Total Unlimited PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
With a few exceptions, there exist in the vicinity of the dam site construction materials of sufficient quality and quantity to construct the proposed rock fill dam and appurtenant structures. Conclusions and recommendations on the core, as well as on the other principal construction materials, are outlined in the following paragraphs.
Core Materials
Given the proximity of the new site of Harkheda borrow area to the Pancheshwar dam site and the favorable properties of the material, it is considered to be the favourite borrow area for core material.
Filter Materials
The sand and gravel materials from which the filters will be processed will come from required excavations in the river bed as well as from terrace deposits along the river, in particular the Binayak Borrow Area about 6 km upstream of the dam.
Rock fill Materials
Rock available from Tiger Quarry, Big and little Elephant Quarry, Binayak Quarry, River boulders and excavated material are suitable for use as rock material. However, Tiger Quarry and Elephant Quarries are considered suitable from the view point of their close proximity to the dam site. The Tiger quarry will have an edge over the Elephant Quarry in view of ease of quarrying a little away from the dam site giving more working space and non interference of quarrying activity with the dam construction activity.
Coarse Aggregate
The rock available from Tiger quarry, Binayak quarry, River boulder quarries, Diversion tunnel quarry (Nepal side), Spillway excavations (Nepal side), Swillghad village quarry and Ghoria Nallah quarry are suitable for use as coarse aggregate in concrete for non-wearing surface. However, few samples collected from Tiger quarry are non-suitable for use as coarse aggregate in concrete for wearing surfaces and selective quarrying would be carried out for wearing surfaces.
Fine Aggregate
All the sand samples collected from the Sarju River upstream of the dam axis and from the Mahakali River downstream of the dam axis were found to be suitable for use as fine aggregate in concrete. Petrographic examination results indicate that the sand samples from these sources contain a high percentage of strained quartz; hence a laboratory program will be required to determine measures needed to control any alkali-silica reaction in concrete as indicated above for the coarse aggregate. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.5.5 Construction material investigations for Rupaligad dam
The approximate volume required for construction of concrete dam at Rupaligad site as under.
Type of Material Quantity (Million Cum) Cement 0.10 Fine Aggregates 0.23 Coarse Aggregates 0.46
Field investigations to assess the availability of coarse & fine aggregates in the vicinity of the project area to be used as construction materials have been carried out by JPO- PI. A potential quarry site, namely Surnayagad quarry on Nepal bank have been identified by CSMRS and laboratory testing of samples collected during the various field programs has been performed at CSMRS laboratory in New Delhi. From the testing, it has been observed that rocks are not suitable for use in concrete dam and it is proposed to identify a suitable quarry at pre-construction stage.
3.6 Seismicity
The project area falls in zone IV of Seismic Zoning Map of India (IS 1893- 1984). The site for Pancheshwar Project lies within the seismo – tectonically active Himalayan Belt, bound by the MCT in the north (65 km) and MBT in the south (25 km), both of which are believed to be presently active. Pancheshwar and Rupaligad dams rest over rocks belonging to Almora Crystallines/Dadeldhura (Proterozoic), interpreted as a nappe structure confined between the North and South Almora Thrusts (NAT & SAT).on the other hand Purnagiri Dam is located on Siwaliks in Sub-Himalayan zone south of MBF. The region (200km around the project complex) has witnessed 297 seismic events in a period between 1816 to 1997; of which 36 events are of Magnitude > 5.5 the region witnessed and earthquake of 7.6 Ms in 1916 with an epicentre distance of nearly 100 km. a repeat earthquake on 29th July 1980 (Bajang –Dharchula earthquake) of M 6.1 was recorded in the same domain with maximum intensity (Imax) of VIII.
The seismological studies in region were conducted to achieve a preliminary definition of the maximum credible earthquake (MCE), peak ground acceleration, duration of shaking and response spectra at the dam site, in view of final design of the dam and other project structures. In this context seism tectonic framework, historical earthquake data and newly generated seismological data were integrated and analysed. The task of seismological analysis was entrusted to CW&PRS Pune. The analyses were performed following methods of geo-tectonic analysis (deterministic) and probabilistic analysis. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.6.1 Seismological observations
Micro-seismicity of the Pancheshwar area was monitored deploying four elements seismic network consisting of Sprengenether MEQ-800 portable seismographs, installed in 1990 in the Nepalese side, at Patan, Dadeldhura, and Baitadi and Pancheshwar dam sites. Further, a Kinemetrics SMA-1 strong motion accelerograph was installed in adit AI-2 at the Pancheshwar dam site; the instrument was not activated by any strong motion events during the period.
The epicentres of 101 events were determined based on more than 574 seismic phase arrival deciphered from records of the four micro-seismic stations. The epicentres were determined by analysing the data recorded at either four or three stations, using the time difference of S and P phase arrivals.
Analysis of epicentres of the micro-seismic events revealed a concentration along a north-north-westerly trending belt, with a length of approximately 110 km located about 80 km northeast of the dam site. The width of the belt ranges from 15 to 20 km and the focal depth of the recorded events varies from 10 to 20 km. The greatest magnitude registered was 5.2, on September 21, 1990; event also seems to have occurred at northern end of the NNW striking seismic belt. This seismic belt is assumed to be related to an active fault, not identified at present level of regional geological mapping. Few micro-seismic events related to the Rangun Khola fault, considered the most critical potential seismic source for the project.
3.6.2 Seismic design parameters for the project development
The evaluation of the seismic design parameters adopted for the project has been entrusted to CW & PRS, Pune (India) by the India side. It was based on both the tectonic and the probabilistic approach. The study also includes an analysis of reservoir induced seismicity (RIS).
A seismo-tectonic review of the project area reveals that the site lies in a hyperactive seismic environment. The project area forms part of the Main Himalayan Seismic Zone. The seismic activity has been related to the under- thrusting Indian Plate below the Lesser Himalaya and is found concentrated along the detachment surface, MCT, and the basement thrust. A seismically active belt striking north-northwest over a length of about 110 km and located about 80 km northeast of the dam site was revealed by the micro-seismic investigations carried out during instigation.
The Rangun Khola Fault, located approximately 30 km south of the dam site, is considered the most critical source of seismic activity for the project. According to the characteristics of this fault, it is estimated that the maximum credible earthquake produced by it would have a magnitude of 7.4 and a hypocenter in the order of 20 Km. For such maximum credible earthquake, different attenuation models applied led to estimates of the maximum peak acceleration at the site ranging from 122 to 256 gals. On the other hand, a PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
probabilistic analysis of the available historical records gave peak accelerations of 90 gals for a return period of 100 year and of 104 gals for 200 years with the most conservative attenuation model considered.
Reservoir induced seismicity is not considered to be a problem for the project in itself. However, further studies on this aspect will be advisable to access the potential impact of future seismicity on the infrastructures of the area.
The design basis accelerograms and response spectra presented in the Indian draft report-2003 are recommended for the dynamic analysis of the Pancheshwar project. The design basis response spectral amplitudes for damping ratio of 5 % at the fundamental period of the dam, scaled down by a factor of 2.0, would provide the site specific design seismic coefficients for conventional stability analysis as per the international practices and relevant codes.
The seismological analysis was performed considering the earthquake data base for period 1911-1997. Since then additional earthquake data have been generated by upgraded seismic observatory networks of IMD and other international observations. Hence, it would be desirable to review the analysis with updated data base integrating those with recent researches on seismo- tectonics and attenuation models.
3.7 Communication Survey
Transportation of heavy equipment (by shape, size and weight) like turbines, generators, transforms and other hydro mechanical devices to the project site is envisaged. To have thorough investigations of the different existing routes originating from railheads, keeping in view weight and size of the equipment to be transported and to find out a most feasible route based on techno- economic basis, the studies on Communication Survey for Transportation of Generating units were entrusted to M/s. RITES Ltd., India.
Four different routes as given below were identified for study.
Route-1- Bareilly (railhead) - Tanakpur-Pancheshwar Route-2- Kathgodam (railhead) - Devidhura-Lohaghat- Pancheshwar Route-3- Tanakpur-Pancheshwar (new Road along river Mahakali)
Route-4- Railhead-Dhangadi (Nepal) - Patan (Nepal)-Pancheshwar (Existing road up to Patan)
Based on study of above four routes, the Route-1 was found to be techno economically suitable for transporting generating units/equipment. The Route- 1 was, therefore, selected for detailed studies for all unit size options viz; 250 MW, 350 MW, 400 MW and 540 MW.
Transportation of over dimension cargo (ODC) along existing route alignment is found feasible for power generating unit options of 250 MW and 350 MW on the basis of present study and data & information PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
available. This route would be widened and all existing bridges along the route shall be strengthened as per the project requirement in the construction phase.
Realignment/ improvement for transportation of 400 MW and 540 MW unit sizes will require construction of tunnels and viaduct with 18 m roadway for 400 MW and 540 MW unit size options.
3.8 Land & Property survey under reservoir submergence
The Central Water Commission, first time, started collecting of submergence area details in the year 1983 and 1984 on the Indian side of the river to estimate the villages likely to be submerged in the Pancheshwar reservoir from the topographic maps and then collected the exact details of land and other properties belonged to the project affected people. The details of Forest land and any type of the forests were also collected. The historical monuments and the local temples that were fallen in the submergence area were also identified. A preliminary study for the Nepal territory was assigned to M/s C-COPN and COWELL and carried out in 1995. Later on, these details were further refined by the JPO-PI including re-regulating dam site (s) under the EIA studies for the project; and summarized below:
3.8.1 Land survey
Of the 11600 hectare of land under the submergence of the Pancheshwar Reservoir, it is estimated that, for a FRL: 680m, around 7600 ha lies in India and the rest 4000 ha in Nepal. Another 3500 ha of land falls in the submergence up to Purnagiri temple at FRL: 420m; out of which 1400 ha of land lies in Nepal. The land use pattern on the Indian side is available but it has not yet been ascertained in the Nepal area.
3.8.2 Property survey
It has been estimated that, 60 (sixty) revenue villages and two major towns situated in the nine development blocks of districts Pithoragarh, Champawat and Almora on the Indian side and another 14 villages in Nepal would fall in the submergence of Pancheshwar reservoir. Another 12 villages in the Champawat district on the Indian side and three villages on Nepal side would be affected by the re-regulating dam, if located near Purnagiri temple. Around 19,700 inhabitants on the Indian side and 11,500 people on the Nepal side would be affected by the Pancheshwar dam while 251 family in India and another 3000 families in Nepal may be affected in the downstream. These details are tentative and would undergo sea change once a final decision is taken by the respective governments on implementation of the Project. WAPCOS Limited suggest to update these details now, based upon a cut-off date to be notified by the respective governments. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
3.8.3 Forests survey
The exact details of forest, type of forest and the flora that would be submerged and/or adversely affected by the Project on both sides of the Mahakali River up to the re-regulating dam will be collected by the Consultants to complete the EIA studies as per the Environment (Protection) Act- 1986 of the Government of India and in accordance with relevant laws applicable in the Nepal territory.
3.8.4 Historical Monuments / Important infrastructure facilities
It is stated that, no historical monument, covered in the lists of Archaeology of India (ASI) would fall in the reservoir submergence. However, a number of old Shiva temples built by local people may have to shifted on the higher ground during implementation of the Project.
Further, a part of the Tanakpur- Lohaghat- Pithoragarh road would come under reservoir submergence near Ghat, 30 km from Lohaghat and the road bridge at Ghat across the River Sarju, would be completely submerged. It is proposed to construct a new bridge over the Sarju River, above the Full Reservoir Level, say at + 700 m, to provide all weather communication to the border areas, in district Pithoragarh. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Section-4 Benefits Assessment and Project Optimization
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is envisaged on the river Mahakali (known as Sarada in India) in the stretch where the river forms common international boundary between India and Nepal. The project envisages construction of about 315 m high rock fill dam with central clay core, on the river Mahakali for seasonal regulation of river flows for multipurpose benefits, including power generation at two underground power houses located near the dam; one on each bank of the river in India and Nepal.
4.1.2 The proposed power stations at Pancheshwar would be operated to provide peaking benefits to the power system. A site has been identified downstream of the Pancheshwar Dam at Rupaligad for construction of re-regulating dam to create pond to even out the fluctuations in the releases due to peaking operation of the Pancheshwar Power stations and to meet irrigation water demand in the downstream.
4.2 Re-regulating Dam at Rupaligad
A 70 m high re-regulating dam at Rupaligad has been envisaged. The waters for irrigation requirement would be drawn from Pancheshwar reservoir through associated power houses designed to provide peaking benefits to the system. The variations in the releases from the Pancheshwar power houses arising from peaking operation would be evened out at the downstream re-regulating reservoir created at Rupaligad. The power houses Rupaligad would operate at base load.
4.3 Dependability Criteria
Reservoir simulation studies have been carried out to work out the firm power in MW continuous on 90% dependable basis. At the same time, the releases from the power houses at Pancheshwar would ensure that requirement for downstream irrigation; both in India and Nepal are met with 75% success rate. Annual dependable energy generation is defined as the total annual energy produced during the 90% dependable year, including the energy produced during the monsoon period.
4.4 Input Data – Pancheshwar
The following data has been utilized for carrying out reservoir simulation studies to assess the power benefits from the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
1. Inflows 30 years period from 1962 to 1991 2. Area-capacity Developed from the maps prepared characteristics for Pancheshwar reservoir 3. Evaporation losses On monthly basis PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 4. TWL 420.70 m 5. Losses in water conductor 2.7 m system 6. Hydrological year June to May 7. Period of Simulation Monthly 8. TG efficiency 90% (constant) 9. Net Irrigation Requirements Refer - Annex-II to be protected ex- Pancheshwar
4.5 FRL and MDDL for Pancheshwar
FRL and MDDL for Pancheshwar have been considered in the study as 680 m and 615 m respectively, as per the decisions taken in 9th Meeting of JGE held in November 6-9, 1997 in Nepal. The corresponding gross and dead storages in the reservoir would be 11355 Million cum and 5317 Million cum respectively.
4.6 Input Data - Rupaligad
FRL for Rupaligad re-regulating dam has been adopted as 420 m considering tail water consideration of Pancheshwar Power House. The MDDL for Rupaligad was considered as 400 m with a view to providing at least 45-60 M i l l i o n cum (corresponding to 4 hrs peaking). As such, the following data has been considered for the studies to estimate the power benefits at Rupaligad power stations.
1. Inflows Releases from the Pancheshwar reservoir + flows from Intermediate catchment between Pancheshwar & Rupaligad (Annex-III) 2. Mode of Operation Base Load 3. FRL 420 m 4. MDDL 400 m 5. Live Storage 45 Mcum 6. TWL 379 m as calculated from Tail Water Rating curve 7. TG Efficiency 90% 8. Head Loss 2 m
4.7 Power Benefits
4.7.1 Simulation studies have been carried out for the operation of Pancheshwar reservoir for the above scenario viz. all downstream irrigation requirements to be met from the releases from the Pancheshwar reservoir. The results of the studies indicate the firm power at Pancheshwar as 910 MW in a 90% dependable year. The annual energy benefits would be 8069 GWh on 90% dependable basis with an installed capacity of 5600 MW. Month-wise power PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT output of Pancheshwar power plant for the 90% dependable year is given at Annex-IV.
4.7.2 Annual energy generation benefits from Rupaligad would be of the order of 1235 GWh on 90% dependable basis with Firm Power of about 120 MW. An installation of 240 MW has been proposed having two power stations at Rupaligad; one on the left bank (in Nepal) and the other on the right bank (in India). Month-wise pattern of power output & energy generation at Rupaligad power plants are given in Annex -V.
4.8 Installed Capacity and Unit Size:
4.8.1 The power absorption studies indicated that the power from Pancheshwar operating at a load factor of 16% to 20% can be economically absorbed in the system. Based on the above, an installation of 5600 MW has been considered. Total installation has, however, been rounded off so that equal and even number of units could be installed in the two Power Houses to be located in India and Nepal.
4.8.2 The proposed installation would enable operation of the station to provide about four hours daily block of peaking capacity. The power absorption studies would, however, need to be carried out afresh based on updated hydrological data after the cost of the project and completion schedule of the project is finalized.
4.8.3 For selection of unit size, alternative unit capacities of 250MW, 350MW, 400MW and 540MW have been considered. Even though, higher size units offer economy, experience and confidence exists for construction of power house caverns having width up to 23 m in similar Himalayan geology in which unit of size 350 MW can be accommodated. Therefore, the unit size for the project has been proposed as 350 MW presuming that there would be no constraint of transportation of the components of TG sets and other heavy equipment like, 765 kV transformer etc. to the project site. The unit size would, however, be reviewed in case the results of further geological investigations indicate the feasibility of larger width of power house cavern.
4.8.4 With proposed unit size of 350 MW at Pancheshwar, eight (francis) turbines driven generating units would be installed in each of the two Power Houses located on each bank of the Mahakali river in India and Nepal. Each Power House will, thus, have a total installation of 2800 MW. Power would be evacuated over 765 kV transmission lines. The two power houses would be interconnected by a 765 kV link line.
4.8.5 The generation at Rupaligad power house would primarily be governed by the releases required to meet downstream committed irrigation requirements. The power house has been planned to operate on a base load at a high load PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT factor. The installed capacity at each power house at Rupaligad would comprise two units of 60 MW each.
4.9 Irrigation Benefits
4.9.1 Irrigation benefits in Nepal have been assessed on the basis of the previous studies on the proposed irrigation area in Nepal from the project, illustrated in the 1991 report of Pancheshwar Consortium (PACO) on Field Investigations within Nepal Territory.
4.9.2 Irrigation benefits in India have been assessed on the basis of evaluation of surplus augmented flows available during dry season after meeting requirement for existing irrigation in India and Nepal as well as additional irrigation in Nepal. For this purpose, maximum additional irrigation that is techno economically feasible in Nepal from Mahakali River has been considered.
4.9.3 The criteria of 75% dependability of water, has been used for defining the available water resources. Depending on the availability of sufficient regulated water in the Mahakali River, a total command of about 93,000 ha could be developed in Nepal in the Kanchanpur district.
4.9.4 Additional Irrigation in India from Pancheshwar Multi-purpose Project has been considered during dry season only as enough water is available in Sarda River for irrigation in existing commands during monsoon even for without Project scenario. Considering the above and meeting the existing requirement of Nepal and India and future requirements of Nepal, with available water with 75% dependability, annual irrigation in India works out as 2.197 lakh Ha for Pancheshwar-Rupaligad option.
4.10 Flood Control Benefits
No dedicated reservoir storage is proposed for the flood control in the Pancheshwar Project.
4.10.1 The average annual value of the potential flood control benefits in Nepal was computed through a statistical analysis of the annual flood damages with and without the project along the 50 years economic life of the plant. Without the project, the average annual flood damages in Nepal were computed to reach 0.81 million US$, that would be reduced to 0.15 Million US$ per year after the project implementation. The potential annual flood control benefits in Nepal are thus estimated to reach US$ 0.66 million.
4.10.2 Similarly, the flood control benefits in India had been estimated in order of US$ 30 million (about Rs. 1500 million).
PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT NATURAL INFLOWS (in cumec)
YEAR Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Average PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 1962/63 752 1252 2427 1712 639 309 212 162 136 165 203 324 695 1963/64 672 1526 2381 1476 484 282 205 161 134 125 176 211 657 1964/65 435 1481 1686 1480 534 279 207 166 155 163 217 255 592 1965/66 485 876 1076 725 321 215 165 129 125 119 134 237 386 1966/67 472 1038 1874 854 331 210 160 128 110 107 131 176 469 1967/68 366 1155 1937 1121 426 247 189 168 152 167 182 294 537 1968/69 695 1497 1842 918 466 261 189 166 145 148 183 352 576 1969/70 587 1172 1767 1564 594 303 209 172 151 145 190 257 596 1970/71 620 1648 1748 999 548 296 214 174 159 174 241 273 595 1971/72 1207 1763 2169 1520 611 361 250 197 193 187 198 365 756 1972/73 464 1193 1273 1235 447 280 200 177 162 195 274 429 606 1973/74 930 1579 1668 1387 1212 399 251 200 172 158 204 240 704 1974/75 398 989 1667 921 482 272 202 178 171 176 260 396 513 1975/76 1317 1568 1859 1585 659 330 236 184 169 157 198 326 719 1976/77 502 937 1435 1112 404 248 184 154 141 124 144 238 471 1977/78 422 1479 1793 1066 454 276 204 171 165 206 252 484 585 1978/79 758 1500 2318 1181 490 281 216 169 174 161 223 397 660 1979/80 546 1131 1245 499 280 182 150 130 110 133 181 300 410 1980/81 556 1591 2053 1091 436 248 180 155 138 148 197 321 597 1981/82 470 1503 1826 937 556 302 206 171 161 230 280 391 591 1982/83 724 1176 1928 1141 415 253 182 161 135 129 208 361 571 1983/84 475 902 1324 2359 1385 363 216 167 182 174 202 494 689 1984/85 972 1484 1398 1226 403 229 168 147 121 117 151 310 563 1985/86 483 1351 1872 1232 1053 473 284 235 153 142 226 402 664 1986/87 822 1979 1813 850 431 287 209 160 155 139 183 276 613 1987/88 575 1026 1493 1242 384 222 155 117 108 130 219 465 514 1988/89 605 1789 2145 920 440 283 176 182 128 140 170 329 614 1989/90 534 1066 1833 1175 427 244 173 134 121 179 244 476 554 1990/91 668 1659 1981 1261 477 246 173 155 130 157 221 430 634 1991/92 705 1279 1876 1075 381 212 152 123 119 114 152 258 541 583 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
Monthly Power Output at Pancheshwar PH
(90% Dependable Year)
Month Power (MW Continuous) Energy (Gwh)
June 792.00 570.24
July 909.71 676.83
August 909.71 676.82
September 1166.61 839.96
October 909.70 676.81
November 909.70 654.98
December 909.71 676.82
January 909.71 676.82
February 909.65 611.28
March 909.71 676.83
April 909.72 655.00
May 909.72 676.83
Total 8069.22 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT SECTION 5: PRELIMINARY LAYOUT and DESIGN OF CIVIL STRUCTURES
5.1 Introduction The studies conducted by the Indian side has described the complete background of selection of the type of dam, project layout and associated studies conducted to arrive at the best option for the purpose. The specifications of major civil works based upon the studies are outlined in the following paragraphs:
5.2 General Layout Based on currently available topographic maps, engineering geological information on the foundation and diversion and spillway design floods, the preliminary project layouts have been prepared.
5.2.1 Selection of Pancheshwar Dam Site The present site was selected in view of the narrow gorge flanked by high rising hills and gentle gradient. Considerable area around the proposed dam site was investigated in details to explore the surface as well as subsurface geology and to locate the suitable dam axis.
