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Revised Pages rhetorical code studies Revised Pages Sweetland Digital rhetoric collaborative Series Editors: Anne Ruggles Gere, University of Michigan Naomi Silver, University of Michigan The Sweetland Digital Rhetoric Collaborative Book Series publishes texts that investigate the multiliteracies of digitally mediated spaces both within academia as well as other contexts. Rhetorical Code Studies: Discovering Arguments in and around Code Kevin Brock Developing Writers in Higher Education: A Longitudinal Study Anne Ruggles Gere, Editor Sites of Translation: What Multilinguals Can Teach Us about Digital Writing and Rhetoric Laura Gonzales Rhizcomics: Rhetoric, Technology, and New Media Composition Jason Helms Making Space: Writing, Instruction, Infrastrucure, and Multiliteracies James P. Purdy and Dànielle Nicole DeVoss, Editors Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities Jim Ridolfo diGitalculturebooks, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities. Revised Pages Rhetorical Code Studies discovering arguments in and around code Kevin Brock University of Michigan Press ann arbor Revised Pages Copyright © 2019 by Kevin Brock Some rights reserved This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Note to users: A Creative Commons license is only valid when it is applied by the person or entity that holds rights to the licensed work. Works may contain components (e.g., photo- graphs, illustrations, or quotations) to which the rightsholder in the work cannot apply the license. It is ultimately your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid- free paper First published February 2019 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Brock, Kevin, author. Title: Rhetorical code studies : discovering arguments in and around code / Kevin Brock. Description: Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, [2019] | Series: Sweetland digital rhetoric collaborative series | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018043066 (print) | LCCN 2018049477 (ebook) | ISBN 9780472131273 (hardcover : acid- free paper) | ISBN 9780472125005 (ebook) | ISBN 9780472901043 (OA) Subjects: LCSH: Coding theory. | Rhetoric— Data processing. | Software engineering— Psychological aspects. | Computer algorithms— Psychological aspects. | Online social networks. Classification: LCC QA268 (ebook) | LCC QA268 .B76 2019 (print) | DDC 005.13— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043066 https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10019291 The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support of the Sweetland Center for Writing in making this book possible. Revised Pages To Erin, my best friend and partner in all things. Revised Pages Revised Pages Acknowledgments This project, like so many of the cases discussed in the following pages, could not have been possible without myriad collaborators, colleagues, and mentors, all of whom have profoundly impacted my life through their assistance and friendship. I cannot overstate the gratitude I feel for all the time, energy, and consideration that has been shared with me. At the same time, I recognize my words here will be inadequate in acknowledging ev- eryone who has helped me and in describing the impact they have had on me and this book. I want to begin by offering my deepest thanks to Nancy Penrose, who took a chance on me when I was a struggling master’s student who felt ambivalent toward writing and its study. At the time, I did not know just how significantly my life would change by turning my focus toward rheto- ric and composition. Without Nancy’s support and patience with my gain- ing a grasp of the field, I would never have been able to pursue this career trajectory. I also owe a considerable debt to the faculty with whom I studied in the Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media doctoral program at North Carolina State University; their guidance helped me develop the ideas cen- tral to my argument throughout this book. David M. Rieder offered invalu- able and enthusiastic input throughout my time in the program. Along- side David, Susan Miller- Cochran, Jason Swarts, and Kenneth Zagacki all shared with me their incredible insight and feedback on my dissertation, which served as an early attempt at articulating my argument in this book. In addition, the courses I took with Carolyn R. Miller, Chris Anson, Susan Katz, Kelly Albada, David Berube, and Denise Gonzales Crisp helped me further refine the theories and methodologies informing my approach