For the location of dam, four different axes were considered which are designated as axes AA, BB, CC and DD. After finalizing the suitable axes for dam alignment, following alternative types of dams were considered in preliminary studies. Arch concrete Dam Roller compacted concrete Dam (RCC) Gravity concrete Dam Rock fill Dam
The study and topography revealed that the conventional gravity concrete dam is more suitable than any other type of concrete dam. In view of the availability of suitable materials in sufficient quantity and the inherent advantage of rock fill dam in the highly seismo tectonic environment, such type of dam with a central clay core was also considered for further studies.
The alternative axis -BB has been selected for concrete dam. This axis has the topographical advantage of allowing construction of a higher dam. The dam axis -DD was selected for rock fill dam as the downstream slopes of rock fill dam and allied structures are accommodated within the gorge section and limited to augen gneiss unit beyond which soft mica schist with quartzite band are exposed.
5.2.2 Selection of Dam PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Selection of type of dam is based upon the geological considerations and foundation treatment. Low to high grade metamorphic rocks occurring at the project site are exposed along both right and left flank of the river. In the axial region of the rock fill dam along axis-DD, Quartz Biotite Gneiss pre dominates. The cut off in the river bed is likely to rest over the contact region of the Quartz Mica Schist and Quartz Biotite Gneiss requiring removal of about 17 m thick river borne material in the river section. The bed rock underneath appears tightly jointed. On the left abutment the overburden is about 1 to 9 m thick. In the right abutment region overburden is 7.50 m up to EL .520 m above which there is a thick overburden of deeply de-stressed rock. However, partial cut off may be provided in the de-stressed rock portion to avoid extensive cutting above EL 520 m. In the shell portion, the overburden thickness is about 18 m and the dam body may rest within the overburden.
In the concrete dam option, the overburden removal in the river portion will be of the order of 20 to 22 m. The bedrock up to 15 - 20 m thickness has shown the lugeon value of more than 10. At deeper levels the bed rock may be water tight. The left abutment has indicated the stripping requirement of the order of 10 to 20 m and for right abutment the stripping involved is estimated to be 13 to 60 m. For such an extensive stripping, cut slopes above the dam top may extend for a height of about 70 to 80 m. considering the heterogeneous and broken nature of the granitised quartzite which forms bulk of the abutment, slope stabilization measures are going to be extensive. The dam is to rest over Granitised Quartzite in the upstream half and Augen Gneiss in the downstream half. Granitised Quartzite being heterogeneous and broken in nature, is expected to involve extensive dental treatment of thin shears and weathered/ weak schist bands. The main foundation problem anticipated is related to the 8 m thick weak rock/ shear zone occurring in the toe portion of the dam. Disposition of this zone being across the river, it is bound to adversely affect the river bed foundation in the toe region all along its length.
In view of the geological conditions, the rock fill dam may be a preferred choice considering the very high stresses which are likely to be developed for a high concrete dam. Further, the dam site is located in the highly active Seismo tectonic environs in the Western Himalaya.
The project area lies between the MCT and MBF; both of which are believed to be active at present, and the bulk of seismic activity in the Himalayan collision zone is related to these two features. The seismic zoning map of India (IS: 1893 —1984) places the dam site area in zone - IV but close to zone - V. Historical data indicate that the Himalaya zone is to produce earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8.0.
5.2.3 Diversion and Outlet Facilities
Overtopping of the cofferdam could cause serious damage to the partially completed dam. Therefore, the diversion works are proposed to be designed to pass the 1000 year flood taking into account the routing effect of the reservoir created by the upstream cofferdam. The diversion facilities proposed for the preliminary layout consist of four diversion tunnels, located two in each abutment, and earthen upstream and downstream cofferdams. A temporary low level outlet facility in the left bank diversion tunnel is provided to release PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT flows past the dam site during the initial period of reservoir impoundment.
Diversion Arrangements
Four diversion tunnels, each of 13m diameter and horse-shoe shaped, are proposed to pass the flood peaks of10920 m3/s. Based on the studies, the crest of the upstream cofferdam has been proposed at El 461m with a freeboard of more than 1m for passing 1000 year flood. The crest of the downstream coffer dam was selected at El 430.0 based on the available tail water rating curve. This crest level would provide a freeboard of about 3.5 m above the level of the computed 1000 year maximum outflow.
5.3 Pancheshwar dam and appurtenant works
5.3.1 General Layout
The proposed arrangement includes a rock fill dam with crest at El 695m, a separate ungated side channel spillway on the left abutment, two identical underground powerhouses, located one in each abutment and two intermediate outlets located in tunnels under the respective power intakes. The maximum height of the dam is 315 m above the foundation.
The crest of the dam is 20 m wide and approximately 860 m long. The dam axis has been located as far downstream as possible, into the narrower portion of the valley, to minimize embankment volume. The downstream toe has been kept upstream of a deep gully dissecting the left abutment which will be part of the spillway discharge area.
5.3.2 Dam Section
A rock fill dam with central earth core and thick filter transitions upstream and downstream is a fundamentally safe structure at seismically active sites and is considered the most appropriate dam type for the high Pancheshwar dam. A symmetrical, central impervious core is proposed, with upstream and downstream slopes of 0.2:1. The central core has been preferred over the inclined core as it would rest almost entirely on competent quartz biotite gneiss whereas inclined core is expected to be founded on two different rock types viz relatively poor quality mica schist in the valley floor & lower portion of abutment changing to the more competent quartz biotite gneiss in the uppermost portion of abutments. Due to the potentially high site seismicity and moderately weak rock available for rock fill, a 2.75:1 upstream slope and a 2.0:1 downstream slope have been adopted for the preliminary layouts. The dam height has been provided with a total freeboard of 15 m above NMWL.
5.3.3 Spillway
The side-channel spillway is located on the left abutment. In order to avoid the necessity for large free-standing retaining walls adjacent to the dam core, the spillway has been placed completely in rock cut and independent of the dam. The spillway facility comprises approach channel and side-channel spillway, Spillway Chute and Flip bucket and Plunge pool. Based on Preliminary PMF PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT routing studies, a dam crest at El 695 m and a spillway net width of 175 m has been selected.
5.3.4 Power facilities at Pancheshwar
Preliminary examination of the topography of the project revealed that the entire hydel civil works including the power house will have to be located underground. Detailed investigations and geological explorations confirmed the possibility of constructing the proposed underground works for the project.
5.3.5 Intake/ Water Conductor System
Due to rock fill character of the dam material, the intake is not located in the dam body and, hence the intake structure is proposed to be located inside the reservoir away from the dam body. Four circular concrete lined head race tunnels having lengths varying between 700m and 1100m are proposed on either bank for diverting the water for power generation. Each tunnel is required to pass a maximum design discharge of 332.50m3/s. The economical diameter of the HRT has been calculated as 10.75m giving a flow velocity of 3.66 m/sec.
5.3.6 Vertical Drop Shaft/ Penstock
Water from intake level at El. 600 m (centre line) has to be led to the centre line of the units at El. 411m. The downward slope of the HRT brings water to the level El. 597.50m and the rest is proposed through vertical drop shaft. The economical diameter of the vertical drop/ pressure shaft has been calculated as 8.40 m. The excavated V diameter of tunnel will be about 9.7 m. At the bottom of the shaft, the water conductor turns horizontal and each one is bifurcated to feed two machines. The entire shaft and the horizontal unit tunnels are to be steel lined. 24 to 40 mm thick ASTM 517 GR-F steel lining is proposed.
5.3.7 Power House
The proposed underground power houses will be oriented N 37° E and N 22° E on Indian and Nepalese sides respectively and would accommodate eight units of 350 MW each. The power house openings will be located in quartzites/ granitised schist.
The size of machine hall cavity to house the vertical shaft Francis turbine has been proposed as 23m x 54.8m x 278m. A centre to centre distance between units of 24 m has been kept with service bay having a length of 45 m.
The transformer hall cavern will be 20m wide, 31.5m high and will also have a length of 227m. Draft tube gates will be accommodated in this cavern. A rock ledge of 47.5 m will be maintained between the two caverns. Four nos. of 6.50 m wide bus duct galleries are tentatively proposed between the two caverns.
The centre line of the units has been fixed at El 411.0 m in the machine hall. The approach to power house will be provided into the erection bay by eight PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT meter wide and 800m long D- shaped access tunnel. A branch access tunnel will also be provided into the transformer cavern. The machine & transformer hall caverns, have been proposed to be supported by tensioned rock bolts & steel fibre reinforced or micro silica shotcrete. An arch roof machine hall has been proposed.
5.3.8 Draft Tube Tunnels/ Tail Race Tunnels
Independent circular elbow type draft tube tunnels have been proposed for each unit. The invert level of the draft tube has been kept at El. 399.20m. The draft tube tunnels from 4 units merge into one tail race tunnel of dia. 16.4 m. These two tail race tunnels will then join the circular diversion tunnels proposed for the rock fill dam construction. The diversion tunnel will be plugged at its junction point with tail race tunnel u/s of junction point.
5.4 Re-Regulating Dam at Rupaligad
At Rupaligad site, two dam axes were studied. The first axis is located about 1km upstream of the confluence of t h e Mahakali & Rupaligad River. At this site, the river flows in a narrow gorge and a central spillway with two underground power houses on either bank were envisaged.
The second axis was identified downstream of the confluence point. Here, the width of the river is more to accommodate the central spillway with surface power house on the river bank. However, field investigations were restricted to the upstream dam axis only due to sedimentation problem.
Downstream dam site(below the confluence) of Rupaligad would be a better option in view of lower river bed level, availability of additional live capacity to tackle sedimentation problem, more river width and possibility of locating surface power house(s) on both banks.
It has been decided to undertake dam site survey, geological mapping, geotechnical investigations and studies afresh at the lower dam axis for Rupaligad option with a provision of sluice spillway for flushing out sediment regularly. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT SECTION 6 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DESIGNS
6.1 General
The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Complex envisages two projects namely as (i) Pancheshwar Multipurpose H.E. Project & (ii) Rupaligad H.E. Project. The capacity of Pancheshwar Project is 8 x 350 MW (on Indian side) + 8 x 350 MW (on Nepal side). The capacity of Rupaligad is 2 x 60 MW (on India side) + 2 x 60 MW (on Nepal side).
Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project with a generation capacity of 5600 MW envisages 8 units of 350 MW each (total 2800 MW) to be installed in each or the two power house on either side of the river Mahakali in the Indian and Nepalese territory. It is proposed to establish two nos. power house on the India side & Nepal side of river Mahakali each with installation of 2 x 60 MW at Rupaligad which is 25 km. downstream of Pancheshwar Multipurpose H.E. Project.
For evolving transmission system for evacuation of power, studies have been carried out considering the time frame for commissioning of generation at Pancheshwar. It is also considered that the generation from the project would be fully consumed by the Indian States of Northern Grid.
The studies have also been carried out to assess the transmission voltage and power evacuation arrangement for evacuation of power to the Indian grid points.
6.2 Pancheshwar Power House Equipment
The following main equipment for each of these two power houses shall be provided.
6.2.1 Turbines and Governors
6.2.1.1 Turbine
Each vertical Francis type turbine at Pancheshwar shall be capable of generating 350 MW at 0.9 Power factor under a design head of 239 m whereas at Rupaligad each vertical Francis type turbine shall generate 60 MW under a design head of 50m.
6.2.1.2 Governing Equipment
The electro-hydraulic governor for each generating unit shall be of the digital type with combined proportional, integral and the derivative function (P.I.D.). All the basic functions of the governor shall be specific software based. There shall be provision for joint governing also. Separate OPU shall be installed for Governor and MIV of each unit. The Oil Pressure Unit (OPU) shall be in the range of 80-100 bar. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
6.2.1.3 Unit Inlet Valves
At Pancheshwar each generating unit is operating under high head. These shall be provided with spherical type main inlet valve to act as second line of protection and also to take unit out of service for maintenance whereas for generating at Rupaligad the generating units shall be provided with butter fly type.
6.2.1.4 Excitation System
The excitation system for each generator shall be of static type taking its power supply from generator terminals through excitation transformer of Class-F insulation and requiring only an external source for field flashing while starting. It shall be capable of developing ceiling voltage of 2 per unit. The automatic voltage regulator shall be of digital type. The excitation system shall have features like rotor and stator current limiter, power system stabilizer etc.
6.2.1.5 Generator Characteristic
The synchronous generating units shall have the following Characteristic :
Pancheshwar Rupaligad Rated capacity 350 MW 60MW Generation Voltage 18.75 kV 11 kV Power Factor 0.90 0.90 Short Circuit Ratio 1.10 1.10
6.2.2 Generator Line terminal Equipment
6.2.2.1 Isolated Phase Bus duct
The connection between the each generator and its generator transformer shall be by self cooled isolated phase bus duct. The bus duct shall be rated 24 KV with current rating of 15.500 A for Pancheshwar units and shall be rated 12 KV with current rating of 3850 A for Rupaligad units.
Tapings from IPBD shall be provided for the dry type excitation transformer & unit auxiliary transformer.
6.2.2.2 Generator Neutral Grounding Equipment
The generator natural grounding shall be through a distribution transformer with secondary resistor.
6.2.3 High Voltage Equipment
6.2.3.1 Generator Transformers PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
At Pancheshwar Single phase Generator-Transformers of 143 MVA, 18.75 / 765 kV rating, OFWF/ODWF cooling, shall be located in a separate cavern downstream of the power house. IPBD on 18.75 kV side of the transformers shall be delta connected whereas 765 kV size will be star (wye) connected. HV bushings of the transformers shall be connected to 765 kV GIS-I by SF6 bus duct. The transformer high voltage winding shall have nine off-load full capacity taps giving a range of +2.0 to -6.0 on the nominal 765 kV.
At Rupaligad three phase transformer of 66.67 MVA, 11/220 kV with continuous 10% overload capacity OFWF/ODWF shall be provided Each transformer shall have two sets of heat exchangers and associated oil pumps each capable of 100 % cooling and maintaining the rated output independently.
6.2.3.2 765 kV Bus duct and Switchgear
765 kV GIS in double bus bar switching arrangement shall be provided in the transformer cavern on the floor above the transformers. The transformer HV bushings shall be connected to the GIS through Gas Insulated Bus duct (GIB). There shall be 8 Nos. generator transformer bays, 1 No. station transformer (765/11 kV) bay, 1 No. bus coupler bay & 1 No. SAT bay. The power will be transmitted to the over ground pothead yard through 2 Nos. CGI bus ducts to be installed in shaft/tunnel. CGI bus ducts shall be rated such that even in case of one bus duct being out of service, the complete plant power can be evacuated by either of the bus ducts. GIS-II in the pot head yard would have 4 Nos. of line bays for Rupaligad. The equipments like SF6/air bushings, line isolators with earthing switch, Coupling capacitors and capacitor voltage transformers, surge arrestors and the wave traps shall be provided in the over ground pot head yard.
At Rupaligad the power shall be evacuated through 220kV GIS and fed to at 765 kV through ICT
6.2.4 Control, protection and communication system
6.2.4.1 Generator/Transformer Protection Equipment
The unit protective tripping schemes employ a number of lockout and non- lockout tripping relays, each initiating a particular method and types of shutdown. The grouping shall be based on the type of fault or effect on the connected system.
Other usual protections, as per international practices, including the following shall be provided: Generator differential
Transformer differential
Generator-transformer overall differential PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 100% and 95% stator earth fault
Loss of field
generator fire
Back up impedance
stator thermal overload
reverse power
sustained over voltage
negative sequence
Protections shall also include protections for the excitation system, field, excitation transformer, thyristor failure, pole slip, rotor earth fault etc as well as requisite mechanical protections for the generating unit and generator.
6.2.4.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
The distributed control system is based on the decentralized intelligent principle. All control functions are executed by local programmable logic controllers (PLC) while the data acquisition, alarm and event annunciation, Data storage, display and printouts are executed by the data logger. The DCS system shall consists of I/O stations with PLC for unit control board, plant distribution system, fire alarm, drainage & dewatering, intake etc.
6.2.4.3 Communication System
The Telephone system shall be private automatic branch exchange (PABX). The system shall be digital and compatible to an Integrated Service Network (ISDN) with external access through the Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) system.
LED Screen based message display and Public address system through speakers for personnel with coverage including all underground and surface areas shall be provided.
Intercom system between all components e.g. control room and access tunnel entrance etc. and Radio system with hand held portable units shall also be provided.
All the power houses shall be inter connected through local telecommunication system.
6.2.4.4 Cable System
Power, control and signal cables running on cable trays shall be XLPE type. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 6.3 Auxiliary Mechanical Equipment
6.3.1 Power House Cranes
The heaviest piece to be lifted by the cranes shall be the generator rotor weighting 650 T. Two main power house cranes of capacity 375/75/15 T shall be operated in tandem, using a lifting beam weighing 40 T.
A gantry crane of capacity 40 T shall be provided in the transformer cavern for handling the draft tube gates. A hand operated EOT Crane of 15 T capacity shall be provided for handling 765 kV GIS equipments.
An EOT crane of 10 T capacity shall be provided in the mechanical workshop. The capacity of EOT Cranes for power houses at Rupaligad shall be of 150T/20T.
6.3.2 Ventilation and Air conditioning System
The ventilation system shall be sized and configured to provide sufficient air circulation as well as temperature and humidity control throughout the main power house cavern and the transformer cavern for the satisfactory operation of the equipment and personnel. Temperature shall be controlled by means of air to water heat exchangers. Smoke evacuation system shall be provided.
Fresh air shall be drawn into the power station via the ventilation tunnel, circulated through the complex and exhausted through the high voltage bus duct shaft/tunnel and other tunnels.
Air conditioning of control room and other areas as per equipment requirements shall be provided.
6.4 Station Service Auxiliary Power Supply
6.4.1 Station Auxiliary Supply
Station Auxiliary supply for the power house and associated pot head yard shall be provided by 1 No. 3, Phase. 25 MV A, 765/11 kV station transformer to cater requirement of project office, colony and establishment etc also. The transformer shall be connected to 765 kV GIS. The transformer shall have on- load tap changers. 11 kV supply shall be stepped down to 433 V by 2 Nos., 5000 kVA station service transformers. The station auxiliary and unit auxiliary loads shall be met from 415 V.
6.4.2 Unit Auxiliary Supply
One No.2000 KVA, 18.75 kV/0.433 kV dry type transformer for each unit shall be connected to the tap-off bus duct between generator and generator- transformer for supplying power to the unit auxiliaries. Separate unit auxiliary boards shall be provided for each unit. The 415 V unit auxiliary board of each unit shall be connected to the 415 V station service board for providing start up supply from the station service board. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 6.4.3 UPS and DC Supplies
At both the power houses of Pancheshwar and also for Rupaligad separate two nos. battery banks of 220 V DC 2500 AH rating/two battery chargers / main & sub DC distribution boards with 10 Hr. discharge and battery banks of 48 V DC, 500 AH rating one battery charger / main & sub DC distribution board with 10 Hr discharge rate shall be provided for meeting the DC power requirement for control, protection, emergency, lighting etc. and PLCC/Communication/SCADA System etc. each battery bank shall have a capacity to meet 100 % requirement of the DC load. Two nos. Float cum boost chargers shall be provided for each battery bank for meeting the DC load requirement as well as for boost charging the battery. DC to AC invertors/UPS shall be provided for secured source of AC supply for the control system, data acquisition system etc.
6.4.4 Emergency Diesel Engine Alternators
Two nos. 2000 KV A diesel generators at both the power houses at Pancheshwar Project shall be provided for meeting the emergency load of the power station as well as for meeting the required load for starting of one unit in case of grid failure. The diesel generators shall be provided with automatic start/control equipment, switchgear etc. The diesel generator shall be connected to the 415 V station service board. At Rupaligad 1 no. D.G.Set at each power house shall be provided.
6.5 Lighting System
The power house cavern, transformer cavern, tunnels, pot head yard approach roads to various project areas shall be provided with normal lighting system as well as emergency lighting system. The lighting system shall be fed from the station service board. Appropriate fittings for lighting of the power house area and high bay metal halide lamps in service bay and machine hall shall be used. The pot head yard shall be illuminated by flood type light fittings with mercury vapour lamps.
6.6 Grounding and Bonding
The grounding system is designed for personnel safety and the proper operation of electrical equipment. The measures taken to achieve this shall include: Ground grid utilizing ground mat and electrodes, pen stocks tail race etc. to achieve an acceptable low resistance grid. Bonding of all metallic structures. Gradient control system for all areas to maintain step and touch potentials to a safe level. Neutral grounding of electrical equipment.
6.7 Oil Handling Equipment
Fully mobile oil treatment plants for insulating oil for transformers and lubricating oil for bearings etc. of generating unit shall be equipped with oil PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT circulating pump. filter packs, strainers, electric heaters, vacuum pumps as well as measuring, control and supervisory equipment for automatic operation shall be provided.
Storage tanks for clean and dirty oil shall be provided along with necessary transfer pumps and piping.
6.8 Station Cooling Water Systems
Cooling water system shall cater to the cooling of stator / rotor, bearings, generator transformers, station transformers, ventilation and air conditioning system etc. Draft tube of each unit shall be tapped for supply of cooling water by employing 2 Nos. Pumps for circulating water in the coolers and discharge the water into the tailrace. Independent cooling water system shall be provided for each unit. 3 Nos. pumps drawing water from the tailrace for providing cooling water to the ventilation and air conditioning system as well as for other purposes shall be provided.
6.9 Service and Potable Water System
Potable and sanitation service water shall be provided for the power house and will be taken from tail race. The system shall comprise of pumps, pressure filters, chemical treatment units, storage tank, distribution piping etc.
Potable water shall be supplied from one water treatment plant. The plant containing an ultra-violet sterilization unit, piping etc. to the turbine seals shall constitute a dedicated supply for each unit.
6.10 Drainage and Dewatering System
Station drainage system comprising sump and 3 Nos. submersible pumps shall be provided. The water collected shall be pumped into the tail race.
For dewatering of the penstock, spiral case, draft tube etc., dewatering system comprising sump and 3 Nos. pumps shall be provided. The water from the sump shall be pumped into the tail race. The drainage and dewatering sumps shall be interconnected with an isolating value.
6.11 Compressed Air Systems
One common H.P. compressed air system at 80.100 kg/cm2 for governors, MIVs and LP compressed air at 7 kg/cm2 for generator brakes & station services shall be provided.
6.12 Fire Detection and Protection Systems
Water based fire extinguishing system for generator fire protection and Mulsifyre protection system shall be provided for transformer fire. Water for fire protection system shall be taken from an overhead tank located outside the power house. Fire protection system for power house area shall comprise of piping system with valves/hose cabinets. Portable fire extinguishers of different types shall be provided at strategic points and switchyard area. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Automatic fire detection and alarm system shall be provided to detect fire in the generators pits/transformers/other areas of the power house.
6.13 Workshops
Electrical workshop shall be provided with test equipment, tools and other equipment to carry out tests and to repair and calibrate electrical and electronic equipment, winding of motors etc. A mechanical workshop shall also be provided in the power house with lathe, milling machine, drilling machine etc.
6.14 Lifts
Two Nos. passenger lifts shall be provided in the power house cavern transformer cavern for access from service bay to control room, office floors etc.
6.15 Clock System
A GPS clock system with slave clocks shall be provided. A master unit shall be located in the control room and analogue or digital slave units shall be located throughout the complex. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT SECTION 7
IRRIGATION FACILITIES
7.1 Introduction
The waters of Mahakali River (known as Sarada in India) have been extensively utilized for irrigation in India since the commissioning of Banbasa Barrage in 1928. Some Terai area in Nepal has also been benefited by the Mahakali waters drawn from the Banbasa Barrage. The Sarada Irrigation System, lying between Ganga and Ghaghra Doab, is one of the biggest and oldest irrigation system of Uttar Pradesh (India) covering a command area of 2.5 Million ha starting from district Pilibhit to Allahabad.
7.2 Banbasa Barrage
The Sarada irrigation system was first commissioned in 1928 with construction of a barrage across the river at Banbasa; where from a canal on right bank with 11,500 ft3/s discharge capacity for India and another canal on left bank with 1000 ft3/s capacity for Nepal were constructed by signing an agreement between British India and the King of Nepal, for providing irrigation water to both sides. With the increasing demand of irrigation in the command area, a number of modifications/ additions to the existing system were made in the last 70 years. For example, in the year 1954-55, Sarada Sagar-I was added by the state government in the downstream, to store additional water from the river in the end of monsoon. Sarada Sagar-II and Nanak Sagar Projects were also constructed in 1960-61 to increase the irrigation potential.
7.3 Tanakpur Barrage
In the year 1985, M/s National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd (NHPC), a public undertaking of GOI started construction of another barrage at Tanakpur, 10 km upstream of the Banbasa, to utilize the Sarada water for generation of power and a canal powerhouse of 3x 40 MW capacity was commissioned in 1991. The Tanakpur barrage and power station were so designed to utilize its tailrace water back into the river before the Banbasa head works. For commissioning the Tanakpur HEP, an agreement was reached between India and Nepal so that a part of power (70 million units per annum) generated there would be supplied to Nepal, free of cost, besides some additional water for irrigation from the Tanakpur barrage. A new canal of 1000 cusec discharge capacity is under construction to supply additional water to Nepal under the agreement, under the grants-in-aid assistance, by the Ministry of External Affairs, GOI.
7.4 Lower Sarada Barrage In the early seventies, the state government of Uttar Pradesh (Irrigation Department) constructed another barrage across the Sarada River, 160km PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT downstream of the Banbasa; that is known as the Lower Sarada barrage along with a feeder canal supplying 480 cumec of waters from the Ghaghra River in the dry season. The project known “Sarada Sahayak Pariyojna” was commissioned in 1975. The lower barrage system utilizes the Mahakali waters (650 cumec) during monsoon season in the lower command area (20lakh ha) when there is sufficient water in the Mahakali River, itself. The feeder canal from Ghaghra river remains closed at that time. The original command of Sarada Canal System, lying East of Sarada Sahayak Feeder was deleted from the upper canal system and transferred to the lower system. The water so saved was utilized to increase the irrigation intensity (50%) in the upper command (16 lakh ha). Figure 7.3.1 depicts the command areas in India on River Sarada.
Fig. 7.3.1 Command areas in India on River sarada
7.5 Mahakali Irrigation Project in Nepal In accordance with the earlier agreement, Nepal is entitled to draw 1000 ft3/s of water in monsoon season and 150 ft3/s in the dry season from Banbasa irrigation canal. This water drawn from Banbasa barrage provides irrigation to a command area of 11,600 ha; known as Mahakali Irrigation Project (stage-I & II), PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT in Nepal. In addition, another 1000 cusec of water in the wet season and 300 cusec in the dry season has been committed under Article-2 of the Treaty from Tanakpur barrage. Besides the above, it is also stipulated under the Article-1 (2) of the Treaty that India shall maintain a flow of not less than 10 m3/s (350 cusec) downstream of the Sarada Barrage (Banbasa) in the Mahakali River, to maintain and preserve the river eco-system. Further, under the Article-7 of the Treaty, the local communities living along both sides of the Mahakali River, shall have the use of the Mahakali waters, not exceeding five (5) percent of the average annual flow at Pancheshwar. In addition, India shall supply 10 r3/s (350 ft3/s) of water for irrigation of Dodhara – Chandani area of Nepalese Territory under the Article-4 of the Treaty. Under the Article-5 of the Mahakali Treaty, water requirements of Nepal shall be given prime consideration in the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River. As such, with augmented flow in the post-Pancheshwar scenario, additional command area in Nepal may be brought under the planned irrigation. It is estimated that irrigation water requirement of Nepal (as future demand) shall be around 116 m3/s on annual average basis.
7.6 Augmented Flows from Project available for Irrigation The proposed Pancheshwar Reservoir would store around 6 billion cubic meter of water at the end of monsoon season every year. This may enhance river flow in the dry season on account of regulated flow from the Pancheshwar power stations. The regulated flow from Pancheshwar will be utilized for irrigation in the existing and new command area, both in India and Nepal.
7.7 Existing and committed uses in India and Nepal Under the Article-1 and 2 of the Mahakali Treaty, existing irrigation requirements of Nepal are covered. Under the Article 3 and 4 of the Treaty, future water requirement of Nepal has also been specified. For maintaining the river-co- system, water requirement of 10 m3/s below Banbasa barrage has also been indicated in the Treaty. The Indian system is large enough to utilize rest of the water in the upper (existing) command of Sarada Irrigation system at Banbasa Barrage. After meeting the existing irrigation requirements, the augmented flow available to India in the post-Pancheshwar scenario, would be utilized in the existing command of upper Sarada as well as lower Sarada barrage. The issue will be studied in DPR.
7.8 Irrigation Benefits from the Project in India and Nepal Irrigation benefits from the project to Nepal have been assessed in previous studies on the proposed irrigation area in Nepal and illustrated in the Report of Pancheshwar Consortium (PACO)-1991 on Field Investigations within Nepal Territory. Irrigation benefits to India from the Project may be assessed after meeting requirement for existing irrigation in India and Nepal as well as PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT additional irrigation in Nepal. For this purpose, maximum additional irrigation that is techno-economically feasible in Nepal from Mahakali River could be considered. The total monthly irrigation requirement for existing irrigation is not necessarily coincident with the power station releases, from a purely power oriented operation, and therefore, additional irrigation demand would be released in order to ensure irrigation that has been continuing in the existing command areas in the pre-project scenario. In view of the project optimization, efforts would be made to identify the most suitable pattern of the monthly water demand for irrigation purpose, duly taking into account contribution of 75 % dependable flow from the intervening catchment downstream of Pancheshwar dam and to measure the irrigation benefits as a function of the amount of water released from the power plant(s) according to optimum monthly demand pattern. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT SECTION-8
ACCESS ROADS AND INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
8.1 Access road on Indian side
At present, the nearest place/ railhead/ prominent town to Pancheshwar on Indian side is Kathgodam and Tanakpur. However, it is proposed to have main access to the project from Tanakpur. The distance from Tanakpur to Pancheshwar is 125 km. The access road passes through the town of Champawat, which is the newly formed district head quarter and Lohaghat. There is already an access/ road from Lohaghat to Pancheshwar. The road between Lohaghat and Pancheshwar is 40 km long and is partly metalled. The widening and strengthening the existing road from Bareily, which is the nearest railhead, to transport the oversized heavy equipment to the project site has been studied by M/s. RITES. The improved road would also be used for transportation of construction materials and for general access road to the project site.
8.1.1 Access road on Nepalese side
The proposed permanent access road from Nepal will start from the village of Patan, located along the Dhanghadi-Dadeldhura-Patan-Baitadi feeder road. It will have a length of 63 km and a metalled carriage-way width of 5 m.
8.1.2 Temporary roads
In addition to the permanent roads indicated above, various temporary roads will be required on both sides of the river in the immediate vicinity of the dam sites. The temporary access roads would mainly include haul roads and service roads. A total of 40km haul roads and another 50km length of service roads would be required to implement the project.
8.1.3 Permanent and temporary bridges
As the power houses, borrow areas and other facilities are located on the both the banks of Mahakali River, at least three bridges are required at Pancheshwar dam site and another two bridges at Rupaligad site to facilitate ongoing construction activities on both banks. The bridges constructed in the downstream of power houses will be of permanent nature and designed to cater the need of transportation of oversized cargo. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 8.2 Housing Facilities
8.2.1 Requirement of accommodation
Built-up space would be required for residential & office purposes as well as for laboratories, guesthouse, schools and hospitals etc. The infrastructure proposed for residences for employer’s staff would be both permanent and temporary in nature, whereas infrastructure proposed for contractors’ work force would be mainly temporary. The accommodation facilities to be created for office would be partially permanent and partially temporary. Accommodation for other non residential buildings like guest house, school, hospital etc. would be permanent.
8.2.2 Facilities for residence
Based upon various categories of staff/officers proposed to be engaged for implementation of the project, different types of accommodation have been proposed.
The accommodation for residential purposes has been classified into seven different categories depending upon the pay scales of the persons employed. The different types of accommodation – both temporary and permanent – along with the covered area and the number of houses required are given in Table 8.2.1.
Table 8.2.1: Covered area for Residences
S. No. Category No. of Required No. of No. of Total quarters covered permanent temporary Covered area for quarters quarters area each (m2 ) 1. Type I 128 66.3 50 78 8487 2. Type II 184 105.3 76 108 19375 3. Type III 319 125.0 128 191 39875 4. Type IV 149 150.0 60 89 22350 5. Type V 15 191.9 6 9 2729 6. Type VI 4 200.8 2 2 803 7. Type VII 1 251.3 1 - 251 Total 800 323 477 93870
8.2.3 Non residential Building (other than office accommodation)
The requirement of accommodation for Non residential buildings other than the office accommodation has been worked out and given below:
i) Guest Houses - 3200 sq. m ii) Dormitory - 1589 sq. m iii) Hospitals - 4822 sq. m iv) Schools - 4060 sq. m v) Commercial center - 6000 sq. m vi) Police Station - 3600 sq. m PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT vii) Fire Stations - 3600 sq. m viii) Others - 1800 sq. m Total - 28671 sq. m
8.2.4 Requirement of land for residential and non residential purpose
The requirement of land for both residential and non residential purpose has been worked out and given below:
A. Residential space for employer’s staff :
i) Chaunda (Indian side) - 12 ha ii) Bunga (Indian Side) - 11 ha iii) Lek or Palaki (Nepalese side) - 12 ha iv) Siunani (Nepalese side) - 6 ha
B. Residential space for contractor’s work force
i) Gajal (Indian side) - 17 ha ii) Khaikot (Indian side) - 20 ha iii) Chamtada (Nepalese side) - 17 ha iv) Dhamkudi (Nepalese side) - 17 ha
C. Space requirement for office (other non residential buildings):
i) Chaunda (Indian side) - 8 ha ii) Nidil (Indian side) - 11 ha iii) Lek or Palaki (Nepalese side) - 10 ha Total Land Area - 141 ha
8.3 Main Disposal Area
The in-situ volume of surplus materials coming from the common excavation and rock excavations at Pancheshwar dam complex, which cannot be utilized for the dam embankment, has been estimated as under:
i) Diversion tunnels inlets - 80,000 m3 ii) Diversion tunnels outlets - 80,000 m3 iii) Dam and cofferdams - 7,240,000 m3 iv) Spillway - 2,571,900 m3 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT v) Low level outlets - 40,000 m3 vi) Power intakes - 138,000 m3 vii) Gate shafts (upper excay.) - 42,000 m3 viii) Powerhouse access tunnel portals - 8,000 m3 Total - 10,199,900 m3
Deducting about 8,00,000 m3 of excavated materials to be used for construction of the buildings platforms, about 9.4 million m3 from the required excavations, plus the overburden layer of the selected rock quarry area, have to be disposed of in a zone, as near as possible to the excavation sites.
There is a possibility to utilize the "U" bend of the Mahakali river located about 5 Km upstream of the confluence of the Sarju river.
8.4 Construction power supply
A detailed study of the construction power has been made and the same was worked out on the basis of the equipment to be installed, population, townships, office spaces, electrification of construction sites and borrow area, the method of transportation of construction materials and the facilities to be provided for temporary settlement, etc.
The construction power requirement has been worked out around 35 MW. It is proposed to provide an independent diesel power station nearby the project site to meet the Project requirement.
8.5 Water Supply and Sewerage
8.5.1 Domestic water supply
The water samples were collected from Sarju and Mahakali River in the vicinity of the project area and got tested in the laboratory and the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters are listed below in Table 8.5.1.
Table- 8.5.1: Test results of Water samples Parameter Test Results Sarju Mahakali Units WHO GV* A. PHYSICAL 8.30 8.20 6.5-8.5 i) PH 130.00 128.00 mg/L 1000 ii) Total dissolved Solids B. CHEMICAL i) Total Hardness 162.00 153.00 mg/L as
CaCO3 0.03 ii) Iron (Fe) 0.01 0.02 mg/L iii) Magnesium (Mg) 20.00 19.00 mg/L C. BACTERIOLOGICAL i) Total Coliform 120.00 70.00 Col/100 ml Nil PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
*WHO GV = World Health Organization Guidelines’ value (1991)
The above parameters are within the safe limits as per WHO Guideline values except for coliforms. The pathogenic bacteria coliforms can, however, be removed after filtration.
A domestic consumption of 135 lit per capita per day as per IS 1172-1971, for urban population and 45 lit per capita per day for rural population is recommended for the project area. The population in the project area has been estimated around 54,000 (including that of local population and construction workers). While estimating the local population necessary growth rate as per standards has been assumed and the total water requirement has been estimated 4250 Cumec/ day. It is recommended to tap the water from Sarju River by putting pumping station.
It is also decided that separate pipelines would be laid for treated water and raw water to save the water treatment costs.
The water supply system for construction activities, such as, material processing plant, batching plants and workshops, etc., which requires enormous water, would be provided separately during the construction period.
The project Colony can be served from the existing water supply system of the Champawat (India) / Mahendranagar (Nepal) which is reliable and consistent. It is proposed to have individual suitable sewerage system for each township. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT CHAPTER – 9 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
9.1 GENERAL
Like many other developmental activities, the proposed project, while providing planned irrigation benefits could also lead to a variety of adverse environmental impacts. However, by proper planning at the inception stage and by incorporating appropriate mitigatory measures in the planning, design, construction and operation phases, the adverse impacts can be minimized to a large extent, where as the beneficial impacts could be maximized.
The commissioning of water resources project leads to significant impacts on environmental resources of the project area and its surroundings. The present chapter outlines the impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed Pancheswar Multi-purpose project in the Indian Portion. The Chapter also outlines the broad framework of Environmental Management Plan for amelioration of adverse impacts on account of various phases of implementation of Pancheswar Multi-purpose project. The outline of the Environmental Monitoring Programme too has also been formulated as a part of the present Chapter.
9.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
In the emerging scenario of rapid economic growth, sustainability of existing resources for the present and future generations requires an integrated approach so that, the existing resources are optimally utilized without causing undue damage to the environment. To achieve this objective, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India has enacted Acts, Legislations, Guidelines and Standards to ensure sustainable development and conserve the environment. These are required to be complied by the Project proponents while executing the development of Project. The project proponent thus prepares the EIA report, incorporating management plans to mitigate the adverse impacts (if any), for perusal of the MoEF. The MoEF in turn evaluates the proposal and suggests stipulations for mitigation of adverse impacts while granting the clearance for execution of the Project.
9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS
The assessment of pre-project environmental status is essential to determine the environmental parameters which could be significantly affected due to the proposed project. The planning of baseline survey study emanated from short listing of impacts. This process is known as Scoping. The baseline study requires both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
9.3.1 Climate PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The climate and the precipitation pattern over the project area are strongly affected by the monsoon. Winter season generally begins in early October and continues up to the end of February. The summer season starts from March and continues up to the last week of May. The monsoon sets in by the last week of May or in early June and continues up to the last week of September or mid-October. Table-9.3.1 gives the average temperature at Pancheshwar dam site.
Table-9.3.1: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Pancheshwar site (°C) Month Value (°C) Month Value Month Value (°C) T (°C) h January 13 May 28.2 September 28.7 e February 15.6 June 30 October 24.6 March 21.3 July 29.5 November 19.7 t April 25.4 August 29.3 December 15.1 o The annual rainfall in the basin ranges from 1000 mm to 2000 mm, with about 75% of the total precipitation received during the monsoon months of June to September under the influence of south-west monsoons. Maximum precipitation generally occurs in July and August. The annual average precipitation over the basin is estimated in the order of 1,620 mm. The average monthly rainfall at Pancheshwar Dam site are given in Table-9.3.2
Table-9.3.2: Mean Monthly Rainfall at Pancheshwar dam site Month Rainfall Month Rainfall Month Rainfall 9 (mm) (mm) (mm) . January 29.1 May 111.7 September 130 February 54.9 June 110.2 October 60.7 3 March 36.6 July 237.6 November 5.8 . April 51.2 August 191.5 December 38.4
9.3.2 Topography
The catchment area shows distinct altitudual zones with variation in relief ranging from deep valleys to the snow clad mountain peaks of Trisul (7,033 m), Hardewal (6,400 m), Nanda Devi (7,434 m), Nandakot (6,861 m), Panchchuli (6,904 m). The catchment and the submergence area have high mountains, criss-crossed by numerous ranges and tributary/river valleys.
The longitudinal profile of the various rivers shows that most of the rivers have narrow elongated basins. It is mainly because the underlying crystalline structure of schists and gneisses and rugged terrain forces the running water to flow along joints and develop gorges.
9.3.3 Geology
The Pancheshwar Dam site is located on Dadeldhura Klippe of a recumbently folded Nappe bound between NAT and SAT, exposing Almora Crystallines. The PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT dam site is occupied by schists and gneisses with variable grade of metamorphism from low grade mica schists to high grade sillimanite bearing gneisses; six litho-units of these metamorphosed rocks have been identified at Pancheshwar dam site; these are (i) Inter-bedded quartz mica schist and augen gneisses, (ii) Quartz mica schist (D/S Unit), (iii) Streaky and augen gneisses,(iv) Granitized quartzite with thin schistose interleaves, (v)Quartz-biotite gneiss, (vi) Quartz mica schist (U/S Unit).
9.3.4 Water Quality
The catchment area has no water polluting industries and use of agro-chemicals is also low in the area. Thus, apart from sewage generated by the human population, there are no major sources of water pollution in the area. Based on literature review, it can be concluded that the levels of dissolved solids is generally low i.e. within the permissible limits for domestic use which is also reflected by the value of Electrical Conductivity.
In general, the water quality is good, i.e., it can be used for drinking or other domestic use without any treatment except say, chlorination. Likewise, the water quality meets the irrigation standards as well. Thus, the water quality in the area is expected to be quite good, which is typical of an undisturbed catchment which has not been affected due to pollution and other human interferences.
9.3.5 FLORA
The catchment area intercepted at the dam site is 12,100 sq.km. of which 9720 sq.km. lies in India and the balance lies in Nepal. However, this study pertains to Indian portion only and submergence area in Indian portion is about 76 sq.km. The submergence of Rupaligad reservoir will be about 400 ha. The catchment area vertically extends from an elevation of 400 m to snowline in Pithoragarh and Almora forest divisions of Kumaon region.
The vegetation in the study area (catchment and submergence areas in the Indian portion) may be broadly divided into the following categories:
- Tropical forests; - Sub-tropical forests; - Temperate forests; - Sub-alpine forests; - Alpine forest, and - Himalayan pastures.
1. TROPICAL FORESTS
These forests are observed upto an altitude of 1350 m. The forests in the submergence area of the proposed project where altitude is upto 680 m comes under this category. Sal (Shorea robusta) is the dominant species in this region followed by Siris (Albizzia sp.). These forests can be divided into the following sub-types: PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
(a) Moist Shivalik forests
These forests are observed upto an altitude of 1350 m. Sal (Shorea robusta) is the dominant species in the region and is found all over the submergence area. The main associate of Sal in this forest was Pine (Pinus roxburghii). The other tree species such as Amaltash (Cassia fistula), Jaman (Syzygium cuminii), Toona (Toona ciliata), Bahera (Terminatia belerica), Amla (Emblica officinalis), and Kachnar (Bauhinia variageta), etc. were also observed.
(b) Deciduous forests
Deciduous forests are mainly observed upto an altitude of 1250 m and can be classified into moist mixed and dry mixed deciduous forest. North facing hills mainly represent moist mixed forest. The main species of this forest observed in the catchment area includes Siris (Albizzia procera), Haldu (Adina cardifolia), Toon (Toona ciliata), Rohini (Mallotus phillippinensis) and Malghan (Bauhinia vahii), Amkharak and Mathiyabanj. Dry mixed deciduous forests are mainly observed on the south facing slopes of Uperkot and Amkharak. The dominant species include Bakali (Anogeissus latifolia), Sain (Terminalia alata), Bahera (Terminalia belerica) and Kachnar (Bauhinia veriegata), etc. Mixed forest of Khair (Acacia catechu) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) observed at several places in the valley of Mahakali river in lower catchment from Jhulaghat to Dharchula.
2. SUB-TROPICAL FORESTS
This type of forest occurs on the lower Himalayan slopes in the project area with altitude ranging from 750 m to 2000 m. Major portion of the catchment area of the Pancheswar project comes under sub-tropical forest. The sub-tropical vegetations observed in the catchment area are briefly described in the following paragraphs.
(a) Sub-tropical Chir forest (750 m - 2000 m)
Chir forest is found all over the catchment area in pure and mixed form with Oak and sometimes with Sal and Deodar. The main species of this category of forest is Pinus roxburghii. Dense patches of Chir forest were noticed near Panuanwala and Artola village on the left bank of Panar. The mixed Chir forest was observed between Lohaghat to Ghat in the form of big patches and at many places along the Pithoragarh to Almora road near Makadaun, Danya and Barechhina villages. The associated species observed were Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, Viburnum sp., Berberis lycium, B. aristata, Indigofera dosua, Clerodendrum serratum, etc.