to communication, code, and software development. While at North Carolina State, I was lucky to explore interdisciplinary inquiry alongside an excellent body of emerging scholars in the CRDM program, especially Jen Ware, Wendi Sierra, Dana Gierdowski, Robin Revised Pages viii • Acknowledgments Snead, Christopher Cummings, Lauren Clark, Seth Mulliken, Kati Fargo Ahern, Jordan Frith, Jason Kalin, David Gruber, Matt Morain, Dawn Shep- herd, Kathy Oswald, Shayne Pepper, Ruffin Bailey, Kelly Norris Martin, Anna Turnage, Heidi von Ludewig, Ashley Rose Mehlenbacher, Kate Mad- dalena, Fernanda Duarte, Brent Simoneaux, Molly Hartzog, Jeff Swift, Elizabeth Johnson- Young, Keon Pettiway, Alex Monea, Elizabeth Pitts, Josh Reeves, and Gwendolynne Reid. My colleagues at the University of South Carolina have been a source of tremendous intellectual and moral support. Byron Hawk, Hannah Rule, John Muckelbauer, Chris Holcomb, Christy Friend, Pat Gehrke, Gina Ercolini, Misty Fenske, and Erik Doxtader have guided me through this project and the balancing act that an early- stage academic career entails. Undergraduate and graduate students at South Carolina, in and out of the classroom, have also contributed to my crafting a fuller articulation of my arguments in this book. They include Gerald S. Jackson, Cynthia Bate- man Jackson, Trevor C. Meyer, Adam S. Lerner, Ragan Glover- Rijkse, Ben Harley, Jonathan Maricle, Adam Padgett, Kelly L. Wheeler, Sebastian Ivy, Amber Lee, Ashley Walker, and Christian Smith. I am grateful to you all for allowing me to discuss my research with you during our time together. Over the past decade, numerous colleagues from across the United States have graciously contributed to the continued development of my research. Jim Brown and Annette Vee have been mentors whose input greatly impacted more of my work than I could concisely describe, while Doug Eyman, Chris Lindgren, Estee Beck, Steve Holmes, Kristin Arola, Casey Boyle, Liz Losh, John Gallagher, Mark Marino, Cheryl Ball, Karl Stolley, Bill Hart- Davidson, Ryan Omizo, Brandee Easter, Collin Brooke, and Rachael Sullivan have all challenged me in productive ways to refine my arguments and explore new directions for the rhetorical study of soft- ware. I am grateful for their many thoughtful engagements with me. I also especially want to thank Matt Davis for the innumerable hours he spent reading and reviewing my drafts. This would be a much weaker book without his keen and considerate insight. Naomi Silver, Anne Ruggles Gere, the members of the Sweetland Digi- tal Rhetoric Collective editorial board, and Mary Francis and the Univer- sity of Michigan Press provided me with insightful and compassionate support for this project and its publication. I am also greatly indebted to the reviewers who examined an initial draft of the manuscript, as their feedback guided my argument to evolve considerably and in ways I had Revised Pages Acknowledgments • ix not initially anticipated. I did not ever think I would enjoy so much work- ing with a press. Finally, I want to thank my patient friends and family for supporting my efforts and tolerating my distant- and absent-minded behavior while I worked, especially my wife Erin and my mother Cindy. David, Patrick, and Jim Brock were reliable sources of needed levity and distracting, although always informative, debate. My friends Jonathan, Adrianne, Gabriel, Scott, George, Pat, Dustin, and Ibrahim always made themselves available for whatever assistance they could provide. I don’t know how you all have put up with me, but I will always adore you for it. Revised Pages Revised Pages Contents List of Tables xiii List of Practice Scripts xv List of Figures xvii Introduction 1 1 Toward the Rhetorical Study of Code 9 What Does Rhetorical Code Studies Involve? 12 Digital Rhetoric 15 Critical Code Studies 21 Software Studies 23 Technical Communication 27 Rhetorical Code Studies’ Gains and Contributions 29 2 Rhetoric and the Algorithm 33 From Algorithm to Algorithmic Culture 33 Algorithmic Criticism in the Humanities 39 Arguments in Code as Algorithmic Meaning Making 51 Conclusions 68 3 “I Have No Damn Idea Why This Is So Convoluted”: Analyzing Arguments Surrounding Code 71 Rhetorical Scholarship on Online Discourse Communities 72 The Rhetorical and Social Makeup of Open Source Software Development Communities 75 Developers’ Rhetorical Awareness of Their Coding Practices 95 Conclusions 112 Revised Pages 4 Developing Arguments in Code: The Case of Mozilla Firefox 115 Mozilla Firefox: A Code
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