(b) Oak forests (1800 m - 2750 m)
These forests are observed upto an altitude of 1800 m to 2750 m and mainly include broad leaved forests. The main species of this type of forest observed in PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT the catchment area include Banj (Quercus leactricophora), Faliant (Quercus glauca), Rigia (Quercus lanuginosa), Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Burans (Rhododendron arboreum) and Kajal (Myrica sapida), etc.
(c) Deodar forest
Deodar (Cedrus deodar) forests are observed from an elevation of 1350 m to 2050 m near West Kranteshwar and Mornaula. However, good quality Deodar forests are observed from 1800 m to 2050 m. The main associates of Deodar in this region are Chir (Pinus roxburghii), Kilnosa (Berbesis asiatica), Himsalu (Rubus ellepticus), Kunja (Rosa musckala) etc.
(d) Himalayan sub-tropical scrub
The sub-tropical scrub forests were observed upto an elevation of 1500 m in the catchment area, mainly on the north facing hills. Main species observed in these forests includes Karonda (Carissa spinarium), Tungla (Rhus parviflora), Vilayati Mehandi (Dodonea viscosa) and Rambans (Hgaye americana).
3. TEMPERATE FORESTS
Temperate forests observed in the catchment area can be divided into following sub-types:
a) Moist temperate deciduous forest
These forests generally include broad leaved forests and are observed in the northern portion of the catchment between 1800 m to 2750 m. It was also noticed during the field survey that these forests are well developed on north facing hills and moist places. Main species observed in these forests includes Panger (Aesculus indica), Kajal (Acer acuminatum), Chamkharik (Carpinus viminea), Angu (Fraxinus micrantha) and Padam (Prunus cornuta), etc.
b) Blue pine forests
This type of coniferous forests is observed in higher hills in the catchment area between elevations of 1800 m to 3000 m. These forests are mainly observed at Hiragumari, Jyotigad, Sobla, Bamandhoun and Chandak. The dominant species of this forest is Kail (Pinus wallichiana). The main associates of Kail are Kharsu (Quercus semicorpifolia) and Banj (Quercus lecotricophosa).
c) Kharsu Oak forest
Dense oak forests are noticed in the Askot region mainly on the south facing hills at an altitude 2500 m to 3300 m. Kharsu (Quercus semicorpifolia) is the dominant species of this forest. The main associate of Kharsu in this area are PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Kathbhog (Baula aloides), Kajal (Acer acuminatum), Burans (Rhododendron arboreum) and Bhojpatra (Betula utilis).
d) Fir forests
Coniferous forests occur in all parts of the higher hills in the catchment area above an elevation of about 2600 m. Fir is the dominant speices in this forest. However, Silver fir (Abies spetabilis) does not exist as continuous forests in the catchment area, but small patches of fir forest in association with Quercus semecarpifolia and Betula utilis are observed in the catchment area of the project. These are chiefly found in the catchments of Mandakani near Ralam, Hilamganga and Poting gad. In absence of Betula sp., these forest directly transgress into pastures. There is a dense undergrowth of shrubs like Cotomeaster acaminatus, Cotomeaster obtusa, Lonicera quinquifolius, Rosa sericea, Ribes glaciale and Rhododendron barbatum in these forests. Other important species are Picea smithiana, Pinus excelsa, Pinus wallichiana, Taxus baccata, Acer caesiu, Carpinus viminea, Berberis sp., Paenia emodi, Quereus floribunda, Rhamnus vigratus, Betula alnoides, Pyrus lanata, Cotoneaster acuminata, Rubus sp., Salix denticulata, Rhododendron barbatum, Hedera nepalensis, Chimonobambusa jaunsarensis, Jasminum humile with numerous ferns and mosses.
Temperate forests in the catchment area also represent the Himalayan coniferous mixed forest at few patches like Duk, Sobla, Hiragumari and Jyotighat forest blocks between altitudes of 2400 m to 3100 m. Tansen (Tsuga demosa) and Fir (Abies pindrow) are the main species observed in this region. Bamboo forest are also noticed in this altitude range in the catchment area. The main Bamboo species observed includes Devsingol (Calamus falconesea), Thamsingal (T. spathifolorus) and Jhumesa (Arundinasia sp.).
4. SUB-ALPINE FORESTS (3400 m - 4000 m)
Sub-alpine vegetation appears above the tree limit where only scattered stunted bushes of Juniperus communis, Juniperus wallichiana, Artemisia sp., Rhododendron canpanulatum, Rhododendron lipidotus, Rhododendron anthopogon, Cotoneaster sp., Lonicera sp., Berberis kumaonensis, Astragalus sp., Agropiron lagiristatum, Agropiron semicostatum, Casscuta sp., Mellius ephusum are seen.
5. ALPINE FORESTS (4000 m - SNOWLINE)
The alpine forest marks the upper limit of vegetation in Kumaon Himalaya and is observed in areas with elevation between 4000 to 5000 m. The environmental conditions being extremely severe, mostly herbaceous vegetation are observed in this forest category. The alpine environment of high ranges of Himalayas PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT provides an interesting feature of study on the plant community and their micro- habitat patterns. The various patterns and diversity of the plants are accompanied with diverse topographical changes and alpine plants represent distinct habitats. They are found on exposed dry rocks, ravines and alpine meadows on fertile loamy soils. The characteristic species growing here are Clematis sp., Safifraga sp., Sedum sp., Androsace sp., Arenaria sp., Salix elegans, Anemome rivularis, Thalictrun chelidonii, Allium sp., Anaphalis sp., Aster sp., etc. the plant species which appear soon after the snow melt are Primula denticulata, Oxygraphis polypetala, Gentiana sp. immediately followed by Ranunculus sp., Caltha palustris, Gagea lutea, Anemone obtusiloba, Potentilla sp., Inula sp., Polygonum sp., etc.
6. HIMALAYAN PASTURES
Pastures are also observed in the catchment area between the 1000m to 3000 m elevation. These pastures can be further divided into the temperate pasture, Alder pasture and Alpine pastures, etc. In the lower portion of the catchment Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Baupipal (Populus ciliata), and Panger (Aesculus indica) are common. In the middle portion of the catchment, Kumeria (Hetropogon contortus) and Salam (Chrysopogon gryllus) are observed. In the upper reaches Hipophy scrub, Himalayan pastures and Alpine pastures are found at an altitudinal of more than 2400 m. The main species includes Chuk (Hippophae salicifolia), Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), Banpipal (Populus ciliata), Bhojpatra (Betula utilis), Chimula (Rhododendron campanulatum) and Kala Hinsalu (Rubus lasiocarpus).
9.3.6 Fauna
Zoo-geographically the project as well as study area can be divided into two regions: - Himalayan Foothills - Temperate region
Himalayan Foot Hills
This area has elevation upto 2000 meters. The fauna of this region is more or less similar to that of the Indo-Gangetic plain. This is characterised by grassy meadows and savannah vegetation. Sal is the dominant tree species. This region is rich in Mammalian fauna i.e. Sambhar, Barking deer, wild boar, Jackal, etc. The catchment area harboured a large number of big cats some time back. However, growth of human settlement have narrowed the wildlife habitat in this area to a significant extent. Due to terrain characteristics, the sighting of wildlife is poor.
Temperate region of Western Himalayas
This region comprises the temperate areas above an elevation of 2000 meters. The other faunal species reported for the area include jackal, sambhar, cats, brown bear and black bear. Among the birds, the common species include the PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Himalayan monal pheasant, the western tragopan, the satyr tragopan, chir pheasants and kotlars.
The major faunal species reported in the project as well as study area is documented in Table-9.3.3.
Table-9.3.3: Major faunal species found in the project and catchment areas Scientific Name Local Name MAMMALS Canis aurus Jackal Hystrix indica Porcupine Preudois nayaur Himalayan blue sheep or Bhoral Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer/Kankar Cervus unicolor (E) Sambhar Cervus duvanceli (E) Swamp deer Presbytis entellus Langur Lutra lutra Oter Petaurista petaurista Flying Squirrel Petaurista philippensis Large Brown Squirrel Selenarctos thibetanus Black Bear Lepus nigricollis Indian Hare Martes flavigula Wild Bear Furambulus pennantii Five striped palm squirrel Canis aureus indicus Jackal Canis lupus (E) Wolf Sus scrofa (E) Wild Boar Herpestes edwardsiinyula Common mangoose Heroestes auripunctatus Small Indian Mangoose Octona royallis Himalayan mouse Rattus rattus Common House Rat Presbytis entellus Common Langur Macaca mulata Rhesus monkey REPTILES Python conicus Python Bungarus caeruleus Common Indian Krait Bungerus fasciatus Bonded krait Naja naja Indian cobra Naja hannah King cobra Ptyas mucosus Rat snake Callophis sp. Coral snake Echis carinatus Scaled Viper Vipera russelli Russel viper Galotes versicolour Chamelion Hemidactylus brookii Common house gecko BIRDS Ciconia episcapus White necked stork Catreus wallichii Chir Pheasant Pucrassia macrolophus Kokalas medium tailed Himalayan Pheasant Abus milba Alpine swift Zophophorus impevanus Monal Pheasant Francolinus francolinus Black Partridge Francolinus pondicerianus Gray Partridge PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Scientific Name Local Name Arborophila torqueola Hill Partridge Ophrysia supercilliosa Mountain quail Tetraogallus Himalayensis Snow Partridge Columba livia Blue Rock Pigeon Streptopelia orientalis Indian Rufous turtle dove Glaucidium cuculoides Barred owlet Scolopax rusticola Wood cock Ninox scrutulata Brown Hawk Owl Hirundo rupestries Gray martin Thochalopteron lineatum Streaked laughing thrush Garrulux affinis Black throated thrush Myiophonous caerulens Himalayan whistling thrush Garrulex erythrocephalus Red headed laughing thrush Garrulex varieggatum Varigated laughing thrush Garrulex albogularis White throated laughing thrush Urocissa erythrorhyneha Red tailed Blue Magpai Prinia criniger Brown hill prinia Stachyris nigriceps Black throated babbler Carprimulgus monticelus Night jar Cuculus optatus Himalayan Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides Large Hawk cuckoo Corvus macrorhynchos (M) Jungle crow Corvus spendens House crow Gypaetus barbatus Lammargeir or bearded vulture Gypus fulvus Indian griffon vulture Gypus himalayensis Himalayan griffon vulture Gypus bengalennsis (M) White backed vulture Ictinaetus makavensis Black eagle Psittacula himalayana Slaty headed parakeet Teckus birostris Common gray hornbill Dicaeum ignipectus Fire breasted flower pecker Aeridotheres tristis Common maina Megalaima virens Great Himalayan barbet Alcippe castoneceps Chestnut headed tit babbler Vancellus spinosus Spurwinged lapwing Cuculus varius Hawk Cuckoo Periorocotus brevirostris Short billed minivet Discrurus adsimilis Black Drango Pycnonotus leucogenys White cheeked bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Bulbul Asthopyga siperaga Yellow backed sun bird Tragopan satyra Tragapan Falco tinnculus (M) Eusasian Kestrel Note: E - Endangered species, M - Migratory species.
9.3.7 Fisheries
The rivers Mahakali, Sarju, Panar and Ramganga are the main sources of capture fisheries in the project area. Due to the great altitudinal variations in the area, these rivers represent good habitat for diversified fisheries. Among these rivers, Mahakali river harbours richest diversity in any of the cold water river. The major groups of capture fisheries observed in rivers Mahakali, Ramganga, PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Sarju and Panar are snow trouts, mahseers, minor carps and loaches. Amongst these the snow trouts and Mahseers are the migratory species.
Snow trout is represented by Schizothorax sp. which are endemic to Himalayas and are known to occur in almost all the four rivers and their tributaries of the project catchment. In winter months, when the water in upper reaches of these rivers touches almost 0oC, snow trouts migrate downstream for a considerable distance and constitute the major fisheries, particularly in the middle and lower stretches i.e. below an altitude of 800 m of rivers Mahakali, Sarju and Ramganga.
Mahaseer in the area is represented by Tor species which is one of the finest group of game fish of lower Himalayas (altitude <500 m). During months of May and June, they migrate upward and ascend to the smaller tributaries for breeding. Rivers Ramganga, Sarju and Mahakali are well known for Mahseer fishing. September and October are the best months for game fishing in the area.
Minor carps and loaches are the other common groups of fish species found in this area. The minor carps are represented by Labeo sp., Garra sp., Barilius sp. and Glyptothorax sp. and loaches by Nemacheilus sp. However, these fishes do not grow bigger in size and have less commercial value but they contribute significantly in meeting the food requirements of locals.
Based on the literature review and earlier studies by different authors, a comparative list of the fish species inhabiting in rivers Mahakali, Sarju, Ramganga and Panar has been prepared and is given in Table-9.3.4.
Table-9.3.4: Presence of fish species in different rivers of project area Fish Species River Sarju Ramganga Panar Kali Tor tor (M) + + + + Tor putitora (M) + + + + Schizothorax plagiostomous (M) + - - + Schizothorax richardsonii (M) + + + + Schizothorax sinuatus (M) - + - - Schizothorax kumaonensis (M) + - - - Labeo dero (M) + + - + Labeo dyocheilus (M) + - - - Puntius gelius + + - - Barilius barna - - + + Barilius bendelisis - - + + Barilius vagra - - + + Garra gotyla gotyla + + - + Garra lamta - + - + Nemacheilus botia - - + + Nemacheilus multifasciatus - - + + Nemacheilus beavani - + + - Nemacheilus rupicola - + + + Glyptothorax cavia - - - + Glyptothorax pectinopterus - + - + Pseudechenis sulcatus - + - + Echiloglanius hodgarti - + - - PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Mastacempalus armatus + - - + Homaloptera brucei + - - - Channa gachua + + - - Amblyceps mangois - + - - Note : + Present, - Absent, M - Migratory species
9.4 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS The impacts on various aspects of environment are briefly described in the following sections. 9.4.1 Impacts on Land Environment
a) Construction Phase
Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population:
The number of maximum personnel requirement for the employer and contractor has been estimated to be of the order of 500 and 8,000 respectively. Thus, the peak aggregation of labour and technical staff will be 8500. The immigration of such a large population will also induce secondary migration in the area to cater to the various requirements of the project construction staff. These will include persons to manage shops of various types, transportation, etc.
Assuming that 80% of the total labour force (8,500) are married and in 80% cases of the married families both husband and wife will work, the total persons expected to migrate into the area are around 22,600. The details are as below:
Calculations Married families (80% of 8,500) = 6,800 Single = 1,700 Husband and wife both working (80% of 6800) = 5,440 Families (5440/2) = 2,720 Families where only husband is working = 1,360 Family size (assumed) ` = 5 Total number = 2720x5+1360x5+1700 = 22100 Add 1% for the persons who will provide services = 221 like shops, repairing facilities, etc. 30% of 221 will have families so the number of families = 66 Total number = 66x5+155 = 485
The total number of persons = 22100+485 = 22595 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Say 22,600
Separate accommodation and related facilities for workers, service providers and technical staff are to be provided as a part of the project. The congregation of labour force is likely to create problems of sewage disposal, solid waste management and felling of trees for meeting fuel requirements, etc.
Operation of construction equipment:
During construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These include crushers, batching plant, drillers, earth movers, etc. The siting of these construction equipment would require significant amount of space. In addition, land will be required for storage of various construction material as well. However, land for this purpose will be temporarily acquired, i.e. for the duration of project construction phase.
The site for storage of construction material and equipment should be selected that it causes minimum adverse impacts on various aspects of environment. Such land requirements are temporary in nature. Efforts shall be made that such facilities are located on government or panchayat land only and to the extent possible away from human population, so that hardships caused as a result of land acquisition, though temporarily on this account are minimized to the extent possible.
Soil erosion:
The runoff from various construction sites, will have a natural tendency to flow towards along with the natural drainage. Thus, the disposal of drainage effluent with such high turbidity levels is bound to affect the water quality, especially in the lean season. The drains/nallahs close to various construction sites along the canal alignment are seasonal in nature. Normally in such rivers biological productivity is not high. Hence, the increase in turbidity levels are not expected to be significant in nature.
b) Operation Phase
Acquisition of land:
The total submergence area due to the main dam is 116 km2 (11600 ha) at EL 680 m of which 76 km2 (7,600 ha) is in India and 40 km2 (4,000 ha) is in Nepal. Based on satellite data, the land use pattern of the submergence area of the main dam in Indian portion is given in Table-9.4.1. It is clear that major portion of the submergence area is cultivable land which accounts for about 28.9% of the total submergence. The forest land and pastures coming under submergence is 2,031 ha (26.7%) and 2,616 ha (34.4%) respectively. The other PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT land use categories coming under submergence are fallow lands (9.9%) and orchards (0.1%) respectively. The submergence area of reregulating dam at Rupaligad dam will be 400 ha approximately.
Table-9.4.1: Land use pattern of the submergence area for Pancheshwar Main Dam
S. No. Land use category of the submergence Area (ha) Percentage area 1. Reserve Forest 1051 13.8 2. Protected Forest 980 12.9 3. Agricultural land 2195 28.9 4. Pastures 2616 34.4 5. Orchards 4 0.1 6. Fallow lands 754 9.9 Total 7600 100.0
Source:
As a part of CEIA study, detailed studies to assess the ownership status of the land to be acquired for various project appurtenances including submergence area for Pancheswar main dam and Rupaligad Reregulatory dam shall be ascertained. Suitable compensatory measures as per the ownership status of the land to be acquired shall be formulated.
Relocation of roads:
A small section of the road connecting Tanakpur to Pithoragarh and Ghat/Almora will be submerged near Ghat. These routes are of strategic importance for Indian army as well. The road connecting Tanakpur to Pithoragarh can be termed as lifeline of Pithoragarh, as most of the goods to Pithoragarh come from Tanakpur via this road. There is another route via Champawat, Khetikhan, Berinag, Thal, Deval Thal and Pithoragarh which will increase the travel time from 6 hours to 14 hours to complete the journey from Tanakpur to Pithoragarh. As a part of the CEIA study, an alternative route will be provided so that connectivity or accessibility is not affected due to submergence of stretches of above referred roads.
Change in land use pattern:
Change in irrigation intensity:
As per simulation studies carried out by CEA/CWC :
- present utilisation for Sarda Command is 7.34 Bm3 and additional water availability due to Pancheswar Multi-purpose Project will be 2.74 Bm3. - Augmented flows available for additional irrigation will be 151.3 cumec (average). The same is proposed to be for meeting irrigation requirements in districts Shahjahanpur and Hardoi. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The additional water will irrigate 2.19 lakh ha of land implying an increase in irrigation intensity by 13.6%. The irrigation intensity in Rabi season would increase from 21% to 24% . The irrigation intensity can be further increased by 10.6% in the Sarda Canal Command. The increase in irrigation intensity is envisaged mainly in districts Hardoi and Shahjahanpur.
Thus, as per the present level of investigation, increase in irrigated area would be of the order 2.45 lakh ha. The details are given in Table-9.4.2
Table-9.4.2 : Increase in income levels due to increased irrigation intensity due to commissioning of Pancheswar multi-purpose project
S. No. Crop Area (ha) 1 Wheat 189,000 2. Other Rabi (oil seeds) 21,000 3. Sugarcane 35,000 Total 2,45,000
Thus, the proposed Pancheswar Multipurpose project will lead to increase in cropping as well as irrigation intensity. The project will thus increase agriculture production, which will be a positive impact.
9.4.2 Impacts on Water Resources and Quality
a) Construction Phase
Impacts due to sewage generation from labour camps:
The total construction time will be 10 years. The expected maximum personnel requirement for the employer and the contractor has been estimated in the order of 500 and 8,000 respectively.
The total increase in population by 22,600 will definitely lead to adverse impacts on the ecosystem of the area. The domestic water requirement of the immigrant population will be of the order of 1.58 mld of which about 1.27 mld will be generated as sewage. The BOD load will be of the order of 1,017 kg/day. This discharge will be more or less as a point source from 6 to 7 labour camps.
Impacts due to runoff from construction sites:
Substantial quantities of water would be used in the construction activities. With regards to water quality, waste water from construction activities would mostly contain suspended impurities. Adequate care shall be taken so that excess suspended solids in the wastewater are removed before discharge into water body.
b) Operation Phase
Impacts on water quality due to increase in irrigation intensity: PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The introduction of irrigation leads to higher yields and correspondingly greater absorption of nutrients from soil. This leads to greater use of fertilizers for replenishment of soil nutrients. The improvement in income levels of the farmers as a result of increased agricultural produce also aids in greater use of fertilizers and other agro-chemicals. The agricultural runoff thus, is likely to have increased levels of nutrients, pesticides, which can have significant impact on the quality of the receiving water body. However, in the proposed project, majority of the farmers are marginal and small farmers. In such a scenario, significant increase in use of agro-chemicals is not expected. Thus, adverse impacts on water quality on this account is not anticipated.
Integrated pest management involving biological, agronomic, mechanical and chemical methods can be introduced in a big way in the command area to reduce the inputs of chemical fertilizers.
Impacts on water logging and soil salinity in command area:
The Pancheswar Multipurpose Project proposed on the Mahakali river, 88 km upstream of Banbassa, envisages a live storage capacity of 6038 Mm3 and a gross storage capacity of 11355 Mm3. The incremental storage that would accrue to India and Nepal for providing irrigation benefits are yet to be finalised. While it has been decided that the power generation would be based on a Peaking Power Mode, the percentage of the plant load factor for such peaking and the location and size of the re-regulating structure to be built to protect the existing irrigation from both Banbassa and Lower Sarda Barrages are still under discussions with the Royal Government of Nepal.
Based on the earlier study conducted by Central Water Commission (C WC), the incremental benefit that could accrue from the Pancheswar Project would be in the months of November to May i.e. the Rabi season with no additional benefit in the Kharif season. In fact, the reservoir operation pattern has to be so designed as to ensure that the existing withdrawals during the Kharif season both at Banbassa and Lower Sarda Barrage are fully protected. The additional flows due to the project in the non-monsoon months will be 300 cumec. It has been envisaged that the additional flows will be used for irrigation in the Sarda Canal Command only. With the additional flows available from the Pancheswar project during the dry season from November to May, the utilization could be from the Sarda canal which has a maximum capacity of 350 cumec but presently utilises the available 231 cumec fully to attain a low cropping intensity of 21% during the Rabi croppping season. For Kharif cropping season, no additional flow benefit is expected from the Pancheswar project. The Rabi crop intensity could be increased substantially, in the Sarda Canal Command.
The introduction of canal irrigation can lead to problems related to water logging and soil salinization mainly because of the reasons/causes as mentioned earlier. In the command of Sarda Canal Project, the irrigation has been introduced for more than 80 years. The ground water level data has not shown significant rise in groundwater table. The natural drainage is quite good in the Sarda Canal Command and hence, the groundwater infiltration is moderate. The ground PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT water abstraction too generally matches with the groundwater recharge. With the increased water availability from Pancheswar multi-purpose project, irrigation intensity would increase in districts Hardoi and Shahjahanpur. It is recommended that a detailed study be conducted as a part of DPR to assess the possibility of water logging in the command area on introduction of irrigation. If required, detailed management measures be suggested.
Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers:
The fertilizer dose is likely to increase once irrigation is introduced in the command area. Under the best farming practices, only 40-50% of the applied fertilizers is used by the crop and the balance finds its way into the aquatic environment through drainage runoff. An unexpected intense shower immediately after the spread of fertilizers may bring even greater amount of nutrients as a part of the runoff into the receiving water body.
To compensate the nutrient removal by crops, additional dose of nutrients, i.e. fertilizers dosing needs to be given. Washdown of fertilizers and organic matter rich in nutrients from the surrounding agricultural fields cause eutrophication of water bodies. Overgrowth of aquatic weeds affects the survival of aquatic organisms through depletion of oxygen, change in odour and taste of water. Similar impacts have been observed in other projects as well.
With the introduction of irrigation, use of fertilizers is likely to increase, to maintain the increased levels of production. The drainage system (natural or man-made) is likely to contain much higher level of nutrients. The climatic conditions in the project area too is suitable for the proliferation of eutrophication in the project area. Thus, in the project operation phase, there will be increased probability of eutrophication in the water bodies receiving agricultural runoff. Thus, as a part of CEIA Study, appropriate management measures need to be suggested.
9.4.3 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
a) Construction Phase
Flora
During project construction phase, labour population is likely to congregate near various construction sites. It can be assumed that the technical staff likely to congregate will be of higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as fuel. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel wood (if no alternate fuel is provided) for whom firewood/coal depot could be provided. There will be an increase in population by about 22600 at various construction sites, of which about 20000 are likely to use fuel wood over the entire construction phase. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT * Average fuel wood consumption : 20 kg pcd * Population size over : 20000 project construction phase * Average consumption per day : 400 t/day or 146000 t/year * For a construction period of 8 years : 1168000 t 1460000 m3. * One tree produces about 2.5 m3 of wood, thus, about 5.84 lakh trees will be cut to meet the fuelwood requirements to the labour population, over a construction phase of 8 years.
Hence to minimize impacts, community kitchens have been recommended. These community kitchens shall use LPG or diesel as fuel. The details shall be outlined as a part of EIA Report.
The other major impact on the flora in and around the project area would be due to increased level of human interferences. The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for construction of houses and other needs. Thus, if proper measures are not undertaken, adverse impacts on terrestrial flora is anticipated. Since, labour camps are proposed to be constructed by the contractor along with necessary facilities, such impacts are not envisaged.
During construction of various components of the project, e.g., road, colony, dam axis, muck disposal, etc. trees will have to be cleared. The tree felling or clearing shall be done by the State Forest Department.
Fauna
During construction phase, a large number of machinery and construction labour will have to be mobilized. This activity may create some disturbance to the wildlife population. The operation of various construction equipment is likely to generate significant noise. The noise may scare the fauna in the region and force them to migrate to other areas. Likewise, siting of construction equipment, godowns, stores, labour camps, etc. may generally disturb the fauna of the area. Since the project command has very little area under dense vegetation and the land use pattern is mainly agriculture land interspersed with settlements. As a result of absence of forest or vegetal cover in the command area and high level of human interferences in the area, wildlife is generally absent in the area.
This is also confirmed by the field observations, and interaction with locals, etc. and it can be said that no major fauna is observed in the project area. Hence, impacts on terrestrial fauna are expected to be insignificant.
b) Operation Phase
Impacts on vegetal cover: PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The proposed project envisages acquisition of 7600 ha of land under reservoir submergence. As a part of the EIA study, detailed ecological survey will be conducted to assess the presence of various floral species including, no rare/endangered/threatened species in the forests coming under reservoir submergence and forest land to be acquired for other project appurtenances. The impacts due to acquisition of forest land will be studied as a part of the CEIA study.
On the other hand, with the increase in irrigation intensity, vegetal cover is expected to improve significantly. As a part of the project, it is proposed to develop plantation along main canal and distributaries. This is expected to have a positive impact on the ecology of the area.
The introduction of irrigation in the command area will increase the agriculture production of the area, leading to the increased availability of fodder as a result of increased agricultural by products and residues. The increased level of fodder availability, would reduce the pressure on existing pasture and vegetal cover, which is a significant positive impact.
Impacts on wildlife:
The project area does not appear to be on the migratory routes of animals and therefore, the construction of project will not affect migration of animals as well. Thus, construction of the reservoir as a part of the project, is not likely to have any impact on wildlife movement in the area.
The acquisition of forest land and increased human interferences shall lead to negative impacts on faunal population in the project area. These aspects will be covered in detail as a part of CEIA study and appropriate management measures would be suggested.
9.4.4 Impacts on Aquatic Ecology
Impacts on riverine ecology
The construction of the Pancehswar dam and reregulating dam at Rupaligad shall lead to significant adverse impact on the migratory fish species namely Mahaseer and Trout. The dam will act as a barrier to their migratory movement. The construction of a reservoir with a total area of 11,600 ha in the main dam and 400 ha approximately in the reregulating dam too will result in significant impact on riverine fish species adapted to flowing river condition.
The average TWL of Pancheswar dam is 420 m. The FRL of Rupaligad dam is also 420 m. Thus, the riverine stretch of 25 km from dam site of Rupaligad to TWL of Pancheswar main dam will be under reservoir. In this stretch there will be diurnal variations from FRL (420 m) to MDDL (400 m). However, downsteam of Rupaligad dam, there will be continuous flow of 680 cumec. Thus, the PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT migration of fisheries will be affected. The river stretch for dam site of Pancheswar Main dam to dam site of Rupaligad reregulating dam.
The disruption of hydrologic require due to reservoir operation would also lead to significant impacts on downstream aquatic ecology including fisheries. These aspects will be studied in detailed as a part of CEIA study, and suitable measures will be suggested to ameliorate the adverse impacts to the extent possible.
Impacts on fisheries potential
The proposed project would increase the water availability in the command area. As a result, there will be increase in potential for tank and pond fisheries. Currently, within the command area, tank and pond fisheries is in vogue. Within the command area blocks there are about few fishing tanks in which pisciculture is being practiced. At present, due to lack of water, fishing is not very common, due to lack of water availability in the region. With the increased availability of water the tank and fisheries potential would improve. The average fish yield is of the order of 1 to 2 tonnes/ha/yr in fishing ponds. Thus, with introduction of extensive culture, the fish production is expected to increase, which is a significant positive impact.
Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/ colony:
The proposed project envisages construction of a project colony, which would result in emergence of domestic waste water which is usually discharged into the river. However, it is proposed to commission appropriate units for treatment of domestic sewage before its disposal in to the river. Thus, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony.
9.4.5 Impacts on Noise Environment
a) Construction Phase
Noise due to construction equipment
In water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected only during the project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, increased vehicular movement, etc. will have some adverse impacts. The noise level due to operation of various construction equipment is given in Table-9.4.3.
Table-9.4.3: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipments
Equipment Sound Level at 7 m (dB(A)) Unsilenced pile diver 110 Unsilenced scraper/grader 94 Unsilenced compressor 85 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Equipment Sound Level at 7 m (dB(A)) Cranes 82 Generator 82 Generate mixers 80 Pumps 69 Vibrators 75 Saws 77
Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that all these equipment generate noise from a common point. The increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipment is given in Table-9.4.4.
Table-9.4.4: Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipments
Distance (m) Ambient noise Increase in noise Noise levels Increase in levels (dB(A)) level due to due to ambient noise level construction construction due to activities (dB(A)) activities construction (dB(A)) activities (dB(A)) 100 45 86 86 41 200 45 70 70 25 500 45 62 62 17 1000 45 56 56.3 11 1500 45 52 52.8 7 2000 45 50 51.2 6.2 2500 45 50 49.8 4.6 3000 45 46 48.5 3.5
As per Table-9.4.4, the increase in noise level shall be of the order of 11, 7, 6.2, 4.6 and 3.5 dB(A) at a distance of 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m and 3000 m respectively. Since all the equipment have been assumed to operate from a common point this assumption has lead to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. It is a known fact that there is a reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. The transmission loss values for common construction materials are given in Table-9.4.5.
Table-9.4.5: Transmission loss values through common construction material
Material Thickness (inches) Decrease in noise level (dB(A)) Light concrete 4 38 6 39 Dense concrete 4 40 Concrete block 4 32 6 36 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT As per Table-9.4.5, it can be concluded that the walls of various houses will attenuate at least 30 dB(A) of noise. In addition there are attenuation due to the following factors.
Air absorption Atmospheric inhomogeneties and atmospheric turbulence. Vegetal foliage.
Thus, no increase in noise levels is anticipated as a result of various activities, during the project construction phase. There could be marginal impacts on the population residing in proximity to the project sites during construction phase as a result of various activities. However, based on past experience in similar projects, the impact however, is not expected to be significant.
b) Operation Phase
In a water resources project, noise pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase. During project operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.
9.4.6 Impacts on Air Quality
Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment Fugitive emissions from various sources.
a) Construction Phase
Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment:
The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion of fuel. Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of diesel combustion is SO2. The SPM emissions are minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The short-term increase in SO2, even assuming that all the equipment are operating at a common point, is quite low, i.e. of the order of less than 1g/m3. Hence, no major impact is anticipated on this account.
Fugitive Emissions from various sources:
During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of construction material like sand, fine aggregate is stored at various sites, during the project construction phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of the stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts are visible only in and around the storage sites. The impacts on this account are generally, insignificant in nature.
Impacts due to vehicular movement: PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT During construction phase, increase in number of vehicles is anticipated for transportation of construction material. The increase in number of vehicles is expected to result in increased level of air pollution. This will be covered in detailed as a part of CEIA study and appropriate measures would be suggested to reduce impacts on ambient air quality is anticipated due to increase in a vehicular movement during construction phase.
b) Operation Phase
In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase. During operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.
9.4.7 Increased Incidence of Water-Related Diseases
a) Construction Phase
During construction phase or for permanent settlement, if adequate precautions are not taken, the vector-borne disease epidemiology may show sudden or long lasting change. Many of the immigrant population could be reservoir of infection for various communicable diseases. Once they settle in labour camps/colonies, there could be increased incidence of various diseases. This aspect needs to be looked into with caution, and efforts must be made to ensure that a thorough check up of the labour population congregating in the area is conducted. Those affected by any ailments need to be properly quarantined depending on the ailment with which they are suffering.
b) Operation Phase
Increased incidence of water-related diseases:
The association between irrigation development and the incidence of water related diseases such as malaria, etc is well established. The preferred environmental setting for vectors is fresh water open to sunshine or moderate shade. The habitats for larvae growth are permanent or semi-permanent standing fresh water such as small ponds, pools, standing agricultural water, permanent or semi-permanent fresh water such as open stretches or canals. Thus, the project may create favorable conditions for breeding of new pathogens or vectors such as mosquitoes, etc.
Most of the water borne diseases can largely be prevented by adequate hygiene. The experience of various project confirms the above mentioned hypothesis. In the project area, a sudden spurt in the incidence of malaria is expected, if adequate control measures are not taken up.
Improvement in availability of water for various uses, increased agricultural production, availability of diversified food, strengthening of educational and PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT health facilities significantly improves public health in the project area. On the other hand, water resources development also has negative impacts, since, it could increase the habitat of certain vectors like mosquitoes. Thus, poorly planned and managed water resources projects could increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis.
9.4.8 Impacts due to Command Area Development
In project operation phase, the area under irrigation will increase by about 2.45 lakh ha, with corresponding increase in agriculture production. This will improve the income levels. The increased income levels will have a quantitative effect on the quality of demand for various facilities, which will facilitate improvement in the infrastructure sector. The increased income levels would lead to demands for better communication, health, education and other services. The increased income levels would also provide an impetus for development of these facilities.
Increased income Level:
Thus, the project will play a significant role in poverty alleviation in the project area. The increased income levels will have a quantitative effect on the quality of demand for various facilities, which will facilitate improvement in the infrastructure sector. The increased income levels would lead to demands for better communication, health, education and other services. The increased income levels would also provide an impetus for development of these facilities. Improvement in livestock.
During project operation phase, food grain production will increase significantly. Assuming even 50% of agriculture by product is usable as fodder, hence, significant quantity of additional fodder would be available. This will reduce the pressure on the existing forests or vegetation of the area, which is a significant positive impact.
Employment generation:
The introduction of irrigation requires a greater amount of labour in fields. This would improve the employment scenario not only for the local farmers, but would also increase the demand for agricultural labour. On average, labour demand in irrigated and unirrigated field is 200 mandays/year/ha and 100 mandays/ha/year. Thus, with the increase in the irrigation intensity, manpower requirement in the agriculture sector would increase, which is a significant positive impact.
Urbanization:
The commissioning of the project will increase the gross money flow in the command area. This will lead to significant impacts in the project area. The area will have increased demands for services, such as sewerage system, communication, transportation, medical and educational facilities, etc. It is presumed that all these developments would result in generation of additional PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT employment. Thus, with the increased income level, there will be a greater demand for urbanization in the command area.
Improvement in livestock status:
The improvement in the socio-economic status of the population in the command area will indirectly also improve the quality of the livestock. The main reasons which can be attributed for this development are improvement in availability of fodder and veterinary services alongwith the enhanced infrastructural facilities in the area. The increase in the irrigation intensity will increase the agricultural production which will generate additional fodder for feeding the livestock. This is expected to have a positive impact on the livestock of the command area. It has been observed in other irrigation projects, that the total livestock population remains more or less constant in the project operation phase, but the overall quality of livestock improves significantly as a result of the above mentioned factors.
Industrialization:
The cropping pattern proposed for the command area envisages significant increase in the production of wheat, sugarcane etc. The increased production will lead to mushrooming of small scale agro-industries for processing of some of the agriculture produce.
The increased level of industrialization would provide greater employment opportunities. The industrialization will also increase the demands for improvement in infrastructure facilities. This will lead to improvement in roads, communication, markets, storage yards, service yards, etc. as ancillary benefits.
Impacts on local services like water supply, education, healthcare, community forests etc.:
The project will support for the improvement of public facilities like drinking water supply to command villages, support to education (providing scholarships, construct infrastructure etc.), improve healthcare (by providing health facilities and enhance existing healthcare centers), etc.
Impacts on Business opportunities:
An expanded local market will be created by the migration of workers. Local residents can take advantage of these new opportunities by expanding their existing local industries/business and establishing new ones. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the local markets along the project areas especially market areas and project camp areas.
Impacts due to occupational health and safety:
Unsafe construction activities construction related accidents are common due to lack of training for construction workers and unavailability of safety equipment. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The most common injuries that might occur are due to falls from scaffoldings or other structures, injuries due to falling objects or other construction equipment, traffic accidents and drowning. The impact is direct, moderately significant, site specific in extent and shot term in duration.
9.5 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN
As a part of the CEIA study, the land to be acquired for various project appurtenances including reservoir submergence will be assessed. Based on ownership status of land, the quantum of private land to be acquired will be assessed. As per the present level of investigations 60 villages in Champawat, Almora and Pithoragarh districts are likely to be affected on account of reservoir submergence in Indian Portion (7600 ha). Likewise, families will also be affected due to reregulating structure and Rupaligad as well. The land to be acquired for various project appurtenances including canal network, quarry, muck disposal, etc. will be updated as a part of CEIA study. The number of families losing land and homestead will be estimated. A R&R plan shall be devised using the norms and guidelines of the “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013”.
9.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.6.1 Environmental Measures during Construction Phase
Facilities in Labour Camps:
It is proposed that it should be made mandatory for the contractor involved in the construction activities to provide adequate facilities for water supply and sanitation. It is recommended that the contractor provides living units of 30-40 m2 to each of the labour family involved in the construction activities. The unit should have proper ventilation.
Water supply:
Appropriate water supply sources need to be identified. Proper infrastructure for storage and if required treatment e.g. disinfection or other units, should also be provided.
Sewage treatment:
The labour population is proposed to be situated in existing colonies. One community toilet shall be provided for 20 persons. The sewage from the PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT community toilets shall be treated in a sewage treatment plant comprising of aerated lagoon and secondary settling tank.
Provision of community kitchen and Free Fuel:
A community kitchen could be provided where workers have their meals. The fuel used in such community kitchens could be LPG or diesel. The project contractor in association with the project proponent and state government of Uttarakhand shall make necessary arrangements for supply of fuel to labour population for which provision shall be kept in the cost estimate.
Restoration of construction sites:
Normally the construction sites are left unreclaimed, with construction waste being left without being properly disposed. In the proposed project, it is proposed to collect the construction waste from various construction sites, and disposed off at sites identified in consultation with the district administration. The various construction sites would be properly levelled. The levelling or reclamation of various construction sites, should be made mandatory for the contractor for the contractor involved in project construction.
Solid waste management:
The labour colonies will generate substantial amount of municipal wastes. Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste needs to be developed. For solid waste collection, adequate number of masonry storage vats, each of 2 m3 capacity should be constructed at appropriate locations in various labour camps. These vats should be emptied at regular intervals and the collected waste can then be transported to landfill sites. Covered trucks to collect the solid waste from common collection point and transfer it to the disposal site shall be put to service. A suitable landfill site should be identified and designed to contain municipal waste from various project township, labour colonies, etc.
Restoration of construction sites:
Normally the construction sites are left unreclaimed, with construction waste being left without being properly disposed. In the proposed project, it is proposed to collect the construction waste from various construction sites, and disposed off at sites identified in consultation with the district administration. The various construction sites would be properly levelled. The levelling or reclamation of various construction sites, should be made mandatory for the contractor, involved in construction activities.
9.6.2 Maintenance of Water Quality
In the project operation phase, a colony is likely to be set up. It is proposed to provide sewage treatment plant in the project colony, cost of which shall be included in the contract for constructing the project colony. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 9.6.3 Health Delivery System
The various measures for control of Public Health are listed as below: - The site selected for habitation of workers should not be in the path of natural drainage. - Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water drainage from the labour colonies should be provided. - Adequate vaccination and immunization facilities should be provided for workers at various construction sites. - The labour camps and resettlement sites should be at least 2 to 3 km away from quarry areas. It is proposed to develop one dispensary in the proposed project area, with adequate staff comprising of doctors, nurses, attendants etc. The dispensary building shall have the following facilities: waiting hall where 50-60 people can sit. rooms for doctors one room for staff two rooms for stores one general ward to accommodate 10 beds one minor operation theater/dressing room one garage with space for vehicle A first-aid post shall be provided at the major construction sites. These posts will have the following facilities: - First aid box with essential medicines including ORS packets - First aid appliances-splints and dressing materials - Stretcher, wheel chair, etc.
9.6.4 Compensatory Afforestation
The Indian Forest Conservation Act (1980) stipulates: - If non-forest land is not available, compensatory plantation are to be established on degraded forest lands, which must be twice the forest area affected or lost. - If non- forest land is available, compensatory forest are to be raised over an area equivalent to the forest area affected or lost. It is proposed to afforest double the amount of forest land to be acquired for the project. The afforestation work shall be done by the Forest Department. In addition to above the project proponent will pay NPV and cost of trees to the Forest Department, which shall be estimated by the Forest Department, as a part of Forest Clearance.
9.6.5 Wildlife Conservation Plan
As a part of the CEIA study, a detailed wildlife Conservation Plan shall be proposed. Some of the aspects to be covered are listed as below: Forest Protection Plan Measures to improve habitat of avi-fauna Wildlife Management Plan Anti-poaching measures PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT 9.6.6 Sustenance & Enhancement of Fisheries Potential
The commissioning of the proposed project will increase the water availability in the project command area. The important management measures can be as below: - slope and sides of dykes should be provided with grass turfing to reduce erosion - ponds should be properly prepared - manuring of ponds should be done before stocking and at regular intervals after stocking - on fouling of water or development of thick algal bloom, manuring & feeding should be stopped for some time; - supplement natural food with artificial feed; - sampling of fish stock every month to observe their growth rate & health. Detailed measures will be suggested to mitigate the adverse impacts on riverine fisheries due to construction of main dam at Pancheswar and reregulating dam at Rupaligad.
9.6.7 CONTROL OF WEEDS ON AGRICULTURE LANDS
Measures against weeds comprise mechanical (cultivation and mowing), cultural or cropping, biological and chemical means. These include: - hand weeding - adopting farming practices that change the conditions in such a way as to enable plants to complete with weeds - use of weedicides.
9.6.8 PESTS CONTROL
Integrated pest management strategy should be followed to reduce the use of pesticides. In this method, a limited number of insecticidal sprays are undertaken and simultaneously bio-control agents like pheromones, etc. are used. The pheromones are organic compounds developed specifically for each type of pest which are commercially synthesized in the laboratories and sold in the market.
9.6.9 Training and Extension Courses for Farmers
The change from rainfed to irrigated cropping requires extension, training and demonstration programmes for farmers. Considering these aspects it is proposed that the project authorities needs to provide adequate training to farmers. The training shall include the following aspects of environmental protection: Prevention of spread of water related diseases; Safe use of agro-chemicals, and Environmental conservation programmes.
9.6.10 Control of Air Pollution PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The following measures are recommended:
The contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning construction equipment to minimize exhaust. Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for extended periods of time. Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited. Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the project area. Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with proper road repair and maintenance work. Identification of construction limits (minimal area required for construction activities). When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor proceeds along the length of the activity. When necessary, stockpiling of excavated material will be covered. Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and/or swept and unpaved areas will be sprayed and/or mulched. Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks hauling soil, sand, and other loose materials (or require trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard). Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at site. The number of trucks/vehicles to move at various construction sites to be fixed. Dust sweeping - The construction area and vicinity (access roads, and working areas) shall be swept with water sweepers on a daily basis or as necessary to ensure there is no visible dust.
9.6.11 Noise Control Measures
The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and comply with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment will be required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers.
The effect of high noise levels on the labour population involved in construction activities is to be considered as likely to be particularly harmful. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended by international specialist organisations that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as specified in Table-9.6.1. Alternatively, they should be provided with effective personal protective measures such as ear muffs or ear plugs to be worn during periods of exposure.
Table-9.6.1: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 noise level dB(A) hrs/day and 5 days/week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 1/2 PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 noise level dB(A) hrs/day and 5 days/week 115 1/4 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level
The other measures to control noise could be as follows:
Equipment and machineries should be maintained regularly to keep the noise generation Silencers and mufflers of the individual machineries to be regularly checked; Yearly audiometric survey on workers exposed to high noise levels should be undertaken.
9.7 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT (CAT) PLAN
A Catchment area Treatment (CAT) Plan for catchment area intercepted at the main dam at Pancheswar and reregulating dam at Rupaligad will be prepared as a part of the Comprehensive EIA study. The CAT Plan shall cover only the Indian portion of Catchment intercepted at the main dam and the reregulating dam. The procedure for preparation of CAT plan for each watershed area to be covered is given as below:
Catchment area Treatment Plan to be prepared using SYI method. Delineation of sub-watersheds in the catchment area. Landuse pattern using satellite data, slope map using Survey of India toposheets, etc. will be prepared. Mapping of critically degraded areas based on Integration of Remote Sensing technique, GIS methodology and Silt Yield Index method and prioritization Watershed treatment Preparation of phase wise Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan for sub- watersheds with very high and high erosion intensity. Estimation of cost required for implementation of CAT plan.
9.8 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
A Dam Break Analysis using HECRAS Model shall be conducted as a part of the study Based on the findings of the study, an inundation map will be prepared. The dam break shall be studied for the worst case scenario, i.e. simultaneous failure of Pancheswar main dam and reregulatory dam at Rupaligad.
A Disaster Management Plan comprising of the following measures too shall be proposed. The following measures shall be suggested as a part of the Disaster Management Plan:
Dam Safety and Maintenance Manual Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Administration and Procedural Aspects Preventive Action PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Communication System Notifications Evacuations Plans and Evacuation Team Public Awareness for Disaster Mitigation Management after receding of Flood Water
9.9 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
An amount of Rs. 0.5% of Project cost shall be earmarked for area development activities. The following activities shall be proposed under Local Area Development Plan:
Upgradation of educational facilities Up-gradation of school fixtures, equipment Improvement of drinking water and sanitation facilities School bus service Scholarship to students Improvement of Public Health Facilities Furniture, Beds and other items Up-gradation of Pathological laboratory Up-gradation of operation theater (labor room) Improvement in Quality of Life Construction of toilets Construction of village road, bus stops, etc. Implementation of water supply and solid waste management measures
9.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
An Environmental Monitoring Programme should be undertaken during construction and operation phase of the project. The details of environmental monitoring programme are given in Tables-9.10.1 and 9.10.2 respectively.
Table-9.10.1: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project Construction Phase S. No. Item Parameters Frequency Location 1. Effluent from pH, BOD, TSS, TDS Once every Before and after STPs month treatment from each STP 2. Water-related Identification of water Three times a Labour camps diseases related diseases, adequacy year and colonies of local vector control and curative measure, etc.
3. Ambient Air PM10, SO2 and NO2 Three times a At major quality year construction sites 4. Noise Equivalent noise level Once every three At major months construction sites. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
Table-9.10.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project Operation Phase S. No. Items PARAMETERS Frequency Location 1. Water quality pH, Calcium, DO, Free Thrice a Rivers upstream of Ammonia, BOD, Total year reservoir area Kjeldahl Nitrogen, COD, Reservoir water quality Boron, TDS, Percent Ground water quality in Sodium, Total hardness, command area Main canals Chlorides, Magnesium, Phosphates, Sulphates, Faecal Coliform, Total Coliform 2. Soil pH, organic matter, texture, Twice a year Command area Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus and Available Potassium 3. Ecology Status of afforestation Once every - programmes along canal, year Pasture development 4. Water-related Identification of water- Four times a Villages adjacent to diseases related diseases, sites, year project sites and adequacy of local vector command area control measures, etc.
5. Socio- Changes in growth of Once in a Catchment Area economics population, income levels year Submergence Area and distribution, occupation Command area profile, electrification of the area, adequacy of infrastructure facilities such as roads, markets, seeds and fertilizer sales counter, etc. 6. Landuse Landuse pattern using Once in a Command area satellite data year
9.11 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the preliminary assessment of environmental issues considered in the present Chapter, it can be concluded that the proposed Pancheshwar Multi- purpose project is likely to entail certain adverse environmental impacts. However, these can be ameliorated to a large extent by implementing appropriate mitigative measures. Presently, a detailed CEIA study is being conducted with an objective to assess various impacts likely to accrue as a result of construction and operation of the proposed project. Appropriate management measures too shall be delineated as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which will be covered as a part of the EIA study. PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT CHAPTER-10 PROJECT COST 10.1 Introduction
The summary of the cost estimate including direct and indirect charges for civil and generation work is provided in abstract of cost.
10.2 Basis for Estimate
The estimate has been prepared to arrive at the Capital cost of Rs. 34971.94 Crores for Pancheshwar Main plant & Rupaligad re-regulating plant. The project estimate is based on the present rates of various items in the area. The project estimate has been prepared on the basis of “Guidelines for preparation of cost estimates for River Valley projects” published by Central Water Commission, New Delhi. The abstract of cost is enclosed at Annexure10.1. The planned program of construction has been given in the relevant chapter with this report.
10.3 Civil Works
Cost provisions for the various items mentioned below have been made on lump sum percentage basis of total cost of C-works & J-Power Plant Civil Works.
Sl. No. Items Provision of % of C-works & J-power plant civil works
1. A. Preliminary 1%
2. K. Buildings 3%
3. O. Miscellaneous 6%
4 P. Maintenance 1% of total cost of C & J-Works, K- Buildings & R Communication
4. R. Communication 10%
5. X. Environment & Ecology 2%
6. Y. Losses on stock .25%of total cost of C & J-Works, K- Buildings & R Communication
10.4 Electro-Mechanical Works PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT The details of the estimate for electro-mechanical works have been estimated as Rs. 11169.267 (11104.49+647.69) crores various details of different components are given in Annexure 10.1
10.5 Abstract of Cost (Pancheshwar Main Dam)-5600 MW
The abstract of Cost at Feb. 2015 Price Level is as under:
TOTAL COST- 31717.87 Crores (details in annexure 10.1)
10.6 Abstract of Cost (Rupaligad re-regulating plant )-240 MW
The abstract of Cost at Feb. 2015 Price Level is as under:
TOTAL COST- 3254.07 Crores (details in annexure 10.1) PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Section-11 Financial Evaluation & Phasing of expenditure 11.1 Cost Estimates
Cost Estimates of Pancheshwar Multipurpose project with and without Rupaligad have worked out which are given in Annexure 10.1. Out of the joint cost of the projects, 25% is proposed to be allocated to irrigation component of the project. The balance 75% cost of the project joint cost and specific cost would be power project cost.
The project estimated cost excluding interest during construction (IDC) and their apportionment between power and irrigation components are as under:- Capital Cost of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
i) Without Rupaligad (Figures in Rs Millions) Cost Total Power Irrigation Component Component Joint 158370.85 118778.14 39592.71 Specific 158807.90 158807.90 - Total 317178.75 277586.04 39592.71
ii) With Rupaligad
(Figures in Rs Millions) Cost Total Power Irrigation Component Component Pancheshwar Joint 158370.85 118778.14 39592.71 Specific 158807.90 158807.90 - Total 317178.75 277586.04 39592.71 Rupaligad Joint 16247.95 12185.96 4061.99 Specific 16292.79 16292.79 Total 32540.74 28478.75 4061.99 Pancheshwar With Rupaligad Total 349718.49 306064.79 43654.70
The Power of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is going to be mainly fed into northern grid of India after meeting the local requirement of Nepal. Cost of PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT Transmission System has not been considered as a part of the project cost as the expenditure on transmission system would be incurred under separate project proposal.
Similarly, cost of infrastructure for developing the additional irrigation in India and Nepal has also not been included in the project cost. A substantial expenditure on infrastructure for irrigation particularly in Nepal may have to be incurred to realize full irrigation potential of the project.
11.2 Phasing of expenditure
Pancheshwar MPP is programmed to be completed in 8 years time period. The disbursement schedules of project expenditure in respect of Pancheswar project has been tentatively prepared spreading the cost of project component along with the implementation period according to construction programme.
The yearwise phasing of the project has been worked out which is as under:
Year Total Cost excluding IDC Chargeable to Power Component (in Rs Crs) With Rupaligad Without Rupaligad 1. 2754.58 2498.27 2. 3060.65 2775.86 3. 3672.78 3331.03
4. 4590.97 4163.79
5. 5509.17 4996.55
6. 4897.04 4441.38 7. 3672.78 3331.03 8. 2448.52 2220.69 Total 30606.48 27758.60
11.3 Financial Package
The project is proposed to be financed with a debt equity ratio of 70:30. Loan is proposed to be repaid in a 12 years period and this would bear an interest rate of 12.25%. The interest rate is based on loans provided by Power Finance Corporation to Government undertakings. In addition to interest, financing charge @ 1% of loan has been adopted. The IDC and FC have been worked out with the phasing of hard cost as given in previous para. The IDC & FC calculations PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT are given in Annexure 11.1. The capital cost including IDC and financial charges works out as under:
The project cost including IDC and FC for power component works out under:
Without Rupaligad: Hard cost = Rs 27758.60 Crores IDC = Rs 6426.03 Crores FC = Rs 176.27 Crores Total = Rs 34360.90 Crores
With Rupaligad: Hard cost = Rs 30606.48 Crores IDC = Rs 7085.30 Crores FC = Rs 194.35 Crores Total = Rs 37886.13 Crores
11.4 Economic Evaluation of power component
The install capacity and annual design energy of Pancheshwar MPP with and without Rupaligad has been worked out which are summarized below:
Project Installed Annual Energy s(Gwh) Capacity(MW) Pancheshwar without Rupaligad 5600 8069
Pancheshwar with 5600+240=5840 8069+1235=9304 Rupaligad
The sale rate of energy from Pancheshwar Multipurpose project has been worked out at bus bars considering the tariff norms as laid down by CERC for Hydro Electric Projects in India for the period 2014-19. These norms are as under:
i) Debt Equity ratio = 70:30 ii) Return on Equity = 16.5% iii) Depreciation = 5.28% (Tentative) iv) Auxiliary consumption = 0.7% v) Working Capital (a) Maintenance Spares = 15% of O&M expenses (b) O&M expenses = One Month (c) Recievables = Two Months PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT vi) O& M expenses = 2.5% of Capital Cost vii) O& M expenses Escalation = 6.64%( Annual) viii) Loan Repayment period = 12 years ix) Working Capital Interest = 13.5% x) Project Life = 35 years xi) Discount rate = 12% (Assumed) xii) Tax Holiday = 10 years xiii) Tax rates (a) MAT = 20.01% (b) Normal = 32.45%
Based upon the above, sale rate of energy for first year and levellized tariff has been worked out which are as follows:
Project Tariff ( Rs/Kwh) First year Levellized Pancheshwar with 9.40 8.39 Rupaligad Pancheshwar 9.83 8.77 without Rupaligad PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT SECTION 12:
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
12.1 The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is envisaged on the Mahakali River (known as Sarada” in India) where the River forms the international boundary between India and Nepal, dividing the Far Western Development Region of Nepal from the Uttrakhand State in India. It is a bi-national scheme of India and Nepal, primarily aimed at energy production.
12.2 It may be recalled that, a treaty (known as the “Mahakali Treaty”) was signed on February 12, 1996 between the Government of Nepal and the Government of India concerning the integrated development of the Mahakali River including Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage and Pancheshwar Project.
12.3 The center-piece of the Mahakali Treaty is the implementation of “Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project” which both sides agreed to implement in accordance with the Detailed Project Report, to be jointly prepared by them. The Rupaligad re- regulating dam is the integral part of the Project and is required to even out powerhouses releases to meet the irrigation requirement in the downstream. The Project is to be developed on the principles enshrined in the Mahakali Treaty, as summarized below:
The Project shall be implemented as an integrated project including power stations of equal capacity on each side of the Mahakali River and the total energy generated shall be shared equally between the Parties. The Cost of the project shall be borne by the parties in proportion to the benefits accruing to them. Both the Parties shall jointly endeavor to mobilize the finance required for the implementation of the Project. A portion of Nepal’s share of energy shall be sold to India. The quantum of such energy and its price shall be mutually agreed upon between the Parties.
12.4 This project has been under discussions since 1978 between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal and both the Governments are committed to implement this project at the earliest, for the welfare of their people residing across the Mahakali River.
12.5 In this backdrop, both sides had been collecting the hydrological, meteorological, topographical, geological and geotechnical data related to the project area in the past and exchanged them to formulate the project parameters in the most professional way to implement the project at the earliest.
12.6 Based upon the data collected by the field units of Central Water Commission (India) and Department of Electricity Development (Nepal) and the studies conducted by other related agencies/ departments, like, Central Electricity Authority, Survey of India, Geological Survey of India, Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Central Water and Power Research Station in India and the Nepal Electricity Authority, the Department of Survey, Department of Irrigation, PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT PREFEASIBILITY REPORT etc, in Nepal; this Pre-feasibility Report has been compiled by the Consultants, on behalf of the Pancheshwar Development Authority.
12.7 We, the Consultants, very gratefully acknowledge the efforts made by the various departments and agencies involved in collection of the basic inputs/data and formulation of the basic project parameters mentioned in this report. Acknowledgements are also due to the guidance provided by the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, the Ministry of External Affairs, the Ministry of Power, Coal and Non-conventional Energy from India and the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Irrigation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Nepal in finalization of this report.
12.8 The salient features of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project including the re- regulating dam as shown in this report are based upon the preliminary designs and review of previous study/reports. These will be further reviewed and suitably revised/ refined during the preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR). The DPR would be finalized based upon the updated hydrological and sedimentation data collected in the recent past by the project authorities and detailed design engineering of civil and electro-mechanical works. While doing so, the guiding principles enshrined in the Mahakali Treaty-1996 shall be adhered to; so that the DPR is acceptable to both the Governments.
12.9 Implementation of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in accordance with the Mahakali Treaty shall pave the way for harnessing the vast hydropower potential of common rivers jointly with Nepal and would usher into a new era of mutual trust and friendship between the peoples of India and Nepal.
12.10 The pre-feasibility report recommends that scheme merits implementation and may be taken-up for preparation of DPR. PANCHESHWAR MAIN PLANT
GENERAL ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATE
SL DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (in Millions) A DIRECT CHARGES
1 PANCHESHWAR MAIN PLANT
I WORKS 1 A - Preliminary 1338.54 2 B - Land 18300.00 3 C - Works 108194.00 4 J - Power Plant Civil works 25660.00 5 K - Buildings 4015.62 6 M - Plantation 15.00 7 O - Miscellaneous 8031.24 8 Q - Special T&P 240.00 9 R - Communication 13385.40 10 S- Power plant & elecrical systems 111044.98 11 X - Environment & Ecology 2677.08 12 P - Maintenance During Construction @1% of C, J, K & R 1512.55 13 Y- Losses on stock @ 0.25% of C, J, K & R 378.14 Total of I - Works 294792.55
II ESTABLISHMENT @ 6% of I- Works less B-Land) 16589.55
III TOOLS & PLANTS @ 1% of cost of I-Works 2947.93
IV Suspense 0.00
V RECEIPTS & RECOVERIES -353.00
Total Direct Charges 313977
B INDIRECT CHARGES . I Capitalisation of abatement of land revenue 253.80
II Audit & Account Charges @ 1% of I-Works 2947.93 Total Indirect Charges 3201.73 Total Cost (Direct Charges + Indirect Charges) 317178.75
In Millions 317178.75 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT
C- CIVIL WORKS & J- POWER PLANT CIVIL WORKS ( ABSTRACT OF COST) MAIN DAM PANCHESHWAR S.NO. Description Amount (IRs millions) 1 C- WORKS 1.1 Diversion tunnel (Main dam) 7838 1.2 Coffer dam (Main dam) 3927 1.3 Rockfill dam(Main dam) 80839 1.4 Spillway incuding approach channel,chute& plunge pool 13374 1.5 Depletion arrangement & Diversion tunnels at the disposal area 2216
Total of C-WORKS 108194.00
2 J- WORKS 2.1 Intake structure,Gate shaft & Head Race Tunnel 8299 2.2 Pressure shaft/penstock 5396 2.3 Power house & transformer cavern including access tunnels, 9165 bus duct,galleries & ventilation 2.4 Draft tubes & Tail Race Tunnels 2800
Total of J-WORKS 25660
Grand Total(Total of C & J WORKS) 133854.00 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( C - WORKS )
DIVERSION TUNNEL (MAIN DAM) (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE)
S.NO. Item Details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount after escalation 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in millions) 1 Preparation of portals 1.1 Site clearance 8 No. 188000 1.504 1.2 Open excavation in soft strata 24,000 cum 454.96 10.92 1.3 Open excavation in rock 1,36,000 cum 1284.04 174.63 1.4 Slope stabilisation 1.4.1 Shotcrete 50 mm thick 3,000 bags 1445.72 4.34 1.4.2 Rockbolt 25 mm dia 3 m long 4,500 m 1654.4 7.44 1.5 Concrete M-20 2,000 cum 8794.64 17.59 1.6 Reinforcement steel 125 MT 62327.64 7.79 2 Tunneling 2.1 Underground excavation 11,96,000 cum 2586.88 3093.91 2.1.1 Overbreak 1,79,400 cum 646.72 116.02 2.2 Shotcrete/SFRS 100 mm thick 1,74,000 bags 1445.72 251.56 2.2.1 provision for wire mesh or steel fibre 2,32,000 sqm 1408.12 326.68 2.3 25 mm dia rockbolts 5 m long 2,15,000 m 1654.4 355.70 2.4 Concrete Lining M-15 79,000 cum 7786.96 615.17 2.5 Concrete in overbreak 1,79,400 cum 6376.96 1144.03 2.6 38 mm dia contact grout holes 2.6.1 Drilling of grout holes 8,900 m 874.2 7.78 2.6.2 Cement for grouting 30,000 bags 1319.76 39.59 2.7 Steel ribs 4,000 MT 88963.48 355.85 3 Civil structure for gates 3.1 Concrete M-20 50,000 cum 8794.64 439.732 3.2 Reinforcement steel(.8%) 3,140 MT 62327.64 195.71 4 Hydromechanical equipment 4.1 Gates 400 MT 195160.92 78.06 4.2 Hoists & trustles LS 37.6 5 Providing & fixing of trash rack 990 MT 87087.24 86.22 6 Tuunnel plugging 6.1 Concrete M-20 10,370 cum 8794.64 91.20 6.2 Cold Grouting 225 bags 1319.76 0.30 6.3 Providing & fixing of pipes for grouting 225 no. 1880 0.423 7 Dewatering 5,00,000 KWh 10.528 5.264
Sub Total 7465.01
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 373.25 work charged establishment
7838.26 Total Say 7838.0 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( C - WORKS )
SPILLWAY INCLUDING APPROACH CHANNEL,CHUTE & PLUNGE POOL (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs. Amount after escalation 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in millions) 1 Site clearance for whole spillway area LS 1.88 2 Approach channel 2.1 Excavation common 6,89,328 cum 710.64 489.86 2.2 excavation surface rock 39,06,189 cum 859.16 3356.04 2.3 shotcrete 50 mm thick 20,000 bags 1445.72 28.91 2.3.1 provision for wire mesh or steel fibre 53,000 sqm 1408.12 74.63 2.4 rock anchors 5 m long 29,000 m 1654.4 47.98 2.5 concrete for crest M-20 2,000 cum 8794.64 17.59 2.6 Reinforcement(.8%) 126 MT 62327.64 7.85 Sub Total 3 Side channel 3.1 Excavation common 4,36,800 cum 710.64 310.41 3.2 excavation surface rock 24,75,200 cum 859.16 2126.59 3.3 shotcrete 50 mm thick 19,000 bags 1445.72 27.47 3.3.1 provision for wire mesh or steel fibre 51,000 sqm 1408.12 71.81 3.4 rock anchors 5 m long 28,000 m 1654.4 46.32 3.5 concrete for crest M-20 56,000 cum 8794.64 492.50 3.6 Reinforcement(.8%) 3,517 MT 62327.64 219.21 Sub Total 4 Spillway chute 4.1 Bridge over control structure LS 47.00 4.2 Excavation common 5,44,728 710.64 387.11 4.3 excavation surface rock 30,86,790 cum 859.16 2652.05 4.4 shotcrete 50 mm thick 30,000 bags 1445.72 43.37 4.4.1 provision for wire mesh or steel fibre 80,000 sqm 1408.12 112.65 4.5 rock anchors 5 m long 45,000 m 1654.4 74.45 4.6 concrete for crest M-20 2,36,133 cum 8794.64 2076.70 5 Protection works below energy disipators LS 18.8 6 PVC rubber seal in construction joints 6,000 m 940 5.64 Total 12736.83 Add 5% on account of contingencies & 636.84 work charged establishment TOTAL FOR SPILLWAY 13374.00 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( C - WORKS )
DEPLETION ARRANGEMENT- INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OUTLET & DIVERSION TUNNEL (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount after escalation 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in millions) 1 DEPLETION ARRANGEMENT 1.1 Site clearance 4 LS 2000000 15.04 1.2 underground excavation 65,195 cum 2586.88 168.65 1.3 overbreak @ 15% 9,779 cum 646.72 6.32 1.4 shotcrete 48,100 bags 1445.72 69.54 1.5 25 mm dia rock bolts 25385 m 1654.4 42.00 1.6 Ribs 300 MT 88963.48 26.69 1.7 Concrete lining M-15 10052 cum 7786.96 78.27 1.8 Drilling of holes 2058 m 2013.48 4.14 1.9 cement for grouting 6025 bags 1319.76 7.95 1.10 Miscellaneous works
2 DIVERSION TUNNELS 1692
Sub Total 2110.61 Add 5% on account of contingencies & work charged establishment 105.53
TOTAL FOR DEPLETION ARRANGEMENT 2216.14 & DIVERSION TUNNEL say 2216.0 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( C - WORKS )
COFFER DAM (MAIN DAM) (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE)
S.NO. Item details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount after escalation 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in millions) 1 Site clearance LS 0.376 2 Open excavation in soft strata 1,85,854 cum 710.6 132.08 3 open excavation in rock 10,53,171 cum 859.2 904.84 4 Rockfill material 1770036 cum 940 1663.83 5 Core material 2,63,110 cum 1690 444.69 6 Filler material 1,67,000 cum 1190 198.74 7 Upstream coffer dam diaphragm wall LS 9.4 8 Construction of temperory dyke (pre coffer LS 14.1 dam) 9 Consolidation grouting 9.1 Drilling of holes 20,116 m 2013 40.50 9.2 Consolidation grouting 3,01,740 bags 1213 365.89 10 Curtain grouting 10.1 Drilling of holes 2,460 m 2013 4.95 10.2 Consolidation grouting 2,700 bags 1213 3.27 11 Dewatering 75,000 KWh 10.53 0.79
Sub Total 3783.46
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 189.17 work charged establishment 3972.63 Total say 3927.0 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( C - WORKS )
ROCKFILL DAM (MAIN DAM) (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount after escalation 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in millions) 1 site clearance LS 0.94 2 Excavation in river bed /rocks 69,31,658 cum 859.2 5955.4 3 core material 67,40,776 cum 1690 11392.72 4 coarse & fine filter 34,63,154 cum 1190 4121.292 5 shell material 5,28,16,242 cum 940 49647.267 6 rip rap 11,24,000 cum 1857 2087.763 7 drilling of holes 66,100 m 2013 133.091 8 cement consumption 12,96,000 bags 1213 1571.530 9 concrete M-20 25,840 cum 8795 227.253 10 Reinforcement steel (.8%) 1,630 MT 62328 101.594 11 provision of treatment of slide zone. LS 75.2 12 dewatering arrangement 50,00,000 KWh 10.53 52.640 13 miscellaneous & finishing LS 112.8
Sub Total 75479.49
14 instrumentation @ 2% of total cost 1509.59
76989.08 Total
15 Add 5% on account of contingencies & 3849.45 work charged establishment 80838.54
TOTAL FOR ROCKFILL DAM (say) 80839.00 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( J - WORKS)
INTAKE STRUCTURE,GATE SHAFT & HEAD RACE TUUNEL (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item Details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount(Millions) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 INTAKE STRUCTURE 1786 2 GATE SHAFT 1316 3 HEAD RACE TUNNEL 3.1 Site clearance 8 no 1880000 15.04 3.2 Excavation of tunnel 7,12,539 cum 2586.88 1843.25 3.3 Overbreaks 1,06,881 cum 646.72 69.12 3.4 PCC Lining M-20 1,09,598 cum 8794.64 963.87 3.5 Back fill Concrete 1,06,881 cum 6376.96 681.58 3.6 shotcrete 54,800 bags 1447.6 79.33 3.7 25 mm dia rock bolts 63,400 m 1692 107.27 3.8 Ribs & struts 9300 MT 88963.48 827.36 3.9 Base plates 289 MT 82729.4 23.91 3.1 Drilling of holes 20000 m 2013.48 40.2696 3.11 Cement for grouting 40,000 bags 1319.76 52.79 3.12 Dewatering arrangement 12,50,000 KWh 10.528 13.16 3.13 Miscellaneous 85
Sub Total 7903.96
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 395.20 work charged establishment
TOTAL 8299.15 say 8299 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( J - WORKS)
POWER HOUSE & TRANSFORMER CAVERN INCLUDING ACCESS TUNNELS,BUS DUCT GALLERIES & VENTILATION (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item Details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount(Millions) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Power House & Transformer Cavern 6843.2 2 8 & 6 m D-Shaped Access Tunnels for Power House & Transformer Caverns 2.1 site clearance 2 no 470000 0.94 2.2 Excavation 2,17,335 cum 2586.88 562.22 2.3 Overbreak 21,734 cum 646.72 14.1 2.4 Shotcrete 150 mm thick 1,09,827 bag 1445.72 158.78 2.5 32 mm dia rock bolts 81,800 m 1654.4 135.3 2.6 Concrete Lining M-15 38,134 cum 7786.96 296.95 2.7 Back fill concrete 21,734 cum 6376.96 138.60 2.8 Dewatering arrangement 25000 KWh 10.528 0.26 Sub Total 1307.13 3 D-shaped bus duct between P.H. & transformer cavern on both banks 3.1 Excavation 57,336 cum 2586.88 148.32 3.2 Overbreak 8600 cum 646.72 5.56 3.3 Shotcrete 75 mm thick 33,478 bag 1445.72 48.40 3.4 25 mm dia rock bolts 24,800 m 1654.4 41.03 3.5 Concrete Lining M-15 11,387 cum 7786.96 88.67 3.6 Back fill concrete 8600 cum 6376.96 54.84 3.7 Dewatering arrangement 25000 KWh 10.528 0.26 Sub Total 387.1
4 5.0 & 6.0 m dia circular tunnel 4.1 Site clearance 6 no 1880000 11.28 4.2 Excavation 22,559 cum 2586.88 58.36 4.3 Overbreak 3,384 cum 646.72 2.19 4.4 Shotcrete 75 mm thick 22,100 bags 1445.72 31.95 4.5 25 mm dia rock bolts 16,400 m 1654.4 27.13 4.6 Concrete Lining M-15 4,878 cum 7786.96 37.98 4.7 Back fill concrete 3,384 cum 6376.96 21.58 4.8 Dewatering arrangement 50,000 KWh 10.528 0.53 Sub Total 191.00
Total for 1 to 4 above 8728.42
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 436.42 work charged establishment 9164.84
Total Power house & transformer cavern i/c tunnels,bus ducts etc. say 9165.0 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( J - WORKS)
PRESSURE SHAFT /PENSTOCK (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE)
S.NO. Item Details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount(Millions) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Excavation 2,09,241 cum 2451 512.85 1.1 Overbreak 31,386 cum 6376.96 200.15 2 concrete M-20 71,614 cum 8794.64 629.82 2.1 Backfill concrete 31,386 cum 6376.96 200.15 3 Penstock steel liner -ASTM 517 GR 17,398 MT 114225.04 1987.29 3.1 Penstock stiffner rings 8019 MT 91668.8 735.09 4 25 mm dia rockbolts 1,02,000 m 1654.4 168.75 5 shotcrete 1,50,020 bags 1445.72 216.89 6 Drilling of holes 5,388 m 2013.48 10.85 6.1 Cement for grouting 17,293 bags 1334.8 23.08 7 Dewatering 2,50,000 10.528 2.63 8 Miscellaneous 1
Sub Total 4688.54
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 234.43 work charged establishment 4922.97 TOTAL say 5396.0 MAIN PANCHESHWAR PLANT ( J - WORKS)
DRAFT TUBES & TAIL RACE TUNNELS (DETAILED COST ESTIMATE) S.NO. Item Details Quantity Unit Rate(Irs.) Amount(Millions) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 site clearance 4 no 376000 1.504 2 Excavation 4,84,933 cum 2586.88 1254.46 3 Overbreak 48,493 cum 646.72 31.36 4 Shotcrete 100 mm thick 1,71,190 bags 1445.72 247.49 5 25 mm dia rock bolts 90,300 m 1654.4 149.4 6 Concrete Lining M-15 41,328 cum 7786.96 321.8 7 Back fill concrete 48,493 cum 6376.96 309.24 8 Drilling of holes 5,260 m 2013.48 10.59 9 cement for grouting 18,534 bags 1212.6 22.47 10 Draft tube gates 750 MT 195160.92 146.4 11 Steel ribs & base plates 1000 MT 88963.48 88.96 12 base plates 30 MT 82729.4 2.48 13 Hoisting arrangements LS 56.4 14 Dewatering arrangement 5,00,000 kwh 10.528 5.26 15 Miscellaneous LS 18.8
Sub Total 2666.62
Add 5% on account of contingencies & 133.33 work charged establishment
Total 2799.95
say 2800.0 Rupali Gad Re-Regulating Plant (240 MW)
GENERAL ABSTRACT ( ABSTRACT OF COST) Rupali Gad Re-Regulating Plant S.NO. Description Amount (IRs millions) 1 C- WORKS 1.1 Diversion tunnel 2235.32 1.2 Coffer dam 332.92 1.3 Dam,bank intakes & spillway 8023.72 1.4 Access roads & Preparatory work 9860
Total of C-WORKS 20452
2 J- WORKS 2.1 Right bank power house & switch yard 2760.8 2.2 Left bank intakes & power tunnels 1104.32 2.3 Left bank power house & Tail race tunnel 2599.56
Total of J-WORKS 6464.68
Total(Total of C & J WORKS) 26916.6
3 Electro- Mechanical works 647.7
4 Total Direct cost 27564.3
5 Land Acquisition,Resettlement,Relocation,Environment & management 1857.16
6 Engineering & Administration 3119.24
Total Implementation cost (TOTAL COST) 32540.74 Abstract of Cost Estimates for Electro Mechanical Works
CST@ 4% Transportation@ 6% Erection & commissioning@ 8% FC DOMESTIC Custom Excise/ST Total S.No. ITEM M US$ Eq.in IRS.million IRS.million duty IRS.million IRS.million ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS 1 PRELIMINARY(Annexure-I) 4100.00 2 Generating Plant and Equipment a) Generator, turbine and accessories- (Annex II) 55410.83 b) Auxiliary electrical equipment for power station (Annex III) 13238.60 c) Auxiliary Equipment and services for power station-(Annex IV) 2243.74 (d) Central sales tax on 2(a), (b) & © @4% 2835.73
e) Transportation, Handling and Insurance 4253.59 charges@ 6% of 2(a), (b) & © f) Erection and Commissioning Charges @ 8% of 2(a),(b) &© excluding spares 5542.36 Total (Generating Plant and Equipment) 83524.85 a) Substation Equipment and auxilary 3 equipment for switchyard-(Annex-v) 199.72 11983.45 2955.35 7378.97 95.69 10059.39 b) C.S.T. @ 4% on domestic component of 3(a) 118.21 c) Transportation, handling and Insurance cha DC @6% of domestic component of 3(a) 177.32
d) Marine freight and Insurances Charges@ 3% FC of 3(a); Inland Transport &Insurance Charges@6% of eqv. INR of 3(a) 5.99 359.50 354.19 e) Erection and commissioning charges @ 8% of 3(a) excluding spares 786.06
Total ( Substation Equipment and auxilary equipment and services of switchyard) 205.72 12342.95 2955.35 7378.97 95.69 11495.18 Subtotal of Item 2&3 205.72 12342.95 2955.35 7378.97 95.69 95020.03 Service [email protected]% on Erection & commissioning charges of 2(f) and 3 ( e ) 782.19 OVERHEADS 4 Contingencies @3% on item 2&3 2850.60 5 Sub-Total (Item 1 to 4) 102752.82 6 Establishment @6% on Item 5 6165.17 7 Tools & plant @1% on Item 5 1027.53 8 Sub-Total (Item 5 to 7) 109945.52 9 Audit & Account @ 1% of item 8 1099.46 10 TOTAL (Item 8 & 9) 111044.98 Electro Mechanical Works 205.72 GRAND TOTAL ( E & M ) 205.72 111044.98 Pancheswar Multipurpose Project 2x(8X350 MW = 5600 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works INR Millions Preliminary S.No. Item Particulars Qty Rate Amount Excise duty Total (%) Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=5+7
1 Consultancy charges/Studies LS 2000.00 2000.00
2 Model Test LS 50.00 50.00
3 Construction Power 900 900.00
a Diesel Generating Sets
b Sub-station
c Transmission Line
d Distribution Line
e LT Switchgear,cable
f Other Miscellaneous equipment
Spares @ 3% of item 3
Total 2950.00 2950.00 Pancheswar Multipurpose Project 2x(8X350 MW = 5600 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works Generator, Turbine and Accessories Excise duty = 12.36 %
S.No. Item Particulars Qty Rate Amount Excise Duty Total (Rs. ) Rate Amount (Rs. In million) % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Generating units 350MW, 187.5 rpm, 239 m head, 0.9 p.f. Vertical shaft Francis turbine complete with steel housing with allied equipments such as Inlet Valves, 1a Governors, Lubricating oil system, suitable bearing 8 8561.78 23972.98 12.36 2963.06 26936.04 system, governor high pressure oil system, Generator with Excitation and AVR system, space heaters, coolers, Co2 Eqipment, etc. Rs/kW
b Unit Control Boards Included above
c Inlet Valve Included above
Sub Total 23972.98 2963.06 26936.04
2 Spares @ 5% on item 1 1198.65
3 Lubricating oil & Governr oil for first filling 8 7554510.4 60.44 12.36 7.47 67.91
4a Bus Duct for GT connection (24 kv, 15000 A) 8 503.63 12.36 62.25 565.88
b Line & neutral terminal equipments of generator 8 12590851 100.73 12.36 12.44983306 113.18
5 Spares @ 3% on items 2 to5 19.94 12.36 2.47 22.41
Total 25856.37 3047.69 27705.41 Pancheswar Multipurpose Project 2x(8X350 MW = 5600 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works AUXILIARY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR POWER STATION
S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate Amount Excise Duty Total (Rs. million) % Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Step up Transformer including oil for first filling, transformer 1 cooling equipment (Rating 18.75/765/sq.rt 3 kv, 143 MVA Single phase) 25 755.45 2700.74 12.36 333.81 3034.55 Rs/KVA Step down station Transformer complete with oil for first filling 2 (Rating 25 MVA, 765/11 kv OFWF type, 3-ph) 1 1259.09 31.48 12.36 3.89 35.37 Rs/KVA
3 Unit Auxillary Transformer, 18.75/0.433 kv (Rating 2000 kva, dry type) 8 2518.17 40.29 12.36 4.98 45.27 Rs/KVA Station Service Transformer 11/0.433kv 4 (Rating 5000 KVA, Dry type) 2 2518.17 25.18 12.36 3.11 28.29 Rs/KVA 5a 415 V Unit Auxillary Board 8 5 6.00 12.36 0.74 6.74
b Station Service Board (415 V in 3 sections) 1 25.18 0.63 12.36 0.08 0.71 per board
Batteries, Battery charging equipment, D.C. Distribution Board with 6 D.C. Switchgear a) Rating 2500 AH, 220 V 2 50.36 100.73 12.36 12.45 113.18 b) Rating 500 AH, 48 V 2 50.36 100.73 12.36 12.45 113.18
Microprocessor based Supervisory control and data acquistion system, control boards & panels, protective relays for 7 LS 900 12.36 111.24 1011.24 generator/lines, annuciation, syn chronising euqipments, measuring, recoring, automation & proactive system
8 Telecommunication equipments :- a) PLCC equipment with express facility, teleprinter, telecontrol 75.55 12.36 9.34 84.88 Telemetring equipment complete with transmitter, receiver, b) transducer, indicating & recording instrument 25.18 12.36 3.11 28.29 Load frequency control equipment for control of generating unit for c) load despatch centre complete with testing instruments, oscilloscope tranmitting equipment. 50.36 12.36 6.22 56.59
Diesel Generating Set (rating 2000 KVA) 9 In addition to construction power) 2 37.77 75.55 12.36 9.34 84.88
10 Control & Power cables LS 251.82 12.36 31.12 282.94
11 Cable racks and accessories LS 75.55 12.36 9.34 84.88
12 Groundmat and internal earting for power house LS 75.55 12.36 9.34 84.88
13 Illumination of Power House and Switchyard LS 251.82 12.36 31.12 282.94
14 Electrical Test Laboratory LS 50.36 12.36 6.22 56.59
15 Transformer track rails LS 8.00 12.36 0.99 8.99
Sub-Total (items 1 to 15) 4845.49 597.91 5435.41
13 Spares for items 1 to 9 @ 3% 145.36 12.36 605.13 750.49
Total 5376.58 1250.72 6619.30 Pancheswar Multipurpose Project 2x(8X350 MW = 5600 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works AUXILIARY MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES FOR POWER STATION
Rs. Million S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate Amount Excise Excise Duty Duty Total
(%) % Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8
1 Electrical Overhead Travelling crane for P.H 2 94.43 188.86 12.36 23.34 212.21 (Capacity 375 T/75 T )
2 GIS Crane (Capacity 15 T) 1 12.59 12.59 12.36 1.56 14.15
3 Workshop crane (Capacity 10 T) 1 2.00 12.36 0.25 2.25
4 Transformer cavern gantry crane (Capacity 40 T) 1 7.00 12.36 0.87 7.87
5 Lifting Beam 9.00 12.36 1.11 10.11
6 Plant handing equipment 62.95 12.36 7.78 70.74
7 Electric lifts and elevators 2 11.00 12.36 1.36 12.36
Cooling water system comprising pump sets, Valves, LS 8 piping etc. 201.45 12.36 24.90 226.35
9 Drainage and dewatering system LS 100.73 12.36 12.45 113.18
10 Compressed air system including piping, valves LS 25.18 12.36 3.11 28.29
Fire detection and Fire fighting equipment with 11 LS storage tanks, pipes,pumps,valves,etc. 125.91 12.36 15.56 141.47
12 Air conditioning, ventilation and heatng equipment LS 151.09 12.36 18.67 169.76
13 Filtered water supply system for power house LS 25.18- 12.36 3.11 28.29
Oil handling equipment with system with pipes, LS 14 valves, tanks,purifiers. 45.33 12.36 5.60 50.93
15 Workshop machinery and equipment LS 37.7725518 12.36 4.6686874 42.4412391 Sub-Total(Items 1 to 15) 1006.05 119.68 1087.96
16 Spares for item No. 1 to 15 @ 3% 30.18 12.36 3.73 33.91
Total 1036.23 123.41 1121.87 765 KV SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS & AUX. EQUIPMENT & SERVICE FOR SWITCHYARD 1 US $=Rs. 60
S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate FC Equ.INR Domestic Custon Excise Total (M US$) Duty(22%) Duty(16%) (Rs. million) (Rs. million)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 765 KV GIS 26 2.75 71.50 4290.00 943.80 5233.80 bays MUS$/bay 2 VT Bays 4 2.00 8.00 480.00 105.60 585.60 MUS$ Included in item no.1 Control and relay boards for lines 3 above 4 765 KV GI Bus duct with accessories (3000 A, 1-ph.) 3000 0.006 18.89 1133.18 249.30 1382.48 m MUS$/m 5 Pothead Yard equipments LS 503.63 80.58 584.22 6 Bus conductors, hardware and isolators Included in item no.5 7 Switchyard galvanised steel structures Included in item no.5 8 Fencing and security LS 25.18 25.18 Foundation for structures, GIS building, cost of land 2014.54 9 and development cost 2014.54 Sub-Total (1 to 6) 98.39 5903.18 400.00 5903.18 7786.09 10 Spares for items 1 to 6 @ 3% 2.95 177.10 12.00 177.10 15.11 233.58
Total 199.72 11983.45 2955.35 7378.97 95.69 10059.39 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW)
Abstract of Cost Estimates for Electro Mechanical Works
CST@ 4% Transportation@ 6% Erection & commissioning@ 8% FC DOMESTIC Custom Excise/ST Total S.No. ITEM M US$ Eq.in IRS.million IRS.million duty IRS.million IRS.million ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS 1 PRELIMINARY(Annexure-I) 860.00 2 Generating Plant and Equipment a) Generator, turbine and accessories- (Annex II) 2370.94 b) Auxiliary electrical equipment for power station (Annex III) 742.59 c) Auxiliary Equipment and services for power station-(Annex IV) 318.70 (d) Central sales tax on 2(a), (b) & © @4% 137.29
e) Transportation, Handling and Insurance 102.97 charges@ 6% of 2(a), (b) & © f) Erection and Commissioning Charges @ 8% of 2(a),(b) &© excluding spares 133.69 Total (Generating Plant and Equipment) 3806.18 a) Substation Equipment and auxilary 3 equipment for switchyard-(Annex-v) 23.55 1412.88 519.55 870.00 0.00 982.15 b) C.S.T. @ 4% on domestic component of 3(a) 20.78 c) Transportation, handling and Insurance cha DC @6% of domestic component of 3(a) 31.17
d) Marine freight and Insurances Charges@ 3% FC of 3(a); Inland Transport &Insurance Charges@6% of eqv. INR of 3(a) 0.71 42.39 41.76 e) Erection and commissioning charges @ 8% of 3(a) excluding spares 76.53
Total ( Substation Equipment and auxilary equipment and services of switchyard) 24.25 1455.27 519.55 870.00 0.00 1152.40 Subtotal of Item 2&3 24.25 1455.27 519.55 870.00 0.00 4958.58 Service [email protected]% on Erection & commissioning charges of 2(f) and 3 ( e ) 25.98 OVERHEADS 4 Contingencies @3% on item 2&3 148.76 5 Sub-Total (Item 1 to 4) 5993.32 6 Establishment @6% on Item 5 359.60 7 Tools & plant @1% on Item 5 59.93 8 Sub-Total (Item 5 to 7) 6412.85 9 Audit & Account @ 1% of item 8 64.13 10 TOTAL (Item 8 & 9) 6476.98 Electro Mechanical Works 24.25 GRAND TOTAL ( E & M ) 24.25 6476.98 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works INR Millions Preliminary S.No. Item Particulars Qty Rate Amount Excise duty Total (%) Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=5+7
1 Consultancy charges/Studies LS 0.00 0.00
2 Model Test LS 30.00 30.00
3 Construction Power 400 400.00
a Diesel Generating Sets
b Sub-station
c Transmission Line
d Distribution Line
e LT Switchgear,cable
f Other Miscellaneous equipment
Spares @ 3% of item 3
Total 430.00 430.00 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works Generator, Turbine and Accessories Excise duty = 12.36 %
S.No. Item Particulars Qty Rate Amount Excise Duty Total Rate Amount (Rs. In million) % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Generating units 2x60 MW, 187.5 rpm, 70 m head, 0.9 p.f. Vertical shaft Francis turbine complete with steel housing with allied equipments such as 1a Inlet Valves, Governors, Lubricating oil system, 2 8500.00 1020.00 12.36 126.07 1146.07 suitable bearing system, governor high pressure oil system, Generator with Excitation and AVR system, space heaters, coolers, Co2 Eqipment, etc. Rs/kW
b Unit Control Boards Included above
c Inlet Valve Included above
Sub Total 1020.00 126.07 1146.07
2 Spares @ 5% on item 1 51.00
3 Lubricating oil & Governr oil for first filling 2 8.00 12.36 0.99 8.99
4a Bus Duct for GT connection (12 kv, 4000A) 2 20.00 12.36 2.47 22.47
b Line & neutral terminal equipments of generator 2 3021804.1 6.04 12.36 0.746989983 6.79
5 Spares @ 3% on items 2 to5 1.02 12.36 0.13 1.15
Total 1106.06 130.41 1185.47 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works AUXILIARY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR POWER STATION
S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate Amount Excise Duty Total (Rs. million) % Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Step up Transformer including oil for first filling, transformer 1 cooling equipment (Rating 11/220/sq.rt 3 kv, 66.67 MVA Three phase) 2 220.00 29.33 12.36 3.63 32.96 Rs/KVA Step down station Transformer complete with oil for first 2 filling (Rating 10 MVA, 220/11 kv OFWF type, 3-ph) 1 220.00 2.20 12.36 0.27 2.47 Rs/KVA
3 Unit Auxillary Transformer, 11/0.433 kv (Rating 500 KVA, dry type) 0 2518.17 0.00 12.36 0.00 0.00 Rs/KVA Station Service Transformer 11/0.433kv 4 (Rating 1000 KVA, Dry type) 2 2000.00 4.00 12.36 0.49 4.49 Rs/KVA 5a 415 V Unit Auxillary Board 2 3 0.90 12.36 0.11 1.01
b Station Service Board (415 V in 3 sections) 1 12.59 0.31 12.36 0.04 0.35 per board
Batteries, Battery charging equipment, D.C. Distribution 6 Board with D.C. Switchgear a) Rating 1000 AH, 220 V 2 20.00 40.00 12.36 4.94 44.94 b) Rating 500 AH, 48 V 1 10.00 10.00 12.36 1.24 11.24
Microprocessor based Supervisory control and data acquistion 7 system, control boards & panels, protective relays for LS 70 12.36 8.65 78.65 generator/lines, annuciation, syn chronising euqipments, measuring, recoring, automation & proactive system
8 Telecommunication equipments :- a) PLCC equipment with express facility, teleprinter, telecontrol 1.50 12.36 0.19 1.69 Telemetring equipment complete with transmitter, receiver, b) transducer, indicating & recording instrument 7.55 12.36 0.93 8.49 Load frequency control equipment for control of generating c) unit for load despatch centre complete with testing instruments, oscilloscope tranmitting equipment. 6.00 12.36 0.74 6.74
Diesel Generating Set (rating 1000 KVA) 9 In addition to construction power) 1 10.00 10.00 12.36 1.24 11.24
10 Control & Power cables LS 8.00 12.36 0.99 8.99
11 Cable racks and accessories LS 2.00 12.36 0.25 2.25
12 Groundmat and internal earting for power house LS 8.00 12.36 0.99 8.99
13 Illumination of Power House and Switchyard LS 30.00 12.36 3.71 33.71
14 Electrical Test Laboratory LS 12.00 12.36 1.48 13.48
15 Transformer track rails LS 2.00 12.36 0.25 2.25
Sub-Total (items 1 to 15) 243.80 29.89 273.94
13 Spares for items 1 to 9 @ 3% 7.31 12.36 31.62 38.93
Total 303.12 67.93 371.30 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works AUXILIARY MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES FOR POWER STATION
Rs. Million S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate Amount Excise Excise Duty Duty Total (%) % Amount
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8
1 Electrical Overhead Travelling crane for P.H 1 20.00 20.00 12.36 2.47 22.47 (Capacity 150 T/20 T )
2 GIS Crane (Capacity 10 T) 1 4.00 4.00 12.36 0.49 4.49
3 Workshop crane (Capacity 5 T) 1 1.00 12.36 0.12 1.12
4 Transformer cavern gantry crane (Capacity 15 T) 1 2.00 12.36 0.25 2.25
5 Lifting Beam 0.00 12.36 0.00 0.00
6 Plant handing equipment 0.00 12.36 0.00 0.00
7 Electric lifts and elevators 1 5.00 12.36 0.62 5.62
Cooling water system comprising pump sets, Valves, LS 8 piping etc. 20.00 12.36 2.47 22.47
9 Drainage and dewatering system LS 25.18 12.36 3.11 28.29
10 Compressed air system including piping, valves LS 5.04 12.36 0.62 5.66
Fire detection and Fire fighting equipment with 11 LS storage tanks, pipes,pumps,valves,etc. 25.18 12.36 3.11 28.29
12 Air conditioning, ventilation and heatng equipment LS 10.00 12.36 1.24 11.24
13 Filtered water supply system for power house LS 5.00- 12.36 0.62 5.62
Oil handling equipment with system with pipes, LS 14 valves, tanks,purifiers. 15.00 12.36 1.85 16.85
15 Workshop machinery and equipment LS 10.00 12.36 1.236 11.24 Sub-Total(Items 1 to 15) 147.40 16.98 154.38
16 Spares for item No. 1 to 15 @ 3% 4.42 12.36 0.55 4.97
Total 151.82 17.53 159.35 Rupaligad HEP 2x (2X60 MW = 240 MW) Cost Estimates of Electro Mechanical Works 220 KV SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS & AUX. EQUIPMENT & SERVICE FOR SWITCHYARD 1 US $=Rs. 60
S.No. Item Particulars Qty. Rate FC Equ.INR Domestic Custon Excise Total (M US$) Duty(22%) Duty(16%) (Rs. million) (Rs. million)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 220 KV GIS 10 1.00 10.00 600.00 132.00 732.00 bays MUS$/bay 2 VT Bays 2 0.80 1.60 96.00 21.12 117.12 MUS$ Included in item no.1 Control and relay boards for lines 3 above
4 220 KV GI Bus duct with accessories (2000 A, 1-ph.) 0 0.006 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 m MUS$/m 5 Pothead Yard equipments LS 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 Bus conductors, hardware and isolators Included in item no.5 7 Switchyard galvanised steel structures Included in item no.5 8 Fencing and security LS 7.55 7.55 Foundation for structures, GIS building, cost of land 100.00 9 and development cost 100.00 Sub-Total (1 to 6) 11.60 696.00 400.00 696.00 849.12 10 Spares for items 1 to 6 @ 3% 0.35 20.88 12.00 20.88 0.00 25.47
Total 23.55 1412.88 519.55 870.00 0.00 982.15 PANCHESHWAR HEP (5840 MW) (With Rupaligad) Base Hard Cost of power component (Rs) 30606.48 Crs Interest Rate 12.25% p.a. Financial charge 1.00% EQUITY 30.00%
Period Hard Cost Financing Equity Equity Loan Fraction IDC Outstanding Charges Available Loan year Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs 1 2754.58 0.00 11365.84 2754.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 3060.65 0.00 8611.26 3060.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 3672.78 0.00 5550.61 3672.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 4590.97 27.41 1877.83 1877.83 2740.55 0.59 99.61 2840.15 5 5509.17 55.65 0.00 0.00 5564.81 1.00 688.76 9093.73 6 4897.04 49.47 0.00 0.00 4946.50 1.00 1416.96 15457.19 7 3672.78 37.10 0.00 0.00 3709.88 1.00 2120.74 21287.80 8 2448.52 24.73 0.00 0.00 2473.25 1.00 2759.24 26520.29 30606.48 194.35 11365.84 7085.30
Capital Cost Financial Package
Hard Cost Rs 30606.48 Crs Equity Rs 11365.84 Crs IDC Rs 7085.30 Crs Loan Rs 26520.29 Crs FC Rs 194.35 Crs Total Rs 37886.13 Crs Total Rs 37886.13 Crs PANCHESHWAR HEP (5840 MW)- With Rupaligad S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value 1 Installed Capacity MW 5840.00 10 ROE % 16.50 13 Interest rate on W.C% 13.50 19 Equity Rs Crs 11365.84 2 Normative availability % 90.00 11 Working capital 14 O&M Expenses % 2.50 3 Energy Generation MU 9304.00 i) Spares(% of O&M)% 15.00 15 O&M Escalation rate% 6.64 20 Loan Rs Crs 26520.29 4 Secondary Energy Mkwh 0.00 ii) O&M expenses Months 1.00 16 Depreciation % 5.28 21 interest % 12.25 5 Transformation losses % 0.50 iii) Receivables Months 2.00 17 Depreciation allowedRs Crs 34097.52 22 Repay P Yrs 12.00 6 Auxiliary Consumption % 0.70 12 i) MAT 20.01% 18 Discount Rate % 12.00 23 Total cost Rs Crs 37886.13 7 Transmission losses % 0.00 II) Tax 32.45% 8 Free Power % 0.00 III) Tax holiday years 10.00 9 Net Saleble energy Mkwh 9192.68 TARIFF CALCULATIONs Year ROE O&M Dep Outstanding Norm Loan Intt on W.C Intt on Annual Energy Tarrif Discount Discounted loan Repayment Loan O&M Spares Recievables Total W.C Expenses Free Sold (Rs/Kwh) Factor Tariff (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (%) (Gwh) (Rs/Kwh) 1 2344.43 947.15 2000.39 26520.29 2000.39 3126.21 78.93 142.07 1440.41 1661.42 224.29 8642.48 0.00 9192.68 9.40 1.00 9.40 2 2344.43 1010.04 2000.39 24519.91 2000.39 2881.16 84.17 151.51 1409.69 1645.37 222.12 8458.15 0.00 9192.68 9.20 0.89 8.22 3 2344.43 1077.11 2000.39 22519.52 2000.39 2636.12 89.76 161.57 1379.71 1631.03 220.19 8278.24 0.00 9192.68 9.01 0.80 7.18 4 2344.43 1148.63 2000.39 20519.13 2000.39 2391.07 95.72 172.29 1350.50 1618.52 218.50 8103.02 0.00 9192.68 8.81 0.71 6.27 5 2344.43 1224.90 2000.39 18518.74 2000.39 2146.02 102.08 183.74 1322.14 1607.95 217.07 7932.81 0.00 9192.68 8.63 0.64 5.48 6 2344.43 1306.23 2000.39 16518.35 2000.39 1900.97 108.85 195.94 1294.66 1599.45 215.93 7767.95 0.00 9192.68 8.45 0.57 4.79 7 2344.43 1392.97 2000.39 14517.97 2000.39 1655.93 116.08 208.95 1268.13 1593.16 215.08 7608.79 0.00 9192.68 8.28 0.51 4.19 8 2344.43 1485.46 2000.39 12517.58 2000.39 1410.88 123.79 222.82 1242.62 1589.23 214.55 7455.71 0.00 9192.68 8.11 0.45 3.67 9 2344.43 1584.10 2000.39 10517.19 2000.39 1165.83 132.01 237.61 1218.18 1587.81 214.35 7309.10 0.00 9192.68 7.95 0.40 3.21 10 2344.43 1689.28 2000.39 8516.80 2000.39 920.78 140.77 253.39 1194.90 1589.07 214.52 7169.41 0.00 9192.68 7.80 0.36 2.81 11 2776.05 1801.45 2000.39 6516.41 2000.39 675.74 150.12 270.22 1246.44 1666.78 225.02 7478.64 0.00 9192.68 8.14 0.32 2.62 12 2776.05 1921.06 2000.39 4516.03 2000.39 430.69 160.09 288.16 1225.70 1673.94 225.98 7354.18 0.00 9192.68 8.00 0.29 2.30 13 2776.05 2048.62 438.82 2515.64 438.82 281.29 170.72 307.29 934.89 478.01 64.53 5609.32 0.00 9192.68 6.10 0.26 1.57 14 2776.05 2184.65 438.82 2076.82 438.82 227.53 182.05 327.70 971.16 1480.92 199.92 5826.98 0.00 9192.68 6.34 0.23 1.45 15 2776.05 2329.71 438.82 1638.00 438.82 173.78 194.14 349.46 987.51 1531.11 206.70 5925.06 0.00 9192.68 6.45 0.20 1.32 16 2776.05 2484.40 438.82 1199.18 438.82 120.02 207.03 372.66 1005.55 1585.25 214.01 6033.31 0.00 9192.68 6.56 0.18 1.20 17 2776.05 2649.37 438.82 760.36 438.82 66.27 220.78 397.41 1025.40 1643.59 221.88 6152.39 0.00 9192.68 6.69 0.16 1.09 18 2776.05 2825.29 438.82 321.54 321.54 19.69 235.44 423.79 1048.40 1707.63 230.53 6290.39 0.00 9192.68 6.84 0.15 1.00 19 2776.05 3012.89 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 251.07 451.93 1078.03 1781.04 240.44 6468.20 0.00 9192.68 7.04 0.13 0.91 20 2776.05 3212.94 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 267.75 481.94 1113.22 1862.90 251.49 6679.31 0.00 9192.68 7.27 0.12 0.84 21 2776.05 3426.28 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 285.52 513.94 1150.74 1950.20 263.28 6904.43 0.00 9192.68 7.51 0.10 0.78 22 2776.05 3653.79 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 304.48 548.07 1190.75 2043.30 275.85 7144.51 0.00 9192.68 7.77 0.09 0.72 23 2776.05 3896.40 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 324.70 584.46 1233.42 2142.58 289.25 7400.52 0.00 9192.68 8.05 0.08 0.67 24 2776.05 4155.12 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 346.26 623.27 1278.92 2248.45 303.54 7673.53 0.00 9192.68 8.35 0.07 0.62 25 2776.05 4431.02 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 369.25 664.65 1327.45 2361.35 318.78 7964.68 0.00 9192.68 8.66 0.07 0.57 26 2776.05 4725.24 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 393.77 708.79 1379.19 2481.75 335.04 8275.15 0.00 9192.68 9.00 0.06 0.53 27 2776.05 5038.99 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 419.92 755.85 1434.37 2610.14 352.37 8606.24 0.00 9192.68 9.36 0.05 0.49 28 2776.05 5373.58 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 447.80 806.04 1493.22 2747.05 370.85 8959.31 0.00 9192.68 9.75 0.05 0.46 29 2776.05 5730.39 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 477.53 859.56 1555.97 2893.06 390.56 9335.83 0.00 9192.68 10.16 0.04 0.43 30 2776.05 6110.89 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 509.24 916.63 1622.89 3048.76 411.58 9737.34 0.00 9192.68 10.59 0.04 0.40 31 2776.05 6516.65 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 543.05 977.50 1694.25 3214.81 434.00 10165.52 0.00 9192.68 11.06 0.03 0.37 32 2776.05 6949.36 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 579.11 1042.40 1770.36 3391.87 457.90 10622.13 0.00 9192.68 11.55 0.03 0.34 33 2776.05 7410.79 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 617.57 1111.62 1851.51 3580.70 483.39 11109.06 0.00 9192.68 12.08 0.03 0.32 34 2776.05 7902.87 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 658.57 1185.43 1938.05 3782.06 510.58 11628.32 0.00 9192.68 12.65 0.02 0.30 35 2776.05 8427.62 438.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 702.30 1264.14 2030.34 3996.79 539.57 12182.06 0.00 9192.68 13.25 0.02 0.28 34097.52 26520.29 9.2 76.8 Levellised Tariff (Rs/Kwh) = 8.39 PANCHESHWAR HEP (5600 MW) (Without Rupalgad) Base Hard Cost of power component (Rs) 27758.60 Crs Interest Rate 12.25% p.a. Financial charge 1.00% EQUITY 30.00%
Period Hard Cost Financing Equity Equity Loan Fraction IDC Outstanding Charges Available Loan year Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs Rs Crs 1 2498.27 0.00 10308.27 2498.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 2775.86 0.00 7810.00 2775.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 3331.03 0.00 5034.14 3331.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 4163.79 24.86 1703.10 1703.10 2485.54 0.59 90.34 2575.88 5 4996.55 50.47 0.00 0.00 5047.02 1.00 624.68 8247.58 6 4441.38 44.86 0.00 0.00 4486.24 1.00 1285.11 14018.93 7 3331.03 33.65 0.00 0.00 3364.68 1.00 1923.41 19307.01 8 2220.69 22.43 0.00 0.00 2243.12 1.00 2502.50 24052.63 27758.60 176.27 10308.27 6426.03
Capital Cost Financial Package
Hard Cost Rs 27758.60 Crs Equity Rs 10308.27 Crs IDC Rs 6426.03 Crs Loan Rs 24052.63 Crs FC Rs 176.27 Crs Total Rs 34360.90 Crs Total Rs 34360.90 Crs PANCHESHWAR HEP (5600 MW)-Without Rupaligad S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value S.No Parameters Unit Value 1 Installed Capacity MW 5600.00 10 ROE % 16.50 13 Interest rate on W.C% 13.50 19 Equity Rs Crs 10308.27 2 Normative availability% 90.00 11 Working capital 14 O&M Expenses % 2.50 3 Energy GenerationMU 8069.00 i) Spares(% of O&M)% 15.00 15 O&M Escalation rate% 6.64 20 Loan Rs Crs 24052.63 4 Secondary EnergyMkwh 0.00 ii) O&M expenses Months 1.00 16 Depreciation % 5.28 21 interest % 12.25 5 Transformation losses% 0.50 iii) Receivables Months 2.00 17 Depreciation allowedRs Crs 30924.81 22 Repay P Yrs 12.00 6 Auxiliary Consumption% 0.70 12 i) MAT 20.01% 18 Discount Rate % 12.00 23 Total cost Rs Crs 34360.90 7 Transmission losses% 0.00 II) Tax 32.45% 8 Free Power % 0.00 III) Tax holiday years 10.00 9 Net Saleble energyMkwh 7972.45 TARIFF CALCULATIONs Year ROE O&M Dep Outstanding Norm Loan Intt on W.C Intt on Annual Energy Tarrif Discount Discounted loan Repayment Loan O&M Spares Recievables Total W.C Expenses Free Sold (Rs/Kwh) Factor Tariff (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (Rs Crs) (%) (Gwh) (Rs/Kwh) 1 2126.29 859.02 1814.26 24052.63 1814.26 2835.32 71.59 128.85 1306.38 1506.82 203.42 7838.31 0.00 7972.45 9.83 1.00 9.83 2 2126.29 916.06 1814.26 22238.37 1814.26 2613.08 76.34 137.41 1278.52 1492.27 201.46 7671.14 0.00 7972.45 9.62 0.89 8.59 3 2126.29 976.89 1814.26 20424.12 1814.26 2390.83 81.41 146.53 1251.33 1479.27 199.70 7507.96 0.00 7972.45 9.42 0.80 7.51 4 2126.29 1041.75 1814.26 18609.86 1814.26 2168.59 86.81 156.26 1224.84 1467.92 198.17 7349.05 0.00 7972.45 9.22 0.71 6.56 5 2126.29 1110.93 1814.26 16795.61 1814.26 1946.34 92.58 166.64 1199.11 1458.33 196.87 7194.68 0.00 7972.45 9.02 0.64 5.74 6 2126.29 1184.69 1814.26 14981.35 1814.26 1724.09 98.72 177.70 1174.19 1450.62 195.83 7045.16 0.00 7972.45 8.84 0.57 5.01 7 2126.29 1263.35 1814.26 13167.10 1814.26 1501.85 105.28 189.50 1150.13 1444.92 195.06 6900.81 0.00 7972.45 8.66 0.51 4.39 8 2126.29 1347.24 1814.26 11352.84 1814.26 1279.60 112.27 202.09 1126.99 1441.35 194.58 6761.97 0.00 7972.45 8.48 0.45 3.84 9 2126.29 1436.70 1814.26 9538.59 1814.26 1057.35 119.72 215.50 1104.83 1440.06 194.41 6629.00 0.00 7972.45 8.31 0.40 3.36 10 2126.29 1532.10 1814.26 7724.33 1814.26 835.11 127.67 229.81 1083.72 1441.21 194.56 6502.31 0.00 7972.45 8.16 0.36 2.94 11 2517.75 1633.83 1814.26 5910.07 1814.26 612.86 136.15 245.07 1130.46 1511.69 204.08 6782.77 0.00 7972.45 8.51 0.32 2.74 12 2517.75 1742.31 1814.26 4095.82 1814.26 390.61 145.19 261.35 1111.65 1518.19 204.96 6669.89 0.00 7972.45 8.37 0.29 2.41 13 2517.75 1858.00 397.99 2281.56 397.99 255.11 154.83 278.70 847.90 433.53 58.53 5087.38 0.00 7972.45 6.38 0.26 1.64 14 2517.75 1981.37 397.99 1883.57 397.99 206.36 165.11 297.21 880.80 1343.12 181.32 5284.79 0.00 7972.45 6.63 0.23 1.52 15 2517.75 2112.94 397.99 1485.59 397.99 157.61 176.08 316.94 895.62 1388.64 187.47 5373.75 0.00 7972.45 6.74 0.20 1.38 16 2517.75 2253.24 397.99 1087.60 397.99 108.85 187.77 337.99 911.99 1437.74 194.10 5471.92 0.00 7972.45 6.86 0.18 1.25 17 2517.75 2402.85 397.99 689.61 397.99 60.10 200.24 360.43 929.99 1490.65 201.24 5579.93 0.00 7972.45 7.00 0.16 1.14 18 2517.75 2562.40 397.99 291.62 291.62 17.86 213.53 384.36 950.85 1548.74 209.08 5705.08 0.00 7972.45 7.16 0.15 1.04 19 2517.75 2732.54 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 227.71 409.88 977.72 1615.32 218.07 5866.35 0.00 7972.45 7.36 0.13 0.96 20 2517.75 2913.98 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 242.83 437.10 1009.64 1689.56 228.09 6057.81 0.00 7972.45 7.60 0.12 0.88 21 2517.75 3107.47 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 258.96 466.12 1043.66 1768.74 238.78 6261.99 0.00 7972.45 7.85 0.10 0.81 22 2517.75 3313.81 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 276.15 497.07 1079.95 1853.18 250.18 6479.72 0.00 7972.45 8.13 0.09 0.75 23 2517.75 3533.85 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 294.49 530.08 1118.65 1943.22 262.33 6711.92 0.00 7972.45 8.42 0.08 0.70 24 2517.75 3768.49 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 314.04 565.27 1159.92 2039.24 275.30 6959.53 0.00 7972.45 8.73 0.07 0.64 25 2517.75 4018.72 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 334.89 602.81 1203.93 2141.63 289.12 7223.58 0.00 7972.45 9.06 0.07 0.60 26 2517.75 4285.56 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 357.13 642.83 1250.86 2250.83 303.86 7505.16 0.00 7972.45 9.41 0.06 0.55 27 2517.75 4570.13 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 380.84 685.52 1300.91 2367.27 319.58 7805.44 0.00 7972.45 9.79 0.05 0.51 28 2517.75 4873.58 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 406.13 731.04 1354.28 2491.45 336.35 8125.66 0.00 7972.45 10.19 0.05 0.48 29 2517.75 5197.19 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 433.10 779.58 1411.19 2623.87 354.22 8467.15 0.00 7972.45 10.62 0.04 0.44 30 2517.75 5542.28 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 461.86 831.34 1471.88 2765.08 373.29 8831.30 0.00 7972.45 11.08 0.04 0.41 31 2517.75 5910.29 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 492.52 886.54 1536.61 2915.67 393.62 9219.64 0.00 7972.45 11.56 0.03 0.39 32 2517.75 6302.73 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 525.23 945.41 1605.63 3076.26 415.30 9633.76 0.00 7972.45 12.08 0.03 0.36 33 2517.75 6721.23 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 560.10 1008.18 1679.23 3247.52 438.41 10075.38 0.00 7972.45 12.64 0.03 0.34 34 2517.75 7167.52 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 597.29 1075.13 1757.72 3430.14 463.07 10546.33 0.00 7972.45 13.23 0.02 0.31 35 2517.75 7643.45 397.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 636.95 1146.52 1841.42 3624.89 489.36 11048.54 0.00 7972.45 13.86 0.02 0.29 30924.81 24052.63 9.2 80.3 Levellised Tariff (Rs/Kwh) = 8.77 Consultant:
76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 120015, Haryana (INDIA) Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected], March 2015 Website: http://www.wapcos.gov.in